Proceedings on International Conference on Disaster Risk Management,

Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 12-14, 2019

A STUDY ON FIRE FIGHTING CAPACITY OF FIRE STATIONS OF DHAKA

METROPOLITAN AREA

Tanjiba Rahman Tishi1, Ishrat Islam2

ABSTRACT
Among the urban disasters, fire incident is one of the most disastrous which causes property losses and
sometimes death and injury within a short time. High density of population and structures make the urban
areas more vulnerable to fire hazard than the others and results in huge economic loss. Like many other cities,
fire incidents are very common in Dhaka city. Worldwide, fire service or fire station provides predominantly
emergency fire-fighting and fire protection services for a specific geographic area and to ensure better urban
safety, ensuring optimum fire-fighting capacity is mandatory. In this paper, the overall fire-fighting capacity
of twelve fire stations of Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) has been evaluated along with three study area
for detail fire-fighting capacity assessment. The capacity has been evaluated from two perspectives: spatial
and non-spatial parameters. The spatial parameters include the issues related with the location of the station
and the non-spatial parameters include the capacity of staffs, equipment and vehicles. The nature of
equipment and vehicles also needs to conform to the land use characteristics and built structures. The capacity
has been evaluated compared with different practicing national and international standards. Besides, a
comparative scenario of fire-fighting capacity has been depicted among three other cities. The result of the
research will help to understand the present capacity of fire stations of DMA and will help the respective
authority to identify the sectors where improvement should be done to ensure better fire safety.

Introduction
Fire-fighting capacity means the ability to fight against any fire incident. To ensure urban resiliency optimum
fire-fighting capacity is one of the most important issue. The trend of urban fire is closely related to the level
of urbanization of an area (Wang et.al, 2011) and due to rapid urbanization, the Greater Dhaka district (Dhaka,
Gajipur, Munshigonj, Manikgonj, Narayangonj and Narsingdi) is experiencing more fire incidents compared
with other part of the country (Figure 1). Among the total reported fire incidences in Bangladesh, 18.17%,
15.36%, 15.96% and 16.14% incidents were occurred in greater Dhaka district in the year of 2010, 2011,
2012 and 2013 respectively (FSCD, 2013).

20000 17504 17912

Frequency of fire incidents

15815
14682
15000

10000

5000 2669 2422 2794 2891

0
2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
Bangladesh Dhaka

Figure 1. Yearly trend of fire incidents of Bangladesh and Greater Dhaka district, BFSCD, 2014

Worldwide, fire station plays the vital role in ensuring fire safety (Hacıoğlu, 2010). In Bangladesh, the

1
Post-graduate, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
2
Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Email of Corresponding Author – [email protected]
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governing authority of Fire Stations – Fire Service and Civil Defence (FSCD) Directorate is the first
respondent in all natural and manmade calamities and remains alert round the clock to fight fire and surface
rescue operations. At present, in Dhaka, Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defence (BFSCD) has 12 fire
stations with approximate 400 fire-fighters and rescuers who have to cover 16 million people living in the
city. Besides, the number of operational and rescue vehicles and equipment are not sufficient with the
increasing demand and most of them are obsolete. Setting up of new planned service stations are also being
delayed due to limited resource (FSCD, 2013).
The fire-fighting capacity of any fire station should conform to the national and international standards. The
location and the service area of the fire station, are important issues to reduce fire risk. Along with these
spatial requirements, a number of non-spatial issues, such as staff, equipment, vehicle, function, organization
and technology etc. are also related with efficient fire services (Hacıoğlu, 2010). Optimum level of staff in
accordance with the population demand is also important in order to effectively perform fire extinguishing
activities (Monday, 2000).

Data and tools

In this research, the capacity of 12 fire stations of DMA has been assessed using two parameters like spatial
parameters and non-spatial parameters. Spatial parameters are basically related with the location of fire
stations which include:
1. coverage area: the area which is served by a specific station
2. population served: population living within the coverage area
3. standard service area: the area served by a station within a standard response time period
On the other hand, non-spatial parameters include capacity of staff, equipment and vehicles.

The average coverage area per station; average population served per stations; population staff ratio of the
stations of DMA has been explored and compared with different international standard as well as with
practicing standard of different countries collected from secondary sources. The travel time zones of the fire
stations of DMA indicating the standard service area have been generated using Network Analyst tool in Arc
GIS 10.1 showing the area that can be reached by the stations within the standard response time.
And to assess the non-spatial parameters; number of fire-fighting staff and fire-fighting equipment and
vehicles; data have been collected from the field survey at the fire stations and compared with different
standards.

Capacity of fire stations

In Dhaka Metropolitan Area, there are 12 fire stations named i) Mirpur Fire Station ii) Mohammadpur Fire
Station iii) Baridhara Fire Station iv) Lalbag Fire Station v) Postogola Fire Station vi) Palashi Barrak Fire
Station vii) Kurmitola Fire Station viii) Sadarghat Fire Station ix) Siddiq Bazar Fire Station x) Khilgaon Fire
Station xi) Tejgaon Fire Station and xii) Demra Fire Station (Figure 2). From the map, it is clear that the
stations are mostly concentrated in the southern part of the area.

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Mirpur Fire Station

Tejgaon Fire Station

Sadarghat Fire Station

Figure 2. Map of thanas of Dhaka Metropolitan Area with 12 fire stations

Overall capacity of the fire stations has been evaluated for 12 stations and detail capacity has been assessed
for three fire stations which have been selected considering three different broad land use categories. The
selected stations are: 1. Sadarghat Fire Station- serving mixed land use area (Kotwali Thana) 2. Tejgaon Fire
Station- serving industrial area (Tejgaon Industrial Area Thana) 3. Mirpur Fire Station- serving residential
area (Pallabi Thana).

Coverage Area and Population Served

According to Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defence (BFSCD) rules, there is a designated area for every
fire station to respond first in times of any fire incident within that area. This area is termed as ‘coverage area’
of respective fire station. When the first station cannot put off the fire then the other neighboring stations add
their support in fire-fighting activity. In terms of coverage area and number of served population by a station,
there is no standard in Bangladesh. In this research, the Environmental Building Guidelines for Hyderabad

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Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA, 2014) has been considered as the standard. Being part of the
same sub-continent, the socio-economic condition of Bangladesh resembles greatly with India having deep
historical linkage which results in similarity between the type of urban structures and inherited hazards of
Dhaka and the prime cities of India. So, this guideline has been considered as a standard. According to the
guidelines, there should be at least one fire station or a sub-fire station for a population of 0.2 million people,
within 1 to 3 kilometer (HMDA, 2014).
In DMA, overall 12 fire stations are responsible to serve around 340 sq.km. area and approximately 9 million
people of Dhaka. On an average, the coverage area per station is 25.17 sq.km. and the population size served
per station is 0.742 million which is almost four times than the standard.
In Figure 3, coverage area of the three selected stations has been prepared based on the information collected
from three selected fire stations. Then the population within these areas has been calculated from the
population data of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2011.

Mirpur Fire Station

Tejgaon Fire Station

Sadarghat Fire Station

Figure 3. Map of coverage area of selected fire stations

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The capacity of the three fire stations are stated below:

Table 1: Coverage area and serving population of selected stations

Station name Location Coverage Area (sq. Population served
km.)
Sadarghat Fire Stationa Southern part of city 2.14 2,19,133
Tejgaon Fire Stationb Middle part of the city 11.12 4,61,801
Mirpur Fire Stationc Northern part of city 35.15 17,13,523
Source: a. Sadarghat Fire Station, b. Tejgaon Fire Station, c. Mirpur Fire Station; 2014

The Table 1 shows that, the coverage area and the number of served population differ in a long range from
one station to another. As in southern part, the number of the station is higher, their coverage area and size of
serving population is lower than that of a station of northern part. The coverage area of Sadarghat Fire Station
is about 17 times smaller than that of Mirpur Fire Station. As there is no more station to the north of the
Mirpur Fire Station, the designated coverage area of this station is higher than any others.

Comparative scenario of different cities

In different cities of the world there are different practicing standard of coverage area and serving population.
In cities of Europe and USA the standard is high whereas in cities of Asia this standard is lower.

Table 2: Coverage area and serving population per station of different cities
Name of the City Average area coverage Average population /station
(sq.km)/station
Oklahoma city (TriData, 2014) 44.81 14,952
Delhi (Delhi Citizen Handbook, 2014) 36.19 33,600
Bangkok (Sripramai et. al. 44.82 16,290
Dhaka (BBS, 2011) 25.17 7,42,170

In Dhaka city, average area coverage per station is relatively lower than the others. But as the density of
population is very high in this city, average population severed by every station is very high which is around
22 times larger than average population served by every station of Delhi, 45 times larger than that of Bangkok
and 49 times larger than that of Oklahoma City.

Standard Service Area

In fire-fighting activities, response time is one of the most crucial issue, as the loss due to fire incidents
increases with increased response time. Standard service area is the designated area within which the fire-
fighting team can reach in standard response time.
Response time is the time duration which starts when the call is received and ends when the fire fighter
reaches the fire incident point. While the speed of response is not directly indicative of outcome or quality,
response times do affect the number of lives saved and the extent of property losses averted when an
emergency occurs. Fire spreads quickly after ignition and the faster it is found and extinguished, the better
the results. More people can be helped or the fire can be put out before the entire spot is consumed when
emergency personnel arrive in 5 minutes rather than 10 or 20 minutes.
However, there is no single set of nationally accepted response time standards. But, according to National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard, the first fire fighting vehicle is supposed to arrive at a fire
incident within 4 (four) minutes or less and/or the full assignment team is required to arrive within 8 (eight)
minutes or less (NFPA, 2014). But, BFSCD has set their minimum response time as 10 minutes considering
the existing road network system (FSCD, 2013). According to BFSCD officials, in times of fire incidents,
though the turn-out time of the fire-fighters is only 30 seconds, the team cannot reach the incident spot in due
time basically because of huge traffic congestion on their way to destination
So, in this research, standard service area has been identified using the standard response time of 4 minutes,
8 minutes and 10 minutes.

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Standard service area demarcation

In this research, the simple road network data has been used with limited information like speed limit, travel
time. The speeds of the vehicles of Dhaka city at different roads vary from one another due to different road
width and traffic volume. But, this variable speed of different roads could not be found from secondary source.
So, the average speed of vehicles of Dhaka city has been used in travel time calculation for fire-fighting
vehicles. The Dhaka Transport Coordination Board (DTCB) had found the average vehicle speed of Dhaka
city of 15kph (DTCB, 2010) which has been considered as the speed of fire-fighting vehicle. In the process
of service area demarcation, a network dataset has been created from the road network dataset having the
attribute of road length, average speed and travel time. Then from this network data set the standard service
area has been developed for 12 fire stations of DMA for standard response time. As mentioned earlier, NFPA
recommended standard response time of fire-fighting team as 4 minutes and 8 minutes. And BFSCD has set
their standard response time of 10 minutes. So, service areas of 12 fire stations of DMA have been created
for 4 minutes and 8 minutes and 10 minutes travel time (Figure 4).
From the Figure 4, it is depicted that, in case of four minutes travel area there is no overlapping and within
this time frame only 18.47 sq.km. area is covered by the stations. In case of eight minute travel area, there is
no overlapping in north and east part. But in southern part, the eight minutes travel area of five station overlap
with each other. Within eight minute time duration the stations cover additional 51.62 sq.km. As a whole,

Figure 4. Service areas of 12 fire stations of DMA using standard response time

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within 10 minutes travel time the stations cover approximately 100 sq.km. area of DMA. Thus, about two-
third area of DMA (242 sq.km.) is out of standard service area. And about 4.13 million population is living
within the area. So, around half of DMA population is living out of the standard service area.

Capacity of staff
Efficient fire-fighting is only possible when the service is properly staffed. Total staff includes the officials
and the staffs involved in fire fighting activity. As a whole, there are 378 trained fire-fighter which include
officials and fire-fighting staffs in 12 fire stations within DMA. All the fire staff get 24 hour gap after a duty
of 48 hour. But the officials do not get any prescribed gap within their duty time. If necessary, they have to
take leave from their office duty.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the International City Managers Association (ICMA)
recommend an ideal service ratio of one on-duty fire fighter per 2,000 population served (Orcutt Community
Plan EIR, 2014). In DMA, the ratio of population per on-duty fire fighter is approximately 34,250. In the
selected stations the number of fire-fighting staffs are given below:
Table 3: Number of manpower in selected fire Stations
Name of fire station Officials Leader Driver Fire-staff Total
Sadarghat Fire Stationa 2 3 5 15 25
Tejgaon Fire Station b 2 3 5 19 29
Mirpur Fire Stationc 2 3 5 22 32
Source: a.Sadarghat Fire Station, b.Tejgaon Fire Station, c. Mirpur Fire Station; 2014
Total number of fire fighters of Sadarghat Fire Station, Tejgaon Fire Station and Mirpur Fire Station is
respectively 25, 29 and 32. These stations are supposed to serve a population of about two lac, four lac and
seventeen lac respectively. So, with the different size of served population the number of fire-fighters does
not vary notably. In practical scenario of three selected stations, this ratio of population and fire fighter is
approximately 12,170 for Sadarghat Fire Station, 23,000 for Tejgaon Fire Station and 77,840 for Mirpur Fire
Station. Thus, for all selected fire stations this ratio is much larger than the standard ratio.

Comparative scenario of different cities

In different cities, there is different population staff ratio.
Table 4: Population Staff ratio in different cities
City Population staff ratio
Oklahoma city (TriData, 2014) 645
Delhi (Delhi Citizen Handbook, 2014) 5,115
Bangkok (Sripramai et. al. 3,801
Dhaka (BBS, 2011) 23,686

In DMA, population density is very high compared to other city. So, in Dhaka, the population staff ratio is
very high which is approximately 4 times larger than Delhi, 6 times larger than Bangkok, and 36 times larger
than Oklahoma city.

Capacity of Fire-fighting vehicle

Fire-fighting vehicle is one of the vital elements of fire-fighting. It is very much necessary to reserve essential
vehicles for any type of emergency. The type and capacity of these emergency vehicles must conform to the
specific requirement according to built structure, land use characteristics and pattern of fire incidents.
In India, according to National Disaster Management Guidelines of Fire Services, following vehicles are
recommended as standard scale for each fire station (NDMA, 2012).
a. Water Tender
b. Extra Heavy Water Tender
c. Ambulance
Besides, in addition to the appliances mentioned above, more specialized appliances should be provided at
selected fire stations according to local circumstances. Among which Turn Table Ladder, Hydraulic Platform,
Extra Heavy Pumping appliance, Motor Cycle Mist and Foam Tender are important fire-fighting vehicle.
In Bangladesh, the emergency fire fighting vehicles mostly cover the above mentioned vehicles. A list has
been provided of the fire fighting vehicles of BFSCD in the appendix.

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In written document, the designated type and number of vehicle and equipment did not consider the specific
land use characteristics. For example, in the areas with narrow road, there should have more water mist rather
than special water tender. Moreover, in the areas of high rise building, big turn table ladder is needed. But,
according to Newaz (2014), “In practical scenario, recently the vehicles are being distributed according to the
local requirements.”
Here, a comparative scenario has been depicted for the mentioned three stations.

Requirement of fire-fighting vehicles in relation to landuse characteristics

From the field survey in the selected three stations, the existing fire fighting vehicles has been enlisted.

Table 5: List of existing fire-fighting vehicles of Three Fire Stations

Sadarghat Fire Station Tejgaon Fire Station Mirpur Fire Station
Name of fire Number Capacity Number Capacity Number Capacity
fighting vehicle
Water Tender 1 4500 liter 3 4300 litre 1 6,500 litre
4300 litre
1800 litre
Special Water - - - - 1 11,000 litre
Tender
Toeing Vehicle 1 - 1 - 2 -
Pump 3 500 Hz 3 500 Hz 6 500 Hz
Hose pipe 22 Dia: 2.5 45 Dia: 2.5 60 Dia: 2.5;
Length: 50- Length: 50- Length:
100 ft 100 ft 50-100 ft
Foam can 5 25 litre - - - -
Foam Trolly - - 1 400 litre 1 300 litre
Snorkel - - - - 1 7-8 story
Cold-cut 1 -
Water Mist 4 40 litre 4 30 litre (2) 2 40 litre (2)
40 litre (2)
Ambulance 1 1 1
Source: Sadarghat Fire Station, Tejgaon Fire Station, Mirpur Fire Station, 2014

To assess the requirement of fire-fighting vehicles in relation to landuse characteristics, firstly information
has been collected on structure type, storey of the structures, road width and broad land use of three thanas-
Kotwali thana, Tejgaon Industrial Area thana, Pallabi thana which are served by the selected stations.

From that analysis, it has been found that, in Kotwali Thana major land use is commercial use (30.84%) and
mixed use (32.72%). In this type of uses, probability of losses is higher than residential use in case of fire
incidents. But in Sadarghat Fire Station, there is only one Water Tender in this station. Maximum structures
of this thana are pucca and within four storied (80.58%). But, the maximum storied of buildings is 14. So,
fire vehicles should be ready to fight against fire up to 14 storied building. But, in Sadarghat Fire Station,
there is no Turn-table Ladder. According to Mohammad Belal Ahmed, Station officer of Sadarghat Fire
Station, for large scale fire having the fire origin of oil or chemical reaction in the mixed use buildings, the
station has to depend on the vehicles stored at head office. At the same time, in times of fire incidents at more
than fourth level of the buildings the head office gives them support with Turn-table Ladder. In this area,
most challenging issue is narrow roads. According to the fire officials, for the Water Tender more than 10ft
width of the road is required to get access. But, in this thana, around 65% roads are within 10 ft width. There
are four Water Mists in this station to give access to the narrow roads. But the number and capacity of Water
Mist is too low to cover a serious incident. There is no water hydrant and no fixed source of water. In case of
emergency the fighter has to join the hose pipes from the distant water source and carry it to the spot which
process is time consuming and results in greater loss.

Tejgaon Industrial Area Thana is mainly an industrial area (25.41% area). For industrial area Foam Tender,
Foam Canon and Chemical Tender are special fire fighting vehicle, as in such type of areas probability of
being the fire sources of oil or chemical reaction is high. So, it is important to have these vehicles in Tejgaon

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Fire Station. But, as mentioned in Table 5, there is a Foam Trolly, which supplies foam, whose capacity is
not so high to act with big fire incidents. Besides, in Water Tender, Water Mist and Cold-cut, there is provision
of foam. According to, Nuruzzaman (2014),
“Maximum fire incidents can be controlled using the vehicles and instruments stored in the station as the
incidents are not always severe. But, in case of severe fire incidents having the fire source as oil or chemical
reaction, the station has to depend on Head quarter.”
In this thana, though 92.27% buildings are within four storied, the maximum storied of buildings is 23. But,
in Tejgaon Fire Station, there is no Turn-table Ladder to fight against the fire as upper level of the buildings.
Though maximum roads (76.35%) of this area are more than 10ft wide, there are some roads of less than 7ft
width (Figure 6.4). To get access to narrow roads there are four Water Mists to handle small size fire as their
capacity is low.

In Pallabi Thana, major land use is residential use (60.91%) and most of the structures are semi-pucca
(47.97%). In residential areas though average loss for fire is lower, number of fire incidents is highest. And
the coverage area of this station is higher than the others (Figure 3). So, there is one Water Tender and one
Special Water Tender in this station to put off fire. There is also a Foam Trolly to extinguish the fire created
from oil. In this thana, 92.69 % building are up to four storied. In this station, though there is no vehicle to
reach to 14 storied building, but there is a Snorkel to reach up to 8 storied building. Though, the width of the
roads mostly (54.2%) range from 10ft to 30ft, there is 33.48% road of less than 10ft width. To get access to
narrow roads there are two Water Mists whose capacity is very low.

Conclusions
It is seen from the research that, the stations are more concentrated in the southern part of the city not covering
some part of northern and eastern side. Besides, the 10 minutes service areas of 12 fire stations does not
cover approximately two third area of DMA (about 242 sq.km.) and approximately half of DMA population.
So, the authority should give importance to set new fire stations in these underserved areas with careful
planning for setting up new fire stations at appropriate location. Some stations can be relocated in other
demanding places. So that the optimum number of fire stations will be well distributed to serve maximum
population.
Besides, for covering the large population of DMA more fire-fighting staffs should be recruited according to
the requirement. Besides, the officers of the stations do not enjoy any weekend which is pitiful for their
personal and social life. For every stations more officers should be recruited so that shift duty can easily be
an effective solution in this regard. At the same time, recruitment process should be more efficient. Besides
in many countries, volunteer fire fighters play efficient role in times of emergency. In this context, volunteer
training in regular basis can be an effective solution to reduce the pressure of regular fire-fighters. So,
volunteer training should be arranged periodically to train the general people for fire-fighting.
The fire-fighting vehicles should be placed in every fire station depending on the requirement of that specific
station coverage area. Detail research is needed for every service area to understand the pattern of fire
incidents and provide vehicles and equipment according to the requirement.
If the government and the local community can work together to fight against the fire, it will reduce the risk
of destruction in times of incidents and ensure better safety.

Acknowledgments
The research work has been carried out with the fund of BUET to complete the degree of Master of Urban
and Regional Planning (MURP).

Appendix
List of Fire fighting vehicles of BFSCD:

Water Tender: Typical fire fighting vehicle which mainly store water to put off the fire. It can be of having
different capacity ranges from 4000 to 8000 liter.
Special Water Tender: One special type of water tender having higher capacity which ranges from 8000
to11000 liter of water. Basically used in severe fire incidents.

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Photograph: Water Tender Photograph: Special Water Tender

Toeing Vehicle: Actually a carrier vehicle which is used to carry different type of equipment including water
pump, foam can etc.
Turn-table Ladder: Special type of vehicle giving access to high rise building of different ranges up to 400m.

Photograph: Turn-table Ladder (up to 400m) Photograph: Turn-table Ladder (up to 300m)

Foam Tender, Foam Canon: Special type of vehicles which use foam to put off fire having the fire origin of
oil.
Chemical Tender: Special type of vehicle having four type of fire extinguishing agent- water, foam, carbon-
di-oxide, dry chemical powder, which is useful in any type of fire incidents.
Water Mist: Special type of motor cycle used in giving access to narrow roads having water and foam in its
reserve chamber. According to the fire officials, for the water tender more than 10ft wide road is required to
get access. Where the road width is lower, this Water Mist can be used to extinguish fire which gets easy
access to narrow roads. But, their capacity (40 liter) is very low to fight against severe fire.

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Photograph: Foam Tender Photograph: Water Mist

Cold-cut: Special type of equipment carried by toeing vehicle having high pressure hose. It is also used to
cut iron sheet in times of fire incident and rescue event.
Ground Monitor: Useful in severe fire incidents to through large volume of water in longer distance.

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