2011 Phase1techtopics PDF
2011 Phase1techtopics PDF
2011 Phase1techtopics PDF
Department of Energy
FY 2011
Technical Topic Descriptions
The Department of Energy is seeking the development of innovative technologies for (1) cooling
applications (air conditioning, refrigeration, etc.) in Buildings, Industry, and Transportation that
are substantially more energy efficient than today’s technologies, cost-competitive with today’s
systems, and that avoid net direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; and for (2) waste heat
recovery in Buildings, Industry, and Transportation applications to generate electricity efficiently
and cost-competitively. The focus of these approaches must be on novel innovative
technologies; well-known technologies such as mechanical vapor compression cycles or
evaporative (water) systems for cooling, or turbines or stirling engines for waste heat recovery
will not be considered unless they address some substantial and fundamentally new technological
approach. Grant applications will not be considered unless they show a clear pathway to high
energy efficiencies (for cooling applications, reduce energy consumption by at least one-third
compared to today’s systems), are cost-competitive with today’s systems, are scalable to small
cooling or heat recovery applications (down to a few kWth), and have no net greenhouse gas
emissions.
Grant applications submitted in response to this topic must: (1) include a review of the state-of-
the-art of the technology and application being targeted; (2) provide a detailed evaluation of the
proposed technology and place it in the context of the current state-of-the-art; (3) demonstrate
that the proposed technology has a clear pathway to be more energy efficient (for cooling
devices, to reduce energy consumption by at least one-third) and have reduced lifecycle costs
(high reliability, long lifetimes) compared to current technologies; (4) address a large potential
market (for cooling devices, a U.S. savings potential of at least 5% of total U.S. cooling energy
consumption); (5) analyze the proposed technology development process, the pathway to
commercialization, and the attendant potential public benefits that would accrue; and (6) address
the ease of implementation of the new technology, and its ability to be installed with commonly-
available skill sets.
Phase I should include (1) a preliminary design, (2) a characterization of laboratory devices
using the best measurements available, including a description of the measurement methods, and
(3) the preparation of a road map with major milestones, leading to a production model of a
system for consideration in Phase II. In Phase II, devices suitable for near-commercial
applications must be built and tested, and issues associated with manufacturing the units in large
volumes at a competitive price must be addressed.
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price of the equipment. A related problem with today’s VCC cooling technology is the adverse
environmental impact of the refrigerant gases used. Although the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
refrigerants used today are relatively safe for the ozone layer, they are strong GHGs. A recent
study projected that in 2050, if CO2 is stabilized at 450 ppm, HFCs would increase radiant
greenhouse gas forcing by 28-45 percent above that due to the increase in CO2 above pre-
industrial levels alone (Velders)
This subtopic explores innovative approaches to achieve high efficiencies and net-zero direct
GHG emissions in cooling applications. Technologies of interest include electrocaloric,
magnetocaloric, thermoacoustic, thermoelectric, thermotunneling, and other novel cycles. Not
of interest, however, are technologies such as any type of mechanical vapor compression cycle,
water evaporation assisted systems, or absorption cycles unless they address some substantial
and fundamentally new technological approach. For each of these approaches to advanced
cooling, the technology must meet the above requirements (1-6) to be considered.
This subtopic explores innovative approaches to achieve high efficiencies in waste heat recovery
and electricity generation at cost-competitive rates with systems that are scalable to small
applications (e.g. thermal sources as small as a few kWth). Technologies of interest include
thermoelectric and other novel cycles that can be scaled down to small applications.
1c. Strategies and Technologies for Cost Effective ‘5 9s’ Duct Sealing
This would support research in new, time- and cost- effective technologies and diagnostics for
enabling and ensuring cost-effective rapid and reliable sealing of existing and new ductwork and
piping. It is estimated that stopping leaks in ductwork alone could increase efficiency of existing
buildings by 10% on average. Diagnostic tools and sealing approaches should be applicable to a
wide range of new and existing duct and or piping systems. Both improvements in existing
technologies such as aerogels, and totally new concepts are encouraged.
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use of very thin nano-based insulators. The availability of such insulation would greatly expand
the number of building that could be retrofitted cost-effectively.
1g. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Guus J.M. Velders, et al., “The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future
Climate Forcing”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, V.106, N.27,
pp.10949-10954, 7 July 2009.
Subtopic a:
1. A.S. Mischenko, et al., “Giant Electrocaloric Effect in Thin-Film PbZr0.95Ti 0.05O3,” Science,
3 March 2006, V.311, p.1270-1271. (Full text available at:
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/311/5765/1270.pdf)
2. Bret Neese, et al., “Large Electrocaloric Effect in Ferroelectric Polymers Near Room
Temperature”, Science, V.321, 8 August 2008, pp.821-823
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3. K.A. Gschneider, Jr., V.K. Pecharsky, and A.O. Tsokol, “Recent developments in
MagnetoCaloric Materials,” Rep. Prog. Phys, V.68 (2005) 1479-1539 (Full text available at:
http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0034-4885/68/6/R04/)
4. Zhengrong Xia, Yue Zhang, Jincan Chen, Guoxing Lin, “Performance Analysis and
Parametric Optimal Criteria of an Irreversible Magnetic Brayton-Refrigerator”, Applied
Energy V.85, 2008, pp.159-170.
7. M. Savin, et al., “Efficient electronic Cooling in Heavily Doped Silicon by Quasi particle
Tunneling”, Applied Physics Letters, Vol.79, N.10, pp.1471-1473. (Full text available at:
http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=APPLAB0000790000
10001471000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal)
Subtopic b:
3. Robert F. Service. “Semiconductor Advance May Help Reclaim Energy from ‘Lost’ Heat”,
Science, Vol. 311, p.1860, March 31, 2006. (ISSN: 0036-8075) (Full text available at:
http://www.sciencemag.org/magazine.dtl)
Subtopics c and d:
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3. Carnahan et al., 1975-- Efficient Use of Energy: Part 1—A Physics Perspective ed W
Carnahan, K W Ford, A Prosperetti, G I Rochlin, A H Rosenfeld, M Ross, J Rothberg, G
Seidel and R H Socolow (AIP Conf. Proc.vol 25) (New York: American Institute of Physics)
4. NAS 2010, Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States, (part of America’s
Energy Future Effort), http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12621#toc Residential &
Commercial Building chapter.
5. Lovins A B 2005 Energy End-Use Efficiency (Amsterdam: Rocky Mountain Institute for
InterAcademy Council) September 19, available at www.rmi.org/images/other/Energy/E05-
16_EnergyEndUseEff.pdf
Subtopics e and f:
2. Ground-Source Heat Pumps: Overview of Market Status, Barriers to Adoption, and Options
for Overcoming Barriers—Final Report, February 2008.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/gshp_overview.pdf
4. Spilker, E.H. (1998). Ground-coupled heat pump loop design using thermal conductivity
testing and the effect of different backfill materials on vertical bore length. ASHRAE
Transactions, 104, pt. 1, 775-779.
5. Marita Allan, Geothermal Heat Pump Grouting Materials, Brookhaven National Laboratory
(http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/757124-cUTd9a/native/757124.pdf)
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To break the U.S. dependence on imported petroleum for producing various liquid transportation
fuels, numerous initiatives for biofuels development are underway. The Energy Independence
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) specifies a target quantity of 36 billion gallons of renewable
fuels (Renewable Fuels Standard or RFS) to be annually produced in the U.S. by 2022. Of this
amount, 21 billion gallons would come from advanced biofuels; 16 or more billion gallons of the
21 billion gallons is to be provided by cellulosic ethanol and the balance would come from other
advanced biofuels.
Biopower is electricity produced from a wide range of biomass resources. The use of biopower
is one way to help meet national goals for the use of clean renewable energy (e.g., Renewable
Portfolio Standards or RPS). Biomass is a base load renewable energy source that is readily
available across the U.S. Biomass offers a renewable energy solution in areas where other
renewables are not available.
To achieve these goals, it is essential to ensure that cost competitive feedstocks of appropriate
quality for bioenergy production are widely and sustainably available in sufficient quantities.
Because the feedstock cost is a major element in the production of bioenergy, research is needed
to ensure the cost-effective supply of major biomass resources to biorefineries, so that they can
be converted to biofuels, biopower, and bioproducts. This topic seeks the development of
technologies to ensure this feedstock supply and includes the production of diesel fuel substitutes
via microalgae production, biochemical pathways for the utilization of cellulose and
hemicellulose to produce ethanol, and the thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid
transportation fuels such as ethanol, mixed alcohols, and advanced hydrocarbon-compatible and
infrastructure-ready biofuels.
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biomass. An optimum supply system will balance the costs of handling and storing wet biomass
against the costs of removing the moisture and preprocessing the material to a uniform handling
format (Sokhansanj et al. 2009). Grant applications are sought to develop innovative means of
utilizing spontaneous heating generated in biomass in managing moisture content of both
herbaceous and woody biomass thereby minimizing external energy input.
Several species of biomass may have high moisture content at the time of harvest. This high
moisture limits the length of time the biomass can be stored without spoilage (Wadso, 2007). In
some cases spontaneous heating may cause fires (Walker, 1977). However, the spontaneous
heating may provide a source of natural heat for drying and prolonged stabilization of biomass if
the heat energy is controlled and utilized in innovative ways. This request for proposals seeks
applications that prove the feasibility of innovative techniques, amendments, and/or systems that
control self heating as a potential means of drying to prolong biomass stability.
Grant applications should be cognizant of the fact that feedstock supply system requirements are
highly dependent on feedstock variety. For example, the amount of moisture that can be allowed
in the biomass before it becomes aerobically unstable, spontaneously heats-up, and/or substantial
damage occurs is feedstock specific. In addition, different feedstock varieties have varying
degrees of available nutrients that affect biological stability, spontaneous heating, and potential
losses. Proposed studies must quantify biomass losses and/or quality deterioration relative to the
benefit of proposed solutions.
One potential approach to improving feedstock characteristics is torrefaction (Sadaka and Negi,
2009). Torrefaction is a pyrolytic process that reduces moisture content and increases energy
density of biomass and yields a solid uniform product. Torrefaction lowers the O/C and H/C
ratio and make it more efficient for gasification and combustion applications (Pentananunt et al.,
1990).This process potentially reduces transportation costs and improves the ability to feed
biomass to conversion systems (Mitchell et al., 2007). While a great deal of interest has been
expressed in torrefaction process over the past 2-3 years, the mass and energy balances for
torrefaction systems are poorly characterized, and the impact of these processing losses on the
product cost has not been well characterized. This is particularly true in the production of pellets
of torrefied material. Converting torrefied biomass to pellets improves the consistency and
marketability of the feedstock. The torrefaction process changes the composition of the biomass
depending on the degree of torrefaction and will influence how much the hemicellulose has been
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broken down and this leads to a more hydrophobic material relative to fresh biomass (Bridgeman
et al., 2008). While this can be a favorable characteristic in some situations, it also makes the
torrefied biomass more difficult to pelletize.
Grant applications are sought for innovative approaches to producing torrefied biomass as
uniform pellets. The purpose of the first phase of this work is to establish projected costs of such
material based on firm material and energy balance measurements. Proposed approaches must
show that torrefied biomass can be pelletized with good physical and proximate and ultimate
composition as a uniform feedstock. The work must provide measured mass and energy
balances to 95% or greater of the weight of the biomass and must account for external inputs
such as electricity, heat, additives, and similar items required for processing. Detail analysis of
the volatiles lost and their energy value with respect to torrefaction temperature and residence
times should be a part of the mass and energy balance study. The research must demonstrate the
technique for at least two types of biomass with significantly different characteristics. Wood and
corn stover are examples of two biomass feedstocks with significantly different characteristics.
The goal of Phase I will be a clear analysis of the overall costs of providing pellets of torrefied
biomass, including all external inputs, to a large-scale biomass facility at a scale of at least 500
dry tons/day.
Catalyst (biological or inorganic in nature) that convert sugars at high rates with high selectivity
(minimum byproduct formation) are being considered for biofuels and bioproducts production.
Two such examples of ongoing research include a thermo/chemical route to convert sugars to
hydrocarbons1 and a biochemical route to convert sugars to advanced biofuels and chemicals2.
The ability to develop robust, industrially useful catalysts that are cost effective will require the
acquisition of substantial knowledge regarding the fundamental factors that limit efficient sugar
bioconversion in hydrolysate. A collective knowledge on catalyst improvement including deeper
understanding of catalyst lifetime, catalyst degradation/regeneration, hydrolysate toxicity as well
as process considerations are required. Specifically for biological catalysts, a collective
knowledge on strain improvement including deeper understanding of strain physiology,
metabolic engineering options, hydrolysate toxicity as well as process considerations are
required.
Grant applications are sought to determine the technical and economic feasibility of sugar
catalysis to biofuels and chemicals. This project shall not include construction of facilities. In
each case, applicants must be able to demonstrate the potential for favorable economics of
lignocellulosic biomass for the production of advanced biofuels and chemical intermediates.
Additionally, the catalyst must be able to function in the presence of hydrolysate inhibitors.
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One means to depolymerize biomass is thermal conversion of biomass involving the use of heat
to disrupt the structure of biomass and provide intermediate products that can subsequently be
converted to desired products. For example, gasification produces syngas composed of
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases that can be catalytically converted to fuels.
Likewise, pyrolysis produces a bio-oil intermediate that can be stabilized and upgraded to diesel
and other hydrocarbon fuels. While either gasification or pyrolysis systems can be effective at
converting a wide range of biomass feedstocks to biofuels, these are unselective processes and
do not preserve nor exploit the sometimes desirable characteristics of the polymeric materials in
the biomass structure.
Thermal depolymerization is a general approach to converting biomass where the initial thermal
treatment preserves desirable characteristics of the biomass feedstock and exploits those for more
effective utilization of the resource. For example, effective deplymerization might better use the
6-carbon sugar monomers from cellulose to produce straight-chain hydrocarbon fuels, or more
effectively use the phenolic portions of lignin to produce aromatic hydrocarbons.
Grant applications are sought to develop innovative concepts for thermal depolymerization of
biomass to hydrocarbon fuels. Phase I efforts should focus on proof of concept experiments that
demonstrate the viability of innovative approaches. The concept and the work to be performed
must include both the depolymerization and the subsequent conversion of intermediates, if any,
to hydrocarbon fuels and/or bioproducts. In particular, the work should clearly demonstrate the
technical and economical advantages of the thermal depolymerization as compared to other types
of approaches such as gasification or pyrolysis.
2e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
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REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
Subtopic b:
1. Prins, M. J., K. J. Ptasinski, F. J. J. G. Janssen. 2006. More efficient biomass gasification via
torrefaction. Energy 31: 3458-3470.
3. Bridgeman, T.G., Jones, J.M., Shiel, I and Williams, P.T. 2008. Torrefaction of reed canary
grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties. Fuel
87, 844–856.
4. Mitchell, P., Kiel, J., Livingston, B and Dupont-Roc, G. (2007). Torrefied biomass: A
foresighting study into the business case for pellets from torrefied biomass as a new solid
fuel. All Energy, May 24th 2007.
6. Prins, M.J., Ptasinski, K. J., and Janssen, F.J.J.G. “Torrefaction of wood: Part 1. Weight loss
kinetics”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 77, Issue 1, pp 28-34.
August 2006.
7. Prins, M.J., Ptasinski, K. J., and Janssen, F.J.J.G. “Torrefaction of wood: Part 2. Analysis of
products.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 77, Issue 1, pp 35-40.
August 2006,
8. Antal, M. J., Gronli, M. “The Art, Science, and Technology of Charcoal Production.” Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (8), pp 1619–1640. 2003
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9. Yan, W., Hastings, J. T., Acharjee, T.C., Coronella, C. J., and Vsquez, V. R. “Mass and
Energy Balances of Wet Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass.” Energy Fuels, Article
ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/ef901273n, www.pubs.acs.org. Feb. 10, 2010.
Subtopic c:
1. Cortright, R.D., Davda, R.R. & Dumesic, J.A. Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of
biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water. Nature 418, 964-967 (2002).
2. Fortman, J. et al. Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well. Trends in
Biotechnology 26, 375-381 (2008).
Subtopic d:
1. Huber, G., ed. “Breaking the Chemical and Engineering Barriers to Lignocellulosic
Biofuels: Next Generation Hydrocarbon Biorefineries.” A Research Roadmap for Making
Lignocellulosic Biofuels a Practical Reality. U. Massachusetts-Amherst. Available at
http://www.ecs.umass.edu/biofuels/Images/Roadmap2-08.pdf. March 2008.
2. Huber, G. W., Chheda, J. N., Barrett, C. J., Dunersic, J. A. “Production of Liquid Alkanes by
Aqueous-Phase Processing of Biomass-Derived Carbohydrates.” Science 308, pp 1446-
1450, 2005
3. Nan, Y., Zhao, C., Dyson, P. J., Wang, C., Liu, L., and Kou, Y. “Selective Degradation of
Wood Lignin over Noble-Metal Catalysts in a Two-Step Process.” ChemSusChem 1, 626-
629. 2008.
4. Britt, P. F., Buchanan, A. C., Cooney, M. J., Martineau, D. R., “Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis of
Methoxy-Substituted Lignin Model Compounds.” J. Org. Chem. 65 (5), pp 1376-1389.
2000.
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3. HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
By enabling the widespread commercialization and near-term use of fuel cell technologies for
stationary, portable, and transportation applications, the DOE’s Fuel Cell Technologies (FCT)
Program, within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), works to
reduce petroleum use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and air pollutants, as well as contribute
to a more diverse energy supply and efficient use of domestic energy.
Consistent with the President’s objectives, The FCT Program will develop multiple fuel cell
technologies (including solid-oxide, alkaline, and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells) using
multiple fuel sources (including diesel, natural gas, bio-derived renewable fuels such as
methanol, and fuels derived from other renewable resources). Applications include distributed
generation, backup power, auxiliary power units (APUs), portable power systems, material
handling equipment, specialty vehicles, and transportation. Distributed generation and backup
power systems supported by this activity may be grid-tied or grid-independent, utilize waste
heat, operate directly with hydrogen or natural gas, or use reformers to operate with natural gas,
bio-derived fuels or coal-derived fuels.
Hydrogen Production and Delivery R&D of the Program encompasses distributed production
through renewable liquids reforming and electrolysis, and central production through biomass
gasification, wind-powered electrolysis, solar driven high temperature thermochemical cycles,
and biological and photoelectrochemical pathways. It also includes the technology for
transporting and distributing hydrogen both to and at fueling sites. The Program’s Hydrogen
Storage R&D portfolio concentrates on low-pressure, materials-based technologies and will also
explore advanced conformable and low cost tank technologies for hydrogen storage systems to
meet performance targets.
The Safety and Codes and Standards subprogram funds research to provide the technical data on
hydrogen technologies (such as fuel cells and hydrogen production, storage, and distribution
systems) that are necessary to support and inform the codes and standards development process.
Its work includes studies to determine the flammability, reactive, and dispersion properties of
hydrogen. It also subjects components, subsystems, and systems to environmental conditions
that could result in failure to check design practices and failure-mode prediction analysis. The
Early Market Validation subprogram accelerates commercialization of fuel cell power systems.
The goal of these activities is to eliminate non-technical barriers and increase opportunities for
market expansion. By increasing product demonstration, these early market applications will
accelerate development of manufacturing capability and domestic supplier base, and reduce
manufacturing costs.
Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:
Grant applications are sought in two distinct approaches to develop low-cost compressed gas
tanks for hydrogen storage but with costs significantly lower than those projected during recent
analyses [1,2] for large-scale manufacturing of storage vessels constructed of high strength
carbon fibers. Carbon fiber currently contributes as much as 75% to overall tank costs. The goal
is to reduce cost of the carbon fiber portion from $28/kg to $15/kg or reduce the amount of
carbon fiber used with any of the following approaches:
Approach 1 solicits R&D that will facilitate cost reduction from new tank designs; reduction of
carbon fiber requirements (for examples see [4,5]); and advanced manufacturing technologies
such as fiber placement or high speed winding. Approach 2 solicits development of high-
strength fibers from less expensive precursors, and using low-cost manufacturing processes
(including associated pre-treatments, stabilization (cross-linking), oxidation, carbonization,
graphitization, post-treatments, and packaging) or alternative materials such as glass or
polymers. The goal is for significantly lower cost fibers that can meet or exceed the performance
specifications of today’s cylinders manufactured with T700 carbon fibers [1,2].
Phase I for approach 1 should focus on creating complementary strategies based on approaches
to develop low-cost high-pressure tanks. The Phase I project should include a detailed technical
analysis comparing today’s tank technology against the performance of the proposed
alternatives, along with an economic analysis that considers all relevant capital and O&M costs
involved with tank production and lifecycle costs. The plan should be sufficiently comprehensive
that acting on suggested improvements could begin within several months of the phase II award
date.
Phase I for approach 2 should focus on identifying inexpensive precursor materials and
processing strategies to produce much less expensive fibers for fabricating low-cost high-
pressure tanks or reduce the amount of carbon fiber required. The Phase I project should include
a detailed technical analysis and cost projection of suggested synthesis methods and fiber
production methods to yield the desired high-strength fibers. A plan for follow-up activities in
Phase II should be sufficiently comprehensive that laboratory production of prototype quality
fibers could begin within several months of the phase II award date.
Phase II for either approach would address development and validation of selected technology
advancements that were identified in Phase I. For approach 1, activities would include full-scale
development and, when appropriate, building one to three complete high-pressure tanks. For
approach 2, Phase II would address fabrication of fibers from the most promising low-cost
materials that had been identified and also include characterization of mechanical properties and
durability of these fibers during fabrication of high-pressure hydrogen gas cylinders.
The final report will compare the developed tank cost reduction approaches with incumbent
technologies for storage vessels made from current high-performance carbon fibers.
Now, attention is being focused on BOP components. During fuel cell operation, BOP
components are often the first to fail; system shutdowns caused by non-stack components
reportedly accounting for 85-90% of system failures. More than 68% of all labor hours spent
repairing fuel cells are devoted to repairing BOP components. Thus, grant applications are
sought for R&D of BOP components, to reduce failure rates, lower costs, and reduce parasitic
losses dramatically. BOP components of interest include, but are not restricted to, seals, motors,
sensors, water vapor transport exchangers, heat exchangers, valves, pressure transducers, flow
meters, pumps, and blowers. Applicants must show that their concepts will lead to components
that will cost an appropriate fraction of the total cost target of BOP. (For example, a pump for
transportation fuel cell applications should have a projected cost of an appropriate fraction of the
2015 target of $15/kW, assuming a production rate of 500,000 units/yr.) Also, as with the rest of
the fuel cell system, BOP components must possess the required durability for the targeted
application under appropriate operating conditions and regimes. In particular, components must
last more than 5,000 hours under cycling conditions for transportation applications and more
than 40,000 hours for stationary applications. The cost targets are $30/kW and $750/kW for
transportation and stationary applications, respectively. Grant applications for transportation-
related fuel cell systems must demonstrate a capability for successful operation under severe
conditions, including power transients, high temperatures, sub-freezing temperatures, and low
relative humidity.
Phase I applications should identify, develop, and characterize promising BOP component
concepts for PEM fuel cells and small-scale solid oxide fuel cells (e.g., < 10 kW). Phase II
should include the development, design, fabrication, and testing of the BOP components. The
Phase II deliverables will include the proof-of-concept components along with a demonstration
that the components can be integrated into fuel cell systems that meet the DOE cost and
durability targets as defined above.
Grant applications are being sought to develop hydrogen odorant technology that is compatible
with the dispersion characteristics of hydrogen and is compatible with fuel cell and storage
materials. The odorant chemical must be non-toxic and should be compatible with fuel cell
technology (e.g. meet proposed fuel quality performance standards).
Phase I must provide a screening of candidate odorant chemistries that meet the following
performance requirements:
• High dispersion velocity so that a hydrogen release is detectable over the flammability
range;
• Stability over the range of pressures and temperatures found in vehicle and stationary fuel
cell technology;
• Does not adversely affect fuel cell performance;
• Provides an olfactory response for tolerable odorant loadings;
• Meets life cycle cost goals.
A Phase II project would address durability of fuel cell systems and components (including fuel
storage and delivery components) and develop the full set of technical information for fuel
quality standards.
The airport GSE market includes various types of specialty vehicles used to service aircraft
during ground operations. GSE commonly used in airport operations include baggage tractors
(or ground support “tugs”) used to tow baggage trailers between the aircraft and terminal, and
aircraft pushback tractors that push aircraft back from the terminal to the taxiway or tow aircraft
to and from the hangar for maintenance. Battery-powered tugs usually handle baggage and
cargo or tow lower-weight aircraft (for small regional airline operations). They use wet cell or
sealed gel cell lead-acid batteries; typical capacity ranges from 2.5 HP/1.9 kW (36V motor) to
100 HP/75 kW. ICE-powered tugs typically use 4-cylinder or 6-cylinder engines fueled with
diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or propane), compressed natural gas (CNG), or
Jet A fuel. The capacities of diesel and gasoline engines in airport tugs vary widely, ranging
from 25 HP/19 kW to 300 HP/224 kW.
The DOE considers the deficiencies of both battery-powered systems and PEM fuel cell systems
could be mitigated by the use of an alternative-fuel fuel cell as a range extender for battery-
powered airport GSEs. Accordingly, DOE is interested in demonstrating alternative-fuel (direct
methanol, direct ethanol, biofuel, etc.) fuel cell technologies that also feature the potential for
radical improvements in fuel cell-powered GSE performance, durability, cost, fueling
infrastructure, and/or manufacturing efficiencies. The primary thrust of this Topic is the
deployment of alternative-fuel fuel cell technologies and fueling infrastructures, both of which
use methanol fuels reformed from renewable sources, such as biomass (wood, wood wastes,
grass, agricultural crops and by-products, etc.) and municipal waste, in order to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions.
Applications for Phase I awards should clearly describe the potential benefits of the proposed
alternative-fuel fuel cell technology in terms of durability, cost, and performance, compared to
internal combustion engine and battery-powered systems. The application should clearly state
the status of the applicant’s current stack and/or component technology as it relates to the state-
of-the-art, include energy efficiency, power density, and cost.
DOE seeks proposals using packaged solutions for 5 to 20kW alternative-fuel fuel cell systems,
capable of powering an airport baggage handler or comparable GSE vehicle for (at a minimum)
10 hours of continuous operation and 5,000 total hours. Projects are sought to fill GSE demand
at target markets: commercial airports operating multiple shifts per day.
Applications should describe at a minimum –
• A complete fuel cell power system designed for powering airport GSE;
• GSE equipment retrofit specifications (as applicable);
• Technical requirements for fuel cell stacks, balance of plant, thermal management, and
power electronics;
• The fuel storage and dispensing system including installation, commissioning, maintenance,
and decommissioning capable of supporting the GSE fill requirements for the specified
operations (system shall be capable of safely dispensing fuel into the proposed GSE);
• Weather shelter for dispensing operations; and
• A plan for obtaining all necessary government approvals and permits for all aspects of the
dispensing system.
The cost of the GSE equipment, excluding the fuel cell power system, is the responsibility of the
applicant and should be addressed included as part of the application.
Expected Outcomes:
• Phase I
o Explore feasibility of concept and report on the phase I objective stated in the sections
above and detailing objectives, milestones and deliverables for Phase II.
• Phase II
o 5 to 20 kW fuel cell systems delivered, installed on GSE equipment, and field tested at
a specified site.
o Performance report documenting results from operating proposed system during field
testing. Report should include any safety or performance data and issues identified
during the operation of the units during field testing.
3e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
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REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. “System Level Analyses of Hydrogen Storage Options”, Proceedings of 2009 DOE Annual
Merit Review, available on the DOE/FCT website:
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review09/st_13_ahluwalia.pdf
3. DOE Targets for On-Board Hydrogen Storage Systems for Light-Duty Vehicles, February
2009, published on DOE/FCT website:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/pdfs/targets_onboard_hydro_stor
age.pdf
Subtopic b:
1. Direct H2 PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Automotive Applications”, DOE Hydrogen Program
Review, June 2008. (Full text at:
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review08/fc_7_james.pdf)
2. Jayanti Sinha, et al. “Direct Hydrogen PEMFC Manufacturing Cost Estimation for
Automotive Applications”, 2008 DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Project ID #FC8, June
2008. (Full text at: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review08/fc_8_sinha.pdf)
3. Keith Wipke, et al. “Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Analysis”, 2009 U.S. DOE
Hydrogen Program and Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review and Peer
Evaluation Meeting, May 2009. (Full text at: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/45479.pdf)
Subtopic c:
1. Kopasz, J. P., “Fuel cells and odorants for hydrogen”, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, 32 (2007), pp. 2527–2531, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.001.
2. Kang, SH, JW Bae, HT Kim, KW Jun, SY Jeong, K.V.R. Chary, YS Yoon, and MJ Kim,
“Effective removal of odorants in gaseous fuel for the hydrogen station using
hydrodesulfurization and adsorption”, Energy Fuels, 21 (2007), pp. 3537-3540,
doi:10.1021/ef7002188.
3. de Wild, P. J., R.G. Nyqvist, F.A. de Bruijn, E.R., Stobbe, “Removal of sulphur-containing
odorants from fuel gases for fuel cell-based combined heat and power applications”, Journal
of Power Sources, 159 (2006), pp. 995-1004, doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.100.
4. Imamura, D., M. Akai, and S. Watanabe, “Exploration of hydrogen odorants for fuel cell
vehicles”, Journal of Power Sources, 152 (2005), pp. 226–232,
doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.007.
5. Lee, J., S. Lvov, S. Kirby, A. Boehman, M. Sprague, and P. Flynn, “Impact of Hydrogen
Odorants on PEMFC Performance”, 215th ECS Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 24 - May
29, 2009, http://ecsmeet7.peerx-
press.org/jsp/mas/reportTechProg.jsp?MEETING_ID=102&SYM_ID=108.
7. DOE Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research,
Development, and Demonstration Plan, Chapter 3.7: Hydrogen Codes and Standards
(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/).
Subtopic d:
Industries consume more energy than any other sector within the US energy economy –
including residential and commercial building energy use and the transportation sector.
The manufacture of commodity materials – such as basic metals, chemicals, paper, and glass
(along with the forming of these materials into basic shapes, such as casting primary metals,
plate glass manufacture, shape forming of steel to I-beams or rolls, etc) – consumes more than
70% of all energy consumed by industrial manufacturing in the U.S.
This topic seeks research and development for new energy savings technologies to be applied in
U.S. manufacturing operations, in order to enhance U.S. industrial competitiveness. Applicants
must identify the industry and process in which the proposed technology will be applied;
approaches that address more than one industrial process or manufacturing sector are most
welcome. The proposed technology must be innovative or at least new to the proposed industrial
application, demonstrate that the approach will overcome barriers to energy efficiency faced by
manufacturers, and provide a reasonable estimate of how much energy (and the form of the
energy) can be saved. Grant applications for development of entirely new industrial processes to
replace existing processes, or for the development of new commodity materials, are not of
interest and will be declined. However, grant applications for the development of new process
equipment will be considered responsive, provided that the equipment is needed to complete the
feasibility investigation under Phase I.
Potential applicants are strongly encouraged to develop partnerships with a U.S.-based (of
primary U.S. ownership) industrial company, especially one that can support a follow-on
commercialization effort. Although new energy savings technologies leading to potential
overseas markets are of interest, the R&D must be directed toward industrial processes as they
are applied in the United States.
45
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discharge large quantities of high temperature waste heat, and there exists adequate technology
to convert it to usable electricity. However, few options exist for efficient and effective energy
recovery from low temperature waste heat (temperatures below 130 °C) as generated in many
smaller scales industrial processes. The use of thermoelectric technology represents an
opportunity for energy recovery in such low temperature operations. To fully realize this,
development of different thermoelectric and module materials and the corresponding thermal
management strategies will be required. Applications are sought to develop: (1) new
thermoelectric materials for low temperature waste heat recovery and electricity generation that
have a high figure of merit (ZT) and the potential for large-scale production, at costs competitive
with conventional technologies considering the full system over its lifetime; and (2)
thermoelectric systems that address all of the thermal interface, materials compatibility, and
thermal management issues of the integrated system. Proposals that address all of the above
subjects are preferred.
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Manufacturing waste equals 59% of landfill waste [1]. Remanufacturing involves cleaning,
repairing, and restoring to working condition. Grant applications are sought for new
remanufacturing technologies to significantly improve energy and environmental performance in
manufacturing industries.
Grant applications should: (1) demonstrate that the proposed approach will help reduce
emissions and improve efficiency, and have limited or no negative impact on overall capital
costs; and (2) include an economic analysis that accounts for long-term implications.
4e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Catalysis For Energy, Report from the US DOE Basic Energy Sciences Workshop, August 6-
8, 2007. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/about/index.html
Subtopic b:
48
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Subtopic c:
1. Advanced Materials for our Energy Future, American Ceramic Society (ACerS), the
Association for Iron & Steel Technology (AIST), ASM International (ASM), the Materials
Research Society (MRS) and The Minerals,Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 2010
2. “Linking Transformational Materials and Processing for an Energy Efficient and Low-
Carbon Economy: Creating the Vision and Accelerating Realization” (TMS) 2010 – (in
publication)
3. Workshop on Low Cost Carbon Fiber Composites for Energy Applications, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL) – March 2009
Subtopic d:
1. “Sustainable Products and Processes – Vision and Roadmap Workshop Planning Meeting
Summary”, ASME, October 16, 2008
49
5. INNOVATIVE SOLAR POWER: LOWERING THE COST OF NOVEL
PHOTOVOLTAICS, SOLAR DESIGNS FOR DESALINATION, AND
DISTRIBUTED CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER
U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Program goals are to reduce the cost of
electricity from solar to be competitive with retail and wholesale electricity market rates. It is
projected that by 2015 retail electricity (residential and commercial rates) will range from $0.06
to $0.15/kWh, and wholesale electricity will be $0.04 to $0.08/kWh. Solar energy must be at or
below these costs if it is going to play a major role in the broader electricity market, though other
markets may also be a possibility for targeted solar plays. In order to fulfill its overall mission to
bring cost competitive solar electricity to the United States while also providing opportunities for
more specific applications of solar technology development, projects are solicited for innovative
solar technologies for High Efficiency, Low Cost Thin Film Photovoltaics; Low Cost Building
Integrated Photovoltaics; Static Module PV Concentrators; Solar-Powered Water Desalination;
Distributed Concentrating Solar Power; and Other Innovative Solar Technology Concepts.
Grant applications submitted in response to this topic should (1) include a review of the state-of-
the-art of the technology and application being targeted; (2) provide a detailed evaluation of the
proposed technology and place it in the context of the current state-of-the-art; (3) analyze the
proposed technology development process, the pathway to commercialization, and the attendant
potential public benefits that would accrue; (4) address the ease of implementation of the new
technology, and its potential for high reliability; and (5) demonstrate that the proposed
technology has the potential to reduce lifecycle costs compared to current technologies, will have
high reliability, and will address a large potential market.
Phase I should include (1) a preliminary design; (2) a characterization of laboratory-scale devices
using the best measurements available, including a description of the measurement methods; and
(3) a road map with major milestones, leading to a production model of a system that would be
built in Phase II. In Phase II, devices suitable for near-commercial applications must be built
and tested, and issues associated with manufacturing the units in large volumes at a competitive
price must be addressed.
complicate, and delay the process of building large-scale CSP facilities. Thus, there is value in
exploring the potential of deploying CSP in the distributed market. One of the benefits of
distributed CSP systems is the ability to create small-scale, fully packaged, "off-the-shelf" CSP
solutions that have the potential to significantly reduce assembly and installation time. Grant
applications are sought for innovative and cost-effective CSP systems for distributed
applications. "Distributed" is here loosely defined, and can include residential, community, and
commercial applications ranging from a few kilowatts to several megawatts. Although dish-
engine systems seem to be the CSP technology best suited for distributed applications due to
their independent, stand-alone, scalable design, any CSP technology--parabolic trough, linear
Fresnel, power tower, dish-engine, or alternative concepts--will be considered. Regardless of the
technology utilized, one of the challenges will be making distributed CSP cost-effective, as PV
currently represents a more economically attractive solar option in the distributed generation
market. Part of the solution may reside in targeting non-electricity distributed CSP applications,
including process heating and solar air conditioning; thus, grant applications need not be power-
generation based. Systems can be rooftop-mounted or ground-mounted, and can be located close
to urban centers or be utilized for rural electrification. A preliminary cost analysis should
be submitted with the grant application to indicate a commercially viable project.
5f. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
2. King RR, Boca A, Hong W, Liu X-Q, Bhusari D, Larrabee D, Edmondson KM, Law DC,
Fetzer CM, Mesropian S, and Karam NH, "Band-gap-engineered architectures for high-
efficiency multijunction concentrator solar cells,"
3. Repins, I.; Contreras, M.; Romero, M.; Yan, Y.; Metzger, W.; Li, J.; Johnston, S.; Egass, B.;
DeHart, C.; Scharf, J.; McCandless, B. E.; Noufi, R. (2008). Characterization of 19.9%
Efficient CIGS Absorbers (Presentation). 12 pp.; NREL Report No. PR-520-43247.
4. X. Wu, J.C. Keane, R.G. Dhere, C. DeHart, D.S. Albin, A. Duda, T.A. Gessert, S. Asher,
D.H. Levi, and P. Sheldon, “16.5%-Efficient CdS/CdTe Polycrystalline Thin-film Solar
Cell”, 17 European Photvoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2001, pp. 995-1000.
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Subtopic b:
Subtopic c:
1. Welford, W.T. et al, (1978), The Optics of Nonimaging Concentrators: Light and Solar
Energy, Academic Press
3. Chen, L.L. (2003), Stationary Photovoltaic Array Module Design for Solar Electric Power
Generation Systems.
Subtopic d:
1. Bloomberg New Energy Finance. "Less salt, more sun: the case for solar desalination."
Solar - Research Note, 2010.
2. German Aerospace Centre (DLR). "Concentrating Solar Power for Seawater Desalination."
Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Section Systems Analysis and Technology
Assessment, 2007.
Subtopic 5e:
1. Chhabara, Rajesh. "Rooftop CSP: Greening the cities." CSP Today, 2010.
2. Clarke, Emma. "CSP Installations: Room to scale down?" CSP Today, 2010.
The mission of DOE’s Water Power Program is to undertake the necessary research,
development, test, evaluation, and demonstration of innovative water power technologies, in
order to effectively generate renewable, environmentally responsible, and cost-effective
electricity from water resources. These technologies include devices capable of extracting
electrical power from waves, tides, currents, and ocean thermal temperature differences. They
also include technology improvements that will enable cost-competitive development of new
hydropower resources such as hydropower projects built on conduit or water conveyance
systems, existing non-powered dams, or pumped storage projects, or lead to improvements in the
efficiency and/or environmental performance of existing hydropower and pumped storage
facilities.
This topic seeks to further advance the development and introduction of novel technologies and
solutions that will speed the commercialization of innovative water power systems, thus adding
to our nation’s renewable energy portfolio. Grant applications must (1) thoroughly describe the
proposed system, subsystem, or component, and its potential benefits over current technologies;
(2) to the extent feasible, demonstrate that the proposed approach, in a mature configuration, will
have a net positive impact on the generation of electricity from water power resources or overall
cost of energy (COE) production through improved performance, or reliability, taking into
account such long-term factors as operations, maintenance, refurbishment, replacement, and
recycling; and (3) establish a clear, realistic long-term plan for concept development, prototype
fabrication, testing, and establishing the industry partnerships required for successful
commercialization. Proposed projects that involve the participation of a DOE national
laboratory must obtain approval from the laboratory prior to submission, and provide evidence of
that approval in the grant application.
Grant applications are sought to pursue new and innovative approaches, and/or advances for PSH
systems or subsystems, especially those that have combined energy efficiency and environmental
benefits. Sample topics include:
• Reversible turbine/generator assemblies (with a focus on cavitation, pitting and vortex
prevention, flow induced vibration and fluid structure coupling). Typically intakes and
outlets are designed for flow in one direction, but for PSH power intakes need to work as
pump outlets and vice-versa.
• Technologies to more efficiently transport water between reservoirs, to include the design
and control of transients in pressurized shafts and tunnels in both directions.
• Application/optimization of underground structures including powerhouses, water
conveyance systems and underground reservoirs
• Applications that address other topics that advance the state-of-the-art of pumped storage
hydropower technologies will be considered.
(Subsystems may be proposed that do not address a specific device under development if it can
be clearly shown that the subsystems can benefit multiple devices under development
generically. In these cases, items 3 and 4 above may not be applicable).
Technologies of interest for PHS that are also more broadly applicable to other types of
advanced hydropower systems are separately identified in Subtopic 6-b.
Subsystems may be proposed that do not address a specific device under development if it can be
clearly shown that the subsystems can benefit multiple devices under development generically.
In these cases, items 3 and 4 above may not be applicable.
In addition, computational methods addressing the design of systems and components are needed
to optimize energy extraction, conversion, and distribution. These methods may be in the form
of modeling techniques, new code development, customization of existing software to apply to
the marine energy industry, or the reduction and analysis of computational and empirical results.
Grant applications are sought to pursue detailed development of new system concepts, sub
systems, or components embodied in a broader concept or device, or design methods to assist the
optimization of new systems, subsystems or components. Sample topics include:
• Moorings, seabed attachments and associated arrangements for wave, tidal and/or current
devices and/or arrays: including but not limited to the development of: innovative
mooring and seabed attachment solutions; design tools for mooring arrays; advanced
installation or service equipment; and/or systems/solutions that enhance environmental
acceptance
• Advanced Mechanical Sub-Systems/Components: This area is aimed at increasing the
mechanical energy conversion efficiency, environmental performance, survivability
and/or reliability of devices, including but not limited to: turbine blades, rotors or rotor
subcomponents; power conversion mechanisms; low friction bearings with high load
capability, long life and high tolerance of variable device geometry; mechanical shaft
seals with long life in sea water; and the development and/or application of alternative
materials/coatings.
• Advanced Electrical Sub-Systems/Components: This area is aimed at increasing the
efficiency and reliability of electrical energy generation, transmission, and distribution,
including but not limited to: the design and installation of advanced generator concepts
and power electronic converters, optimized device/array power transmission and
conditioning systems, low-cost flexible submerged electrical cables, load mitigation
systems, and intelligent condition monitoring systems.
• Fluid-structure interaction modeling and/or computational analysis based on first
principle physics, to better understand the performance of the hydrodynamic interface of
new devices and to enable iterative resolution of various device configurations and ocean
resource conditions.
In addition, subsystems, components and design methods that do not address a specific device
also may be proposed, provided that it is clearly shown that the proposed component, subsystem
or method generically can benefit multiple devices. In these cases, items (2) and (3) below may
not be applicable.
Grant applications must provide: (1) a technical and operational description of the proposed
device or subsystem (the latter describing how the proposed subsystem integrates into, and
enhances, a full energy conversion system); (2) a demonstrated understanding of the design
criteria for extreme load conditions and associated load shedding capabilities of the proposed
device, or component/subsystem and, if appropriate, the integrated system; (3) an analysis of the
power performance and energy extraction capability of the proposed device or
component/subsystem and/or the integrated system, as appropriate, based on available energy;
and (4) a discussion that addresses the environmental impact issues to be encountered or resolved
as a result of the technology employed.
The Phase I report for proposed advanced wave and current energy technologies should
(1) analyze the comparative benefits of the proposed technology relative to what already exists
within the industry;
(2) summarize and detail the analysis methodology that will be applied to the proposed new
technology; and
(3) provide results with respect to cost, performance, reliability, production, external conditions,
and operating load responses for particular design load cases, in order to demonstrate the
expected, overall performance of the full system.
6d. Advanced Component Designs for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
(OTEC)
OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradient—the fact that the ocean's layers of water
have different temperatures—to drive a power-producing cycle. As long as the temperature
between the warm surface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20°C (36°F), an OTEC
system can produce a significant amount of power. The oceans are thus a vast renewable
resource. Technological challenges to OTEC commercialization include: access to and transport
of cold seawater from depth, low thermal conversion rates due to relatively small temperature
differences between cold deep seawater and warm surface waters; cost and reliability of heat
exchanger systems, high capital costs associated with the large scale of conversion equipment;
power transmission to shore based facilities; platform design and mooring in deepwater
applications; and computational models and analysis methods to assist in the design of OTEC
systems, subsystems, and components.
Grant applications are sought for research and development to explore advanced concepts,
systems, and/or approaches to address these challenges, in the following areas:
• OTEC Cold Water Pipe (CWP)
• High performance, OTEC-optimized heat exchanger design and manufacture
• OTEC Platforms (to include mooring and power transmission solutions)
• Balance of Plant Components, such as: high volume, high efficiency sea water pumps;
high efficiency, low temperature and pressure ammonia gas turbines; and/or high
efficiency vacuum pumps.
• Design techniques and methods to provide reliable, affordable iterations toward optimal
system configuration and operation.
Grant applications must provide: (1) a technical and integrated operational description of the
proposed OTEC component / subsystem; (2) a discussion detailing the benefits (cost,
performance, etc.) of the proposed component / subsystem, to include a comparison with
currently available technologies and/or systems, (3) an analysis that considers the long-term
performance and life cycle cost associated with operations and maintenance, refurbishment,
replacement, and/or recycling, as relevant; and (4) a discussion considering the environmental
issues to be encountered or resolved as a result of the technology employed.
6e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. “Assessment of Waterpower Potential and Development Needs,” EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007.
1014762. (Full text available at: http://www.epriweb.com/public/000000000001014762.pdf)
Subtopic b:
1. “Assessment of Waterpower Potential and Development Needs,” EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007.
1014762. (Full text available at: http://www.epriweb.com/public/000000000001014762.pdf)
2. Previsic, M., Siddiqui, O., and Bedard, R. “EPRI Global E2I Guideline: Economic
Assessment Methodology for Offshore Wave Power Plants” E2I/EPRI WP-US-002 Rev 4,
November 30, 2004. (Full text available at:
http://oceanenergy.epri.com/attachments/wave/reports/002_Rev_4_Econ_Methodology_RB_
12-18-04.pdf)
3. Previsic, M. and Bedard, R. “Methodology for Conceptual Level Design of Offshore Wave
Power Plants” E2I/EPRI WP 005-US, June 9, 2004. (Full text available at:
http://oceanenergy.epri.com/attachments/wave/reports/005_System_Level_Conceptual_Desi
gn_Methodology.pdf)
4. Hagerman, G., Polagye, B., Bedard, R., and Previsic, M. “Methodology for Estimating Tidal
Current Energy Resources and Power Production by Tidal In-Stream Energy Conversion
(TISEC) Devices” EPRITP- 001-NA Rev 3, September 29, 2006. (Full text available at:
http://oceanenergy.epri.com/attachments/streamenergy/reports/TP-
001_REV_3_BP_091306.pdf)
6. Previsic, M. and Bedard, R., “Methodology for Conceptual Level Design of tidal In-Stream
Energy Conversion (TISEC) Power Plants”, EPRI TP-005 NA, August 26, 2005. (Full text
available at:
http://oceanenergy.epri.com/attachments/streamenergy/reports/005TISECSystemLevelConce
ptualDesignMethodologyRB08-31-05.pdf)
Subtopic d:
1. Johansson, T., Kelly, H., Reddy, A., and Williams, R. Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels
and Electricity, Island Press, 1993. (ISBN #: 1559631384) (URL:
http://www.amazon.com/Renewable-Energy-Sources-Fuels-Electricity/dp/1559631384)
2. Patrick Takahashi and Andrew Trenka, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, John Wiley &
sons, 1996. (ISBN #: 0471960098) (URL:
http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Ocean_Thermal_Energy_Conversion/0471960098/)
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3. Avery, W.H., Wu, C., Renewable Energy from the Ocean, A Guide to OTEC. New York,
NY: Oxford University Press, 1994. (ISBN #: 0195071999) (URL:
http://www.amazon.com/Renewable-Energy-Ocean-University-Engineering/dp/0195071999)
4. Other sources available on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s OTEC bibliography
at: http://www.nrel.gov/otec/bibliography.html.
7. WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
In July 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) published the results of a report entitled
20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply.
According to the report, the United States has more than 8,000 gigawatts (GW) of available land-
based wind resources that could be captured economically. Offshore-based wind resources also
hold great potential for future development. Under the 20% wind energy scenario, the industry
could support 500,000 jobs by 2030, 180,000 of which would be directly related to the industry
through construction, operations, and manufacturing.
Although achieving 20% wind energy would have significant economic, environmental, and
energy security benefits, the industry must overcome significant challenges to make this goal a
reality. In particular, the transmission infrastructure must be enhanced, U.S. manufacturing
capacity must be increased, siting, permitting and environmental risks must be reduced,
commercial and technical barriers must be overcome, and the reliability and operability of wind
systems must be improved. To address these challenges, the DOE Wind Program and the
national laboratories collaborate with federal, state, industry, and stakeholder organizations to
lead wind-energy technology research, development, and application efforts.
This topic seeks to further advance the development of technologies to speed the
commercialization of wind energy as a national resource. Grant applications must (1) thoroughly
describe the proposed product, subsystem, or component and its potential benefits over current
technologies; (2) to the extent feasible, demonstrate that the proposed approach, in a mature
configuration, will have a net positive impact on wind turbine or overall wind plant cost of
energy (COE) through performance enhancement or reliability, taking into account such long-
term factors as maintenance, refurbishment, replacement, and recycling; and (3) establish a clear,
realistic long-term plan for concept development, prototype fabrication, testing, and establishing
the industry partnerships required for successful commercialization. Proposed projects that
involve the participation of a DOE national laboratory must obtain approval from the laboratory
prior to submission, and provide evidence of approval in the grant application.
7a. Transportation and Assembly of Extremely Large Wind Turbine Components for
Land-Based Wind Turbines
As land-based, utility-scale wind turbines continue to increase in MW rating, transportation of
extremely large wind turbine components is becoming a challenge; in fact, it may not be possible
to construct wind turbines on land much larger than 3 MW due to constraints such as the
transportation of blades greater than 50m in length, tower sections and drivetrain components
that are too large and heavy to be moved via truck, etc. Grant applications are sought to address
the transportation of extremely large wind turbine components through innovative ideas related
to transportation solutions, on-site assembly, modular component manufacturing, and/or other
related technologies. Grant applications must: (1) demonstrate that the proposed technology
would facilitate the deployment of 5+ MW land-based wind turbines, given their extremely large
wind turbine components such as blades, hubs, towers, drivetrains, and nacelle assemblies; and
(2) demonstrate the economic viability of the technology.
7d. Remote Wind Sensor and Algorithm Development for Offshore Wind
For a large number of offshore energy sites, traditional MET masts may not be feasible due to
water depth. Alternative methods are needed to measure wind speed at multiple heights to
determine wind shear profiles, wind speed, and atmospheric conditions in which wind turbines
would operate. All offshore projects, particularly wind farms, will require this site-specific
information. Collecting this data will require remote sensing equipment such as SODAR, LIDAR
or coastal RADAR based systems, the development of new measuring methods and software
programs, and stable buoy systems. Existing remote sensing methods have not yet been fully
proven in on-shore or offshore applications to the satisfaction of all stakeholders, including
financial institutions and utilities. Applicants are encouraged to team with commercial offshore
energy project developers and/or commercial resource assessment firms to ensure that industry
needs and priorities are fully considered in development of hardware and software product
specifications, validation methods, and commercialization plans. Grant applications must: (1)
demonstrate and validate new instrumentation concepts or improve existing technology to meet
industry requirements for resource characterization; and (2) demonstrate the economic viability
of the technology.
7g. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
Subtopic a:
1. Wiser, R.; Bolinger, M. “Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and
Performance Trends: 2006”. 24 pp. NREL Report No. TP-500-41435; DOE/GO-102007-
2433, 2007.
2. Lindenburg, S., Smith, B., O’Dell, K., DeMeo, E., Ram, B.. “20% Wind Energy by 2030:
Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply”. 228 pp.; US Department
of Energy, 2008.
Subtopic b:
2. Lindenburg, S., Smith, B., O’Dell, K., DeMeo, E., Ram, B.. “20% Wind Energy by 2030:
Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply”. 228 pp.; US Department
of Energy, 2008.
Subtopic c:
2. Denholm, P., Hand, M., Jackson, M., Ong, S. “Land-Use requirements of Modern Wind
Power Plants in the United States,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009.
3. Gilman, P., Cowlin, S., Heimiller, D. “Potential for Development of Solar and Wind
Resource in Bhutan,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009.
Subtopic d:
1. Antoniou, I., Jørgensen, H.E., Mikkelsen, T., Frandsen, S., Barthelmie, R., Perstrup, C., and
Hurtig, M., “Offshore Wind Profile Measurements from Remote Sensing Instruments,”
Presented at the European Wind Energy Conference, EWEC06, Athens, Greece, 2006.
2. Zack, J.W., DOE-NREL Low Wind Speed Technology Project – Conceptual Design Study:
Development of Atmospheric Profiling and Modeling Techniques to Evaluate the Design and
Operating Environment of Offshore Wind Turbines in the Mid-Atlantic and Lower Great
Lakes, Draft August 2006.
Subtopic e:
1. “Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study”; Prepared for: The National Renewable
Energy Laboratory and the Department of Energy, EnerNex Corporation, January 2010,
http://www.nrel.gov/ewits/
2. Ackermann, T., Negra, N.B, Todorovic, J., and Lazaridis, L., “Evaluation of Electrical
Transmission Concepts for Large Offshore Windfarms,” Offshore Wind Proceedings,
October 2005.
Subtopic f:
1. Ruinen, R., “Use of Drag Embedment Anchor for Floating Wind Turbines,” Presentation at
DOE Deep Water Wind Workshop, October 27, 2004.
2. Liu, G., “Technology of SEPLA Anchors,” Presentation at DOE Deep Water Wind
Workshop, October 27, 2004.
8. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS FOR BUILDINGS
DOE conducts research to improve the performance of buildings through systems integration and
component R&D. Systems integration research and development activities analyze building
components and systems and integrate them so that the overall building performance is greater
than the sum of its parts, often using the components developed by BT. In turn, research and
development of individual building components (such as envelope and equipment/appliances)
provides the technical basis for significant contributions to achieving improved energy
performance in buildings. This solicitation seeks innovative approaches in three component
areas: cold climate heat pumps, buildings envelope materials, and two aspects of solid state
lighting.
All grant applications submitted in response to this topic should include the following: (1) a
detailed evaluation showing how the proposed concept advances the state-of-the-art (e.g., in
terms of energy efficiency, reduced lifecycle costs, reliability, market share, etc.) and addresses a
large potential market; (2) an outline of the proposed technology development process, pathway
to commercialization, and potential public benefits that would accrue; and (3) a discussion of the
ease of implementation of the new technology and its potential for high reliability. Phase I
proposals should include (1) a preliminary design, (2) a characterization of laboratory-scale
devices using the best measurements available, including a description of the measurement
methods, and (3) a road map showing major milestones that would lead to a system that would
be built and tested in Phase II. In Phase II, devices suitable for near-commercial applications
must be built and tested, and issues associated with manufacturing the units in large volumes at a
competitive price must be addressed.
a) While low-emissivity (low-e) surfaces have played a major role in improving window
glazing and radiant barrier attic roof products, further development is needed. The best
available emissivity for glass surfaces exposed to the environment is no lower than 0.15
(sealed insulated glass units can be as low as 0.02); spray-applied coatings generally
result in emissivities no lower than 0.25. Development is needed on reducing these
emissivity values, for an increased pallet of colors. Development is also needed on low-
cost, variable-emissivity materials, for applications in areas with large diurnal or seasonal
variations.
b) Development is needed on materials for variable solar reflectivity of roofing surfaces to
allow for high solar reflectance in warm and hot conditions, but to adapt to a passive
solar collection when heating gains are desirable. This area focuses on reflectivity of
roofing surfaces only.
Because the building stock increases by only a few percent annually, successful design concepts
must be applicable to both new construction and retrofits of existing buildings.
All grant applications submitted in response to this topic should include the following: (1) a
detailed evaluation showing how the proposed concept advances the state-of-the-art (e.g., in
terms of energy efficiency, reduced lifecycle costs, reliability/durability, market share, etc.) and
addresses a large potential market; (2) an outline of the proposed technology development
process, pathway to commercialization, and potential public benefits that would accrue; and (3) a
discussion of the ease of implementation of the new technology and its potential for high
reliability/durability. Phase I proposals should include (1) a preliminary concept, (2) a
characterization of laboratory-scale materials using the best measurements available, including a
description of the measurement methods, and (3) a road map showing major milestones that
would lead to the integration of the material into building envelope system prototypes that would
be built and tested in Phase II. In Phase II, system-level prototypes suitable for near-commercial
applications must be built and tested, and issues associated with manufacturing the units in large
volumes at a competitive price must be addressed.
As described fully in the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) available for download at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/, a number of high priority research areas have been
identified and are included here as an area of interest under this subtopic. Applicants must
specifically respond to the area of interest and must include sufficient technical, price and
performance information to permit a full review. Technical information included in proposals
should include specific reference to one or more of the appropriate areas of the MYPP.
Projections of price or cost advantage due to manufacturing improvements, materials use or
design simplification for example should provide references to current practices and pricing to
enable informed comparison to present technologies. All performance claims must be fully
justified with either theoretical predictions or experimental data. Failure to provide adequate
technical information will be sufficient reason to immediately reject proposals as non-responsive.
As described fully in the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) available for download at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/, a number of high priority research areas have been
identified and are included here as an area of interest under this subtopic. Applicants must
specifically respond to the area of interest and must include sufficient technical, price and
performance information to permit a full review. Technical information included in proposals
should include specific reference to one or more of the appropriate areas of the MYPP.
Projections of price or cost advantage due to manufacturing improvements, materials use or
design simplification for example should provide references to current practices and pricing to
enable informed comparison to present technologies. All performance claims must be fully
justified with either theoretical predictions or experimental data. Failure to provide adequate
technical information will be sufficient reason to immediately reject proposals as non-responsive.
8e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Wang et al. (2009) Two-stage heat pump system with vapor-injected scroll compressor using
R410A as a refrigerant, Int. J. of Ref., 32 (6); Bertsch and Groll (2008), Two-stage air-source
heat pump for residential heating and cooling applications in northern U.S. climates, Int. J. of
Ref.,31 (7)
2. ASTM C1549 Standard Test Method for Determination of Solar Reflectance Near Ambient
Temperatures Using a Portable Solar Reflectometer
3. G. Bräuer, "Large area glass coating," Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 112, pp. 358-365, 1999.
"Transparent Conducting Oxides," a topical issue of the MRS Bulletin, vol. 25, pp. 15-65,
2000
5. Ferguson, Ian T., ed. "Tenth International Conference on Solid State Lighting." SPIE, Optics
& Photonics 2010, 01 Aug. 2010, San Diego, CA. Tenth International Conference on Solid
State Lighting. http://spie.org.op/
6. Hong, E, et al, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume II: Energy Efficient Lighting
Technology Options, 2005, Navigant Consulting, Inc., Washington, DC,
http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/publications/publications-ssltechreports.htm
7. D.A. Steigerwald, J.C. Bhat, D. Collins, R.M. Fletcher and M.O. Holcomb, "Illumination
With Solid State Lighting Technology", IEEE Journal Selected Topics In Quantum
Electronics, Vol. 8 (2), p. 310 (2002)
8. Craine, S. and Halliday, D., “White LEDs for Lighting Remote Communities in Developing
Countries,” Solid State Lighting and Displays: Proceedings of SPIE, 4445:39-48, December
2001. (For ordering information and to view abstracts, see:
http://www.spie.org/scripts/toc.pl?volume=4445&journal=SPIE)
10. Schubert, E. F., Light Emitting Diodes, Cambridge University Press, 2003. (ISBN: 0-521-
82330-7)
11. Zukauskas, A., et al., Introduction to Solid State Lighting, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002.
(ISBN: 0-471-21574-0)
12. Kafafi, et al, Organic Electroluminescence, Taylor & Francis Group. 2005, (ISBN-10 0-
8194-5859-7).
9. ENERGY EFFICIENT MEMBRANES FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Separation technologies recover, isolate, and purify products in virtually every industrial process.
Pervasive throughout industrial operations, conventional separation processes are energy
intensive and costly. Separation processes represent 40 to 70 percent of both capital and
operating costs in industry. They also account for 45 percent of all the process energy used by
the chemical and petroleum refining industries every year. Industrial efforts to increase cost-
competitiveness, boost energy efficiency, increase productivity, and prevent pollution demand
more efficient separation processes. In response to these needs, the Department of Energy
supports the development of high-risk, innovative separation technologies. In particular,
membrane technology offers a viable alternative to conventional energy intensive separations.
Successful membrane applications today include producing oxygen-enriched air for combustion,
recovering and recycling hot wastewater, volatile organic carbon recovery, and hydrogen
purification. Membranes have also been combined with conventional techniques such as
distillation to deliver improved product purity at a reduced cost. Membrane separations promise
to yield substantial economic, energy, and environmental benefits leading to enhanced
competitiveness by reducing annual energy consumption, increasing capital productivity, and
reducing waste streams and pollution abatement costs.
Despite the successes and advancements, many challenges must be overcome before membrane
technology becomes more widely adapted. Technical barriers include fouling, instability, low
flux, low separation factors, and poor durability. Advancements are needed that will lead to new
generations of organic, inorganic, and ceramic membranes. These membranes require greater
thermal and chemical stability, greater reliability, improved fouling and corrosion resistance, and
higher selectivity. The objective is better performance in existing industrial applications, as well
as opportunities for new applications. To advance the use of membrane separations, research is
needed to develop new, more effective membrane materials and innovative ways to incorporate
membranes in industrial processes. Grant applications must address the potential public benefits
that the proposed technology would provide, both from reduced energy consumption and from
the reduction in one or more of the following: materials consumption, water consumption, and
toxic and pollutants dispersion. Grant applications should also include a plan for introducing the
new technology into the manufacturing sector, in order to access capabilities for widespread
technology dissemination.
For industrial applications, high temperature separations of hydrocarbons and other mixtures are
of particular interest. For example, low molecular weight hydrocarbons are separated from
natural gas by condensing them as a liquid, and the liquid is distilled to fractionate it, or the
liquid is hydrocracked to olefins. However, chilling the natural gas in order to recover the
condensable portion and then reheating it is inefficient, because the energy used to chill it cannot
be recovered. Membranes, either as standalone systems or hybridized with other separation
technologies, may provide an energy efficient means of separating mixtures at the high
temperatures at which these industrial processes are carried out.
For all membrane processes/systems, grant applications must be targeted toward the
development of specific membrane materials for carefully defined commercial applications;
efforts focused on generalized membrane material research are not of interest and will be
declined. In order to assure the rapid commercialization of the technology, especially for use by
U.S. manufacturers, applicants are strongly encouraged to engage in partnerships, so that the
costs of the technology development and commercialization can be shared among manufacturers,
suppliers, and end users.
9b. Membrane Technologies for the Petroleum and Petrochemical Process Industries
This subtopic solicits innovation research for the development of membrane technology to
reduce distillation energy in petroleum refinery and petrochemical separation processes. Large-
scale industrial distillation accounts for about one-sixth of the annual energy consumed by the
petroleum and petrochemical process industries, making it the single most energy intensive
process of all US industrial processing. Since the energy savings potential for reducing
distillation is so large considerable R&D for membrane technologies with potential applications
in the petrochemical process industries has already been invested; nevertheless, membrane
technologies have so far contributed marginally to distillation energy reduction in commercial
application. Cost considerations have been the barrier to industrial hydrocarbon separations
assisted by membranes. Grant applications for innovation research in membrane technology
development for petroleum and natural gas liquid hydrocarbon separations are solicited that will
reduce distillation process energy in any of the hydrocarbon separation process steps. The
application must address aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon separations alone, and thus Phase 1
grant applications for innovation research in oxygenated or other chemical product membrane
separations are not responsive to this subtopic solicitation. By far the most important aspect of
this subtopic solicitation is the understanding of R&D that has already been invested in
membrane technologies for hydrocarbon separations, and an understanding of the barriers to the
development and commercialization of those membrane technologies. Thus thorough patent and
literature searches are imperative to the preparation of responsive applications to the subtopic,
and for this and for the promise of eventual commercialization of successful new technologies
the partnerships of small technology business and US industrial companies are strongly
encouraged.
71
Contact: Charles Russomanno, 202-586-7543, [email protected]
9d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
3. “Technology Vision 2020: The U.S. Chemical Industry”, Washington, DC: American
Chemical Society, 1996. (Available from the Council for Chemistry Research. URL:
www.ccrhq.org. Select “Vision 2020”)
4. McLaren, J., “The Technology Roadmap for Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources 2020”,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, February 22, 1999. (Report No. NREL/BK-570-
25942) (Full text available at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/. Using “Basic Search,”
search for “NREL/BK-570-25942”.)
5. Vision 2020: Separations Roadmap 2000, New York: AIChE, Waste Reduction
Technologies, 2000. (ISBN 0-8169-0832-X) (Full text at:
http://www.chemicalvision2020.org/pdfs/sepmap.pdf)
6. Vision 2020: Reaction Engineering Roadmap, New York: AIChE, Waste Reduction
Technologies, May 2001. (ISBN: 978-0816908332) (Full text at:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/chemicals/pdfs/reaction_roadmap.pdf)
7. “Nanomaterials and the Chemical Industry R&D Roadmap Workshop: Preliminary Results”,
sponsored by Vision 2020, NNI, and U.S. DOE Industrial Materials and Chemicals Program,
Oct. 2002. (Full text available at:
http://www.chemicalvision2020.org/nanomaterialsroadmap.html. Link located under
heading entitled “Nanomaterials Workshop Results”)
9. “Vision for Bioenergy and Biobased Products in the United States”, U.S. Biomass Research
and Development Advisory Committee, Oct. 2002. (Full text available at:
http://www.climatevision.gov/sectors/electricpower/pdfs/bioenergy_vision.pdf)
10. “Roadmap for Biomass Technologies in the United States”, U.S. Biomass Research and
Development Advisory Committee, Dec. 2002. (Full text available at: www.bioproducts-
bioenergy.gov/pdfs/FinalBiomassRoadmap.pdf)
11. “Developing and Promoting Biobased Products and Bioenergy: Report to the President of
the United States in Response to Executive Order 13134”, U.S. DOE and U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Feb. 14, 2000. (Full text available at: http://www.bioproducts-
bioenergy.gov/pdfs/presidentsreport.pdf)
12. “Vision2020 Technology Partnership Separations R&D Priorities for the Chemical Industry”,
(2005). (Full text available at: http://www.chemicalvision2020.org/)
10. TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO ENERGY STORAGE FOR ELECTRIC DRIVE
VEHICLES
Electric drive vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs), and electric vehicles (EVs) have been identified as one important way to address the
challenges of the nation’s dependence on imported oil and the need to reduce the emission of
green house gases. Energy storage technology represents one of the critical barriers to the
development and marketing of cost-competitive electric drive vehicles. The importance of
energy storage technologies has been reflected in Recovery Act grants of $1.5B to help establish
a domestic, vehicular battery industry. Although the energy storage requirements for these
types of vehicles are somewhat different they must all be able to accept high power recharging
pulses from regenerative braking. For all systems, the materials to be utilized should be
plentiful, have low cost relative to the materials currently in vehicular batteries, be
environmentally benign, and be easily recycled. Evaluation of the technology with regard to the
above criteria should be performed in accordance with applicable test procedures or
recommended practices as published by the Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Advanced
Battery Consortium (USABC), or the FreedomCAR Partnership (see references that follow).
10a. Technology to Allow the Recovery and Reuse of “High-Value” Materials from Used
Lithium-Ion Batteries
The introduction of electric drive vehicles into the marketplace will be accelerated by
technologies that reduce the total life-cycle cost of their batteries. The recovery and processing
of “high value” materials, such as electrode materials from used lithium-ion batteries, to yield
materials that could be used in new batteries is one way to reduce total life-cycle costs. (For the
purposes of this topic, an example of a “high value” material would be LiCoO2, which could be
used in a new cell; a “lower value” material would be a cobalt oxide that only could be used in a
cell after undergoing a conventional synthesis process to produce battery grade LiCoO2.) Such
recovery and reuse could increase the residual value of a used battery and could provide
materials for new batteries at a lower cost than if those materials were synthesized from normal
starting materials. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop and demonstrate
technologies that would enable (1) the recovery of active materials from used lithium-ion
batteries, and (2) the processing of these materials so that they might be used in new batteries.
Grant applications must address the probable cost of the proposed technologies. If there is no
cost advantage relative to the new materials, the grant application may be deemed non-
responsive. Proposed technologies that enable the recovery of the maximum quantity and variety
of material(s) from a cell are preferred. Technologies that focus on the recovery of elemental
materials (e.g., cobalt metal) or that result in a significant portion of the incoming batteries being
reduced to “slag” will be deemed non-responsive.
In Phase I, the recovery and processing technologies may be demonstrated on small quantities of
similar cells, and the capability to reuse the materials shall be confirmed in cells of at least 200
mAh in size. Phase II must address the processing of large quantities of cells of multiple
chemistries and demonstrate the performance of the recovered materials in cells of at least 2 Ah
in capacity.
In Phase I the proposed technology should be developed and evaluated in small cells. In Phase II
the usefulness of the technology in vehicle-size cells should be confirmed under multiple forms
of physical and electrical abuse. Phase II must also address any issues that must be resolved to
allow the technology to be produced in a controlled, reproducible, low-cost manner. The
proposed technologies should not have an adverse effect on cell properties such as electrical
performance, calendar life, or cost.
hundred with rate capabilities typical in vehicle applications. Proposals must demonstrate the
cell performance of the developed bifunctional air electrode through a low cost manufacturing
route with cells greater or equal to 2 Ah in capacity.
The manufacture of lithium-ion cells involves many complex processes that require careful
monitoring techniques and tools to ensure products adhere to strict product/process
specifications. Average and point surface roughness, IR surface maps, XRF, pore size
distribution, acoustic emission/absorption maps, and/or thermal emissivity maps are all possible
modalities for real-time, continuous monitoring that would enable advanced quality control
systems for automotive battery manufacturing. Proposals are sought to increase the yield rate on
mass-produced batteries by providing for real-time, on-line quality control instruments.
Proposals need to address how their technology improves upon state of the art automotive battery
manufacturing monitoring techniques.
The Phase I effort should involve constructing and/or modifying existing instrumentation to
perform the various measurements and performing proof-of-principle experiments. In Phase II,
stand alone equipment is to be built and installed on partners’ Li-ion battery assembly lines.
10e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
3. This site contains multiple references that summarize work supported by the Vehicle
Technologies Program related to energy storage. Prior to 2002, there are separate
publications for the Energy Storage Effort and for Advanced Technology Development. In
more recent years, there is a combined report for Energy Storage. These reports include
information about cell chemistries that have proven to be useful model systems for these
applications along with discussions of issues related to abuse tolerance and cell life. Very
useful presentations may also be found by following the links from Conferences Papers
and Presentations 2010 Vehicle Technologies Annual Revi ew. (URL:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/resources/)
4. Information about requirements for vehicular batteries, separators for lithium-ion batteries,
and abuse testing can be found at the USABC section of the USCAR internet site. (Go to
http://www.uscar.org/; click on the Consortia section, click on “United States Advanced
Battery Consortium (USABC)”). This site provides a second source for many of the
documents found at reference 1.
11. INSTRUMENTATION FOR ADVANCED CHEMICAL IMAGING
The Department of Energy seeks to advance chemical imaging technologies that facilitate
fundamental research to understand, predict, and ultimately control matter and energy at the
electronic, atomic, and molecular levels. The Department is particularly interested in forefront
advances in imaging techniques that combine molecular-scale spatial resolution and ultrafast
temporal resolution to explore energy flow, molecular dynamics, breakage, or formation of
chemical bonds, or conformational changes in nanoscale systems.
11c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
2. Visualizing Chemistry, The progress and Promise of Advanced Chemical Imaging, National
Academies Press (2006) available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11663 or
at: http://www.science.doe.gov/bes/chm/Publications/Visualizing_Chem_NAS.pdf
12. TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT BES USER FACILITIES
The Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES), within the DOE’s Office of Science, is responsible
for current and future user facilities including synchrotron radiation, free electron lasers, and the
Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). This topic seeks the development of technology to support
these user facilities.
12b. Beam Diagnostic Instrumentation for Free Electron Lasers and 3rd Generation
Light Sources
Advanced electron-beam diagnostic instruments are needed to support the development of X-ray
Free Electron Lasers (FEL), as well as the operation and upgrade of 3rd generation light sources.
Grant applications are sought to develop monitors for beam position and electron bunch length.
The beam position monitor should have nanometer resolution and associated electronics for both
linac and storage ring applications. The electron beam bunch length monitor should perform
non-destructive measurements, be capable of single-bunch resolution better than 100 fs, and
possess a system design that is relevant for the bunch parameters of the future X-ray FEL and 3rd
generation light sources.
Grant applications also are sought to develop diagnostic devices for the non-destructive
measurement of electron beam emittance and for the energy spread within electron bunches. For
FEL applications, measurements of electron bunch properties require resolution on the order of
10 μm, so that the so-called “slice” properties can be determined with sufficient accuracy. Both
the beam emittance and the energy spread of the beam are critical parameters in FELs, and the
measurement techniques must allow for rapid and noninvasive tuning, as well as for the
implementation of feedback systems for systems optimization. Approaches of interest include
optical techniques that employ transition radiation or synchrotron radiation. The diagnostics
should be small (< 1 m length scale) and suitable for integration into an operational light source.
Grant applications also are sought to develop diagnostics for the measurement of charge
modulation within an electron bunch at optical wavelengths in the regime 50-1000 nm. Seeded
FELs utilize an inverse FEL scheme to first introduce an energy modulation into an electron
bunch; then a dispersive transport region converts the energy modulation into a charge density
modulation along the electron bunch. The charge density is modulated with the same period as
the laser, i.e., in the wavelength regime 50-1000 nm.
Grant applications also are sought to develop a diagnostic technique for the dynamic
measurement of the transverse position of the centroid of an electron bunch, as a function of
position along that bunch. The transverse wakefields in a linac may introduce the so-called
“banana shape” beam as a result of the beam-breakup instability, in which deflecting wakefields
introduce a transverse spatial offset in the electron distribution along a bunch. Proposed
diagnostics must be able to measure this effect with spatial resolution on the order of 1 μm, and
with temporal resolution (along the bunch) of 10-100 fs, in bunches of peak current 10-500 A.
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop high resolution multi-function diagnostics.
cavity beam position monitors (BPMs), which are well suited for LINAC applications as well as
for advanced storage rings and energy recovery linacs (ERLs), represent one approach of
interest. Such cavity BPM diagnostics should (1) have measurement capabilities that include
sub-micron positioning, beam tilt, and charge; and (2) be physically small and low cost, in order
to enable commercialization.
Protective gas layers. Mercury, with its highly non-wetting characteristic and high surface
tension is well suited to the formation and stabilization of large gas pockets. Therefore, one
promising option for damage mitigation involves the creation of an interstitial gas layer between
the liquid metal and the containment vessel wall.
Innovative gas/liquid flow concepts for utilizing gas layers to protect pressure-vessel surfaces
from damage due to the cavitation of flowing mercury. Approaches of interest include: (1) the
use of radiation-hard solid materials, such as metallic porous media or screens, as separate
structures that are not part of the pressure boundary; (2) extensive surface modifications, such as
grooves or cross-hatching to increase surface area; or (3) other geometries designed to trap gas
permanently at the desired location. Because the most vulnerable pressure boundary surfaces in
the SNS target are vertical, proposed solutions must address the problem of blanketing
(protecting) vertical surfaces, where the hydrostatic gradient tends to force the gas to rise.
Alternative and innovative concepts for damage mitigation, aside from small gas bubbles or
protective gas walls. Grant applications must demonstrate an awareness of spallation target
design and environmental requirements, with respect to high radiation and mercury
compatibility.
12e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Thompson, A., et al., “A Program in Detector Development for the U.S. Synchrotron
Radiation Community,” White paper based on Workshop in Washington, DC, October 30-
31, 2000. (Full text available at: http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/787153-
XUP8Mj/native/787153.PDF
6. Proceedings of the SPIE (International Society for Optical Engineering): “Optics and
Photonics 2005: Ultrafast X-ray Detectors and Applications II,” San Diego, CA, July 31-
August 4, 2005, Vol. 5920, Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2005. (ISBN: 08194-59259) (Table of
Contents available at: http://spie.org/app/Publications/ Search by Volume number.)
Subtopic b:
3. Loos, H., “Instrumentation for Linac-Based X-ray FELs,” Presented at the 12th Beam
Instrumentation Workshop, Batavia , IL , May 1– 4, 2006. (Presentation slides available at:
http://conferences.fnal.gov/biw06/wednesday_talks/WAMI0202_talk.ppt)
4. Schmüser, P., et al., “Single-Shot Longitudinal Diagnostics with THz Radiation,” Presented
at 37th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Future Light Sources, Hamburg,
Germany, May 15-19, 2006. (Full text available at:
http://adweb.desy.de/mpy/FLS2006/proceedings/PAPERS/WG512.PDF)
5. Beutner, B., et al., “Beam Dynamics Experiments and Analysis in FLASH on CSR and
Space Charge Effects,” Presented at 37th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on
Future Light Sources, Hamburg, Germany, May 15-19, 2006. (Abstract and presentation
slides available at:
http://adweb.desy.de/mpy/FLS2006/proceedings/HTML/AUTH0055.HTM)
6. Smith, G. and Russo, T., “Proceedings of 10th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW
2002),” Upton, New York, May 2002, American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2002. (ISBN: 0-
7354-01039) (AIP conference Proceedings 648) (Table of contents and ordering information
available at: http://proceedings.aip.org/proceedings/confproceed/648.jsp)
Subtopic c:
1. Haines, J. R., et al., “Summary of Cavitation Erosion Investigations for the SNS (Spallation
Neutron Source) Mercury Target,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, 343: 58-69, 2005. (ISSN:
0022-3115)
2. Futakawa, M., et al., “Pitting Damage by Pressure Waves in a Mercury Target,” Journal of
Nuclear Materials, 343: 70-80, 2005. (ISSN: 0022-3115)
3. Riemer, B. W., et al., “SNS Target Tests at the LANSCE-WNR in 2001, Part I,” Journal of
Nuclear Materials, 318: 92-101, 2003. (ISSN: 0022-3115)
4. Wendel, M. W., et al., “Experiments and Simulations with Large Gas Bubbles in Mercury
Towards Establishing a Gas Layer to Mitigate Cavitation Damage,” Proceedings of FEDSM-
2006: 2006 ASME Joint U.S. European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, Miami,
Florida, July 17-20, 2006. (Paper No. FEDSM2006-98222) (Abstract and ordering
information available at:
http://store.asme.org/product.asp?catalog%5Fname=Conference+Papers&category%5Fname
=&product%5Fid=FEDSM2006%2D98222. Click on title at 2nd bullet. Search for 98222.)
Subtopic d:
1. “Directing Matter and Energy: Five Challenges for Science and the Imagination,” Basic
Energy Sciences Advisory Council, US Department of Energy, December, 2007. (Full text
available at : http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/GC_rpt.pdf)
2. “Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons,”
Committee on AMO 2010, National Research Council, National Academy of Science, 2007.
(Full text available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11705.html)
4. “Report of the Interagency Task Force on High Energy Density Physics,” National Science
and Technology Council (NSTC), August, 2007. (Full text available at: 2007 Interagency
Task Force Report on HEDP)
5. Apteyn, H. C., et al., “Extreme Nonlinear Optics: Coherent X-Rays from Lasers," Physics
Today, 58: 39, 2005. (Full text available at:http://scitation.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-
ft/vol_58/iss_3/39_1.shtml)
6. Phuoc, K. T., et al., “Laser-Based Synchrotron Radiation,” Physics of Plasmas, 12: 023101,
January 2005. (Full text available at:
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=physicsumstadter)
7. Jiang, Y., et al., “Generation of Ultrashort Hard-X-ray Pulses with Tabletop Laser Systems at
a 2-kHz Repetition Rate,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, B20: 229 – 237, 2003.
(http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=70903)
8. Seres, J., et al., “Source of Coherent Kiloelectronvolt X-Rays,” Nature, 433: 596, 2005.
(ISSN: 0028-0836)
10. Malka, V., et al., “Principles and Applications of Compact Laser–Plasma Accelerators,”
Nature Physics, 4: 447 – 453 (2008) (Website:
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v4/n6/abs/nphys966.html)
13. RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) DEVICES AND COMPONENTS FOR
ACCELERATOR FACILITIES
The Office of Basic Energy Sciences, within the DOE’s Office of Science, is responsible for
current and future synchrotron radiation light sources, free electron lasers, and spallation neutron
source user facilities. This topic seeks the development of radio frequency devices and
components to support these user facilities.
Grant applications also are sought to develop a pulsed inductive output tube (IOT) amplifier at
402.5 MHz, 140 kW, and 10% duty factor for a low-energy bunching application for high power
H-/proton beams.
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop a 2.815GHz CW klystron (~100kW), preferably
with two output windows, that would be suitable for a superconducting RF cavity.
13e. Modulators for High Level Radio Frequency (RF) Accelerator Systems
Grant applications are sought to develop a high-level amplitude and phase modulator (in either
waveguide or coaxial topology) that can demonstrate modulation ability out to 20 kHz.
Significant cost savings could be achieved if one klystron were used to drive multiple
accelerating cavities, while retaining phase and amplitude control at the individual cavity level.
Grant applications also are sought to develop (1) a 1KHz. 300 kV, 300A solid-state modulator
for production of picosecond X-ray pulses using RF deflecting cavities; (2) a robust, high-
average-power (200kW) 1 kHz modulator system that operates at approximately 300 kV and 300
A, with an ultimate rep rate at 1kHz or higher; (3) a robust, high-average-power (1.4 MW or
greater) 60 Hz pulse modulator system that operates with a duty factor of 10 percent at various
voltage and current ratings (for example, 140 kV at 90 A, 85 kV at 165 A); and (4) a solid state
modulator for 40kV, 300A, 1 micosecond pulses at 60 Hz.
(1) Electromagnetic RF cavities operating in a dipole mode, which could introduce a transverse
kick to an electron bunch as a whole or provide a “head-tail” displacement within the bunch.
Such cavities would need to provide deflecting kick voltages up 10 MV, with phase error < 0.01°
and amplitude error < 10-4, with parasitic modes damped to Q-values < 1000 and with minimal
short-range wake fields.
(2) Pulsed power supplies that can be used with stripline kickers to provide deflecting fields.
Such power supplies should have a repetition rate up to 100 kHz, a voltage pulse 10-15kV, a 10
ns pulse duration, and pulse-to-pulse stability better than 10-3.
13g. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Proceedings of the Fourth CW and High Average Power RF Workshop, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, IL, May 1-4, 2006. (Abstracts and slides available at
http://www.aps.anl.gpv/News/Conferences/2006/CWHAP06/index.html)
Subtopic a:
1. H. Wang et al., "JLAB high efficiency klystron baseline design for 12 GEV upgrade," Proc.
2003 Particle Accelerator Conf., 2003.
2. R. M. Phillips and D. W. Sprehn, "High-power klystrons for the next linear collider," Proc.
IEEE, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 738 - 751, May 1999.
Subtopics b and c:
Subtopic d:
Subtopic f:
The Office of Basic Energy Sciences, within the DOE’s Office of Science, is responsible for
current and future synchrotron radiation light sources, free electron laser, and spallation neutron
source user facilities. This topic seeks the development of technology to support the particle and
radiation sources needed for these user facilities.
(1) Robust cathode materials suitable for production of low emittance electron bunches at a high
repetition rate, using laser excitation. The intrinsic normalized emittance of the electron beam
must be of order 10-7 m-rad, in bunches of order 100 pC charge, duration of approximately 10 ps,
and with quantum efficiency of 10-2 or greater. Materials should be robust to environmental
conditions, have small dark current under applied electric fields of order 10-100 MVm-1, and
have long lifetime.
(2) Accelerating structures supporting electric fields of 10-100 MVm-1 at a cathode surface,
allowing laser excitation of the cathode material and rapid acceleration of the emitted electrons,
with minimal emittance growth and an electron bunch repetition rate of 1 MHz or greater.
Combined with suitable cathode materials and a photocathode laser, the system should be
capable of producing low emittance (less than 1 mm-mrad normalized) electron bunches at a
minimum 1 MHz repetition rate, with up to 1 nC charge per bunch.
2. Superconducting undulators with time varying fields. This technology is in its infancy and
could offer interesting possibilities for insertion-device radiation sources
4. High coercivity permanent magnet materials for CPMUs. To take full advantage of CPMUs,
sintering and manufacturing procedures need to be developed for permanent magnet material like
PrFeB, which exhibits large increases in coercivity at cryogenic temperatures.
5. New superconducting materials for undulator applications. Three types of materials promise a
considerable enhancement of undulator performance:
High temperature superconducting materials such as YBCO, which operate at about 90K, would
allow current densities up 100kA/mm2. The challenge here is to optimize the conductor design
to maximize the current density and the transport current, leading to the development of coil
manufacturing techniques based on such materials (as the next step).
Thin film high temperature superconducting materials such as MgB2, which are operated at
~39K, may become a good material for undulator magnets, depending upon the choice of
substrate material, which will determine the mechanical properties of the superconductor. The
challenge here is the production of thin films and the choice of optimum substrate materials.
APC (artificially enhanced pinning center) NbTi superconductor, which would allow super-high
current densities that exceed the Jc of conventional NbTi superconductor by a large factor (14
kA/mm2 at 2 T). In particular, the high current density might offer an advantage for the design
of magnet coils for undulator magnets.
6. Undulators with period < 1 cm. The resonant condition requires undulator radiation at short
wavelength (approximately 1 nm), with low energy electron beams (of 1-2 GeV), and with a
shorter period than generally available from existing synchrotron radiation sources. The
undulators should be designed with K-value ~1, impedance shielding of pole faces, and a gap
that is greater than 2.25 mm.
14d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
2. Proceedings of the Future Light Source Workshop (FLS2006), Hamburg, Germany, May
2006. (Full text available at: http://adweb.desy.de/mpy/FLS2006/proceedings/index.htm)
Subtopic b:
Subtopic c:
3. T. Hara et al., “Cryogenic Permanent Magnet Undulators,” Physical Review Special Topics:
Accelerators and Beams, 7(5), May 2004. (ISSN: 1098-4402
15. ANCILLARY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ACCELERATOR FACILITIES
The Office of Basic Energy Sciences, within the DOE’s Office of Science, is responsible for
current and future synchrotron radiation light sources, free electron laser, and spallation neutron
source user facilities. This topic seeks the development of computational, control, and
superconducting technologies to support these user facilities.
Grant applications also are sought to investigate and develop enhancements to the suite of tools
in the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS), in order to better support
existing facilities and meet the requirements of future machines. Areas of interest include, but
are not limited to, high-availability alternative-communication protocols; enhanced functionality
within the Input-Output Controller; highly integrated development environments; and ensuring
scalability to very large installations (such as the International Linear Collider). Grant
applications should address how the results will guide long-term EPICS development.
As the time scale of interest in modern accelerators is reduced, the required computational
resources are becoming prohibitive for currently-available low-order electromagnetic codes; for
example, the estimated memory requirement for modeling a typical accelerator structure
interacting with a 1-ps bunch is 1 TB. Such an extreme computation is intractable for most
accelerator laboratories. Therefore, in order to break the computational bottleneck, grant
applications are sought to develop computational electromagnetic codes with high-order
accuracy.
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop large-scale timing and synchronization systems
for next generation light sources, with timing stability requirements extending from ~100
femtosecons to 1 femtosecond or less. For example, these requirements include the need to
enable the synchronization of multiple radio frequency components and laser systems, over
distances of the scale of kilometers, in advanced accelerators and free electron lasers. This
precision in timing must be maintained over periods of time on the order of 24 hours.
2. A 1500 MHz passive superconducting Landau cavity for storage-ring bunch lengthening.
1. High power laser oscillator systems for high repetition rate (1-100 MHz) electron guns that
can deliver pulses of 10-100 μJ energy in the 1 μm wavelength range, with pulses capable of
being expanded to10-50 ps duration.
2. Laser pulse shaping systems that can modify the laser pulse in 3D, in order to minimize
emittance growth due to space charge effect in a photoinjector. Approaches of interest include
pulse stacking, laser phase modulation, and others. In general, the pulse should have a
homogeneous intensity distribution (10% modulation) confined in a sharp boundary in three
dimensions, with either a cylindrical or ellipsoidal geometry.
3. A mid-IR, carrier envelope phase (CEP) stabilized laser with tens of mJs of energy and a few
carrier cycles within a Full-Width at Half-Max (FWHM) of 10-50 fs.
4. A mid-IR (2.0 micron) laser for E-SASE, with a pulse under 100 fs, possibly CEP-stabilized in
the energy range of a few mJ.
5. Tunable lasers to be used as seeds for free electron lasers (FELs). The central wavelength
should be within the wavelength range, 10-50 nm, and the laser should be continuously tunable
within a band that is at least 20% of that wavelength range. Pulse duration should be adjustable
and on order of 100 fs. Peak power within the pulse should be on order of 100 kW. Optical
pulses should be reproducible on a shot-to-shot basis, with good temporal coherence within the
pulse, good beam quality (M2<1.3), and a repetition rate of 100 kHz or greater.
6. Lasers for laser-ion stripping of hydrogen beams. The lasers should have high repetition rate
(~400 MHz), high peak power (~1MW), and picosecond 355 nm pulses to match the in-beam
structure of the linac for Spallation Neutron Source (micropulses that are 50 ps long, separated
by 2.5 ns, gated into minipulses of 650 ns that repeat at 1.058 MHz, and are bunched into 1 ms
macropulses).
7. A laser power-recycling cavity at 355 nm to reduce average laser power requirements for ion
stripping. Important design criteria include compactness, a length to match bunch repetition rate,
stabilization to a small fraction of a wavelength, protection of mirrors from electron and gamma
radiation, and an in-vacuum configuration.
Based on previous experiments, the key components of a radiation-resistant laser system are the
YAG crystal, the fold prism, a cube polarized in the laser head, and IC chips in the laser
controller unit.
15e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
2. Qiang, J. and Ryne, R., “Parallel Beam Dynamics Simulation of Linear Accelerators,”
Proceedings of ACES 2002: 18th Annual Review of Progress in Applied Computational
Electromagnetics, Monterey, CA, March 18-22, 2002, January 31, 2002. (Report No. LBNL-
49550) (Full text available at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/792968-
2qDC1P/native/792968.pdf)
3. Ko, K., “High Performance Computing in Accelerator Physics,” Proceedings of 18th Annual
Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics: ACES-2002, Monterey,
CA, March 18-22, 2002. (Full text available at: http://www-
group.slac.stanford.edu/acd/Computers2.html#)
4. Ryne R., et al., “SciDAC Advances and Applications in Computational Beam Dynamics,”
presented at SciDAC (Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing) 2005, San
Francisco, June 26-30, 2005. (Full text available at:
http://seesar.lbl.gov/anag/publications/colella/LBNL-58243.pdf)
12. Darren D. Hudson, Seth M. Foreman, Steven T. Cundiff, and Jun Ye, "Synchronization of
mode-locked femtosecond lasers through a fiber link", Opt. Lett. 31, 1951 (2006).
Subtopic b:
2. Review of Various Approaches to Address High Currents in SRF Electron Linacs, I. Ben-Zvi,
http://www.lns.cornell.edu/public/SRF2005/pdfs/ThA03.pdf
Subtopic c:
3. Schneider, W. J., et al., “Design of the SNS Cryomodule,” Proceedings of the 2001 Particle
Accelerator Conference, Chicago, IL, June 2001. (Full text available at:
http://www.jlab.org/.)
Subtopic d:
2. S. Assadi et al, “The SNS laser profile monitor design and implementation” Proc. PAC 2003,
Portland, USA, p. 2706; Y. Liu et al, “Laser wire beam profile monitor at SNS”, TUPC061,
Proc. EPAC 2008, Genoa, Italy.
4. A. Noda et al., “Recent status of laser cooling of Mg realized at S-LSR,” THPP050, Proc.
EPAC 2008, Genoa, Italy.
5. I. Will, G. Koss, and I. Templin, “The upgraded photocathode laser of the TESLA Test
Facility,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 541, 467-477 (2005).
6. I. Will, G. Koss, and I. Templin, “The upgraded photocathode laser of the TESLA Test
Facility,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 541, 467-477 (2005).
7. U. Vogt, H. Stiel, I. Will, P.V. Nickles, T. Wilhein, M. Wieland, W. Sandner, SPIE Proc.
4343, 87 (2001).
8. Zhirong Huang and Ronald D. Ruth, “Laser-electron storage ring,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 976-
979 (1998).
10. E. O. Potma et al, “Picosecond-pulse amplification with an external passive optical cavity,”
Opt. Lett. 28, 1835-1837 (2003).
11. M. Nomura et al., “Enhancement of laser power from a mode lock laser with an optical
cavity,” Proc. EPAC 2004, 2637-2639.
12. H. Kumagai et al, “Efficient frequency doubling of 1-W continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser
with a robust high-finesse external cavity,” Appl. Opt. 42, 1036-1039 (2003).
13. E.G. Bessonov and R.M. Fechtchenko, “A composite open resonator for a compact X-ray
source,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528, 212-214 (2004).
14. A.J. Rollason, X. Fang, D.E. Dugdale, “Multiple pass cavity for inverse Compton
interactions,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 526, 560-571
(2004).
15. S. M. Kaczmarek, “Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Performance of Nd:YAG Lasers,”
Crystal Res. Technol. 34, 1183-1190 (1999).
16. T. S. Rose, M. S. Hopkins, and R. A. Fields, “Characterization and Control of Gamma and
Proton Radiation Effects on the Performance of Nd : YAG and Nd : YLF Lasers,” IEEE J.
Quantum Electron. 31, 1593-1602 (1995).
16. INSTRUMENTATION FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND SCANNING
PROBE MICROSCOPY
The Department of Energy supports research and facilities in electron and scanning probe
microscopy for the characterization of materials. Innovative instrumentation developments offer
the promise of radically improving these capabilities, thereby stimulating new innovations in
materials science. Grant applications must address improvement in electron beam or scanning
probe instrumentation capabilities beyond the present state-of-the-art.
Stages and holders that provide new capabilities for in situ transmission electron microscopy
experiments in liquid and/or gaseous environments. Approaches of interest should provide a
capability to reach 80 Torr or higher during operation, and apply or measure at least two separate
signals, such as current and voltage, at the same time. Proposed solutions must also be
compatible with analytical energy dispersive spectroscopy.
New electron sources that can operate from pulsed modes to femtosecond frequencies. Of
particular interest are laser-assisted field emission guns for application to pulsed mode operation
in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) mode.
Ultra-high efficiency spectrometers for analytical energy dispersive spectroscopy and/or electron
energy loss spectroscopy. Approaches of interest should include efficient detector materials and
improved geometry for maximum signal collection. Proposed solutions should also provide at
least one additional integrated electron detector to allow parallel image and spectroscopic data
acquisition without reorienting a sample. Proposed detectors must be robust and not susceptible
to electron beam damage.
Systems for automated data collection, processing, and quantification. Approaches of interest
should include (1) hardware and platform-independent software for data collection and
visualization, (2) automated measurement and mapping of crystallography, internal magnetic or
electric field, or strain, and (3) multi-spectral analysis. Software and quantification routines for
image reconstruction and for interpretation of interference patterns/holography are encouraged.
New generations of functional SPM probes, sample holders/cells (including electrochemical and
photoelectrochemical cells), and controller/software support for ultrafast, environmental and
functional detection. Areas of interest include: (1) insulated and shielded probes for high-
resolution electrical imaging in conductive solutions; (2) probes integrated with electro-optical
switches for ultrafast imaging; (3) heated probes combined with dynamic thermal measurements
including thermomehcnical, temperature, and integrated with Raman and mass-spectrometry
systems, and (4) probes integrated with electrical, thermal, and magnetic field sensors for
probing dynamic electrical and magnetic phenomena in the 10 MHz - 100 GHz regime. Probes
and probe/holder assemblies should be compatible with existing commercial hardware platforms,
or bundled with adaptation kits. Complementary to this effort is the development of reliable
hardware, software, and calibration methods for the vertical, lateral, and longitudinal spring
constants of the levers, sensitivities, and frequency-dependent transfer functions of the probes.
A new generation of optical and other cantilever detectors for beam-deflection-based force
microscopies. Areas of interest include: (1) low-noise laser sources and detectors approaching
the thermomechanical noise limit, (2) high bandwidth optical detectors operating in the 10-100
MHz regime, and (3) small-spot (sub-3 micron) laser sources for video-rate Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) measurements. Piezoresistive and tuning-fork force detectors compatible
with existing low-temperature high-magnetic field environments are also of interest.
Systems for next-generation controllers and stand-alone modules for data acquisition and
analysis. Areas of interest include: (1) multiple-frequency and fast detection schemes for
mapping energy dissipation, as well as mechanical and other functional properties; (2) active
control of tip trajectory, grid, and spectral acquisition; and (3) interactive SPMs incorporating
decision making process on the single-pixel level. Proposed systems should include provisions
for rapid data collection (beyond the ~1kHz bandwidth of feedback/image acquisition of a
standard SPM), processing, and quantification; and hardware and platform-independent software
for data collection and visualization, including multispectral and multidimensional image
analysis (i.e., for force volume imaging or other spectroscopic imaging techniques generating 3D
or 4D data arrays). For rapid data acquisition systems, software and data processing algorithms
for data interpretation are strongly encouraged.
Environmental SPM systems operating in the 10-8 Torr - 1 atm pressure range, supporting
existing topographic, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, piezoelectric, and other imaging modes,
for energy research. Particularly of interest are (a) variable pressure environmental cells that can
be adapted to existing instrumental platforms, and (b) environmental cells compatible with
aperture and apertureless optical and microwave imaging, as well as imaging modalities
providing local chemical information.
REFERENCES
2. Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 78, Issues 1-4, Elsevier-Holland, June 1999. (ISSN: 0304-3991) (Full
text available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043991)
3. David B. Williams and C. Barry Carter. Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for
Materials Science, Vols. 1-4, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York-London, Jan. 1996.
(ISBN: 978-0306452475) (Full text available at: http://www.amazon.com/Transmission-
Electron-Microscopy-Textbook-
Materials/dp/0306452472/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1252004198&sr=8-1)
5. BES-Sponsored workshop reports that address the current status and possible future
directions of some important research areas are available on the web. (URL:
http://www.science.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html)
6. Paul Alivisatos, et al. “Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs”, Report of the National
Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March 16-18, 2004. (Full text at:
https://public.ornl.gov/conf/nanosummit2004/energy_needs.pdf)
7. S. Morita (ed.). Roadmap of Scanning Probe Microscopy, (Series: NanoScience and
Technology) Springer, Nov. 2006. (ISBN: 978-3540343141) (Full text available at:
http://www.amazon.com/Roadmap-Scanning-Microscopy-NanoScience-
Technology/dp/3540343148/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1252005981&sr=8-1)
8. Sergei V. Kalinin. Scanning Probe Microscopy (2 vol. set): Electrical and Electromechanical
Phenomena at the Nanoscale, Springer, Dec. 2006. (ISBN: 978-0387286679) (Full text
available at: http://www.amazon.com/Scanning-Probe-Microscopy-vol-
Electromechanical/dp/0387286675/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252006052&sr=1-
1
9. Mo Li, H.X. Tang and M.L. Roukes. “Ultra-sensitive NEMS-based cantilevers for sensing,
scanned probe and very high-frequency applications”, Nature Vol. 2, pp. 114-120, Jan. 2007.
(Full text available at: http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v2/n2/abs/nnano.2006.208.html)
17. INSTRUMENTATION FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH USING ULTRA-
BRIGHT OR ULTRA-FAST X-RAY SOURCES
The Department of Energy supports X-ray scattering and spectroscopy facilities at synchrotron
radiation and free electron laser (FEL) sources where users conduct state-of-the-art materials
research. Their experiments are enabled by the convergence of a range of instrumentation
technologies. This topic seeks to develop advanced instrumentation that will enhance materials
research employing ultra-bright or ultra-fast x-ray sources. Grant applications should define the
instrumentation need and outline the research that will enable innovation beyond the current state
of the art. Applicants are strongly encouraged to demonstrate applicability and proper context
through collaboration with a successful materials science researcher who utilizes ultra-bright or
ultra-fast x-ray sources in their research program. To this end, the STTR program would be an
appropriate vehicle for proposal submission. Alternatively, applicants are encouraged to
demonstrate applicability by providing a letter of evaluation and support from a successful user.
Priority will be given to those grant applications that include such collaborations or letters of
support.
A successful user is defined as someone at a research institution who has recently performed
synchrotron or FEL experiments and published results in peer reviewed archival journals. Such
researchers are the early adopters of new instrumentation and are often involved in
conceptualizing, fabricating, and testing new devices. A starting point for developing
collaborations would be to examine the annual activity reports from synchrotron radiation or
FEL facilities with links at: http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000444
In all cases, the proposed instrumentation development must be motivated by at least one
specific example of how a state of the art materials research project will be enabled. The
proposal should delineate why a type of materials research is not currently possible and how the
successful creation of the new instrumentation will enable access to new types or quanties of
experimental data.
17c. Detectors
Scattering and spectroscopic data collection involves x-ray detectors that have advanced spatial,
energy, and/or time resolution capabilities. The ability to complete a materials research
experiment in a reasonable amount of time is often limited as much by the x-ray detection
capability as by the quality of the x-ray source. Rapid coverage of the experimental phase space
is desired, and multi-element detectors and detector arrays are often employed towards this end.
As a result of improvements in x-ray fluxes, detectors often must be able to handle high count
rates and large dynamic ranges. Grant applications are sought to advance the state of the art for
x-ray detectors. Improvement in the quality and affordability of such detectors is an example of
an appropriate area for proposed research. Because detector needs are defined by the needs of a
materials experiment, grant applications must detail what new specific materials experiments
will be enabled by the proposed improvement, if successfully realized.
17d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. http://www-als.lbl.gov/als/actrep/
2. http://www.aps.anl.gov/Science/Reports/
3. http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/newsroom/publications/activityreport/
4. http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/science/sciencehighlights.html
5. AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 879
As a unique and increasingly utilized research tool, neutron scattering makes invaluable
contributions to the physical, chemical, and biological sciences. The Department of Energy
supports neutron scattering and spectroscopy facilities at neutron sources where users conduct
state-of-the-art materials research. Their experiments are enabled by the convergence of a range
of instrumentation technologies. The Department of Energy is committed to enhancing the
operation and instrumentation of its present and future neutron science facilities (References 1-3)
so that their full potential is realized.
This topic seeks to develop advanced instrumentation that will enhance materials research
employing neutron scattering. Grant applications should define the instrumentation need and
outline the research that will enable innovation beyond the current state-of-the-art. Applicants
are strongly encouraged to demonstrate applicability and proper context through collaboration
with a successful user of neutron sources. To this end, the STTR program would be an
appropriate vehicle for proposal submission. Alternatively, applicants are encouraged to
demonstrate applicability by providing a letter of support from a successful user. Priority will be
given to those grant applications that include such collaborations or letters of support.
A successful user is defined as someone at a research institution who has recently performed
neutron scattering experiments and published results in peer reviewed archival journals. Such
researchers are the early adopters of new instrumentation and are often involved in
conceptualizing, fabricating, and testing new devices. A starting point for developing
collaborations would be to examine the annual activity reports from neutron scattering facilities
with links at: http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/nsources.html and http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/.
18e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
3. Chapter on neutron optical devices by Ken Anderson in Neutron Imaging and Applications –
Springer – available on-line at http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-0-387-78692-6
4. Majkrzak C. F. and Wood, J. L., eds., “Neutron Optical Devices and Applications,” San
Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1992, Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 1738, Bellingham, WA: SPIE,
1992. (ISBN: 0819409111)
5. Mezei, F., et al., eds., “Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy,” Lecture Notes in Physics, 601,
New York, Springer Verlag, 2003. (ISBN: 3540442936).
6. Klose, et al., eds., “Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Polarized Neutrons in
Condensed Matter Investigations,” Washington, D.C., June 1-4, 2004, Physica B:
Condensed Matter, Vol. 356, Elsevier, 2004. (ISSN: 0921-4526)
7. Crow, J., et al., “SENSE: Sample Environments for Neutron Scattering Experiments,”
Tallahassee, FL, September 24-26, 2003, Workshop Report, 2004. (Full report available at:
http://neutrons.ornl.gov/workshops/tallahassee_workshops_2003/SENSE_report_1-14-
04.pdf)
8. Rix, Weber et al., Automated sample exchange and tracking system for neutron research at
cryogenic temperatures, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 013907 (2007).
19. NOVEL MEMBRANE AND ELECTROLYTE DEVELOPMENT FOR REDOX
FLOW BATTERIES
The projected doubling of world energy consumption within the next 50 years, along with
environmental concerns about using fossil fuels and the resource constrains, have spurred great
interest in generating electrical energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar. The
variable and stochastic nature of renewable sources however makes solar and wind power
difficult to manage, especially at high levels of penetration. To effectively use the intermittent
renewable energy and enable its delivery demand electrical energy storage (EES). For example,
storage operating near an intermittent, renewable wind energy source can smooth out wind
variability, lessen the slope on ramp rates, and, if of sufficient scale, can store off peak wind
energy. EES is also an effective tool to improve the reliability, stability, and efficiency of the
future electrical grid, i.e. smart grid that enables real-time, two-way communication to balance
demand and supports plug-in electrical vehicles. Electrical energy storage can shave the peaks
from a user or utility load profile, increase asset utilization by improving duty factor and
delaying utility upgrades, decrease fossil fuel use for ancillary services, provide high levels of
power quality, while increasing grid stability. Distributed energy storage near load centers can
reduce congestion on both the distribution and transmission systems.
Among the most promising electrical storage technologies are redox flow batteries (RFBs),
which stores electrical energy in two soluble redox couples contained in external electrolyte
tanks sized in accordance with application requirements. Liquid electrolytes are pumped from
storage tanks to flow-through electrodes, where chemical energy is converted to electrical energy
(discharge) or vice versa (charge). Between the anode and cathode compartments is a membrane
that selectively allows cross-transport of non-active species (e.g., H+, Na+, etc.) to maintain
electrical neutrality and electrolyte balance. Unlike traditional batteries that store energy in
electrodes, RFBs are more like regenerative fuel cells in which the chemical energy in the
incoming fuels is converted into electricity at the electrodes. As such the power and energy
capacity of a RFB system can be designed separately. The power (kW) of the system is
determined by the size of the electrodes and the number of cells in a stack, whereas the energy
storage capacity (kWh) is determined by the concentration and volume of the electrolyte. Both
energy and power can be easily adjusted for storage from a few hours to days or even weeks,
depending on the application, which is another important advantage for the renewable
integration. Simplicity in cell and stack structure allows for building large systems based on
module design, which is another important advantage for electrical grid applications. Also, the
liquid electrolyte and intimate interfaces with electrodes make quick response (in a matter of
sub-seconds) possible for utility applications.
Varied RFBs have been developed, including iron/chromium flow batteries, all vanadium redox
flow batteries (VRFBs or VRBs), zinc/bromine flow batteries, polysulphide/ bromine flow
batteries (PSBs), etc. With all the stated advantages and the successful demonstration of systems
up to MWh levels, all RFB technologies have, however, not seen broad market penetration. This
is due to, in part, a high life cycle cost (¢/kWh/cycle) that depends on materials/components and
performance parameters including reliability, cycle/calendar life, energy efficiency, system
energy capacity, etc. Two costly components are membranes and electrolytes that also affect
efficiency, energy density and other performance parameters. With this in mind, research efforts
related to novel membranes and electrolytes for RFB are sought.
19c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
1. Bottling Electricity: Storage as a Strategic Tool for Managing Variability and Capacity
Concerns in the Modern Grid. (Electricity Advisory Committee, The US Department of
Energy, 2008).
4. Sum, E. & Skyllaskazacos, M. A Study of the V(II)/V(III) Redox Couple for Redox Flow
Cell Applications. Journal of Power Sources 15, 179-190 (1985).
5. Wang, D. H. et al. Synthesis and Li-Ion insertion properties of highly crystalline mesoporous
rutile TiO2. Chemistry of Materials 20, 3435-3442 (2008).
20. HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATION
The Department of Energy is seeking to advance engineering materials for service in nuclear
reactors.
In addition, grant applications are sought to develop methods for real-time in situ monitoring of
the irradiation performance of these NGNP refractory, ceramic, graphitic, and coated composite
materials. Approaches of interest include the development of sensors that can monitor the
mechanical properties of these materials during their service lifetime and during large
temperature changes.
20d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. “Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program”, U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy,
Science and Technology Website (URL:
http://www.nuclear.gov/fuelcycle/neFuelCycle.html)
2. “Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems”, U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and
Technology Website. (URL: http://nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/neGenIV1.html)
3. “Light Waster Reactor Sustainability” U.S. DOER Office of Nuclear Energy Website (URL:
http://www.nuclear.gov/LWRSP/overview.html)
108
21. ADVANCED COAL RESEARCH
For the foreseeable future, the energy needed to sustain economic growth will continue to come
largely from hydrocarbon fuels. In supplying this energy need, however, the Nation must address
growing global and regional environmental concerns, supply issues, and energy prices.
Maintaining low-cost energy in the face of growing demand, diminishing supply, and increasing
environmental pressure requires new technologies and diversified energy supplies. These
technologies must allow the Nation to use all of its indigenous resources more wisely, cleanly,
and efficiently. These resources include the Nation’s most abundant and lowest cost resource,
coal.
21c. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode Enhancement Through Infiltration Techniques
Research is sought that employs infiltration processing techniques to develop enhanced
performance solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes operating at 650o to 850oC. The new
techniques might involve new materials infiltrated to provide catalytic enhancement or new
nano-structures that enhance the transport and surface activity of existing materials. These
structures and their electrochemical performance must be stable for greater than 40,000 hrs,
under load, at high temperature. Techniques should be amenable for implementation in state-of-
the-art, YSZ-based (as opposed to ceria-, LSGM-, or Bi- based), cell architectures either before
or after stack assembly. Grant applications should include a description of how an anticipated
structure will lead to enhanced performance and have sufficient analysis of the proposed
manufacturing process to evaluate potential cost and complexity. In particular, evaluations of
structural and performance stability over extended periods of time are encouraged.
Background:
SOFC cathodes consist of an optimized structure involving ion, electron, and gas conduction
paths. The nexus of these paths results in electrochemical charge transfer yielding a steadily
polarized electrode which drives the electrical current through the external power load. The
charge transfer process can be enhanced by a high density of reaction sites, by catalytic
activation of reaction species, and by high conductivity to and from the reaction sites of all
species involved.
Undesirable chemical reactions between the different materials in such composite structures can
occur during high temperature processing and limit the ability to use more catalytically active
materials. An alternative to co-sintering of particles in the composite is to first process a porous
sintered support structure at higher sintering temperatures and then create active nano-structural
additions and modifications through chemical infiltration and thermal processing at reduced
temperatures. In this manner, unique microstructures can be created and deleterious interfacial
reactions avoided.
The Department of Energy, other government agencies, and sensor developers have put forth a
significant effort to develop a variety of new sensor technology that can function reliably and
accurately in high temperature environments (500oC-1500oC). Ceramic based micro sensors and
optical sensors are generally the most common types of sensors suitable for these environments.
Many of these prototype sensors are progressing to the point where long term or large scale
testing is necessary to assess the commercial viability of the design. However, much effort is
expended on how best to package and protect the sensors from harsh environment while allowing
exposure of the sensor in a quasi in-situ approach.
Grant applications are sought for the development of highly capable sensor package that can self-
power and wirelessly communicate data from the sensor to a suitable hub/node. The sensor
packaging needs to consider the high temperature environment in which the sensor must function
and provide adequate protection support survivability of the sensor. Packaging designs must
consider proper selection of high temperature materials, appropriate size, ease of installation
through standard process ports or couplings, and ease in accessing or replacing the sensors. The
power required to operate the sensor (through various energy harvesting technologies) and means
by which the data can be wirelessly transmitted must also be accounted for in the approach.
21e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. “Carbon Sequestration R&D Overview”, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy,
Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen & Clean Coal Fuels. (URL:
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/sequestration/overview.html)
2. “Novel Carbon Sequestration Concepts”, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy,
Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen & Clean Coal Fuels. (URL:
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/sequestration/novelconcepts/index.html)
3. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Carbon Capture & Sequestration, Pittsburgh,
PA, May 4-7, 2009. (Full text available at: http://www.carbonsq.com/)
4. “Electrocatalytic and Homogeneous Approaches to Conversion of CO2 to Liquid Fuels”,
Benson, Eric E., Kubiak, Clifford P., Sathrum, Aaron J., Smeieja, Jonathan M., Chemical
Society Reviews, 38, 89-99, 2009. (Full text available at:
http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CS/article.asp?doi=b804323j)
5. Michael Hambourger, et al. “Biology and Technology for Photochemical Fuel Production”,
Chemical Society Reviews, (2009), Vol. 38, pp. 25 - 35, DOI: 10.1039/b800582f. (Full text
available at: http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CS/article.asp?doi=b800582f)
6. “Converting CO2 Back to Fuel”, Green Car Congress, 14 Sept. 2006. (Full text available at:
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/09/converting_co2_.html)
7. Gerard van Koten & Bert Klein Gebbink, “Cascade Catalysis and Homogeneous Metal
Catalysts,” Debye Institute, Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands ( [email protected] ).
8. Huang, Z., White, P.S. and Brookhart, M. “Reactions in a Crystal,” Nature, DOI:
10.1038/nature09085.
9. “Mimicking Nature, Scientists Can Now Extend Redox Potentials,” Science Daily, Nov. 5,
2009 available at http://sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104132702.htm
Subtopic b:
1. Bearse, A.E., et al., Production of Chemicals by the Oxidation of Coal, Columbus, OH:
Battelle Memorial Institute, March 31, 1975. (Report No. NP-20455) (OSTI ID: 5114093).
2. Miura, Kouichi, “Mild conversion of coal for producing valuable chemicals,” Fuel
Processing Technology, Volume 62, Issues 2-3, February 2000, Pages 119-135.
(http://dx.doi.org, doi:10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00123-X)
Subtopic c:
1. Improved Cathode Performance Through Infiltration, Meilin Liu, SECA Workshop 2008 -
http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/08/seca/Presentations/Meilin.pdf
2. Infiltration Technology for Anode and Cathode Improvement, Steven Visco, SECA
Workshop 2008 -
http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/08/seca/Presentations/9_Steven_Visco.pdf
3. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-delta cathodes infiltrated with samarium-doped cerium oxide for solid
oxide fuel cells, Nie LF, Liu MF, Zhang YJ, et al., J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, Iss. 15, Pgs.
4704-4708 (2010).
5. Controlling the morphology and uniformity of a catalyst-infiltrated cathode for solid oxide
fuel cells by tuning wetting property, Lou XY, Liu Z, Wang SZ, et al., J. Power Sources, Vol.
195, Iss. 2, Pgs. 419-424 (2010).
Subtopic d:
The Advanced Research (AR) program within NETL’s Office of Coal and Power Systems
fosters the development of innovative, cost-effective technologies for improving the efficiency
and environmental performance of advanced coal and power systems. In addition, AR bridges
the gap between fundamental research into technology alternatives and applied research aimed at
scale-up, deployment, and commercialization of the most promising technologies identified. The
AR program encompasses three major subprograms: Sensors and Controls Innovations; High
Performance Materials; and Computational Energy Sciences.
For the foreseeable future, the energy needed to sustain economic growth will continue to come
largely from the Nation’s most abundant and lowest cost resource, coal. Maintaining low-cost
energy in the face of growing demand and increasing environmental pressures requires new
technologies that will enable higher efficiency. The implementation of sensors and advanced
controls in power systems can provide valuable methods to improve operational efficiency,
reduce emissions, and lower operating costs. These sensors and controls must provide reliable
and consistent data, longevity of use, and ease of calibration. However, it has been a challenge
to develop sensors and controls that are able to endure the harsh environments associated with
advanced power systems. This environment includes high temperatures (800-1500°C), high
pressures (500-1000 psi), and corrosion due to abrasive materials.
High performance materials research cuts across many scientific and technological disciplines to
address materials requirements for all fossil energy systems, including innovative advanced
power systems. The goal is to bridge the gap between basic and applied research, often by
pursuing “breakthrough” concepts based on mechanistic understanding from any discipline to
develop materials with unique thermal, chemical, and mechanical capabilities.
22a. Novel Approaches for Monitoring the Condition of Advanced Power Plants
Novel approaches are sought for the development and design of on-line instrumentation and
sensors capable of monitoring the state of critical equipment and components within an advanced
power plant. Instrumentation and sensors capable of monitoring in high temperature harsh
environments for the measurement of stress/strain, corrosion, blade tip clearance/deflection,
thermal barrier coating wear, fouling, and/or material fatigue/cracking are of interest. New
approaches to embedded sensor designs or non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are of
interest along with wireless data communication capabilities. Development and utilization of
other types of measurements are also of interest for the creation of a network of condition
monitoring sensors. Employing robust sensing networks will enable the development or use of
algorithms and models for the prediction of equipment/component maintenance, remaining life
and failure. Predictive algorithms and models should be considered an integral part of a robust
condition monitoring system. Equipment that could potentially benefit from the development of
advanced condition monitoring approaches include coal gasifiers, turbines, advanced coal
combustion systems, and other critical or high maintenance equipment commonly employed in
energy and power generation systems.
Grant applications are sought for condition monitoring sensors capable of function in high
temperature (800 oC-1200 oC) harsh environment that will directly contribute to improving
system control, protect capital equipment investment, and promote safety through prevention of
catastrophic equipment failure. Non destructive and embedded techniques are of interest along
with wireless communication capability.
Grant applications are sought for the development of novel process control technique that
distribute intelligence to the actuaion and sensing level with a system Phase I seeks to develop
viable concepts in these areas and those concepts which include self organization, adaptive
control, model based techniques, and data mining capability that can be distributed with a
realistic sensing and actuation network to enable distributed intelligent control are encouraged.
22c. High Performance Materials for Long Term Fossil Energy Applications
New materials, ideas, and concepts are required to significantly improve performance and reduce
the costs of existing fossil energy power generation systems or to enable the development of new
systems and capabilities. The Fossil Energy Materials Program conducts research and
development on high-performance materials for longer-term fossil energy applications. The
program is concerned with operation in the hostile conditions created when fossil fuels are
converted to energy. These conditions include high temperatures, elevated pressures, and
corrosive environments (reducing conditions, gaseous alkali). Examples of such environments
are:
Combustion gas turbines in IGCC cycles that are being designed to operate in both H2 and
CO/H2 environments at inlet temperatures up to 1700 deg C and pressures to 650 psi
Advanced ultrasupercritical (AUSC) steam power plant cycles operating at steam conditions of
760 deg C and 5000 psi.
Oxy-fueled combustion systems where components will be exposed to CO2 and CO2 steam.
Grant applications are sought for the development of materials technology that will enable the
deployment of the aforementioned fossil energy power generation technologies in the next 5 – 15
years. This includes:
Development of materials, both structural and functional, that have the potential to improve the
performance and/or reduce the cost of the technologies.
22d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Romanosky, Robert, "Development of Harsh Enviroment Sensor Platform for Fossil Energy
Applications" http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/advresearch/pubs/G3-
ICMS%20Presentation%20080707f1b.pdf, July, 2008
Subtopic b:
1. Maley, Susan and Romanosky, Robert, "Plant Process Control Workshop Summary Report",
http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/06/Plant%20Process%20Control%20Wor
kshop%20Summary%20Report-Final.pdf, June, 2006
3. White, Tony, "Expert Assessment of Stigmery: A report for the Department of National
Defense" Defense Research and Development Canada, Contract Report DRDC CR 2005-
004, citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download, October 2005
Subtopic c:
This topic addresses carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its management for climate control.
Starting with the industrial age, the combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels has raised global
emissions of CO2 compared to levels two centuries ago. A large body of scientific evidence
points to the recent build-up of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere
worldwide as a contributing factor to global warming. This build-up could lead to future
significant global climate imbalances and adverse consequences for human health and welfare.
Strategies to reduce GHG include CO2 capture from large stationary industrial emitters; geologic
storage of CO2; and the reuse of CO2 for chemical, manufacturing, petroleum, and other
applications. Significant research is currently being pursued for new technologies that will
advance implementation of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies, along with
alternative uses of CO2 for industrial applications.
23a. Advanced Solvents for CO2 Capture from Existing Coal-fired Power Plants
Significant research and development is currently being pursued for new technologies to separate
and capture CO2 from flue gas streams produced by existing coal-fired electric generating power
plants. Aqueous amine absorption is the state of- the-art technology for post-combustion CO2
capture from flue gas. However, amine absorption has a number of drawbacks, including
significant capital and operating costs. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop
solvent based technologies that can substantially lower the cost of CO2 capture from flue gas
produced by existing coal-fired power plants. Incremental improvements on amine-based
systems are not sought. The research effort should demonstrate the viability of the technology to
perform with actual flue gas compositions generated from existing coal-fired power plants.
Technologies should be capable of 90% or greater reduction in CO2 emissions per net kWh and
result in less than a 30% increase in the cost of energy services.
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Solvent-based systems, typically using amines, are in commercial use in scrubbing CO2 from
industrial flue gases and process gases. However, they have not been applied to removing large
volumes of CO2 as would be encountered in a PC-fired utility boiler flue gas. Key technical
challenges to solvent based systems for capturing CO2 from coal-fired power plants include: (1)
large flue gas volume; (2) relatively low CO2 concentration; (3) flue gas contaminants; and (4)
high parasitic power demand for solvent recovery. The liquid and gas are typically contacted in a
countercurrent packed column or a spray tower. Commercial CO2 capture solvents are typically
amine-based. In responding to this subtopic applicants should demonstrate a thorough
understanding of the technology being proposed. The applicant should provide information
relevant to overcoming the technical challenges identified above in achieving the DOE goal. The
applicant should also provide a description all auxiliary power required, theoretical maximum
CO2 capacity and target working capacity (in lb CO2/lb solution), description of the stripper
configuration, information about the chemical and thermal stability of the solvent, the chemical
reactions for the CO2 absorption/regeneration cycle (and if available, kinetic data, expected
operating temperatures, theoretical regeneration energy, and target regeneration energy as a
function of working capacity), the solvent composition and anticipated cost range (if
manufactured in large quantities), the solvent molecular weight or average molecular weight
(mixed solvents) and the boiling point of the solvent (or solvents if mixed solvents). Since this
subtopic deals with capture from an existing coal-fired power plant, applicants should include a
block flow diagram of how their technology would be retrofitted to a typical pulverized coal
fired power plant.
Applications are invited for dense CO2 transport membranes. Studies involving novel dense CO2
transport membrane material formulation, synthesis, characterization, and proof-of-principle
scale permeation tests are included. Computational methods offer a cost-effective technique to
engineer novel materials and computational approaches to design novel dense CO2 perm-
selective membranes are encouraged. Dense CO2 transport membranes are expected to operate
at WGS reactor outlet conditions. Polymeric CO2 separation membranes and hydrogen transport
membrane R&D for separating hydrogen from syngas shifts are specifically excluded from
considerations.
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23c. CO2 Utilization for Chemicals and Solid Products
As high-CO2-emitting utilities and other industries move toward CO2 capture technologies to
manage greenhouse gas emissions, more and more CO2 will become available as a resource for
multiple applications. In addition, geologic sequestration may not be an option for the storage of
CO2 in some areas of the country. Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop novel
technologies for the use of captured CO2 as a feedstock for chemical synthesis into valuable
products. Algae use and synthesis to fuels is addressed in other Program areas and is not of
interest for this subtopic. Grant applications using these approaches will be declined. Synthesis
to carbon monoxide is also not of interest for this subtopic unless it is produced as an
intermediary and consumed in the proposed process. Approaches of interest include (1) the
development of technologies for chemical conversion of CO2 into marketable products that do
not easily convert back to CO2, and (2) the utilization of significant quantities of CO2 in
processes within the chemical industry. The research effort should demonstrate that the
proposed process will not produce more CO2 than is utilized. Applicants are encouraged to
propose technologies that utilize CO2 at its source.
23d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. U.S. DOE NETL Innovations to Existing Plants –CO2 Emissions Control Web page.
(URL:http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/index.html. )
Subtopic b:
1. Jerry Y. S. Lin, “Novel Inorganic Membranes for High Temperature Carbon Dioxide
Separation,” Final Technical Report, DE-FG26-00NT40824, 09//01/2000-08/31/2002.
Subtopic c:
1. Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan – 2007, U.S. DOE National
Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), May 2007. (Full-text available at:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/project%20portfolio/2007/2007Ro
admap.pdf)
Coal gasification produces synthesis gas (primarily a mixture of H2 and CO), which can be
converted into electricity, hydrogen, substitute natural gas, and other clean fuels, as well as high-
value chemicals to meet specific market needs. Furthermore, while other sources of power may
fluctuate, gasification systems operate on the low-cost, widely available, domestic feedstock of
coal, and can be run on coal-biomass mixtures. By using coal to make hydrogen or methane,
coal can be converted into clean fuels, with a much smaller carbon footprint than typical for coal
combustion. For instance, a power plant run on clean hydrogen will only produce water as the
flue gas.
The U.S. Department of Energy‘s Office of Fossil Energy, through its National Energy
Technology Laboratory, seeks to enhance the performance of gasification systems to make them
cost competitive with alternative processes (e.g., pulverized coal power generation, natural gas
combined cycle), thus enticing U.S. industry to implement the environmentally superior
gasification-based processes. The enhancements sought will improve economics, improve
gasification plant efficiency, improve process environmental performance (including carbon
emission reduction), and increase process reliability.
For more background information on this concept, see the ERPI report 1014432 “Program on
Technology Innovation: Advanced Concepts in Slurry-Fed Low-Rank Coal Gasification”1:
Grant applications are sought to optimize the coal-CO2 slurry process from slurry preparation to
readiness for gasifier injection (at least 750 psi), including necessary rheological testing not
available in the literature, process tests and/or needed equipment design and construction. The
coal used shall be Sub-Bituminous or Lignite (moisture level of at least 30 percent), with a
particle size distribution typical of a standard power plant grind (a fineness of 70% passing
through 200 mesh [74 microns])2 or better is traditionally required. The CO2 purity shall be
typical of pipeline specifications3.
The proposal must adequately describe the benefits anticipated from the novel process, novel
additives (to avoid rapid settlement and agglomerations) for long-term stability of CO2 slurry,
and new/modified equipment. Sufficient data shall be provided for the National Energy
Technology Laboratory (NETL) personnel to be able to conduct a benefits analysis to confirm
the overall reduction in capital costs, and cost of hydrogen or power production. In addition, a
variety of sub-bituminous or lignite coal must be tested to determine their slurry ability The
proposal needs to include an overview of the whole process, from raw feed materials to gasifier
injection, and how the proposed process/equipment fits into it. The work plan should include
small scale tests to determine the minimum coal drying necessary and maximum solid loading,
and plans to resolve process or materials of construction issues with higher moisture levels.
Lower cost oxygen separation systems will increase the potential for broad implementation of
oxygen-blown IGCC projects in the U.S. Therefore, there is an obvious need to develop new air
separation processes or to improve upon existing cryogenic air separation systems that reduce
costs and improve performance and availability. The National Energy Technology Laboratory
(NETL) is currently developing advanced air separation technologies that can produce
commercial-scale quantities of oxygen at lower cost than conventional cryogenic systems;
however, NETL’s efforts are primarily focused on ion transport membranes (ITM).
Grant applications are sought to improve upon the existing cryogenic air separation technology
or to develop new concepts (non-membrane, non-sorbent, and non-redox) for the separation of
oxygen from air.
Areas of potential research interest include: (1) advancements to the existing cryogenic ASU
technologies, in order to improve the cost, performance, and/or availability; and (2) other novel
concepts capable of advancing non-membrane, non-sorbent, and non-redox separation processes
to produce oxygen in volumes sufficient for IGCC plant operations, at relevant purities, and in an
efficient, cost-effective manner. DOE is also interested in improving the availability of the
cryogenic ASU technologies. Specific areas of potential study include but not limited to: Air
compressor inlet guide vanes, electric motor drive, rotor, and instrumentation; Direct contact
cooler; Molecular sieve valve selection and regeneration heater; Cold box leakages; and Liquid
oxygen storage. Grant applications must describe the potential performance and economic
advantage - in an IGCC plant - of the proposed approach over conventional cryogenic air
separation processes.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
2. http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001018854Steam/its generation
and use. 41st edition. Editors: John B. Kitto and Steven C. Stulz. The Babcock & Wilcox
Company, Barberton, Ohio, USA. 2005, page 13-8
3. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/Resources/Analysis/pubs/CO2CaptureGui
delines.pdf page 13.
Subtopic b:
1. http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-
analyses/pubs/Bituminous%20Baseline_Final%20Report.pdf
2. http://www.cfo.doe.gov/budget/11budget/Content/Volume%203.pdf
25. TECHNOLOGIES FOR CLEAN FUELS AND HYDROGEN FROM COAL
The Hydrogen and Clean Coal Fuels Program supports DOE’s strategic goals – increasing
energy security, reducing the environmental impact of energy use, promoting economic
development, and encouraging scientific discovery and innovation – by researching and
developing novel technologies for the economic conversion of coal, America’s largest domestic
fossil energy resource, into hydrogen and other clean fuels. With carbon management and/or
capture and storage, coal can produce these fuels in a manner that addresses concerns regarding
the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Coal resources offer an attractive
option for producing hydrogen that can be utilized for power generation or transportation.
Hydrogen-rich liquids and substitute natural gas (SNG) can be produced from coal and used
directly or as an alternative route to hydrogen production. Additionally, innovative technologies
and methods to produce, deliver, and utilize hydrogen from coal will provide a clean and
sustainable alternative to imported fuels.
Grant applications are sought for novel WGS and/or FT catalysts, or catalyst-related
improvements that will result in improved CBTL plant efficiency and/or cost. In addition to the
development of catalysts that may be resistant to contaminants, approaches that address other
catalyst related challenges are also of interest, provided that the contaminants are removed prior
to the WGS or FT process. These challenges include the optimization of overall yields of
desired fuel fractions for FT catalysts; improved CO conversion for WGS catalysts;
improvements that result in maintenance of sustained catalyst activity; and the need for less
costly catalyst materials.
Temperature, pressures, and feed compositions use in experiments should be justified in terms of
being relevant for integrating the proposed concept within a CBTL process; that is, the catalysts
should be targeted for use in the temperature and pressure ranges of commercial WGS and FT
catalysts, or they should be justified (e.g., thermodynamically) for the proposed test conditions.
Literature reviews are not within the scope of this subtopic and will be rejected.
Grant applications are sought to demonstrate the feasibility of novel concepts for the direct
liquefaction of a coal/biomass mixture (or mixtures) from the above-mentioned matrix of
available feedstocks. The mixture chosen for research should be based on minimizing the
transportation costs of bringing the feedstocks to the liquefaction plant. In addition, the mixture
should contain at least 30 wt% (but not more than 50 wt%) biomass (dry basis). The research
should be directed toward making transportation fuels at a cost that is competitive with the
production of these fuels from petroleum. Literature reviews are not within the scope of this
subtopic and will be rejected.
25c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. “Hydrogen and Clean Fuels Research”, U.S.DOE Office of Fossil Energy Website. (URL:
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/fuels/index.html)
2. “Hydrogen from Coal Program Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan for the
Period 2008 through 2016”, External Draft, Sept. 2008. (Full text at: 110
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/hydrogen_clean_fuels/refshelf/pubs/Final_2008_DRA
FT_External - H2 from Coal RDD Plan.pdf)
3. “NETL Test Protocol – Testing of Hydrogen Separation Membranes”,
DOE/NETL2008/1335, October 2008.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/hydrogen_clean_fuels/refshelf/pubs/Membrane%20tes
t%20protocol%20v10_2008_final10092008.pdf
4. “Hydrogen from Coal Program Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan for the
Period 2008 through 2016”, External Draft, Sept. 2008. (Full text at:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/hydrogen_clean_fuels/refshelf/pubs/Final_2008_DRA
FT_External - H2 from Coal RDD Plan.pdf)
Subtopic b:
1. “Hydrogen and Clean Fuels Research,” U.S.DOE Office of Fossil Energy Website,
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/fuels/index.html
3. Burke, F.P. et al, “Summary Report of the DOE Direct Liquefaction Process Development
Campaigns of the Late Twentieth Century,” DOE Topical Report, July 2001, DOE Contract
DE-AC22-94PC93054, http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/794281-
khohbO/native/794281.pdf
4. Gang Wang et al, “Direct liquefaction of sawdust under syngas with and without catalyst,”
Chemical Engineering and Processing. Volume 46 Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 187-192.
26. ADVANCED TURBINE TECHNOLOGY FOR IGCC POWER PLANTS
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants are attractive alternatives to
current pulverized coal technologies in large-scale stationary applications. IGCC systems are
very efficient, with efficiencies ranging from 35 to 45 percent (depending on system
configuration and size). They also are environmentally friendly, emitting lower levels of
pollutants and particulates. However, in order to meet long-term Turbine Program goals, which
target efficiencies greater than 50%, the inlet temperature may need to be raised even further
than the current state-of-the-art (to 1500ºC (2732 ºF) or higher). Therefore, this topic seeks
advances in the design and manufacturability of high temperature materials and hot gas path
component cooling techniques, two enabling technologies for higher efficiency and lower
emissions.
Proposed coating architectures must possess a combination of heat resistance, thermal insulation,
and oxygen barrier qualities; hot-corrosion and erosion resistance; long fatigue life, resistance to
adverse coating/substrate interaction; adhesion capacity; and high-temperature mechanical
performance. In order to define a novel coating architecture to address these requirements,
approaches of interest should (1) consist of metallic and/or ceramic components; (2) optimize
thermal insulation without sacrificing strain tolerance or temperature capability; and (3) ensure a
reliable coating architecture with a surface temperature capability approaching 1425°C for a
minimum of 8,000 hrs.
The included advanced substrates must (1) have high strength at elevated temperatures; (2)
withstand the high thermal, creep, and fatigue loads resulting from spallation and/or debonding
of the accompanying coating system; (3) provide an adequate level of internal cooling for future
high-temperature, high-hydrogen-fired turbine applications; and (4) demonstrate viable extended
life (i.e., 8,000-30,000 hrs) in oxidizing environments containing as much as 15-20% H2O,
where surface temperatures range between 1,100-1,500ºC. Materials systems of interest include
modified superalloys, refractory metal alloys, and ceramic-based composites designed to meet
the performance criteria outlined above.
The proposed R&D applications should address materials-system level performance concerns
such as thermal gradients, thermal expansion mismatch, and interdiffusion/chemical
compatibility. The new material systems must withstand the temperature cycles that are
expected. A complete description of the manufacturing process required to achieve the proposed
architectures should be provided to facilitate analysis of potential cost entitlements and
implementation complexity. Applications can focus on individual components; however, a clear
plan should be presented outlining how entire substrate, coating architectures would be
fabricated, implemented, and perform.
Grant applications must provide reliable data and processes for high temperature capable rapid
manufactured materials (like powder metallurgy or ceramics, i.e. aluminum oxide) with key
requirements including minimizing porosity and ability to maintain tight tolerances (+/- 0.001")
for critical part dimensions. Applicants can also focus on the application of rapid prototyping
methodology to current state of the art manufacturing processes to significantly reduce the
overall time and cost to market, thereby reducing manufacturing energy usage and the associated
carbon footprint.
26c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
2. Ni-base superalloy data from G. Ghosh, G.B. Olson, Acta Materialia, 55, 2007, 3281-3303.
7. J.B. Sha, Y. Yamabe-Mitarai, Intermetallics, in press. Emerging Materials and Processes for
Thermal Barrier Systems" by Carlos G. Levi in Solid State & Materials Science, 8 (2004) 77-
91.
Subtopic b:
1. Dickens, P. and Hopkinson, N., “Rapid Prototyping for Direct Manufacture,” Rapid
Prototyping Journal, 7, (2001), 197-202.
2. Wu, H., Li, D., Tan, Y., Sun, B., and Xu, D., “Rapid Fabrication of Alumina-based Ceramic
Cores for Gas Turbine Blades by Stereolithography and Gelcasting,” Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.07.002
3. Laoui, T., Osakada, K., Sanots, ED., and Shiomi, M., “Rapid Manufacturing of Metal
Components by Laser Forming,” International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 46,
(2006), 1459-1468.
27. FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES FOR CENTRAL POWER GENERATION WITH
COAL
Improved power generation technologies will help the nation make more efficient, cost-effective
and environmentally-responsible use of its abundant domestic coal reserves. This topic seeks
advances in fuel cell technology for central coal power plants.
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based systems are attractive alternatives to current technologies for
coal-fueled central generation. SOFC systems are very efficient, with efficiencies ranging from
40 to over 60 percent (depending on system configuration). Electrochemical conversion in a
SOFC takes place at lower temperatures (650ºC to 850ºC) than combustion-based technologies,
resulting in decreased emissions, particularly nitrogen oxides. Furthermore, in a carbon-
constrained world, SOFCs offer considerable opportunities with respect to both lower CO2
generation (as a result of higher efficiency) and increased CO2 capture. With these advantages,
systems containing improved fuel cell technology, in combination with heat recovery subsystems
and commercial CO2 capture technology, will meet DOE goals that include 45-50% efficiency
(coal HHV to electrical power), <2ppm NOx, and 90% carbon capture. Consistent with these
goals, the DOE-sponsored Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) will develop
commercially-viable ($700/kW) SOFC power generation systems.
Applications are sought to develop either or both of these devices for a ~250kW - 1MW SOFC
system. Specific blower performance specifications will be dependent upon the design of the
SOFC system with which it is associated; nevertheless, the following representative nominal
requirements, in lieu of design-specific data, are provided and should be addressed within the
grant application:
• The working fluid is atmospheric air for cathode blowers and high-temperature (750-
800C) anode effluent (primarily CO2 and H20, with some residual H2) for anode recycle
blowers.
• The unit should be capable of variable speed control.
• In the case of the anode recycle blower, the blower shaft seal shall be designed so as to
prevent gas leakage, and provisions shall be made to include a way to drain water from
anode-recycle blower during extended shutdowns.
• The blower unit must have a design life of 40,000 hours, with a 100% duty cycle and
10,000 hour maintenance interval.
• The issue of contamination of the working fluid (e.g., the introduction of grease or oil)
must be addressed, as the introduction of foreign matter may have an adverse effect on
the SOFC stack.
Applicants are encouraged to consult with the SECA Industry Teams with respect to their
respective detailed specifications for this component.
Regardless of the proposed design, cost, reliability (tolerant of high steady-state temperatures,
internal temperature gradients and thermal cycles) and manufacturability are critical issues that
must be addressed within the proposal. Materials identified for incorporation into the design
must be analyzed for chemical (e.g., resistance to corrosion and sulfidation attack) and
thermomechanical stability (e.g., creep, thermal shock tolerance) in the context of the proposed
design and application. Ceramic materials will be considered, provided that any thermal shock
and leakage (at manifold interfaces or working fluid crossover) issues can be adequately
addressed. The proposed heat exchanger design must have a design life of 40,000 hours, with a
100% duty cycle and 10,000 hour maintenance interval. The unit must be able to tolerate at least
30 thermal cycles, between operating and room temperatures, over its design life. The unit
manufactured cost, based upon a production volume of 1,000 units per year, should be estimated
and justified.
27c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Much of the resources of oil and natural gas in the U.S. cannot be recovered by conventional
means, and advanced technologies are required for economical and environmentally compliant
extraction. This topic seeks to develop technology that will lead to more efficient production of
oil and natural gas by furthering the development of: (1) innovative tools or methods to reduce
cost, increase recovery efficiency, and /or prevent/mitigate uncontrolled release of well fluids
associated with either conventional or unconventional oil and natural gas reservoir development;
and (2) innovative tools or methods to reduce exploration, processing, and field development
costs – and/or improve recovery efficiency – associated with oil sands, tar sands, oil shale, and
unconventional natural gas (tight gas sands, gas shales, coalbed methane).
Grant applications must include a succinct discussion of the potential technical and economic
advantages of the proposed technology, as compared to existing state-of-the-art systems.
For unconventional oil resources, approaches of interest include methods to (1) reduce the
technical environmental constraints, (2) improve in situ and above-ground processing barriers to
resource development, and (3) improve overall oil recovery efficiency
For unconventional natural gas resources, approaches of interest include (1) new or improved
smart reservoir and full-field development methods, (2) innovative methods to reduce drilling
flat time (non-productive time), and (3) fit-for-purpose drilling rig design or retrofit systems for
high-rate-of-penetration drilling. Proposed approaches must be cost-effective and
environmentally friendly, and should result in high natural gas recovery efficiency across all
producing formations.
Grant applications must include a succinct discussion of the potential technical and economic
advantages of the proposed technology, as compared to existing state-of-the-art systems.
28c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Applicants may review information about oil and natural gas programs at NETL’swebsite.
(URL: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/index.html)
2. Applicants may review the draft report entitled “Unconventional Fossil Energy: Domestic
Resource Opportunities and Technology Applications” (URL:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-
gas/publications/EPreports/UnconventionalFossilEnergy_Reportdraft4-23-10v2.pdf)
Subtopic b:
1. Applicants may review information about oil and natural gas programs at NETL’s website.
(URL: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/index.html)
2. Applicants may review the draft report entitled “Unconventional Fossil Energy: Domestic
Resource Opportunities and Technology Applications” (URL:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-
gas/publications/EPreports/UnconventionalFossilEnergy_Reportdraft4-23-10v2.pdf)
29. CARBON CYCLE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE
BIOSPHERE
Eighty-five percent of our nation's energy results from the burning of fossil fuels from vast
reservoirs of coal, oil, and natural gas. These processes add carbon to the atmosphere,
principally in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). It is important to understand the fate of this
excess CO2 in the global carbon cycle in order to assess contemporary terrestrial carbon sinks,
the sensitivity of climate to atmospheric CO2, and future potentials for sequestration of carbon in
terrestrial systems. Therefore, improved measurement approaches are needed to quantify the
change of CO2 in atmospheric components of the global carbon cycle, and to understand
processes and mechanisms of carbon sequestration of the terrestrial biosphere. There is also
interest in innovative approaches for flux and concentration measurements of methane and other
greenhouse gas constituents associated with terrestrial systems.
The “First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR)” (Reference 1) provides rough estimates
of terrestrial carbon sinks for North America. A DOE working paper on carbon sequestration
science and technology (Reference 2) also describes research needs and technology requirements
for sequestering carbon by terrestrial systems. Both documents call for advanced sensor
technology and measurement approaches for detecting changes of atmospheric CO2 properties
and of carbon quantities of terrestrial systems (including biotic, microbial, and soil components).
Such measurement technology would improve the quantification of CO2 , as well as carbon stock
and flux, in the major sinks identified by the SOCCR report (see Figure ES.1 therein).
Grant applications submitted to this topic should (1) demonstrate performance characteristics of
proposed measurement systems, and (2) show a capability for deployment at field scales ranging
from experimental plot size (meters to hectares of land, with comparable dimensions for marine
systems) to nominal dimensions of ecosystems (hectares to square kilometers). Phase I projects
must perform feasibility and/or field tests of proposed measurement systems to assure a high
degree of reliability and robustness. Combinations of stationary remote and in situ approaches
will be considered, and priority will be given to ideas/approaches for verifying biosphere carbon
changes and for estimating carbon sequestration. Measurements using aircraft or balloon
platforms must be explicitly linked to real-time ground-based measurements. Grant applications
based on satellite remote sensing platforms are beyond the scope of this topic, and will be
declined.
29a. Sensors and Techniques for Measuring Terrestrial Carbon Sinks and Sources
Measurement technology is required to quantify carbon sequestration by natural vegetation and
ecosystems (i.e., carbon sinks) as well as CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from natural or
industrial sources. Grant applications are sought to develop sensors and unique measurement
techniques (and associated system technology, if appropriate) to detect and quantify annual net
carbon changes of terrestrial vegetation for large areas, or to measure and verify the magnitude
of CO2 emissions from various sources. Approaches of interest include the development of
sensors to measure fluxes between the atmosphere and land-surface vegetation, new technology
for accurate measurement of soil carbon content and change, and the development of
miniaturized sensors to determine atmospheric CO2 concentration.
For the measurement of CO2 sinks, the sensor systems or new technology must be applicable for
forests, grasslands, shrub lands, agricultural lands, and/or wetlands, and have the capability of
producing spatially resolved aggregate estimates of terrestrial carbon changes to an accuracy of
10 to 25 g/m2/yr (or approximately 0.25 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year), with less than 25
percent uncertainty.
For measuring emissions or atmospheric concentrations, the apparatus must be located at a point
remote from the actual site of CO2 release and provide accuracy estimates for CO2 concentrations
of approximately 0.3 ppm or less in dry air.
Mechanical sensors must be durable in the full range of normal environmental conditions and
exposures, including exposure to dust, rain, snow, heat, extreme cold, and fog. Operation in
unattended, remote locations for weeks at a time, without degradation of the measurement, is
also required; however, daily telecommunication with the system for monitoring performance
and detecting potential operational problems would be desirable.
Proposed approaches, including both mechanical sensors and non-mechanical technology should
consist of new, innovative methodologies that are significant advances over conventional
scientific approaches used to measure CO2, carbon, and methane within the atmospheric and
terrestrial components of the global carbon cycle. Specifically, the measurement systems should
be different from, or substantially augment, existing techniques for eddy flux (covariance)
methods and routine monitoring of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, or for estimating carbon
quantities of land and/or ocean constituents of the carbon cycle. Grant applications proposing in
situ or in-stream measurement of flue gas emissions will be declined, as will applications that
offer only incremental or marginal improvements over existing measurement systems.
29b. Novel Measurements of Carbon, CO2, and Trace Greenhouse Gas Constituents of
Terrestrial and Atmospheric Media
Improved measurement technology is needed to better characterize processes involving carbon
transformations of soil, vegetation, and associated ecosystem components and exchanges with
the atmosphere. Particular areas of interest include high resolution measurements of soil
carbon/organic matter – i.e., the carbon content of biological tissues in various components (e.g.,
phytomass, detritus) of terrestrial ecosystems; improved measurement technology for
atmospheric CO2 and its isotopes; and high accuracy and precision measurement of other trace
greenhouse gases. Requests for specific grant applications are described in items (1) to (4)
below:
(1) For determining the carbon content of biota and soil, grant applications are sought to develop
and demonstrate measurement technology for estimating changes of carbon quantities and/or
fluxes involving major components of ecosystems, with an accuracy on the order of 10 grams per
square meter or less. Quantification of spatially resolved aggregate estimates of terrestrial
carbon changes should have an accuracy of 10 to 25 g/m2/yr (or approximately 0.25 tonnes of
carbon per hectare per year), with less than 25 percent uncertainty.
(2) Grant applications are sought to design and demonstrate a new CO2 analyzer that (a) can
determine the mole fraction of CO2 in dry ambient air to a relative precision of 1 part in 3000 or
better, in one minute or less; (b) operates with small amounts of gas (30 cc/min or less) to
minimize problems due to water vapor and to minimize consumption of reference gases, if
employed; (c) is robust enough for unattended field deployment for periods of half a year or
longer; (d) costs less than $5000 when manufactured in quantity; and (e) is not sensitive to
motion.
(3) Grant applications are sought to develop lightweight sensors (approximately 100 grams) for
measuring atmospheric CO2. The sensors must be capable of measuring fluctuations of CO2 in
air of the order of plus or minus 1 ppm, in a background of 370 ppm. The devices must be
suitable for launch on ballonsondes or similar platforms, and therefore must be insensitive to
large changes in ambient temperature and pressure. The devices also must be able to operate on
low power (e.g., 9v battery) and have a response time of less than 30 seconds.
(4) Grant applications are sought to develop new technology platforms that can be used to
measure fluxes and/or concentrations of important trace greenhouse gas constituents, as well as
the isotopes of carbon, methane, CO, and other trace species. Instrument designs should (a)
place emphasis on determining the sources and sinks of carbon, CO, and trace species, and (b)
ensure long-term and robust field deployment. Grant applications dealing with the remote
measurement of vascular plant properties and processes will be considered, provided that they
meet the requirements described below. o
In general, new technology for measuring terrestrial biota and soil must be accomplished by in
situ and/or non-invasive means, across a range of temporal scales (from seconds to days) and
spatial scales (from millimeters to kilometers), depending on the system properties being
observed. The remote sensing of organic carbon is also of interest – the term "remote sensing"
means that the observation method is physically separated from the object of interest. All
instruments must be portable and deployable in remote locations, and must not adversely impact
the site of deployment. Two other approaches are also of interest: (1) the development of
unique surface-based observations that are used for the calibration/interpretation of other
remotely derived data; and (2) potential applications of CO2 sensors via ballonsonde – however,
remote sensing data acquisition by airborne or satellite platforms will not be considered.
29c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Anthony W. King, et al. “The N. American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global
Carbon Cycle”, EDS, The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), U.S. Climate
Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.2, pp. 239, Nov. 13, 2007.
(Full text available at: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-2/default.php)
2. “US Climate Change Technology Program—Technology Options for the Near and Long
Term”, Nov. 2003. (Full text at: http://www.climatetechnology.gov/library/2003/tech-
options/index.htm)
4. D. J. Daniels. Surface-Penetrating Radar, IEE Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics Series,
6, London: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, (1996). (ISBN: 0-8529-68620) (Full text
available at: http://www.amazon.com/Surface-Penetrating-Radar-Sonar-Navigation-
Avionics/dp/0852968620/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1251900430&sr=1-1)
5. Lisa Dilling, et al. “The Role of Carbon Cycle Observations and Knowledge in Carbon
Management,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 28, pp. 521-558, Nov.
2003. (ISSN: 1543-5938) (Abstract and ordering information available at:
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163443)
9. Bobbie L. McMichael, and Hans Persson. Plant Roots and Their Environment: Proceedings
of an ISRR Symposium August 21 St-26th, 1988 Uppsala, Sweden, Developments in
Agriculture and Managed-Forest Ecology, New York: Elsevier, (1991). (ISBN: 0-4448-
91048) (Full text available at: http://www.amazon.com/Plant-Roots-Their-Environment-Isrr-
Symposium/dp/0444891048/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1251900719&sr=1-1)
10. The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs, National
Academy of Engineering/National Research Council Board on Energy and Environmental
Systems, especially pp. 101-103 Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, (2004).
(ISBN: 978-0-309-09163-3) (Full text available at:
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309091632/html/index.html)
11. D. W. Nelson and L. E. Sommers. “Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter,”
Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, pp. 961-1010, Madison, WI: Soil
Science Society of America, (1996). (ISBN: 0-8911-88258) (Full text available at:
http://www.amazon.com/Methods-Analysis-Chemical-Science-
Society/dp/0891188258/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1251900878&sr=1-1)
12. Jelte Rozema, et al., eds. CO2 and Biosphere, Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1993. (ISBN: 0-7923-20441) (This publication is part of a monographic series, Advances in
Vegetation Science, Vol. 14 - ISSN: 0168-8022) (Reprinted from Vegetation, 104/105,
January 1993 - ISSN: 0042-3106. Now called Plant Ecology - ISSN: 1385-0237) (Full text
available at: http://www.amazon.com/CO2-Biosphere-Advances-Vegetation-
Science/dp/0792320441/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1251901443&sr=8-1)
13. D. Schimel, et al., “Carbon Sequestration Studied in Western U.S. Mountains,” EOS
Transactions, 83(40): 445-449, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, Vol. 83,
No. 40, pp. 445, (2002). (ISSN: 0096-3941) (Full text available at:
http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2002EO000314.shtml)
14. R. Swift. “Organic Matter Characterization,” Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical
Methods, pp. 1011-1070, Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, (1996). (ISBN: 0-
8911-88258) (Full text available at: http://www.amazon.com/Methods-Analysis-Chemical-
Science-Society/dp/0891188258/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1251900878&sr=1-1)
30. ENHANCED AVAILABILITY OF CLIMATE MODEL OUTPUT
Much of the nearly $2 billion annual research budget for the U.S. Global Change Research
Program supports research from the Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and
National Science Foundation (NSF) Studies supported by this research budget, include modeling
and simulation of long-term climate change. Model output resulting from climate change
projections is a valuable resource and the DOE has played a crucial role in providing such
datasets to the research community. For example, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and
Intercomparison (PCMDI) ( http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/ipcc/about_ipcc.php) makes available a
subset of multi-model output from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
Fourth Assessment Report to researchers for non-commercial purposes only. However, other
users, particularly non-researchers that intend to use the data for commercial purposes, have been
requesting access to the multi-model output. As the temporal and spatial resolution of models
increase, vast amount of climate model output are generated; access and analysis of such data by
non-researchers is a daunting challenge.
30b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Gerald A. Meehl, et al. The WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset, “A new era in Climate
Change Research”, Sept. 2007. (Full text at:
http://www.clivar.org/organization/wgcm/references/CMIP3_BAMS_2007.pdf )
2. DOE’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program provides improved scientific
understanding of the fundamental physics related to interactions between clouds and
radiative feedback processes in the atmosphere. (URL: http://www.arm.gov/)
World-wide energy production is modifying the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Such
modifications are linked not only with environmental degradation and human health problems
but also with changes in the most sensitive parts of the physical climate system – namely, clouds
and aerosols. The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
examined the effect of changes in clouds and aerosols on the Earth’s energy balance. It was
determined that innovative measurement technologies are needed to provide both input and
comparison data for models used to assess the energetic impacts of clouds and aerosols. These
technologies will require high accuracy and time stability, in order to support a strategy of
sustainable and pollution-free energy development for the future.
Grant applications that respond to this topic must propose Phase I bench tests of critical
technologies. (“Critical technologies” refers to components, materials, equipment, or processes
that overcome significant limitations to current capabilities.) In addition, grant applications
should (1) describe the purpose and benefits of any proposed teaming arrangements with
government laboratories or universities, and (2) support claims of commercial potential for
proposed technologies (e.g., endorsements from relevant industrial sectors, market analysis, or
identification of potential spin-offs). Grant applications proposing only computer modeling
without physical testing will be considered non-responsive.
• Size, shape, number concentration and mass content of cloud water drops and ice
particles,
• size and concentration of aerosols, ice forming nuclei and cloud condensation nuclei,
• cloud radiative properties at solar and near infrared wavelengths,
• volumetric measurements of cloud extinction.
Phase I research should include detailed design of sensors coupled with laboratory tests and
evaluation of critical subsystems. The field deployment shall demonstrate the capabilities of the
new instrumentation in clouds and show how the measurements can be used to improve
parameterisations used in GCM’s.
Proposed approaches that can measure aerosol chemical composition from airborne platforms
would be of particular interest.
In order to address the deficiencies associated with current techniques, proposed approaches
should seek to provide: (1) quantifiable results over a wide range of compounds, which is a
deficiency of laser ablation aerosol mass spectrometer methods; (2) measurements over a range
of volatility so that dust, carbon, and salt are detectable, which is a deficiency of thermal
decomposition aerosol mass spectrometers; and (3) measurements with high time resolution,
which is a deficiency of filter techniques.
Grant applications also are sought to develop instruments to determine the total amount of
carbon in these organic compounds. The data provided by these instruments would allow
scientific insights to be gained regarding the reason for the underestimation of SOA production.
(That is, is the underestimation due to key precursors that are not measured? Or, is it due to the
use of extrapolations – from laboratory kinetic and equilibrium data – that were not appropriate
for ambient conditions?)
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop improved measurements of inorganic aerosol
precursors. Examples of compounds of interest (with desirable detection limits and response
rates listed in parenthesis) include gaseous HNO3 (0.1 ppbv, 1 Hz), O3 (2-3 ppbv, 10 Hz), and
SO2 (5 pptv, 1 Hz).
In addition to the free-air measurements described above, grant applications are sought to
develop instruments or instrument systems for measuring aerosol precursors in cloud droplets.
Such systems must address (1) methods for the efficient sampling of droplets; and (2) a
mechanism for transferring the sample to the appropriate analytical instrumentation, in which the
organic or inorganic target analytes are measured. Of particular interest are systems that can
separate or discriminate between interstitial compounds and compounds that occur dissolved or
suspended within cloud droplets.
Proposed instruments that are suitable for sampling from airborne platforms (that is, with
reduced weight and power requirements, high sensitivity, and fast response time) would be of
particular interest.
31g. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Field, P.R., A.J. Heymsfield, and A. Bansemer, 2006: Shattering and Particle Interarrival
Times Measured by Optical Array Probes in Ice Clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23,
1357–1371.
2. Holland, G.J., P.J. Webster, J.A. Curry, G. Tyrell, D. Gauntlett, G. Brett, J. Becker, R. Hoag,
and W. Vaglienti, 2001: The Aerosonde robotic aircraft: A new paradigm for environmental
observations. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 82 (5), 889-901.
3. Lawson, R.P., B.A. Baker, C.G. Schmitt and T.L. Jensen, 2001: An overview of
microphysical properties of Arctic clouds observed in May and July during FIRE.ACE. J.
Geophys. Res., 106, 14,989-15,014.
6. Stamnes, K., and R. Storvold, 1999: Development and Deployment of a Powered Tethered
Balloon System at the SHEBA Ice Camp for Measurements of Cloud Microphysical and
Radiative Properties. Proceedings of the Ninth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
Science Team Meeting, San Antonio, TX, March 22-26, 1999.
Subtopic b:
3. Oilong Min and Lee Harrison. “Joint Statistics of Photon Path Length and Cloud Optical
Depth”, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 1425–1428, (1999). (ISSN:
0094-8276) (Full text available at:
http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/v026/i010/1999GL900246/index.shtml)
4. Q. Min and E. E. Clothiaux. “Photon Path Length Distributions from the Rotating
Shadowband Spectrometer Measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements
Program Southern Great Plains Site”, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, No. D15,
4465, (2003). (Full text available at: http://www.agu.org/login/)
5. Q. Min, et al. “A High Resolution Oxygen A-Band and Water Vapor Band Spectrometer”.
Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D2202-2210, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003540,
(2004). (Full text available at: http://www.agu.org/login/)
8. T. K. Scholl, et al. “Path Length Distributions for Solar Photons Under Cloudy Skies:
Comparison of Measured First and Second Moments with Predictions from Classical and
Anomalous Diffusion Theories”, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, D12211,
(2006). (Full text available at: http://www.agu.org/login/)
Subtopics c-f:
New measurement and monitoring tools for interrogating physical, chemical, and biological
processes in subsurface environments are important elements of Department of Energy (DOE)
research efforts to support the assessment of remediation performance and DOE site
stewardship. The purpose of these research efforts is to determine the fate and transport of
contaminants generated from past weapons production activities, assess and control processes to
remediate contaminants, and provide for the long-term monitoring of sites.
Grant applications submitted to this topic must describe why and how proposed in situ fieldable
technologies will substantially improve the state-of-the-art, include bench and/or field tests to
demonstrate the technology, and clearly state the projected dates for likely operational
deployment. New or advanced technologies, which can be demonstrated to operate under field
conditions with mixed/multiple contaminants and can be deployed in 2-3 years, will receive
selection priority. Claims of relevance to DOE sites, or of commercial potential for proposed
technologies, must be supported by endorsements from relevant site managers, market analyses,
or the identification of commercial spin-offs. Grant applications that propose incremental
improvements to existing technologies are not of interest and will be declined.
For the following subtopics, collaboration with government laboratories or universities, either
during or after the SBIR/STTR project, may speed the development and field evaluation of the
measurement or monitoring technology. In addition, some of these organizations operate user
facilities that may be of value to proposed projects. These facilities include:
Integrated Field Research Challenge (IFRC) research sites in Oak Ridge, TN
(http://www.esd.ornl.gov/orifrc/index.html); Old Rifle, CO (http://ifcrifle.pnl.gov/); and
Hanford, WA (http://ifchanford.pnl.gov/). At IFRC research sites, scientists can conduct field-
scale research and obtain DOE-relevant samples of soils, sediments, and ground waters for
laboratory research.
The Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory (EMSL) at the Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory (http://www.emsl.pnl.gov). EMSL is a national scientific user facility with state-of-
the-art instrumentation in environmental spectroscopy, high field magnetic resonance, high
performance mass spectroscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and high
performance computing.
Grant applications must describe, in the technical approach or work plan, the purpose and
specific benefits of any proposed teaming arrangements.
Grant applications also are sought to develop integrated sensing systems for autonomous or
unattended applications of the above measurement needs. The integrated system should include
all of the components necessary for a complete sensor package (such as micro-machined pumps,
valves, micro-sensors, solar power cells, etc.) for field applications in the subsurface.
Approaches of interest include: (1) fiber optic, solid-state, chemical, or silicon micro-machined
sensors; and (2) biosensors (devices employing biological molecules or systems in the sensing
elements) that can be used in the field – biosensor systems may incorporate, but are not limited
to, whole cell biosensors (i.e., chemiluminescent or bioluminescent systems), enzyme or
immunology-linked detection systems (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosensors incorporating
colorimetric or fluorescent portable detectors), lipid characterization systems, or DNA/RNA
probe technology with amplification and hybridization. Substantial progress has been made in
fiber optics and chemical sensing technology in the last decade; therefore, grant applications that
propose minor adaptations of readily available materials/hardware, and/or cannot demonstrate
substantial improvements over the current state-of-the-art, are not of interest and will be
declined.
Contact: David Lesmes, 301-903-2977, [email protected]
32c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
3. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford, National Research Council,
National Academy Press, (2001). (ISBN: 978-0-309-07596-1) (Full text available at:
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/0309075963/html/index.html).
5. Seeing into the Earth: Noninvasive Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface for
Environment and Engineering Application, National Research Council, U.S. DOE
Environmental Management Science Program, National Academy Press, (2000). (ISBN: 978-
0-309-06359-3) (Full text available at:
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/0309063590/html/index.html)
9. “Technology Needs, Nevada Test Site”, U.S. Department of Energy, July 31, 2009. (Full
text available at: http://www.nv.doe.gov/nts/default.htm)
10. Office of Legacy Management, U.S. Department of Energy, Website. (URL:
http://www.lm.doe.gov)
11. “Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to
Their Environmental Consequences”, U.S. DOE Office of Environmental Management,
(1997). (Report No. DOE/EM-0319) (Full text available at:
http://www.em.doe.gov/pdfs/pubpdfs/linklegacy_int_cont.pdf)
33. IMAGING AND RADIOCHEMISTRY
The Radiochemistry and Imaging Instrumentation Program advances the DOE mission by
supporting radiochemistry and radionuclide imaging research into the real-time visualization of
dynamic biological processes in energy and environmentally-relevant contexts. In particular, the
program supports research that could be beneficial for metabolic imaging in living systems,
including plants and microbial-communities that are relevant to biofuel production and
bioremediation, and that are transferable for use in nuclear medicine research and in applications
by NIH and industry.
New detector materials and detector arrays for both positron emission and single photon
emission computed tomography for studying biologic processes in plants and microbial
communities. The application of radionuclide imaging to plants and microbial communities may
require exploration of new scanner geometries and size scales to match the diversity of such new
uses.
Software for rapid image data processing and image reconstruction at the highest possible special
and temporal resolutions
Hybrid imaging systems that combine radionuclide imaging data in novel ways with the high
spatial resolution achievable with CT, MRI, optical, or ultrasound imaging
Methods of integrating in vitro and in vivo imaging instrumentation technologies for real-time
radionuclide-based molecular imaging of biological function.
Only instrumentation development applications that focus on the imaging of plants and microbial
system will be accepted.
33c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
3. Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC) 2002 IEEE Symposium and Medical Imaging, Conference,
Proceedings, IEEE, 2002. (CD-ROM 2002) (ISBN: 0-7803-76374) (IEEE Product No.:
CH37399C-TBR)
5. Cherry, S. R., et al., Physics in Nuclear Medicine, 3rd ed., Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders,
June 2003. (ISBN: 0-7216-8341X)
Subtopic b:
3. Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC) 2002 IEEE Symposium and Medical Imaging, Conference,
Proceedings, IEEE, 2002. (CD-ROM 2002) (ISBN: 0-7803-76374) (IEEE Product No.:
CH37399C-TBR
5. Cherry, S. R., et al., Physics in Nuclear Medicine, 3rd ed., Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders,
June 2003. (ISBN: 0-7216-8341X)
34. GENOMIC SCIENCE AND RELATED BIOTECHNOLOGIES
34b. Software Tools for the GTL Systems Biology Knowledgebase (SBK)
The SBK is in a stage of active development and could benefit from complementing software
tools. These can include but are not limited to tools for:
34d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
2. “Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda,” U.S.
DOE Office of Science and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, June 2006.
(Report No. DOE/SC/EE-0095) (Available at:
http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/b2bworkshop.shtml)
3. “Genomics:GTL Roadmap,” Systems Biology for Energy and Environment Website, U.S.
DOE Office of Science, August 2005. (URL:
http://doegenomestolife.org/roadmap/index.shtml)
4. Year 2009 DOE SBIR Awards in the Genomes-To-Life (GTL) Program. (URL:
http://www.science.doe.gov/sbir/awards_abstracts/sbirsttr/cycle27/phase1/p1_award.htm .
Scroll down to awards in 8th topic: GENOMES-TO-LIFE AND RELATED
BIOTECHNOLOGIES within
http://www.science.doe.gov/sbir/awards_abstracts/sbirsttr/cycle26/phase2/p2_award.htm
Scroll down to awards in 5th topic: GENOMICS: GENOMES-TO-LIFE AND RELATED
BIOTECHNOLOGIES)
5. DOE Joint Genome Institute Website, U.S. DOE Office of Biological and Environmental
Research (OBER). (URL
35. SMART FACILITIES AND GREEN NETWORKS
DOE operates numerous scientific facilities ranging from particle colliders, to supercomputers,
to national backbone networks. While these instruments and facilities can enable the discovery
of new scientific knowledge, they consume large amounts of power to operate effectively.
Improving the efficiency of these instruments and facilities can greatly reduce their energy needs
without impacting their science mission.
These power consumption and other “green” issues are fast becoming the information
technology (IT) industry’s biggest challenge. Power consumption of HPC and networking
components had never been a real issue for most users - until it started to reach levels at which it
impacted cooling, noise and reliability. In the next ten years, it is estimated that efficient energy
saving computing and networking will cut greenhouse gas emissions in an amount equal to
removing more than 11 million cars from the road or shutting down 20 500-megawatt coal-fired
power plants. Accomplishing this goal will require retrofitting existing hardware and related
cooling systems with energy-aware sensors to minimize power consumption and ensuring that
new systems are energy efficient.
This topic solicits proposal that could directly reduce the energy needs of these instruments or
improve the collection of data needed to make energy management decisions.
Application performance data can be used to make the best use of power-saving features when
waiting for constrained resources such as the interconnection network or memory. Power-aware
algorithms can provide detailed hints to hardware about its resource requirements. Currently an
open research area, one important aspect of this effort is the correlation of high level application
behavioral metrics to power consumption. Therefore grant applications are sought to develop
computer algorithms and resource scheduling systems that are capable of using information from
the energy monitoring system to improve energy efficiency without sacrificing computational
performance.
Grant applications are sought to develop energy-aware embedded network subsystems, energy-
aware routing subsystems, micro-power sensors, light-weight embedded operating systems,
especially Linux or Unix derivatives, low-power interconnection networks and routers (on-chip
networks), that can reliably support advanced sensing tasks (such as feedback controlled
detection of metal composition in industrial environments, or rapid field analysis of ambient
micro-organisms). These sensor systems should include a computational methodology for
initiating the analysis, and storing and displaying the results, while consuming minimal power
and being compact and portable.
35d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. LeeAnn Baronett. “Solar Energy Helps Power Computer Science Facility”. (Full text at:
http://www.carnegiemellontoday.com/article.asp?aid=220)
3. “Routing Telecom and Data Centers Toward Efficient Energy Use” A Vision and Roadmap,
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and US Department of Energy
Whitepaper, May 13, 2009. (Full text available for download:
http://sites.energetics.com/ICT_roadmap09/)
4. Chung-hsing Hsu, Wu-chun Feng. “A Feasibility Analysis of Power Awareness in
Commodity-Based High-Performance Clusters”, Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International
Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER'05), Boston, Massachusetts, September 2005.
(Full text at: http://sss.lanl.gov/pubs/cluster05.pdf)
5. Krste Asanovic, et al. “The Landscape of Parallel Computing Research: A View from
Berkeley”, EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, (2006). (Full text available
at: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2006/EECS-2006-183.html)
6. Andres Marquez, et al. “Energy Smart Data Center (ESDC) Final Report”, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA, PNNL-16073, Sept. 2006. (Full text at:
http://esdc.pnl.gov/pubs/ESDC_Final_Report_Phase_I.pdf)
9. Seung Woo Son, et al. “Integrated Link/CPU Voltage Scaling for Reducing Energy
Consumption of Parallel Sparse Matrix Applications”, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/ACM
International Parallel and Distributed Symposium, IPDPS’06, Second High-Performance,
Power-Aware Computing Workshop, pp. 1–8, DOI: 10.1109/IPDPS.2006.1639596, April
2006. (Full text available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5
%2F10917%2F34366%2F01639596.pdf%3Fisnumber%3D34366%26prod%3DCNF%26arn
umber%3D1639596%26arSt%3D%2B8%2Bpp.%26ared%3D%26arAuthor%3DSeung%2B
Woo%2BSon%253B%2BMalkowski%252C%2BK.%253B%2BGuilin%2BChen%253B%2
BKandemir%252C%2BM.%253B%2BRaghavan%252C%2BP.&authDecision=-203)
10. William Johnston, et al. “The Evolution of Research and Education Networks and their
Essential Role in Modern Science”, To be published in: “Trends in High Performance &
Large Scale Computing”, November, 2008. (Full text at: http://www.es.net/pub/esnet-
doc/The-Evolution-of-Research-and-Education-Networks-and-their-Essential-Role-in-
Modern-Science.v4.pdf)
11. Song Huang, Yan Luo and Wu-Chun Feng. “Modeling and Analysis of Power in Multicore
Network Processors”, Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Workshop on High-Performance, Power-
Aware Computing (in conjunction with the 22nd International Parallel & Distributed
Processing Symposium), Miami, Florida, USA, April 2008. (Full text available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5
%2F4519061%2F4536075%2F04536224.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4536224&authDecision=-
203)
Subtopic b:
1. William Johnston, et al. “The Evolution of Research and Education Networks and their
Essential Role in Modern Science”, To be published in: “Trends in High Performance
&Large Scale Computing”, November, 2008. (Full text at: http://www.es.net/pub/esnet-
doc/The-Evolution-of-Research-and-Education-Networks-and-their-Essential-Role-in-
Modern-Science.v4.pdf)
3. Kate Keahey, et al. “Virtual Workspaces for Scientific Applications”, SciDAC 2007
Conference, Boston, MA. June 2007. (Full text at:
http://workspace.globus.org/papers/SciDAC_STAR_POC.pdf)
6. Sumalatha Adabala, et al. “From virtualized resources to virtual computing grids: the In-
VIGO system”, Advanced Computing and Information Systems (ACIS) Laboratory,
Gainesville, FL, (2003). (Full text at: http://www.acis.ufl.edu/~ming/research/fgcs.pdf)
7. Victor Reijs. “MANTICORE II: Integrated logical IP network, a step beyond point to point
links”, NGN Workshop, TERENA, Amsterdam, November 6th, 2007. (Full text at:
http://www.terena.org/activities/ngn-ws/ws1/061107-reijs-TERENA-NGN-WS-01.pdf)
8. David Isaac Wolinsky, Yonggang Liu and Renato Figueiredo. “Towards a Uniform Self-
Configuring Virtual Private Network for Workstations and Clusters in Grid Computing”,
University of Florida, USA, VTDC 2009 - The 3rd International Workshop on Virtualization
Technologies in Distributed Computing. (Full text available at:
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1555336.1555340&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE)
Subtopic c:
1. Sunny Kedia. “Handheld interface for miniature sensors”, Smart Structures, Devices, and
Systems II. Edited by Al-Sarawi, Said F. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 5649, pp. 241-
252, March 2005. (Full text available at:
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5649..241K)
2. G.aurav Mathur, et al. “UltraLow Power Data Storage for Sensor Networks”, IPSN’06, April
19–21, 2006, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, Copyright 2006. (Full text at:
http://sensors.cs.umass.edu/papers/IPSN_SPOTS06.pdf)
3. Virantha Ekanayake, et.al. “An Ultra Low-Power Processor for Sensor Networks”,
ASPLOS’04, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, October 7–13, 2004. (Full text at:
http://vlsi.cornell.edu/~rajit/ps/ulp.pdf)
4. L. Necchi, et al. "An ultra-low energy asynchronous processor for Wireless Sensor
Networks", 12th IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems
(ASYNC'06), pp.78-85, 2006. (Full text available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5
%2F10635%2F33569%2F01595690.pdf%3Farnumber%3D1595690&authDecision=-203
36. CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing environments do not come preconfigured for High Performance Computing
(HPC) applications. Users of such services must, in effect, build their own HPC software
environment in order to make such services useful. This effort includes developing and/or
configuring compilers, numerical libraries, parallel file systems, and data management tools, all
of which are necessary for a computing environment that is typically provided by an HPC site.
36b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Constantinos Evangelinos and Chris N. Hill. “Cloud Computing for parallel Scientific HPC
Applications: Feasibility of running Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Models on
Amazon’s EC2”, Cloud Computing and Applications Conference, October 2008. (Full text
at: http://www.cca08.org/papers/Paper34-Chris-Hill.pdf)
2. “Cloud Computing Helps Scientists Run High Energy Physics Experiments”, DOE/Argonne
National Laboratory, ScienceDaily, Mar. 25, 2009. (Full text at:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090324131552.htm)
37. DATA MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE
DOE operates several petaflop scale computing facilities that support multiple open science
communities. These supercomputers are capable of generating terabytes of data in a single
computation. As these supercomputers scale and generate petabyte and exabyte size data sets,
new hardware and software for effectively managing this massive amount of data will be needed.
This notice solicits novel proposals that address the significant challenges, both in terms of
storing data at various levels of the memory hierarchy and in quickly retrieving data of interest,
of these data management and storage issues.
37a. Green Storage for HPC with Solid State Disk Technologies: From Caching to
Metadata Servers
Most solid-state storage devices (SSDs) use non-volatile flash memory, which is made from
silicon chips, instead of using spinning metal platters (as in hard disk drives) or streaming tape.
By providing random access directly to data, the delays inherent in electro-mechanical drives
are eliminated. The common consumer versions, known as flash drives, are compact and fairly
rugged. Advantages attributed to SSDs include higher data transfer rates, smaller storage
footprint, lower power and cooling requirements, faster I/O response times (up to 1000 times
faster than mechanical drives), improved I/O operations per second (IOPS), and less wasted
capacity.
Furthermore, upcoming processor chip designs from Intel and AMD will include SSD/FLASH
controllers built on-board the CPU chip, in order to improve integration for laptop and embedded
applications. Such technology is likely to enable a localized checkpoint-restart capability to
mitigate increased transient failure rates on future ultra-scale computing systems. This increased
level of hardware integration makes it clear that x86 server nodes, which incorporate SSD
directly onto the node, are on the horizon.
In view of these developments, the DOE seeks to improve its understanding of the implications
of SSDs for large-scale, tightly-coupled systems in High Performance Computing (HPC)
environments. Therefore, grant applications are sought to further develop SSD technology as a
cost-effective and productive storage solution for future HPC systems, including, but not limited
to:
2) Use of SSD for node-local storage, for faster (localized) checkpoint/restart (CPR) - If
transient failures cause nodes to die, then SSD could be a viable approach for fault-resilience.
However, for nodes subjected to hard-failures, the use of SSD could produce an even higher
node failure rate, due to the inherent failure characteristics of the SSD; in this case, the SSD
approach would not be viable for CPR. Approaches of interest should collect and analyze data
on the known failure modes of existing SSD components vis-a-vis node failure modes, in order
to determine if SSD presents an effective alternative to the checkpoint/restart of a shared file
system.
3) Use of SSD for scalable out-of-core applications - Although node-local disk systems
have been used to support some applications that use out-of-core algorithms (such as some
components of NWChem), the failure rates of spinning disks have rendered this practice
unfeasible. Rather, central file systems are used to support these out-of-core applications, greatly
affecting their scalability. Approaches are sought to determine whether local SSD might be
reliable enough to enable a scalable approach to out-of-core processing.
4) Use of SSD for metadata servers - Metadata servers subject disk subsystems to many
very small transactions, a feature that is very difficult to support with existing
mechanical/spinning-disk based systems. SSDs might respond better to the random-access
patterns required for metadata servers, but may not perform as well for write functions.
Approaches of interest should analyze the data access patterns of a typical HPC Lustre metadata
server and, using an SSD performance model, determine how well an SSD-based system would
respond to a metadata server load.
5) Use of SSD for accelerated caching for the front-end of large-scale disk arrays – The
use of SSDs in caching for large-scale disk arrays is an emerging technology that is not well
understood. Approaches are sought to determine of both its performance potential when
subjected to real workloads and its fault resilience.
Grant applications are sought to develop software tools that not only would enable rapid
prototyping of high-level data schemas but also would automatically generate a high-level API
for presentation to application developers, thereby hiding the complexity of the low-level
NetCDF and HDF5 APIs for managing the file format. Such tools also might use auto-tuning
techniques to find the best performing implementation of an I/O method.
Grant applications are sought to develop tools that enable seamless transfer of data from
ODBMSs to self-describing scientific data file formats such as NetCDF and HDF5 and vice-
versa. Approaches of interest should (1) enable a level of tool integration and migration in the
commercial space that currently is not available, and (2) offer the scientific community access to
a broad array of robust data management tools and much more powerful query-driven data
analysis capabilities.
37d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Milo Polte, Jiri Simsa and Garth Gibson. “Comparing Performance of Solid State Devices
and Mechanical Disks” Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh,
PA, (2008). (Full text at: http://www.pdsi-
scidac.org/events/PDSW08/resources/papers/simsa_PDSW.pdf)
2. Henry M. Monti, Ali R. Butt and Sudharshan S. Vazhkudai. “Just-in-time Staging of Large
Input Data for Supercomputing Jobs”, Virginia Tech and Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
(2008). (Full text at: http://www.pdsi-scidac.org/events/PDSW08/resources/papers/monti-
pdsw08.pdf)
Subtopic b:
Subtopic c:
10. Rob Ross, et al. “HPC File Systems and Scalable I/O: Suggested Research and Development
Topics for the Fiscal 2005-2009 Timeframe”, DOE Office of Science, DOE NNSA, DOD.
(Full text at: http://institutes.lanl.gov/hec-fsio/docs/FileSystems-DTS-SIO-FY05-FY09-
R&D-topics-final.pdf)
38. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF INDUSTRIALLY-RELEVANT
PROBLEMS
Over the past 30 years, the Department of Energy’s (DOE) supercomputing program has played
an increasingly important role in scientific research by allowing scientists to create more
accurate models of complex processes, simulate problems once thought to be impossible, and
analyze the increasing amount of data generated by experiments. Computational science has
become the third pillar of science, along with theory and experimentation. However, despite the
great potential of modeling and simulation to increase understanding of a variety of important
engineering challenges, High Performance Computing (HPC) is underutilized by industry.
Grant applications must establish how the proposed research relates to the achievement of one or
more energy-related goals, such as improved energy efficiency, reduced emissions, development
of green energy alternatives, and/or reduced costs for environmentally-friendly energy
technologies.
Research on ABM toolkits for petascale or exascale computing platforms has been pursued at
DOE Labs: http://www.dis.anl.gov/groups/cas.html at Argonne, and ABM software ASIM at
LBNL, in collaboration with University of New Mexico: http://www.tp.umu.se/~holme/~asim/
Grant applications are sought for the development of generic, highly customizable agent based
modeling toolkits that take advantage of high performance computing platforms at petascale and
are shown to scale to exascale platforms.
Approaches of interest include, but are not limited to ABM toolkits that:
• optimize communications and synchronization of concurrent agents, scaling to current
and future parallel platforms;
• have novel algorithms for handling mobile agents, agent ordering and collision, and
agents death and replication as part of a parallel toolkit;
• integrate run-time statistics to a parallel toolkit;
• integrate visualization of macro behavior to a parallel toolkit;
• integrate experiment configuration and history to a parallel toolkit;
• provide verification and validation methods for parallel toolkits.
Grant applications must establish how the proposed toolkit can significantly improve simulation
modeling capabilities in energy-related goals, such as energy efficiency, reduced emissions,
development of green energy alternatives, and/or reduced costs for environmentally-friendly
energy technologies.
38c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. “Science Based Nuclear Energy Systems Enabled by Advanced Modeling and Simulation at
the Extreme Scale” Workshop Summary, Washington, DC, May 11-12, 2009. (Full text at:
https://www.cels.anl.gov/events/workshops/extremecomputing/nuclearenergy/summary.php)
2. “Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Basic Research Needs for Advanced Nuclear Energy
Systems” Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop, July 31-August 3, 2006. (Full text
at:
https://www.cels.anl.gov/events/workshops/extremecomputing/nuclearenergy/files/ANES_rp
t.pdf)
4. “Report of the Nuclear Physics and Related Computational Science R&D for Advanced Fuel
Cycles Workshop”, Bethesda, MD, August 10-12, 2006. (Full text at:
https://www.cels.anl.gov/events/workshops/extremecomputing/nuclearenergy/files/NuclearP
hysicsRelated10.06Report_FINAL.pdf)
5. “Workshop Report: World Modeling Summit for Climate Prediction”, Reading, UK, May 6-
9, 2008. (Full text at:
http://wcrp.wmo.int/documents/WCRP_WorldModellingSummit_Jan2009.pdf)
6. Dave Bader. “Climate Change Science and the Role of Computing at the Extreme Scale:
Model Development, A White Paper”, Oct. 2008. (Full text at:
http://extremecomputing.labworks.org/climate/references/Modeldevelopment_102708.pdf)
7. “Pointing the Way for Accelerator Science: Community Petascale Project for Accelerator
Science and Simulation”, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. (Full text available at:
http://www.scidac.gov/physics/COMPASS.html)
8. Carbon Sequestration. (URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration)
9. “Modeling and Simulation at the Exascale for Energy and the Environment”, Report on the
Advanced Scientific Computing Research Town Hall Meetings on Simulation and Modeling
at the Exascale for Energy, Ecological Sustainability and Global Security, (2007). (Full text
available at: http://www.sc.doe.gov/ascr/ProgramDocuments/Docs/TownHall.pdf)
10. “Basic Research Needs for Clean and Efficient Combustion of 21st Century Transportation
Fuels”, Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Basic Research Needs for Clean
and Efficient Combustion of 21st Century Fuels, (2006). (Full text at:
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/CTF_rpt.pdf)
11. “Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy”, Report of the Basic Energy Sciences
Workshop on Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use, May 13-15, 2003. (Full text at:
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/NHE_rpt.pdf)
12. “Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization”, Report of the Basic Energy Sciences
Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005. (Full text at:
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/SEU_rpt.pdf)
13. “Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy Systems”, From
the workshop sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences,
Bethesda, MD, Feb. 21-23, 2007. (Full text at:
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/GEO_rpt.pdf)
Subtopic b:
1. [Allan 2009] Computational Research into Complex Systems, Rob Allan, Computational
Science and Engineering Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington,
UK.
2. [Allan 2009-2]Survey of Agent Based Modeling and Simulation Tools, Rob Allan,
Computational Science and Engineering Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory,
Daresbury, Warrington, UK.
3. [Axtel 1999] Axtel, Robert (1999) Why Agents? Economic Studies, The Brookings
Institution (paper)
5. [Burkhart 1994] Burkhart, R (1994) The Swarm Multi-Agent Simulation System. OOPSLA
'94 Workshop on "The Object Engine".
6. [Lysenko2007] Lysenko, M., D'Souza, R. M., 2007, A framework for megascale agent-based
model simulations on GPU, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (JASSS),
(paper)
7. [Luke 2005] Luke S, Cioffi-Revilla C, Sullivan K, Balan G (2005) MASON: A Multiagent
Simulation Environment. Simulation, 81(7), pp. 517-527.
8. [Mariam2010] Mariam, K., Richmond, P., Holcombe, M., Chin Lee, S., Worth, D.,
Greenough, C. (2010), "FLAME simulating Large Concentrations of Agents on Parallel
Platforms", Proc. of 9th Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS
2010) May, 10–14, 2010, Toronto, Canada.
10. [Millan2007] Millan, E., Rudomín, I., Impostors, Pseudo-instancing and Image Maps for
GPU Crowd Rendering, International Journal of Virtual Realty (IJVR), Volume 6, Number 1,
March 2007, pp. 35-44
11. [North 2006] North, M J, Collier N T, Vos J R (2006) Experiences in Creating Three
Implementations of the Repast Agent Modeling Toolkit. ACM Transactions on Modeling and
Computer Simulations, 16(1), pp. 1-25.
12. [Richmond2009-2] Richmond Paul, Coakley Simon, Romano Daniela (2009), "Cellular
Level Agent Based Modelling on the Graphics Processing Unit", Proc. of HiBi09 - High
Performance Computational Systems Biology, 14-16 October 2009,Trento, Italy (paper) -
Best Student Paper Award
13. [Richmond2009] Richmond Paul, Coakley Simon, Romano Daniela(2009), "A High
Performance Agent Based Modelling Framework on Graphics Card Hardware with CUDA",
Proc. of 8th Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2009),
May, 10–15, 2009, Budapest, Hungary (paper)
Cyber-security at 100 Gbps is unexplored territory, and the development of solutions in this
space will be challenging. For example, the 100 Gbps security systems must not impede the
high-speed data flows, such as the requirement for 100 Gbps line rate or “wire-speed” operation,
on which large-scale science depends. In addition, the difference between Enterprise traffic (e.g.
day-to-day business web and email) traffic – which is assumed to be the operational profile for
many commercial cyber security solutions – and science traffic will be even greater at 100Gbps,
since science traffic has grown to be the dominant user of ESnet. Dealing with this traffic mix
will present unique challenges to traditional cyber-security systems.
To address these challenges, grant applications that will lead to software and hardware sub-
systems are sought in the following subtopics:
39d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
3. Paul Barford and Mark Crovella. Generating Representative Web Workloads for Network
and Server Performance Evaluation. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS, pages 151-
160, Madison WI, November 1998. ACM.
4. Traffic Engineering: Simulation Model and Real Network Environment Over Single and
Multiple Links in European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.25 No.1
(2009), pp.54-67, © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009,
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm
Subtopic b:
1. Capacity Verification for High Speed Network Intrusion Detection Systems, Lecture Notes in
Computer Science , Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
2. High Speed Deep Packet Inspection with Hardware. Technical Report/2006. Support
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2006/EECS-2006-156.pdf
3. Sunil Kim and Jun-yong Lee "A system architecture for high-speed deep packet inspection
in signature-based network intrusion prevention." Journal of Systems Architecture: the
EUROMICRO Journal archive Volume 53 , Issue 5-6 (May 2007) table of contents , Pages:
310-320, Year of Publication: 2007, ISSN:1383-7621
4. Fabian Schneider and Jörg Wallerich, " Performance evaluation of packet capturing systems
for high-speed networks." International Conference On Emerging Networking Experiments
and Technologies archive Proceedings of the 2005 ACM conference on Emerging network
experiment and technology. Pages: 284 - 285, 2005, ISBN:1-59593 197-X
Subtopic c:
1. Vern Paxson. “Bro: A System for Detecting Network Intruders in Real-Time”, Computer
Networks, 31(23–24), pp. 2435–2463, Dec. 1999. (Full text at:
http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/bro-CN99.html)
2. Matthias Vallentin, et al. “The NIDS Cluster: Scalable, Stateful Network Intrusion Detection
on Commodity Hardware”, Proc. Symposium on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection,
2007. (Full text at: http://www.icir.org/robin/papers/raid07.pdf)
40. HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING SYSTEMS
Developing methods to fully utilize large scale supercomputers is a fundamental task for the
DOE ASCR office. Current systems are based on tens to hundreds of thousands of commodity
processors, petabytes of disk and archival tape storage, and specialized display and visualization
devices. Tools and software that simplifies the process of building, running, and debugging
applications that run on these supercomputers, dealing with the complexity of multi-core
processors, and dealing with system faults are all elements of this program. Proposals are
solicited that in the following subtopic areas.
Research related to these topics should be led by software providers. Collaborations with DOE
laboratories – in the form of access to HPC resources, as well as in providing expertise in
targeted science and engineering domains – may prove to be quite beneficial.
A software suite – including SciDAC supported codes such as Chombo, PETSc, Zoltan,
ScaLAPACK, Hypre, Sundials, VisIt, GridFTP, Metis, and others in common use at HPC
centers. Such a suite could provide valuable enhancements to software users and maintainers, if
it were organized as a well tested set of version-controlled software modules. RPMs may be one
way to accomplish this goal.
A fully working set of open source compilers, MPI, HPC libraries, and performance tools,
layered on top of an existing Linux distribution. Such a set could provide a turn-key solution for
the HPC space. Commercial software also could be bundled as part of that product.
An operating system image that integrates the pieces of a full featured HPC environment, and is
suitable for booting as a live CD or in a virtual machine. Such an image could bring SciDAC
supported software to the desktop, small clusters, and cloud computing environments; could
bridge the gap between those environments and petascale computing; could be used
pedagogically to "bring HPC to your laptop"; and could grow into a profound tool for HPC
interoperability.
An interface that brings HADOOP (open source map-reduce software) to parallel computers
with batch queue environments. Most HADOOP instances are set up on clusters designed
around search functions and are operated in a persistent manner as opposed to a time-shared
manner. In a batch queue environment, the situation would be very different; the HADOOP
infrastructure would need to be instantiated and shutdown within each job. An easy on/off
HADOOP would make it easier for scientists to search and analyze their data.
Low level mechanisms to conduct detailed unit testing, benchmarking, and pattern detection of
software faults. Such mechanisms could be integrated into a high level data center dashboard,
thereby minimizing the staff effort required to track failures on the basis of log files and after-
the-fact examination. Although datacenter dashboards already exist, most are focused on
transaction processing rather than on parallel computing. Likewise, existing work has
emphasized revenue rather than scientific metrics, detailed application performance, and parallel
efficiency.
Change management software that gathers and records software and configuration data over
time. Such data could be joined with benchmark or workload data to provide a perspective on
how software upgrades and configuration changes can impact performance.
In addition, there is a need to develop software for fault analytics. When a large parallel
computer is booted, many layers of software start in sequence, without checking to see that the
resources, files, and services that they require are indeed available. One consequence is that one
layer may freeze or malfunction, leading to an ensuing cascade of events that may require human
intervention to unwind. Therefore, grant applications also are sought for a mechanism to detect
(or manually enter) software dependencies on an HPC resource and translate those
dependencies into basic unit tests that can be used to check a machine's degree of readiness for
production use. Such dependency tests could be useful both before and after a fault. Similarly,
when a software fault occurs, such tests could be invoked to obtain a richer assessment of the
situation surrounding the fault. (In some cases, the level of detail is not very rich – only a single
number or error code – which leads to difficulties in determining why a job failed.) Although an
appropriately trained system administrator can read the logs and often diagnose the failure, an
automated system is preferred.
The rigorous analysis and design tools used to co-design embedded systems hardware and
software have matured significantly over the last four or five decades. Their success, dealing
with very stringent systems constraints, appears to be a fertile ground to develop new
philosophies and tools that can meet the power, memory, and flops requirements of HPC at
Exascale. The more recent and significant advances made in embedded systems R&D were due
to the formal development of models of computation used to express heterogeneous concurrent
components and the theoretically sound approach to the composition of these heterogeneous
components to simulate, analyze, and design systems.
Leveraging and adapting these advances to HPC necessarily entails discovering new or adapting
existing models of computation to the particular characteristics of HPC, building abstractions
and mechanisms into tools that support the HPC models of computation and their composition,
and experimenting with these new concepts and tools in hardware and software co-design for
HPC systems. Therefore, grant applications are sought that explore these concepts in merging
HPC and embedded systems design to create new HPC computing environments.
40j. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
Subtopic a:
Subtopic b:
1. Aljosa Vrancic and Jeff Meisel “A real-time HPC approach for optimizing Intel multi-core
architectures”, National Instruments, Intel Technology Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 01, March
2009. (ISBN 978-1-934053-21-8) (Full text available at:
http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2009/v13i1/09Real-Time-Math.htm)
2. Jeff Meisel. “Multicore Processors Bring out High-Performance Computing Potential in Real
Time”, National Instruments, Real Time Magazine, July 2008. (Full text available at:
http://www.rtcmagazine.com/articles/view/100994)
3. Pradipta De Vijay Mann and Umang Mittal. “Handling OS Jitter on Multicore Multithreaded
Systems”, IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing, Rome,
Italy, May 23-29, 2009. (Full text at:
http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research_projects.nsf/pages/osjitter.pubs.html/$FILE/
ipdps09.pdf)
Subtopic c:
Subtopic d:
1. Avery Ching, et al. “Noncontiguous I/O through PVFS”, Proceedings of 2002 IEEE
International Conference on Cluster Computing, September, 2002. (Full text available at:
http://www2.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/CLUSTR.2002.1137773)
2. P. H. Carns, et al. “PVFS: A Parallel File System For Linux Clusters”, Proceedings of the 4th
Annual Linux Showcase and Conference, Atlanta, GA, Oct. 2000, pp. 317-327. (Full text
available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.1744)
4. Frank Schmuck and Roger Haskin. “GPFS: A Shared-Disk File System for Large Computing
Clusters, Frank Schmuck, Roger Haskin, Conference On File And Storage Technologies”,
Proceedings of the 1st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, Article 19,
Published 2002. (Full text available at: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1083349)
Subtopic e:
Subtopic f:
1. Ralph Johnson , et al. “Changing the Face of High-Performance Fortran Code”, Spiros
Xanthos, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, White paper. Jan.
2006. (Full text at: http://www.laputan.org/pub/foote/white-paper.pdf)
2. Steve Reinhardt. “The High Cost of High Performance, Will a complicated HPC hardware
landscape lead to increased HPC software spending”, Information Week Business
Technology, July 2009. (Full text available at: http://www.ddj.com/java/218600408)
Subtopic g:
Subtopic h:
1. V. De Florio, G.. Deconinck, R. Lauwereins. “Software tool combining fault masking with
user-defined recovery strategies”, IEEE Proceedings, ,Volume 145, Issue 6, pp. 203-211,
Dec. 1998. (Full text available at:
http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=IPSEFU00014500000
6000203000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes)
Subtopic i:
1. Antoon Goderis, Christopher Brooks, Ilkay Altintas, Edward A. Lee, Carol Gobel.
"Heterogeneous Composition of Models of Computation". Future Generation Computer
Systems, 25(5):552-560, May 2009.
2. Edward Lee and Stephen Neuendorffer, “Concurrent Models of Computation for Embedded
Software,” IEE Proc.-Comput. Digit. Tech., Vol. 152, No. 2, March 2005.
Scientific visualization and data management are critical enabling technologies for
computational science research, providing scientists with the capability to extract scientific
insights from data sets generated by simulations and experiments. The combination of sensor
networks, high-end computing, and more experiments are expected to generate several petabytes
of structured and unstructured multi-dimensional data sets per year. Thus, the next-generation of
scientific visualization systems will have to outperform today’s systems. This topic seeks
visualization and collaborative data analysis systems that are attuned to the needs of domain
scientists and/or decision makers and address important data management and domain-specific
science challenges. Limited computer resources at DOE facilities can be made available to
successful Phase I applicants for proof-of-concept studies, if properly justified in the grant
application. Additional computer resources also can be made available during Phase II to further
develop the proposed concepts.
While the importance of collaboratories is expected to increase in the future, significant barriers
must be overcome for collaboratories to achieve their potential. In particular, research and
development efforts are needed to provide (1) remote access to facilities that produce
petabytes/year; (2) remote users with an experience that approaches "being there;" (3) remote
visualization of large-scale data sets from computational simulation; and (4) effective remote
access to advanced scientific computers. In addition, to be part of a useful investigatory
scientific research environment or an instructional environment, visualization systems and data
analytics must be integrated with supporting computational science technologies such as high-
end computing, data management, data storage/retrieval, I/O capabilities, and networking
capabilities.
Grant applications are sought to develop (1) technology to significantly enhance interaction
between users, systems, and software; (2) an infrastructure that can enable both synchronous and
asynchronous collaborative interactions between users in the process of doing science; and (3)
communications capabilities that can create a sense of participation and knowledge sharing,
along with novel display technologies such as 3D autostereo.
Grant applications are sought for new software applications and tools that enable integrated
interactive visualization and analytic discovery. Approaches of particular interest include, but
are not limited to (1) network visualization and analysis, including computer networks, sensor
networks, power grids, social networks, etc; (2) computational fluid dynamics; and (3) high-end
computer system performance.
41f. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
4. Dave Semeraro, et al. “Collaboration, Analysis, and Visualization of the Future”. (Full text
at:
http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:gN9bu31gA8cJ:ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/73230.
pdf+collaboration+analysis+visualization&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us)
Subtopic b:
2. Ronald A. Rensink. “A Probe into the Nature of Attentional Processing”, Visual Search for
Change, Visual Cognition, Vol. 7, Issue 1-3, pp. 345-376, Jan. 2000. (Full text available at:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a713756870)
3. Daniel Simons. Change Blindness and Visual Memory, Visual Cognition Special Issue -
Visual Cognition, Jan. 2000. (ISBN: 978-0863776120) (Full text available at:
http://www.amazon.com/Change-Blindness-Visual-Memory-Daniel/dp/0863776124)
Subtopic c:
2. Ian Foster, et al. “Distance Visualization: Data Exploration on the Grid”. (Full text at:
http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/DataViz.PDF)
3. Kenneth Moreland, et al. “Remote rendering for ultrascale data”, (2008). (Full text at:
http://vis.cs.ucdavis.edu/Ultravis/papers/63_SciDAC08.pdf)
Subtopic d:
1. Grid Computing, Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality, Data-Intensive Grids for High-
Energy Physics, Berman, Fox and Hey, eds., UK: Wiley, 2003. (ISBN: 0-4708-53190) (Full
text available at: http://www.amazon.com/Grid-Computing-Making-Infrastructure-
Reality/dp/0470853190)
3. “Illuminating the Path: Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics”, Thomas,
James J. and Cook, Kristin A. (ed.), (2005). (Full text available at:
http://nvac.pnl.gov/agenda.stm)
4. E. Wes Bethel, et al. “Detecting Distributed Scans Using Higher Performance Query-Driven
Visualization”, May 2006. (Full text at: http://vis.lbl.gov/Vignettes/QDV-
NetworkTraffic/qdv-vignette.html)
Subtopic e:
1. “Scientific Grand Challenges: Challenges in Climate Change Science and the Role of
Computing at the Extreme Scale”, Report from the Workshop Held in Washington, DC, Nov.
6-7, 2008. (Full text at:
http://science.doe.gov/ascr/ProgramDocuments/Docs/ClimateReport.pdf)
2. “Modeling and Simulation at the Exascale for Energy and the Environment”, Report on the
Advanced Scientific Computing Research Town Hall Meetings on Simulation and Modeling
at the Exascale for Energy, Ecological Sustainability and Global Security, (2009). (Full text
at: http://science.doe.gov/ascr/ProgramDocuments/Docs/TownHall.pdf)
5. Hank Childs and Mark Miller. “Beyond Meat Grinders: An Analysis Framework Addressing
the Scale and Complexity of Large Data Sets”, Proceedings of SpringSim High Performance
Computing Symposium (HPC 2006), Huntsville, AL, pp. 181-186, April 2-6, 2006. (Full
text available at: http://graphics.idav.ucdavis.edu/publications/print_pub?pub_id=891)
6. “Final Report: Second DOE Workshop on Multiscale Problems”, Broomsfied, CO, July 20-
22, 2004. (Full text at:
http://www.sc.doe.gov/ascr/Research/AM/MultiscaleMathWorkshop2.pdf)
42. NUCLEAR PHYSICS SOFTWARE AND DATA MANAGEMENT
Large scale data storage and processing systems are needed to store, access, retrieve, distribute,
and process data from experiments conducted at large facilities, such as Brookhaven National
Laboratory’s Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility (TJNAF). In addition, data acquisition for next the generation rare isotope
beam accelerator facility (FRIB) accelerator requires unprecedented speed and flexibility in
collecting data from new flash ADC based detectors. The experiments at such facilities are
extremely complex, involving thousands of detector elements that produce raw experimental data
at rates up to a GB/sec, resulting in the annual production of data sets containing hundreds of
Terabytes (TB) to Petabytes (PB). Many 10s to 100s of TB of data per year are distributed to
institutions around the U.S. and other countries for analysis. Research on large scale data
management systems and high speed, distributed data acquisition is required to support these
large nuclear physics experiments. All grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the
nuclear physics program.
Also, many DOE labs have existing investments in large-scale tape robot technologies, which are
at this point the most cost-effective way to store petabyte-sized datasets. Grant applications are
sought for (1) the development of innovative storage technologies that not only can use existing
cartridge and tape formats but also will significantly increase the storage density and capacity,
increase data read and write speeds, or decrease costs; and (2) innovative software technologies
to allow file-system-based user access to petabyte-scale data.
Services (OGSA), which is based upon Web Services – for large scale data processing and
distribution. Grant applications are sought for (1) hardware and/or software techniques to
improve the effectiveness and reduce the costs of storing, retrieving, and moving such large
volumes of data, including, but not limited to, automated data replication coupled with
application data catalogs, data transfers to Tier 2 and Tier 3 centers from multiple data
provenance – with an aim for least wait-time and maximal coordination (coordination of
otherwise chaotic transfers), distributed storage systems of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)
hardware, storage buffers coupled to10 Gbps (or greater) networks, and end-to-end monitoring
and diagnostics of WAN file transport; (2) hardware and/or software techniques to improve the
effectiveness of computational and data grids for nuclear physics – examples include integrating
the management of distributed open source Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS)
with OGSA, and developing application-level monitoring services for status and error diagnosis;
(3) effective new approaches to data mining, automatic structuring of data and information, and
facilitated information retrieval; and (4) distributed authorization and identity management
systems, enabling single sign-on access to data distributed across many sites. Proposed
infrastructure software solutions should consider and address the advantages of integrating
closely with relevant components of Grid middleware, such as the Virtual Data Toolkit (VDT),
as the foundation used by nuclear physics and other science communities. Applicants that
propose data distribution and processing projects are encouraged to determine relevance and
possible future migration strategies into existing infrastructures.
Grant applications also are sought (1) to provide redundancy and increased reliability for servers
employing parallel architecture, so that they are capable of handling large numbers of
simultaneous requests by multiple users; (2) for hardware and software to improve remote user
access to computer facilities at nuclear physics research centers, while at the same time
providing adequate security to protect the servers from unauthorized access; and (3) for hardware
and software to significantly improve the energy efficiency and reduce the operating costs of
computer facilities at nuclear physics research centers.
computing resources as they become available to users that do not have the necessary application
software environment installed.
A data acquisition system ultimately composed of separate ADC's for each detector element,
connected by commercial network or serial technology, is envisioned. Development is required
to implement the elements of this distributed data acquisition over commercially available
network technologies such as 10 Gb Ethernet or ATCA. The initial work needed is to develop
an architecture that works efficiently in the network bandwidth and latencies. The elements
desired in the architecture are to (1) synchronize time to a sufficient precision, as good as 10ns or
better to support FADC clock synchronization, less precise to support event building, (2)
determine a global trigger from information transmitted by the individual components (3) notify
the elements to locally store the current information, (4) collect event data from the individual
elements to be assembled into global events and (5) software tools to validate the function of the
synchronization, triggering and event building during normal operation. The synchronization of
time is critical to the success of this architecture, as is the constant validation of the
synchronization.
The architecture would specify the functional model for individual elements of the system, the
high level network protocols, and requirements on the communications fabric for given data rates
and system latencies. At FRIB, low event rates of 1 to 10 kevents/s are anticipated, with large
data streams from FADC-based detector systems. The large latencies possible in highly buffered
flash ADC architectures can be used to advantage in the design of the architecture. A portable
software implementation of the elements would be the next step in the development.
Such an architecture and its implementation could form the basis of a standard for next
generation data acquisition in nuclear physics, particularly at the FRIB.
42e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
Contact: Manouchehr Farkhondeh, 301-903-4398, [email protected]
REFERENCES
1. R. B. Firestone, “Nuclear Structure and Decay Data in the Electronic Age”, Journal of
Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 243, Issue 1, pp. 77-86, Jan. 2000. (ISSN:
0236-5731) (Full text available at:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/m47578172u776641/?p=f4fbbe7a000a4718bea6321fdc
6e4e11&pi=10)
2. Robert L. Grossman, et al., “Open DMIX - Data Integration and Exploration Services for
Data Grids, Data Web, and Knowledge Grid Applications”, Proceedings of the First
International Workshop on Knowledge Grid and Grid Intelligence (KGGI 2003), pages 16-
28, 2004. (Full text at: http://www.rgrossman.com/dl/proc-077.pdf)
3. CHEP06: Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics 2006 Conference Proceedings,
Mumbai, India, February 13-17, 2006 Website. (URL:
http://indico.cern.ch/conferenceTimeTable.py?confId=048).
4. S. M. Maurer, et al., “Science’s Neglected Legacy”, Nature, Vol. 405, pp. 117-120, May 11,
2000. (ISSN: 0028-0836) (See http://www.nature.com/ and search by title of article.)
5. Chip Watson, “High Performance Cluster Computing with an Advanced Mesh Network”,
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. (Full text at: www.jlab.org/hpc/docs/Mesh-
whitepaper.htm)
8. The Globus Alliance Website, University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory.
(URL: http://www.globus.org/)
10. Towards Open Grid Services Architecture Website, University of Chicago. (URL:
www.globus.org/ogsa)
14. Open Science Grid and the Open Science Grid Consortium Web site, National Science
Foundation and U.S. Department of Energy. (URL: http://www.opensciencegrid.org/)
16. Worldwide LHC [Large Hadron Collider] Computing Grid (WLCG). (URL:
http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/)
21. IEEE 1588 - Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked
Measurement and Control Systems, (URL: http://ieee1588.nist.gov/)
43. NUCLEAR PHYSICS ELECTRONICS DESIGN AND FABRICATION
The DOE Office of Nuclear Physics seeks developments in detector instrumentation electronics
with improved energy, position, timing resolution, sensitivity, rate capability, stability, dynamic
range, durability, pulse-shape discrimination capability, and background suppression. Of
particular interest are innovative readout electronics for use with the nuclear physics detectors
described in Topic 45 (Nuclear Instrumentation, Detection Systems, and Techniques). All grant
applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics program.
43b. Circuits
Grant applications are sought to develop custom-designed integrated circuits, as well as circuits
(including firmware) and systems, for rapidly processing data from highly-segmented, position-
sensitive germanium detectors (pixel sizes of approximately 1 cm2) and from particle detectors
(e.g., gas detectors, scintillation counters, silicon drift chambers, silicon strip detectors, particle
calorimeters, and Cherenkov counters) used in nuclear physics experiments. Areas of specific
interest include (1) representative circuits such as low-noise preamplifiers, amplifiers, peak
sensors, analog storage devices, analog-to-digital and time-to-digital converters, transient
digitizers, and time-to-amplitude converters; (2) multiple-sampling application-specific
integrated circuits (ASICs), to allow for pulse-shape analysis; (3) readout electronics for solid-
state pixilated detectors, including interconnection technologies and amplifier/sample-and-hold
integrated circuits; (4) systems with exceedingly large dynamic range (> 5000) employing, for
example, either dynamic CSA gain changing or combinations of a standard linear CSA with a
time-over-threshold (TOT) that works well into CSA saturation; and (5) constant-fraction
discriminators with uniform response for low- and high energy gamma rays. These circuits
should be fast; low-cost; high-density; configurable in software for thresholds, gains, etc.; easy to
use with commercial auxiliary electronics; low power; compact; and efficiently packaged for
multi-channel devices.
In addition, planned luminosity upgrades at RHIC will require fine-grained vertex and tracking
detectors (both silicon and gas) for high particle multiplicity environments. Therefore, grant
applications are sought for advances in microelectronics that are specifically designed for low-
noise amplification and processing of detector signals, and that are suitable for these next
generation detectors. The microelectronics and associated interconnections must be lightweight
and have low power dissipation. Of particular interest are designs that minimize higher-gate
leakage currents due to tunneling and maintain dynamic range.
Grant applications also are sought for generalized software and hardware packages, with
improved graphic and visualization capabilities, for the acquisition and analysis of nuclear
physics research data.
Grant applications also are sought for the next generation of active pixel sensors, or even strip
sensors, which use the bulk silicon substrate as the active volume. This more advanced approach
would have the advantage of developing relatively larger signals and allowing sensitivity to non-
minimum ionizing particles, such as MeV-range gamma rays.
In addition, many next-generation detectors will have highly segmented electrode geometries
with 5-5000 channels per square centimeter, covering areas up to several square meters.
Conventional packaging and assembly technology cannot be used at these high densities. Grant
applications are sought to develop (1) advanced microchip module interconnect technologies that
address the issues of high-density area-array connections – including modularity, reliability,
repair/rework, and electrical parasitics; (2) technology for aggregating and transporting the
signals (analog and digital) generated by the front-end electronics, and for distributing and
conditioning power and common signals (clock, reset, etc.); (3) low-cost methods for efficient
cooling of on-detector electronics; (4) low-cost and low-mass methods for grounding and
shielding; and (5) standards for interconnecting ASICs (which may have been developed by
diverse groups in different organizations) into a single system for a given experiment – these
standards should address the combination of different technologies, which utilize different
voltage levels and signal types, with the goal of reusing the developed circuits in future
experiments.
Lastly, highly-segmented detectors with pixels smaller than 100 microns present a significant
challenge for integration with frontend electronics. New monolithic techniques based on vertical
integration and through-silicon vias have potential advantages over the current bump-bonded
approach. Grant applications are sought to demonstrate reliable, readily-manufacturable
technologies to interconnect silicon pixel detectors with CMOS front-end integrated circuits. Of
highest long term interest are high-density high-functionality 3D circuits with direct bonding of
high resistivity silicon detector layer of an appropriate thickness (50 to 500 microns) to a 3D
stack of thin CMOS layers. The high resistivity detector layer would be fully depleted to enable
fast charge collection with very low diffusion. The thickness of this layer would be optimized for
the photon energy of interest or to obtain sufficient signal from minimum ionizing particles.
43f. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
1. Conceptual Design Report for the Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, June 15, 1992. (Report No. LBL-PUB-5347) (NTIS Order No. DE92041174)*
4. I.-Y. Lee, et al. Experimental Program for Advanced ISOL Facility”, Proceedings of the
Workshop on the Experimental Equipment for an Advanced ISOL Facility, Berkeley, CA,
July 22-25, 1998, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), August 15, 1998.
(Report No. LBNL-42138) (Full text at: http://www.orau.org/ria/detector-03/pdf/LBL-Det-
workshop-final.pdf)
5. G. Deptuch, et al., “Development of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors for Charged Particle
Tracking”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A--Accelerators,
Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 511:240, Sept.-Oct. 2003. (ISSN:
0168-9002) (Full text available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01689002
7. J.R. Schwank, et al., “Charge Collection in SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) capacitors and circuits
and its effect on SEU (Single-Event Upset) hardness,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science, Vol. 49, Issue 6, Part 1, pp. 2937-2947, (2002). (ISSN: 0018-9499) (Full text
available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=25186&isYear=2002&count=96&page
=2&ResultStart=50)
8. 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Portland, OR,
October 19-25, 2003, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Records, section
on “High-Density Detector Processing and Interconnect,” IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Society.
(Print edition ISBN: 0-7803-82579; CD-ROM ISBN: 0-7803-82587) (Full text available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/guesthome.jsp
9. K. Vetter, et al., Report of Workshop on “Digital Electronics for Nuclear Structure Physics”,
Argonne, IL, March 2-3, 2001. (Full text available at:
http://radware.phy.ornl.gov/dsp_work.pdf).
10. Vladimir Polushkin. Nuclear Electronics: Superconducting Detectors and Processing
Techniques, J. Wiley, (2004). (ISBN: 0-470-857595) (Book description and ordering
information available at: http://www.amazon.com/Nuclear-Electronics-Superconducting-
Processing-Techniques/dp/0470857595/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1251904350&sr=8-1)
11. 7th International Meeting on Front-End Electronics, 18- 21 May 2009, Workshop Agenda and
links to presentations. (URL: https://indico.bnl.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=135)
The Nuclear Physics program supports a broad range of activities aimed at research and
development related to the science, engineering, and technology of heavy-ion, electron, and
proton accelerators and associated systems. Research and development is desired that will
advance fundamental accelerator technology and its applications to nuclear physics scientific
research. Areas of interest include the basic technologies of the Brookhaven National
Laboratory’s Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), with heavy ion beam energies up to 100
GeV/amu and polarized proton beam energies up to 250 GeV; technologies associated with
RHIC luminosity upgrades; the development of an electron-ion collider; linear accelerators such
as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Thomas Jefferson
National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF); and development of devices and/or methods that would
be useful in the generation of intense rare isotope beams for the next generation rare isotope
beam accelerator facility (FRIB). A major focus in all of the above areas is superconducting
radio frequency (RF) acceleration and its related technologies. Relevance of applications to
nuclear physics must be explicitly described. Grant applications that propose using the resources
of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must include, in the application, a letter of
certification from an authorized official of that organization. All grant applications must
explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics program.
Grant applications also are sought to develop (1) methods for manufacturing superconducting
radio frequency (SRF) accelerating structures with Q0>1010 at 2.0 K, or with correspondingly
lower Q’s at higher temperatures such as 4.5 K; and (2) advanced fabrication methods for SRF
cavities of various geometries (including elliptical, quarter and half wave resonators) to reduce
production costs. Industrial metal forming techniques, especially with large grain or ingot
material, have the potential for significant cost reductions by simplifying sub-assemblies – e.g.,
dumbbells and beam tube – and reducing the number of electron beam welds.
Grant applications also are sought to develop (1) improved superconducting materials that have
lower RF losses, operate at higher temperatures, and/or have higher RF critical fields than sheet
niobium; and (2) techniques to create a layer of niobium on the interior of a copper elliptical
cavity, such as by energetic ion deposition, so that the resulting 700-1500 MHz structures have
Q0>8 x 109 at 2 K. Approaches of interest involving atomic layer deposition (ALD) synthesis
should identify appropriate precursors and create high quality Nb, NbN, Nb3Sn, or MgB2 films
with anti-diffusion dielectric overlayers.
Grant applications also are sought for laser or electron beam surface glazing of niobium for
surface purification and annealing in vacuum.
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop advanced techniques for surface processing of
superconducting resonators, including methods for electropolishing, high temperature treatments,
and surface coatings that enhance or stabilize performance parameters. Methods which avoid use
of hydrofluoric acid are desirable. Surface conditioning processes of interest should (1) yield
microscopically smooth (Rq< 10 nm / 10µm2), crystallographically clean bulk niobium surfaces;
and/or (2) reliably remove essentially all surface particulate contaminates (> 0.1 µm) from
interior surfaces of typical RF accelerating structures. Grant applications aimed at design
solutions that enable integrated cavity processing with tight process quality control are highly
sought.
For questions related to items (1) through (7) in the first paragraph of this subtopic, contact Dr.
Robert Rimmer at Thomas Jefferson Laboratory ([email protected]). For all other questions,
contact Dr. Charles Reece at Thomas Jefferson Laboratory ([email protected]).
Grant applications also are sought to develop software for the design and modeling of the above
systems. Desired modeling capabilities include (1) charged particle dynamics in complex
shapes, including energy recovery analysis; (2) the incorporation of complex fine structures, such
as higher order mode dampers; (3) the computation of particle- and field-induced heat loads on
walls; (4) the incorporation of experimentally measured 3-D charge and bunch distributions; and
(5) and the simulation of the electron cloud effect and its suppression. For questions related to
software design and modeling, contact Dr. Ilan Ben-Zvi at Brookhaven National Laboratory
([email protected]).
Grant applications also are sought to develop Hi-B solenoids with minimum fringe field – using
9 T solenoids in the same cryo module of a SRF accelerator as niobium cavities requires the
external fringe fields to be very low. The problem is complicated by the inclusion of dipole
correction coils and limited space, and the reduced field must be small in multiple directions.
The development of cost-effective, compact units would make cryo module production simpler
and cost effective. For questions, contact Dr. Al Zeller, NSCL/MSU ([email protected]).
Finally, grant applications also are sought to develop and demonstrate low level RF system
control algorithms or control hardware that provide a robust and adaptive environment suitable
for any accelerator RF system. Of special interest are approaches that address the particular
challenges of superconducting RF systems, but room temperature systems are of interest as well.
Accelerator techniques for medium energy rings with high space charge are also of interest.
Therefore, grant applications are sought to develop methods for maintaining low 4-D emittance
in low and medium energy proton rings (10-30 GeV) with high space charge. Approaches of
interest could include, but are not limited to, (1) novel magnet lattices designs, (2) advanced
beam injection and ejection schemes, and (3) advanced studies on ring impedance and its
reduction. Interested parties should contact Drs. Yaroslav Derbenev, Geoffrey Krafft or Yuhong
Zhang at Thomas Jefferson Laboratory ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected]),
for further specifications.
Accelerator techniques for energy recovery linac ERL based electron beam cooling are of high
interest for next generation colliders for nuclear physics experiments. Therefore, grant
applications are sought to develop (1) designs, computer-modeling, and hardware for a fast
beam-switching kicker with 0.5 ns duration and 10 to 20 kW power in the range of 5-50 MHz
repetition rate; and (2) optics designs and tracking simulations of beam systems for energy
recovery linacs and electron circulator rings, with energy range from 5 to 130 MeV. Examples
of candidate technologies include SRF deflecting cavity, pulse compression techniques, and
beam-based kicker. Grant applications also are sought to develop computer software for the
design, modeling and simulating any of these devices and beam transport systems. For questions
and further specifications, contact Drs. Yaroslav Derbenev, Geoffrey Krafft or Yuhong Zhang at
Thomas Jefferson Laboratory ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected]). For
further information related to coherent electron cooling, please contact Dr. Vladimir Litvinenko
at Brookhaven National Laboratory ([email protected])
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop software that adds significantly to the state-of-
the-art in the simulation of beam physics. Areas of interest include (1) intra-beam scattering, (2)
spin dynamics, (3) polarized beam generation including modeling of cathode geometries for high
current polarized electron sources, (4) electron cooling, beam dynamics, transport and
instabilities; and (5) electron or plasma discharge in vacuum under the influence of charged
beams. The software should use modern best practices for software design, should run on
multiple platforms, and should run in both serial and parallel configurations. Grant applications
also are sought to develop graphical user interfaces for problem definition and setup.
For questions, contact Dr. Ilan Ben-Zvi at Brookhaven National Laboratory ([email protected]).
For questions on polarized electron sources, contact Dr. Matthew Poelker at Thomas Jefferson
Laboratory ([email protected]). For questions on polarized ion sources contact Dr. Anatoli
Zelenski at Brookhaven National Laboratory ([email protected]).
Grant applications also are sought to develop (1) methods to improve high voltage stand-off and
reduce field emission from high voltage electrodes, compatible with ultra-high-vacuum
environments; (2) wavelength-tunable (700 to 850 nm) mode-locked lasers, with pulse repetition
rate between 0.5 and 3 GHz and average output power >10 W; (3) a high-average-power (~100
W), green laser light source, with a RF-pulse repetition rate in the range of 0.5 to 3 GHz, for
synchronous photoinjection of GaAs photoemission guns; and (4) a cost-effective means to
obtain and measure vacuum below 10-12 Torre.
Grant applications also are sought for (1) advanced software and hardware to facilitate the
manipulation and optimized control of the spin of polarized beams; (2) advanced beam
diagnostic concepts, including new beam polarimeters and fast reversal of the spin of stored,
polarized beams; (3) novel concepts for producing polarizing particles of interest to nuclear
physics research, including electrons, positrons, protons, deuterons, and 3He; and (4) credible
sophisticated computer software for tracking the spin of polarized particles in storage rings and
colliders.
Grant applications also are sought to develop radiofrequency devices for ion transport along
surfaces. The transport of ions along walls of gas-filled vacuum chambers by means of a series
of electrodes, to which radiofrequency voltages are applied, has gained significant importance,
not only in nuclear physics for the stopping and thermalization of rare isotope beams but also in
ion chemistry. Ultra-high vacuum compatible large-size printed circuit boards, or similar
approaches, together with tailored RF circuitry, are considered most promising for providing
low-maintenance reliable performance.
Grant applications also are sought to develop fast-release solid catcher materials. The stopping
of high-energy (>MeV/u) heavy-ion reaction products in solid catchers is interesting for
realizing high-intensity low-energy beams of certain elements and for the parasitic use of rare
isotopes produced by projectile fragmentation. The development of suitable high-temperature
materials to achieve fast release of the stopped rare isotopes as atomic or single-species
molecular vapor is required.
Grant applications also are sought to develop techniques for efficient rare isotope extraction from
water. Water-filled beam dumps, considered in the context of high-power rare isotope beam
production, could provide a source for the harvesting heavy-ion reaction products stopped in the
water.
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop advanced and innovative approaches to the
construction of large aperture superconducting and/or room temperature magnets, for use in
fragment separators and magnetic spectrographs at rare isotope beam accelerator facilities.
Grant applications also are sought for special designs that are applicable for use in high radiation
areas. (Additional needs for high-radiation applications can be found in subtopic “d” of Topic
44, Nuclear Physics Detection Systems, Instrumentation and Techniques.)
Grant applications are sought for the development of triggerable, high speed optical and/or IR
cameras, with associated frame grabbers of high memory capacity for investigating time
dependent phenomena in accelerator beams. Equipment needs to operate in a high-radiation
environment, needs to have memory capacity at the level of 1000 frames, and have a frame
capture rate of 1 MHz. The cameras will be used for high-speed analysis of optical transition or
optical diffraction radiation data. Interested parties should contact Geoffrey Krafft at Thomas
Jefferson Laboratory ([email protected]).
Grant applications also are sought for “intelligent” software and hardware to facilitate the
improved control and optimization of charged particle accelerators and associated components
for nuclear physics research. Areas of interest include the development of (1) generic solutions
to problems with respect to the initial choice of operation parameters and the optimization of
selected beam parameters with automatic tuning; (2) systems for predicting insipient failure of
accelerator components, through the monitoring/cataloging/scanning of real-time or logged
signals; and (3) devices that can perform direct 12-14 bit digitization of signals at 0.5-2 GHz and
that have bandwidths of 100+ kHz.
For questions, contact Dr. Ilan Ben-Zvi at Brookhaven National Laboratory ([email protected]).
44i. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
Contact: Manouchehr Farkhondeh, 301-903-4398, [email protected]
REFERENCES
3. M. Champion, et al., “The Spallation Neutron Source Accelerator Low Level RF Control
System”, Proceedings of 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland, OR, May 12-16,
2003, pp. 3377, (2003). (Full text available at:
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p03/INDEX.HTM Search Author Index)
4. SRF Materials Workshop, October 29 - October 31, 2008, Michigan State University. (URL:
http://meetings.nscl.msu.edu/srfmatsci/index.php?id=conference_details/main.php/)
5. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Thin films and New Ideas for Pushing the
Limits of RF Superconductivity, Jefferson Lab, 2008 (Workshop presentations are available
at http://conferences.jlab.org/tfsrf/)
6. Proceedings of the 2rd International Workshop on Thin films and New Ideas for Pushing the
Limits of RF Superconductivity, INFN Legnaro, 2006 (Workshop presentations are available
at http://master.lnl.infn.it/thinfilms/)
7. CEBAF @ 12 GeV: Future Science at Jefferson Lab Website, Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Laboratory. (URL: http://www.jlab.org/12GeV/)
10. H. Freeman. “Heavy-Ion Sources: The Star, or the Cinderella, of the Ion-Implantation
Firmament?” Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 71, pp. 603, Feb. 2000. (ISSN: 0034-
6748) (Full text available at:
11. I. Ben-Zvi, et al. “R&D Towards Cooling of the RHIC Collider”, Proceedings of the 2003
Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland, OR, May 12-16, 2003. (Full text available at:
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p03/INDEX.HTM)
12. Proceedings of the 2003 Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) R&D Workshop, Bethesda, MD,
Aug. 26-28, 2003. (Workshop Presentations available at:
http://www.orau.org/ria/r&dworkshop/present.htm
13. J. A. Nolen. “Plans for an Advanced Exotic Beam Facility in the U.S.”, Nuclear Physics
A787 (2007) 84c. (Full text available at:
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NuPhA.787...84N) (Must have log-in)
15. TESLA Technology Collaboration Meeting, 19 April - 22 April 2010, FNAL (Meeting
presentations are available at URL: http://indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=3000
45. NUCLEAR PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION, DETECTION SYSTEMS AND
TECHNIQUES
The Office of Nuclear Physics is interested in supporting projects that may lead to advances in
detection systems, instrumentation, and techniques for nuclear physics experiments.
Opportunities exist for developing equipment beyond the present state-of-the-art at universities
and national user facilities, including the Argonne Tandem Linac System (ATLAS) at Argonne
National Laboratory and Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL). In addition, a new suite of next-generation detectors will be
needed for the 12 GeV Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Upgrade of at
the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), a future facility for rare isotope
beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University, other radioactive beam facilities being developed
globally, the underground laboratory proposed by the National Science Foundation, DUSEL, the
ongoing luminosity upgrade at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), and a possible future
electron-ion collider. Also of interest is technology related to future experiments in fundamental
symmetries, such as neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments and the measurement of the
electric dipole moment of the neutron, where extremely low background and low count rate
particle detections are essential. This topic seeks state-of-the-art targets for applications ranging
from spin polarized and unpolarized nuclear physics experiments to stripper and production
targets required at high-power, advanced, rare isotope beam facilities. Lastly, this topic seeks
new and improved techniques and instrumentation to cope with the anticipated high radiation
environment for FRIB. All grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear
physics program.
In addition, grant applications are sought to develop devices designed to perform precision
calibration of the detectors listed above. Such devices include novel, controllable calibration
sources for electrons, gammas, alphas, and neutrons; pulsed calibration sources for neutrons,
gammas, and electrons; precision charged particle beams; and pulsed UV optical sources.
Grant applications also are sought for the development of tilted solenoids for spectrometers. In
high field devices, iron has the undesirable property that saturation effects change the field
characteristics as a function of induction. However, without iron, the stray fields are very often
unacceptably high. For superconducting solenoids this problem can be solved by active
shielding. The development of magnet systems with tilted crossed solenoid windings and active
shielding could provide a solution for a broad variety of ironless superconducting dipoles, which,
for example, could be used in high-acceptance spectrometers like the ISLA spectrometer planned
for FRIB. Interested parties should contact Dr. Daniel Bazin, NSCL/MSU
([email protected]).
Finally, grant applications are sought for innovative designs of high-resolution particle separators
needed for a spectrometer research programs associated with next-generation rare isotope beam
facilities. Interested parties should contact Dr. J. A. Nolen, Jr. at Argonne National Laboratory
([email protected]).
Grant applications also are sought to develop position-sensitive charged particle and photon
tracking devices, as well as associated technology for these devices, including (1) position-
sensitive, high-resolution germanium detectors capable of determining the position (to within a
few millimeters utilizing pulse shape analysis) and energy of individual interactions of gamma-
rays (with energies up to several MeV), hence allowing for the reconstruction of the energy and
path of individual gamma-rays using tracking techniques; (2) hardware and software needed for
digital signal processing and gamma-ray tracking – of particular interest is the development of
efficient and fast algorithms for signal decomposition and improved tracking programs; High
speed triggers using FPGA’s capable of decision making in less than 1 us; (3) alternative
materials, with comparable resolution to germanium, but with significantly higher efficiency and
relatively higher temperature operation (in order to overcome the costly and bulky requirement
to cool germanium detectors to liquid nitrogen temperatures); (4) improvements and new
developments in micropattern detectors – this would specifically include commercial and cost
effective production of GEM foils and other types of micropattern structures, such as fine
meshes used in Micromegas, as well as novel approaches that could provide high-resolution
multidimensional readout; (5) advances in more conventional charged-particle tracking detector
systems, such as drift chambers, pad chambers, time expansion chambers, and time projection
chambers (areas of interest include improved gases or gas additives that resist aging, improve
detector resolution, decrease flammability, and offer larger/more uniform drift velocity); (6)
high-resolution, gas-filled, time-projection chambers employing CCD cameras to perform an
optical readout; (7) gamma-ray detectors capable of making accurate measurements of high
intensities (>1011 /s) with a precision of 1-2 %, as well as economical gamma-ray beam-profile
monitors; (8) for rare isotope beams, next-generation, high-spatial-resolution focal plane
detectors for magnetic spectrographs and recoil separators, for use with heavy ions in the energy
range from less than 1 MeV/u to over 100 MeV/u; (9) a bolometer with high-Z material (e.g., W,
Ta, Pb) for gamma ray detection with segmentation, capable of handling 100 -1000 gamma rays
per second; (10) detectors made of more conventional materials (silicon or scintillator), capable
of reconstructing multiple-Compton gamma-ray scattering with mm resolution; and (11)
advances in CCD technology, particularly in areas of fast parallel, low-power readout, and cross-
talk control. In the context of (4) we are developing large area imaging devices using the
Micromegas technology associated with the read-out of a high number of channels (typically
~10,000) we will need to develop PCB boards that have an extremely good surface finish (in the
sub-micron domain), in order to get minimize gain fluctuations and sparking. Interested parties
should contact Dr. Wolfgang Mittig, NSCL/MSU ([email protected]).
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop high-rate, position sensitive beam detectors and
timing detectors for high-energy heavy-ions, (for example diamond detectors), including the
development of multi-channel readout electronics for fast high-rate detectors. Future rare
isotope beam facilities like FRIB will provide beams with unprecedented intensity, creating a
challenge for single particle tracking and beam profile measurements. The development of
position sensitive fast particle detectors for particle tracking/timing and direct/indirect beam
profile measurement techniques with high rate capability would be desirable. Ideally these
detectors would provide both position and timing measurements and be radiation resistant.
Interested parties should contact Dr. Marc Hausmann, NSCL/MSU ([email protected]).
Grant applications are sought to develop (1) ultra-low background techniques of contacting,
supporting, cooling, cabling, and connecting high-density arrays of detectors – ultrapure
materials must be used in order to keep the generated background rates as low as possible (goal
is 1 micro-Becquerel per kg); (2) advanced detector cooling techniques and associated
infrastructure components (high-density signal cabling, signal and high voltage interconnects,
vacuum feedthroughs, front-end amplifier FET assemblies), in order to assure ultra-low levels of
radioactive contaminants; (3) measurement methods for the contaminant level of the ultra-clean
materials; (4) novel methods capable of distinguishing between gammas and charged particles;
and (5) methods by which the backgrounds to rare searches, such as those induced by
cosmogenic neutrons, can be tagged, reduced, or removed entirely.
45d. Large Band Gap Semiconductors, New Bright Scintillators, Calorimeters, and
Optical Elements
Nuclear physics research has a need for developing cost effective new detector and scintillation
material with high light outputs and shorter decay times relative to NaI and CsI for
manufacturing practical devices to detect charge particles and gamma rays. Therefore, grant
applications are sought to develop new materials or advancements for photon detection,
including (1) large band gap semiconductors such as CdZnTe, HgI2, AlSb, etc.; (2) bright, fast
scintillator materials (LaHA3:Ce, where HA=Halide) and scintillators with pulse-shape
discrimination (PSD) (n/gamma and charged particle); (3) selenium based detectors (perhaps
using GaSe, CdSe or ZnSe); (4) plastic scintillators, fibers, and wavelength shifters; (5)
cryogenic scintillation detectors (LXe); (6) Cherenkov radiator materials with indices of
refraction up to 1.10 or greater, and with good optical transparency; and (7) new and innovative
calorimeter concepts, including new materials, higher packing densities, or innovative fiber and
absorber packing schemes.
Contact: Manouchehr Farkhondeh, 301-903-4398, [email protected]
Grant applications also are sought to develop the technologies and sub-systems for the targets
required at high-power, rare isotope beam facilities that use heavy ion drivers for rare isotope
production. Targets for heavy ion fragmentation and in-flight separation are required that are
made of low-Z materials and that can withstand very high power densities and are tolerant to
radiation. Interested parties should contact Dr. Wolfgang Mittig, NSCL/MSU
([email protected]).
Also required are targets that would be used with high-power light ion beams for the production
of exotic isotopes by spallation reactions.
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop techniques for (1) the production of ultra-thin
films needed for targets, strippers, and detector windows – regarding next generation rare
isotope beam facility, there is a need for stripper foils or films (in the thickness range from a few
micrograms per cm2 to over 10 milligrams per cm2) for use in the driver linac, with very high
power densities; and (2) the preparation of targets of radioisotopes, with half-lives in the range of
hours, to be used off-line in both neutron-induced and charged-particle-induced experiments.
45f. Technology for High Radiation environment of Rare Isotope Beam Facility
The establishment of next generation rare isotope beam facilities requires new and improved
techniques, instrumentations and strategies to deal with the anticipated high radiation
environment in the production, stripping and transport of ion beams. Therefore grant
applications are sought to develop:
(1) Rotating vacuum seals for application in high-radiation environment: Vacuum rotary
feedthroughs for high rotational speeds, which have a long lifetime under a high-radiation
environment, are highly desirable for the realization of rotating targets and beam dumps for
rare isotope beam production and beam strippers in high-power heavy-ion accelerators.
Interested parties should contact Dr. Wolfgang Mittig, NSCL/MSU ([email protected]).
(2) Radiation resistant multiple-use vacuum seals: Elastomer-based multi-use vacuum seals have
a limited lifetime due to radiation damage in the high-radiation environment found in the
target facility of FRIB and other high-power target facilities. Alternative solutions that
provide extended lifetimes and are suitable for remote-handling applications are needed.
Interest parties should contact Tom Burgess, NSTD/ORNL ([email protected]).
(3) Radiation resistant magnetic field probes based on new technologies: An issue in all high-
power target facilities and accelerators is the limited lifetime of conventional nuclear
magnetic resonance probes in high-radiation environments. The development of radiation-
resistant magnetic field probes (possibly based on new techniques like ion traps) for 0.2-5
Tesla and a precision of dB/B<1E-4 would be highly desirable. Interested parties should
contact Dr. Georg Bollen, FRIB/MSU ([email protected]).
(4) Techniques to study radiation transport in beam production systems: The use of energetic
and high-power heavy ion beams at future research facilities will create significant radiation
fields. Radiation transport studies are needed to design and operate facilities efficiently and
safely. Further improvements to radiation transport codes and models of secondary radiation
production, shielding, and heat deposition – along with their validation against experimental
data – are necessary. Heavy ion transport calculations in general take significantly longer
computational time than for light ion transport. Therefore, improvements in calculation
efficiencies are needed. Currently available heavy ion transport codes do not account for the
production and intensity of the ions, or for changes in charge-state distributions as the ions
pass through matter or magnetic fields. The development and incorporation of charge-state
distribution models into radiation transport codes would enhance both the design of beam
stripping and beam absorption components and the safety and lifetime consequences of
produced radiation fields. Interested parties should contact Dr. Reg Ronningen, NSCL/MSU
([email protected]).
(5) Techniques for modeling radiation damage with heavy ions: The use of energetic and high-
power heavy ion beams at future research facilities will create significant levels of radiation
damage to facility components, thus limiting their useful lifetimes. Sparse experimental data
taken at low energies indicate that the radiation damage caused by heavy ions may be orders
of magnitude higher than that predicted by existing models, such as those currently
implemented in radiation transport codes. It is purported that phenomena such as the Swift
Heavy Ion effect, which are not accounted for, may be important. New and/or improved
models are needed to reliably estimate the effects of radiation damage by heavy ions, in order
to better design and optimize the performance of future facilities. Interested parties should
contact Dr. Reg Ronningen, NSCL/MSU ([email protected]).
(6) Techniques for thermal studies of targets, beam absorbers, strippers: High intensities of
heavy ion beams for rare isotope beam production will result in a significant energy density
deposited in facility components such as production targets, beam absorbers, and beam
strippers. The anticipated levels of energy density will require sophisticated designs for these
components, in order to ensure the integrity and operability for extended periods of time.
Efforts are needed to calculate energy deposition and to perform thermal and stress analyses.
Interested parties should contact Dr. Reg Ronningen, NSCL/MSU
([email protected]).
45g. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
Contact: Manouchehr Farkhondeh, 301-903-4398, [email protected]
REFERENCES
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Experiment at RHIC”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, Vol. 377,
pp. 387, (1996). (ISSN: 0168-9002) (Full text available at:
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3. Conceptual Design Report for the Solenoidal Tracker at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, June 15, 1992. (Report No. LBL-PUB-
5347) (NTIS Order No. DE92041174) (Abstract and ordering information available from
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Telephone: 1-800-553-6847. Web site:
http://www.ntis.gov/. Search by order number. Please note: Items that are unavailable via
the Web site might be obtained by phoning NTIS.)
5. Conceptual Design Report for the measurement of neutron electric dipole moment, nEDM,
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Feb. 2007. (Full text available at:
http://p25ext.lanl.gov/edm/pdf.unprotected/CDR(no_cvr)_Final.pdf)
6. Y. Eisen, et al., “CdTe and CdZnTe Gamma Ray Detectors for Medical and Industrial
Imaging Systems”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, Vol. 428, pp.
158, (1999). (ISSN: 0168-9002) (Full text available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01689002)
11. E.V. van Loef, et al. “Scintillation Properties of LaBr3:Ce3+ Crystals: Fast, Efficient and
High-Energy-Resolution Scintillators”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research A, Vol. 486, pp. 254, (2002). (ISSN: 0168-9002) (Full text available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01689002)
13. T. C. Andersen, et al., “A Radium Assay Technique Using Hydrous Titanium Oxide
Absorbant for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research A, Vol. 501, pp. 386, (2003). (ISSN: 0168-9002) (Full text available at:
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14. Historical Development of the Plans for CEBAF @ 12 GeV Website, U.S. DOE Thomas
Jefferson Accelerator Facility. (URL: http://www.jlab.org/12GeV/)
15. eRHIC: The Electron-Ion-Collider at BNL Website, U.S. DOE Brookhaven National
Laboratory. (URL: http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/WWW/publish/abhay/Home_of_EIC/)
16. RHIC: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Website, U.S. DOE Brookhaven National
Laboratory. (URL: http://www.bnl.gov/RHIC/)
17. J. Miyamoto, et al., “GEM Operation in Negative Ion Drift Gas Mixtures”, Nuclear
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19. Proceedings of the 2003 RIA R&D Workshop, Bethesda, MD, August 26-28, 2003.
(Workshop Presentations available at: http://www.orau.org/ria/r&dworkshop/present.htm)
(40-page formal report of Workshop available at:
http://www.pubs.bnl.gov/documents/25894.pdf)
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RARE ISOTOPE BEAMS, Proceedings of SRF2009, Berlin, Germany,
http://epaper.kek.jp/SRF2009/papers/froaau02.pdf
46. NUCLEAR PHYSICS ISOTOPE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Stable and radioactive isotopes are critical to serve the broad needs of our modern society and
are critical to scientific research in chemistry, physics, energy, environment, material sciences
and for a variety of applications in industry and national security. A primary goal of the
Department of Energy’s Isotope Development and Production for Research and
Applications Program (Isotope Program) within the Office of Nuclear Physics (NP) is to support
research and development of methods and technologies in support of the production of isotopes
used for research and applications that fall within the Isotope Program portfolio. The Isotope
Program produces isotopes that are in short supply in the U.S. and of which there exists no
domestic commercial production capability; some exceptions include special nuclear materials
and molybdenum-99, for which the National Nuclear Security Administration has responsibility.
The benefit of a viable research and development program includes an increased portfolio of
isotope products, more cost-effective and efficient production technologies, a more reliable
supply of isotopes year-around and the reduced dependence of foreign supplies. With the
successful development of advanced production technologies more isotopes can be produced and
distributed for research and applications. Additional guidance for research isotope priorities is
provided in the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee Isotopes (NSACI) report available at
(http://www.sc.doe.gov/np/nsac/nsac.html). Priorities for research isotope production are
articulated in this report which will serve to guide production plans of the Isotope Program.
Grant applications are sought for new technologies to produce large quantities of separated
isotopes – such as kg quantities of Germanium-76 (76Ge), Selenum-82 (82Se), Tellurium-130
(130Te), Xenon-136 (136Xe) – and other materials that are needed for rare particle and rare decay
experiments in nuclear physics research. Further guidance for research isotope priorities is
provided in the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee Isotopes (NSACI) report available at
(http://www.sc.doe.gov/np/nsac/nsac.html).
Applications are sought for innovative developments and advances in separation technologies to
reduce processing time, to improve separations efficiencies, to automate separation systems, to
minimize waste streams, and to develop advanced materials for high-purity radiochemical
separations. In particular, the Department seeks improvements in (1) lanthanide and actinide
separations, (2) in the development of higher binding capacity resins and adsorbents for
radioisotope separations to decrease void volume and to increase activity concentrations, (3) the
scale-up of separation methods demonstrated on a small scale to large-volume production level,
and (4) new resin and adsorbent materials with increased resistance to radiation.
The following are some examples for advanced chemical separation technology needs. In
lanthanide radiochemistry, improvements are sought to a) prepare high-purity samarium-153 by
removing contaminant promethium and europium; or b) to prepare high-purity gadolinium-148
and gadolinium-153 by ultra-pure separation from europium, samarium, and promethium
contaminants. In actinide radiochemistry, innovative methods are sought a) to improve
radiochemical separations of or lower-cost approaches for producing high-purity actinium-225
and actinium-227 from contaminant metals, including thorium, radium, lead, and/or bismuth; or
b) to improve ion-exchange column materials needed for generating lead-212 from radium-224,
and bismuth-213 from actinium-225 or radium-225. The new technologies must be applicable in
extreme radiation fields that are characteristic of chemical processing involving high levels of
alpha-and/or beta-/gamma-emitting radionuclides.
46c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Nuclear Science Advisory Committee Isotopes (NSACI) Final report;” Compelling Research
Opportunities Using Isotopes”, one of the two 2008 NSAC Charges on the National Isotopes
Production and Application Program,
http://www.sc.doe.gov/np/nsac/docs/NSACI_Final_Report_Charge1.pdf.
The need to reduce risks to workers from potential exposures associated with decontamination
and decommissioning activities. Workers are required to wear personnel protective equipment to
protect them from exposure to hazardous contaminants, such as radionuclides, metals such as
mercury, lead, asbestos, and organics. The DOE is interested in new or improved personnel
protective clothing or equipment that not only is protective against the contaminants but also is
waterproof. The needs to decontaminate and dispose of hundreds of miles of contaminated
piping, during both site remediation and D&D activities. In particular, the DOE is interested in
the development of technology to shred contaminated piping and systems and to separate
metallic and non-metallic materials, while also ensuring the protection of workers and the
environment.
Process piping used in the production of nuclear materials contains residual radionuclide that
must be removed during the faculty decommissioning process. Removal of the residual
radioactive material is a necessary part of preparing the piping system components for proper
disposal in accordance with Federal, State, and local regulations. Additionally, the subsurface of
the interior pipe walls can be activated due to the exposure or absorption of radioactive materials
or particles and should be sealed after cleaning to prevent either the release of activated material
or recontamination of cleaned surface. The accumulation of corrosion products on the interior
pipe walls entraps radioactive particles. Detecting and identifying the radionuclide particles is a
prerequisite to prepare the piping system components for proper disposal in accordance with
Federal, State, and local regulations.
The Department of Energy is faced with the challenge of decommissioning multiple facilities
that are highly contaminated and/or structurally unsound. Entry by workers to conduct
characterization is therefore hazardous from radiological/chemical exposure, or as a result of
structural failure perspectives. A family of analytical tools must be developed and tested to
perform quantitative or semiquantitative analyses of materials inside these facilities. Analytical
equipment must be capable of operating remotely for extended periods of time and have
minimum maintenance requirements requiring physical contact between workers and the
instrumentation. The equipment must also be capable of being deployed on robotic platforms
which also operate remotely and will transport the instrumentation from location to location.
This type of information is required for planning to ensure worker safety during facility
decommissioning and for planning for waste disposition.
Grant applications are sought in the following subtopics:
47a. Develop Fiber Optic Sensor to Detect Ionizing Radiation and Identify the Type of
Radionuclide Contamination
Research should be pursued to develop a fiber optic sensor device that can detect and measure
the ionizing energy produced by radionuclide formed from residual deposits in process piping
systems used in the production of nuclear materials. The fiber optic measurement system should
contain signal processing components that can identify the specific radionuclides of the residual
deposits and quantify the concentration of the radioactive materials in the pipes. The fiber optic
sensor device should be designed to operate in steel and stainless steel pipe & tubing ranging
from 6 inches to ¼ inches nominal pipe diameter. Often corrosion deposits and films are
encountered on the inside pipe wall surfaces which entrap radioactive particles, therefore, the
fiber optic sensor must be able detect and measure radionuclide in this type of environment.
47b. Develop Piping ‘Pig’ Using Nanofiber Technology to Decontaminate Internal Piping
and Tubing Surfaces
Pigs are internal cleaning devices that travel through a pipe using fluid pressure. The removal of
scale is accomplished by scrapping or abrasive action. Research should be pursued to develop a
pig that is manufactured using nanofibers to remove residual radioactive deposit from the interior
of pipe used in the production of nuclear materials. The nanofiber pig should be capable of
removing radioactive deposits with limited abrasion to the interior pipe wall. Additionally, the
nanofiber pig should be propelled using a gelled typed fluid to coat the clean surface. This gel
coating is to seal the internal pipe surface to prevent recontamination either by subsurface
activated material or loose radioactive debris. The nanofiber pig should be capable of cleaning
steel and stainless steel pipe and tubing ranging from 6 inches to ¼ inches in nominal diameter.
The gel coating should have a cure time range of 12-24 hours.
47e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. http://www.pipepigs.com/images/PPP_General_Brochure.pdf
2. DOE. 2008. Engineering and Technology Roadmap: Reducing Technical Risk and
Uncertainty in the EM Program. Office of Environmental Management, U.S. Department of
Energy. March, 2008.
3. National Research Council of the National Academies. 2001. Research Opportunities for
Deactivating and Decommissioning Department of Energy Facilities. The National
Academies Press. Washington D.C.
4. National Research Council of the National Academies. 2009. Advice on the Department of
Energy’s Cleanup Technology Roadmap: Gaps and Bridges. 2009. National Academies
Press. Washington, D.C. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12603.html
48. IN SITU REMEDIATION
Controlling the source of contamination is integral to meeting remedial objectives for mitigating
direct exposure to contamination and limiting the flux of contamination to groundwater.
Functionally, the methods for addressing subsurface contamination must remove contamination
and/or reduce transport of contaminants through the vadose zone. However, this problem is
particularly challenging in vadose zone environments, which consist of complex stratified layers
of unconsolidated and water-unsaturated sediments that are, in many places, contaminated with
radionuclides, metals, organics, and, in some cases, complex mixtures. They serve as a potential
source of groundwater contamination and the primary conduit for transport from the ground
surface. If contamination is in the deep vadose zone and disperses to associated groundwater, in
situ remediation technologies or defensible technical data and justification for enhanced
attenuation may be the only ways to perform effective remediation; they may provide the only
viable paths to long-term stewardship of sites contaminated with metals and long-lived
radionuclides other than costly, ineffective and impractical physical removal techniques.
Integral to the successful development of any remedial technology is the ability to monitor, and
eventually predict, the delivery, emplacement, and long term performance of the treatment. For
example during the injection of a material for remediation (e.g. polysulfide liquid or hydrogen
sulfide gas) monitoring wells around the injection wells are monitored for parameters that will
indicate the arrival, concentration and distribution of the injected remedial fluid or gas. In
general, such monitoring is complicated by subsurface heterogeneity and by the disparity of
scales across which hydrological properties span, because these properties control the
distribution of the remedial amendment and thus the location of subsequent transformations.
Because of their limited spatial extent, these methods often cannot provide sufficient information
to describe key controls on subsurface flow and transport. This is especially true in the vadose
zone, where vertical infiltration pathways can form as a result of variable saturation and
heterogeneity and where fluid recovery for sampling can be challenging. The inability to
conventionally characterize controlling properties and induced processes at a high enough spatial
resolution, and over a large enough spatial extents, prohibits accurate assessment of remedial
actions for deep vadose zone treatments.
Research into new approaches and tools for monitoring the deep vadose zone is needed to
develop innovative measurement and monitoring techniques to: 1) measure and verify the
emplacement of a remedy, 2) track the movement of contaminants and quantify variations over
plume scales, and 3) monitor the long-term effectiveness and stability of the remedy within the
deep vadose zone, 4) monitor the progress and distribution of the remediation using alternate
subsurface interrogation techniques, including methods that use spatial integrating measures or
volumetric measures, and 5) limit future costs of performance monitoring. The ability to monitor
the remedy emplacement will allow remediation approaches to be optimized during the
application as well as lead to better application methods. Also the ability to verify the remedy
performance over time will lead to lower life-cycle costs.
48a. Novel Measurement and Monitoring Concepts for Deep Vadose Zone
Enhanced attenuation, remediation, and monitored natural attenuation strategies require
innovative measurement and monitoring tools to track performance and/or verify containment
measures. The need to monitor the remedy application has been recognized for many years;
however, monitoring approaches are still generally limited to monitoring wells. Alternate
methods should be developed to monitor the distribution of the remedy, track the movement and
property variation of contaminants and co-contaminants over plume scales, and determine the
long-term stability of immobilized contaminants in the environment using alternate subsurface
interrogation techniques. Methods that use spatial integrating measures or volumetric measures,
including geophysics or other volumetric or spatial measurement techniques such as push-pull
testing for interrogating the subsurface, are within this scope.
The ability to monitor the remedy emplacement and performance will allow remediation
approaches to be optimized during the application, as well as, lead to better selection of
appropriate technologies and application methods, and provide an independent validation of
transport model predictions. Areas of interest include non-invasive techniques to delineate
subsurface structure, track migration of contaminants in the subsurface, detect contaminant flux
and evaluate the rate and progression of biogeochemical processes. All proposals should
emphasize development of new techniques relevant to the field setting that address crucial
measurement needs in support of in situ subsurface remediation, in particular – deep vadose zone
environments. Coordination with an EM field research sites is required. Field testing of existing
prototype monitoring devices or autonomous sampling systems is within the scope. The
contaminant of interest for this Applied Research area is technetium-99 as well as nitrate and
complexing agents as co-contaminants.
Following emplacement of the remedy, data is collected to access its effectiveness. At some
point, enough information will have been gathered to verify the remedy as well as establish the
baseline for system performance. At this juncture the monitoring focus should transition to a
long-term monitoring approach that is based on the strategy of detecting change outside the
expected range. When long-term monitoring is directed toward this objective, opportunities for
innovation arise. Performance (long-term) monitoring could be more efficient and potentially
more effective using a natural systems approach in which larger scale perturbations are
monitored and compared to a baseline. A change from the predicted range may warrant further
investigation or actions. These new strategies and techniques must be sufficiently developed to
make them acceptable to regulators and stakeholders. For example large-scale parameters such
as changes in ground cover or vegetation type might signal an increase in precipitation and
moisture influx to the vadose zone which will impact a remedy. Monitoring “indicators” and
larger-scale effects may be most efficient for long-term monitoring. In developing new
approaches to performance monitoring the objectives and desired attributes of a performance
monitoring (long-term) monitoring network need to be identified and considered.
48c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Gilmore, T., BB. Looney, N. Cutshall, D. Major, T. Wiedemeier, FH. Chapelle, M. Truex, T.
Early, M. Heitkamp, J. Waugh, D. Peterson, G. Wein, C. Bagwell, M. Ankeny, KM.
Vangelas, KM. Adams, and CH. Sink. 2006. Characterization and Monitoring of Natural
Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water: A Systems Approach. Washington
Savannah River Company, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC. WSRC-TR-2005-00199. 64p.
2. Otto, M., and S. Bajpai. 2007. Treatment Technologies for Mercury in Soil, Waste, and
Water. Remediation, 18: 21-27.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Treatment Technologies for Mercury in Soil,
Waste, and Water. EPA 542-R07-003, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology
Innovation, Washington, DC.
49. NOVEL MONITORING CONCEPTS
Currently inadequate long-term monitoring and maintenance strategies and technologies are
available to verify cleanup performance which could potentially invalidate selected remedies and
escalate cleanup costs. This Initiative is aimed at developing and deploying cost-effective long-
term strategies and technologies to monitor closure sites (including soil, groundwater and surface
water) with multiple contaminants (organics, metals and radionuclides) to verify integrated long-
term cleanup performance. Long-term monitoring and maintenance is one of the largest
projected cost centers in the overall lifecycle of Environmental Management; moreover, costs
associated with the implemented systems will extend into future Legacy Management. Much of
the cost is associated with frequent analyses of contaminants in a large number of monitoring
wells. Such measurements are expensive and the resulting datasets are inefficient and inadequate
for meeting long term monitoring objectives.
To meet all of the goals, we propose to solicit the best concepts from industry in the following
four broad themes.
A. spatially integrated monitoring tools,
B. onsite and field monitoring tools and sensors,
C. engineered diagnostic components, and
D. integrated risk management and decision support tools
49e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. http://www.pipepigs.com/images/PPP_General_Brochure.pdf
50. REMOTE SENSING
For decades, the Remote Sensing Program has been a cornerstone in the national capability for
the detection of facilities and activities related to the proliferation of foreign nuclear programs.
The Remote Sensing Program research projects encompass a wide variety of potential
capabilities to detect signatures associated with the development of nuclear weapons. The
research areas in the Remote Sensing program include sensor development, image processing,
and digital signal processing techniques for characterization of observed phenomena.
50a. Improvement in Quality of II-VI and III-V Semiconductor Materials for IR Focal
Plane Arrays
The ability to grow defect-free materials could conceivably enhance the performance and
reliability of constituent photodiodes in II-VI and III-V infrared imaging focal plane arrays, such
as HgCdTe and Sb-based SLS. As in any semiconductor device, elimination of defects and
anomalies in the underlying material system will enhance device quality and performance,
yielding improved focal plane arrays. Applications are sought to enable refinements in focal
plane array technology, systematically and routinely through any relevant strategies, including
but not limited to, application of advanced analytical imaging methodologies and evaluation of
the impact of defects and anomalies on FPA performance and lifetime. Partnership with II-VI /
III-V vendors or National Labs may be desirable to access sample test articles.
50d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. N. Jarosik, et al. “Design, Implementation and Testing of the MAP Radiometers”, The
Astrophysical Journal Supplement, Vol. 145, (2003). (Full text available for downloading at:
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0301164)
3. Peng Yao, et al. “Development of High Speed Modulator for W-band Millimetre-wave
Imaging System”, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7309, 73090L-1, (2009). (Full text available at:
http://spiedl.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=PSISDG&Volume=7309&Issue=1)
51. RADIATION DETECTION
REFERENCES
1. Glenn F. Knoll, “Radiation Detection and Measurement”, Third Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, NY, 2009.
2. Special Nuclear Materials Movement Detection Program Radiation Sensors and Sources
Roadmap, NA22-OPD-01-2010
Subtopic a:
Subtopic b:
2. Robert C. Runkle, L. Eric Smith, and Anthony J. Peurrung, "The photon haystack and
emerging radiation detection technology", J. Appl. Phys. 106, 041101 (2009).
Subtopic c:
1. N.J. Cherepy, G. Hull, A. Drobshoff, S.A. Payne, E. van Loef, C. Wilson, K. Shah, U.N.
Roy, A. Burger, L.A. Boatner, W-S Choong, W.W. Moses “Strontium and Barium Iodide
High Light Yield Scintillators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 083508 (2008).
Subtopic d:
1. R. T. Kouzes, and J. H. Ely, “Status Summary of 3He and Neutron Detection Alternatives for
Homeland Security”, PNNL-19360
2. K. Osberg,N. Schemm, S. Balkir, J. I Brand, M. S. Hallbeck, P. A. Dowben, M. W. Hoffman,
"A Handheld Neutron-Detection Sensor System Utilizing a New Class of Boron Carbide
Diode", IEE Sensors Journal, 6(6), 1531, (2006).
52. GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Global Nuclear Safeguards Program supports NNSA’s nuclear nonproliferation mission by
developing innovative safeguards technologies to enhance verification of nuclear materials and
activities. The program develops technologies to detect diversion of nuclear material from
declared facilities; to detect undeclared nuclear material and activities; and to verify compliance
with arms control treaties and agreements related to the control, production, or processing of
nuclear material. The program includes R&D in nuclear (and relevant nonnuclear)
measurements; information integration, and management; advanced tools for systems analysis;
authentication, and containment, and surveillance.
52b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. “Safeguards to Prevent Nuclear Proliferation”, March 2009. (Full text available at:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf12.html).
3. Safeguards R&D Program in the United States presented at the 50th Anniversary meeting of
Institute for Nuclear Materials Management, July 2008.
53. ADVANCED SIMULATION, ALGORITHMS AND MODELING
NA-22's Simulation, Algorithm and Modeling (SAM) Program supports the other
programs within NA-22 by developing and exploiting models, simulations, advanced data
processing concepts and algorithms to enable the detection and assessment of nuclear
proliferation activities. SAM invests in high-impact, long-term, and high-risk theory,
information science and technology research for facility modeling, geospatial analysis to
transition between images and semantic meaning, advanced spectroscopic analysis and
integrated modeling.
REFERENCES
2. Rong Yan, “An Efficient Manual Image Annotation Approach based on Tagging and
Browsing.”
54. NUCLEAR DETONATION DETECTION
The Office of Nuclear Detonation Detection is responsible for the research and development
necessary to provide the U.S. Government with capabilities for monitoring nuclear explosions.
The optical waveform of atmospheric nuclear detonations is well understood and provides a way
to quickly and positively identify that a detonation is nuclear. Optical waveforms from nuclear
detonations are also a basis for an estimate of yield. Modern off-the-shelf electronics and
networking infrastructure should make possible the production of low-cost systems for these
purposes that could be widely fielded, including on buildings, towers, or vehicles.
54b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. S. Glasstone and P.J. Dolan "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons", Third Edition, United
States, Department of Defense and the United States Department of Energy, (1977).
55. RADIONUCLIDE MONITORING FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
The Ground-based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research and Development (GNEM R&D)
Program in the Office of Nuclear Detonation is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s
National Nuclear Security Administration’s Office of Nonproliferation Research and
Development. This program is responsible for the research and development necessary to
provide the U.S. Government with capabilities for monitoring nuclear explosions. The mission
of the GNEM R&D Program is to develop, demonstrate, and deliver advanced ground-based
seismic, radionuclide, hydroacoustic, and infrasound technologies and systems to operational
agencies to fulfill U.S. monitoring requirements and policies for detecting, locating, and
identifying nuclear explosions (see Reference 1). Within the context of one or more of these
technologies, research is sought to develop algorithms, hardware, and software for improved
event detection, location, and identification at thresholds and confidence levels that meet U.S.
requirements in a cost-effective manner. Superior technologies will help improve the Air Force
Technical Applications Center’s (Reference 2) ability to monitor for nuclear explosions, which
are banned by several treaties and moratoria. Annual research progress of the GNEM R&D
program is available in proceedings posted on-line (see Reference 3).
Grant applications responding to this topic must (1) demonstrate how proposed approaches
would complement, and be coordinated with, ongoing or completed work; and (2) address the
manufacturability of any instruments or components developed.
Grant applications are sought for innovative solutions to improve high-volume air sampling, gas
separation and transfer in xenon collection systems. Gas transfer and separation components of
interest include small, gas-tight, oil-free compressors; vacuum pumps; and gas transfer syringes:
Optimal factors for these components include gas-tightness, durability, operation at 120 VAC or
DC power, and the ability to be contamination free (i.e., minimal use of low vapor pressure
lubricants). A demonstration of the mean time between failure (MTBF) specifications is highly
desirable (although due to the short time duration of the phase I portion of the project at
defendable approximation to the MTBF is suitable).
Grant applications are sought for an integrated medical isotope stack monitoring system. The
system should be capable of determining the activity of a range of radionuclides via spectroscopy
using automated peak fitting routines. In addition, stack flow rates shall be used to compute the
activity concentration of the radionuclides (i.e., Bq/m3 effluent). A secondary dilution system
may be used to reduce the high activities expected during production intervals, this additional
dilution must also be factored into the calculation of activity concentration. Software database
management tools should be included allowing for efficient data archiving and analysis. Specific
requirements are listed below:
• Important Radionuclides: 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, 135Xe, 85mKr, 131I, 133I and 135I
• Stack flow rate input
• Flow rate and dilution monitoring through detector
• Automated peak fitting, radionuclide identification and variable integration time
• An additional filtering system (e.g., charcoal or particulate) for iodine with its own
separate detector system will likely be necessary.
• System must have high dynamic range, from background (103 Bq/m3) to high release
levels ~1012 Bq/m3 (added range up to 1014 Bq/m3 would be desirable)
• Measurement precision of +/- 10%
55f. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. “Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research and Engineering Program Strategic Plan, National
Nuclear Security Administration,” September 2004. (Document No. DOE/NNSA/NA-22-
NEMRE-2004) (Full text available at https://na22.nnsa.doe.gov/cgi-
bin/prod/nemre/index.cgi?Page=Strategic+Plan)
Growing efforts to study explosion monitoring in the local range (0 to 200 km) have identified a
need for an improved and simplified sensor package. What would be useful is a compact system
to record 3 components of seismic motion as well as acoustic pressure.
Grant applications are sought to develop a compact, improved and simplified sensor package for
close-in (<200 km) explosion monitoring that detects and records 3 components of seismic
motion as well as acoustic pressure. Innovative sensors that would support such a package are
also of interest. The recorder characteristics should meet current industry standards for seismic
recording: 24 bit resolution, high dynamic range (> 120 dB), precise timing (accuracy better than
0.001 s), high sample rate (up to 2 kHz) and environmentally stable (at least -20 to +50 C,
watertight, etc.). The seismo-acoustic sensors should be high-fidelity, have a broad frequency
response appropriate for recording explosions in the local range (approximately 0.1 to 1000 Hz),
and handle a dynamic range from low noise background to the higher amplitudes expected in the
near field (perhaps as high as 0.1g acceleration equivalent for seismic motion). The entire
package should be small and light (a single individual should be able to carry a few complete
systems) but be capable of recording continuously for up to a year. Low power consumption is
very important for this system and it should be possible to connect the recorder to telemetry. The
recorder should operate in continuous recording and/or triggered modes, and the user should be
able to select the mode to be sent to a telemetry system.
56b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. L.A. Casey and W.R. Bell, “Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research and Development
Roadmaps,” Proceedings of the 2010 Monitoring Research Review, September 2010
(Available at: https://na22.nnsa.doe.gov/mrr/2010/PAPERS/01-01.PDF).
57. ADVANCED SEPARATIONS CHEMISTRY TOOLS
Separations chemistry is practiced broadly for a variety of applications related to DOE missions.
These applications range from environmental sampling and analysis of trace constituents for
nuclear forensic analysis of radioactive samples. New chemical separations methods are needed
to enable researchers to rapidly and reproducibly isolate several chemical species of interest that
are in liquid mixtures at relatively low concentrations. Advances in technical tools that perform
efficient separations can directly impact the pace and extent of scientific study of species that are
in low concentrations but whose presence, if detected and quantified, has significant diagnostic
value.
57a. Development of Resin Material Binders Compatible with Emerging Highly Selective
Ligands
Extractions that now use the ligand 4-chloro-2-[(6-chloro-7-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazin-3(4H)-
yl)methyl]-5-methylphenol, and related ligands, are of interest to perform in ways that are more
efficient – that is, that are more rapid, and that achieve a high degree of separation between the
analytes that this ligand sequesters and other species in the original liquid mixture. These
efficiencies can be obtained by the development and use of an appropriate resin (binder) material
that is compatible with this ligand and that enables it to be used in a column, for use in extraction
chromatography.
Currently this ligand is used in a solvent extraction (SX) method. SX is not a rapid method of
separation, nor is it an environmentally friendly process as large amounts of toxic solvents are
used. The binding of this ligand to a solid support would greatly increase the ease and speed of
the separation.
Grant applications are sought for the development of a resin material that incorporates this ligand
in the surface area of an extraction column. Properties of interest include minimal degradation of
the ligand performance in its degree of separations (e.g., as measured by decontamination factors
in comparison to SX or batch mode tests), flow-through rates, and the rapidity of separations
achieved with the new resin. The references below describe the synthesis of this ligand type and
initial data on the SX of the ligand for Ga(III).
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Separations chemistry is practiced broadly for a variety of applications related to DOE missions.
These applications range from environmental sampling and analysis of trace constituents for
nuclear forensic analysis of radioactive samples. New chemical separations methods are needed
to enable researchers to rapidly and reproducibly isolate several chemical species of interest that
are in liquid mixtures at relatively low concentrations. Advances in technical tools that perform
efficient separations can directly impact the pace and extent of scientific study of species that are
in low concentrations but whose presence, if detected and quantified, has significant diagnostic
value.
57a. Development of Resin Material Binders Compatible with Emerging Highly Selective
Ligands
Extractions that now use the ligand 4-chloro-2-[(6-chloro-7-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazin-3(4H)-
yl)methyl]-5-methylphenol, and related ligands, are of interest to perform in ways that are more
efficient – that is, that are more rapid, and that achieve a high degree of separation between the
analytes that this ligand sequesters and other species in the original liquid mixture. These
efficiencies can be obtained by the development and use of an appropriate resin (binder) material
that is compatible with this ligand and that enables it to be used in a column, for use in extraction
chromatography.
Currently this ligand is used in a solvent extraction (SX) method. SX is not a rapid method of
separation, nor is it an environmentally friendly process as large amounts of toxic solvents are
used. The binding of this ligand to a solid support would greatly increase the ease and speed of
the separation.
Grant applications are sought for the development of a resin material that incorporates this ligand
in the surface area of an extraction column. Properties of interest include minimal degradation of
the ligand performance in its degree of separations (e.g., as measured by decontamination factors
in comparison to SX or batch mode tests), flow-through rates, and the rapidity of separations
achieved with the new resin. The references below describe the synthesis of this ligand type and
initial data on the SX of the ligand for Ga(III).
230
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A major time- and labor-intensive step in aqueous-based separations of various elements often is
not the separation itself, but rather the conversion of the carrier solvent from one type to another.
This conversion typically involves evaporating an aqueous solution to dryness and reconstituting
the remaining solute residue in another solvent matrix. This evaporation is done under
controlled conditions because of the need to carefully ensure the solvent is fully evaporated
while the solute product of interest is not destroyed by overheating. This controlled evaporation
is a process that could be automated.
Grant applications are sought for the development of an instrument designed to drive off water
and acid from a sample (through heating or another method) under automated control. Such a
system would need to be compatible with various acid vapors (specifically to include HNO3,
HCl, HF, and HClO4). Important features are the sample throughput and routing of off-gases –
so as to be able to process large numbers of samples (e.g., as many as 24, each of volume 0.1-10
milliliters) without cross contamination between them.
57c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
Subtopic b:
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232
58. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power provides over 20 percent of the U.S. electricity supply without harmful
greenhouse gases or air pollutants, including those that may cause adverse global climate
changes. New methods and technologies are needed to address key issues that affect the future
deployment of nuclear energy and to preserve the U.S. leadership in nuclear technology and
engineering, while reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation. This topic addresses several of
these key technology areas: improvements in nuclear reactor technology for existing light water
reactors and evolutionary LWR and gas-cooled reactor designs, advanced instrumentation and
control (I&C) for very high temperature gas-cooled reactor applications, advanced I&C for use
in high neutron irradiation environments for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) gas-
cooled reactor designs, and advanced technologies for the fabrication, characterization and non-
destructive testing of high quality nuclear reactor fuel for LWR and Generation IV reactor
designs which include advanced fuel cycle management related technologies. Of particular
interest are grant applications that propose the use of the Idaho National Laboratory’s Advanced
Test Reactor National Scientific User Facility for Phase I and/or Phase II. However, grant
applications that deal with nuclear materials, irradiation effects, chemistry, and/or corrosion
research are also not of interest for this topic and should be submitted instead under Topic 20.
Grant applications that address the following areas are NOT of interest and will be declined:
nuclear power plant security, homeland defense or security, or reactor building/containment
enhancements; radiation health physics dosimeters (e.g., neutron or gamma detectors), and
radiation/contamination monitoring devices; computer software enhancements; and U. S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission probabilistic risk assessments or reactor safety experiments,
testing, licensing, and site permit issues.
Grant applications that address the following areas are NOT of interest and will be declined:
Spent fuel separations technologies used in the Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program
[9, 10] and applications that seek to develop new glove boxes or sealed enclosure designs.
58c. Materials Protection Accounting and Control for Domestic Fuel Cycles
Improvements and advances are needed for the development, design and testing of new sensor
materials and measurement techniques for nuclear materials control and accountability
(including process monitoring) that increase sensitivity, resolution, radiation hardness, while
decreasing intrusiveness on operations and the cost to manufacture. In addition, concepts and
integration of safeguards features into facility/process design are being sought. Grant
applications are sought for: (1) Sensors based on radiation detection; (2) New technologies to
replace He-3 for neutron detection in accountability instruments; (3) New active interrogation
methods, including basic nuclear data (neutron and photo fission, nuclear resonance
fluorescence); (4) Non-radiation based (stimulated Raman, laser-induced breakdown
spectroscopy, fluorescence, etc.); and (5) Safeguards and security by design concepts. Grant
applications are also sought for the development of new methods for data validation and security,
data integration, and real time analysis with defense-in-depth and knowledge development of
facility state during design.
58d. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
5. Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program, Office of Nuclear Energy. (URL:
http://nuclear.energy.gov/LWRSP/overview.html )
6. Miller, D. W., et al., “U. S. Department of Energy Instrumentation, Controls and Human-
Machine Interface (IC & HMI) Technology Workshop,” Gaithersburg, MD, May 15-17,
2002, IC&HMI Report, September 2002. (Full text available at:
http://www.science.doe.gov/sbir/NE1_ICHMI_Report.pdf )
7. Hallbert, Bruce P., et al., “Report from the Light Water Reactor Sustainability Workshop on
Advanced Instrumentation, Information and Control Systems and Human-system Interface
Technologies,” held March 20-21, 2009, Columbus, Ohio, INL/EXT-09-16631, August
2009. (Full text, available at:
https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/lwrs_program/442/program_documents)
and Dudenhoeffer , D., et al, “ Technology Roadmap on Instrumentation, Control, and
Human Machine Interface to Support DOE Advanced Nuclear Power Plant Programs,”
INL/EXT-06-11862, March 2007. (Full text, available at:
http://www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/4511504.pdf)
8. Hashemian, H. M. , “The state of the art in nuclear power plant instrumentation and
control,” Int. J. Nuclear Energy Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2009, pages 330-
354.
9. U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, “ Nuclear Energy Research and Development
Roadmap, Report to Congress,” April 2010, (URL:
http://nuclear.energy.gov/pdfFiles/NuclearEnergy_Roadmap_Final.pdf )
10. U. S. Department of Energy, Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program. (URL:
http://nuclear.energy.gov/fuelcycle/neFuelCycle.html)
11. Idaho National Laboratory Advanced Test Reactor National Scientific User Facility, (URL:
http://nuclear.inl.gov/atr/)
12. Idaho National Laboratory, “Technical Program Plan for the Next Generation Nuclear
Plant/Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program,” Rev. 3,
INL/EXT-05-00465, August 2010.
13. Petti, D. et al., “The DOE Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and
Qualification Program,” 2005 International Congress On Advances In Nuclear Power Plants,
May 15-19, 2005, INEEL/CON-04-02416. (URL:
http://www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/3169816.pdf)
59. SEARCH, DISCOVERY, AND COMMUNICATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Scientific discovery underpins the advances the Nation needs to power our economy and develop
energy independence. As science progresses only if knowledge is shared, the acceleration of the
sharing of scientific knowledge speeds up scientific progress. In today’s world, this knowledge
is embodied in text (journal articles, e-prints, conference proceedings, report literature) as well as
in many digitized non-text formats (numeric data, images, video, streaming media, and more)
hosted on geographically dispersed servers. Researchers would benefit greatly if they had ways
to simultaneously search across these vast resources of text and/or non-text and find the specific
knowledge they need in an integrated manner. While technology has significantly accelerated
the availability and quantity of scientific information on the Web, the tools and capabilities to
search and find that information have not kept pace with its growth. This lag has created a
chasm in the capability to globally search the Internet, especially with regard to distributed
scientific and technical information of merit.
59b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
3. “DOE Science Accelerator: Advancing Science by Accelerating Science Access”, U.S. DOE
Office of Science and Office of Scientific and
235Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006.
(Full text at: http://www.osti.gov/innovation/scienceaccelerator.pdf)
4. “Social Media and Web 2.0 in Government”. (URL:
http://www.usa.gov/webcontent/technology/other_tech.shtml)
5. “Science Conferences”, U.S. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Website. (URL: http://www.osti.gov/scienceconferences)
6. “Energy Science and Technology Virtual Library: Energyfiles”, U.S. DOE Office of
Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) Website. (URL:
http://www.osti.gov/energyfiles/pathways.html)
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The DOE High Energy Physics (HEP) program supports a broad research and development
(R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle accelerators,
storage rings, and associated apparatus. The strategic plan for HEP includes initiatives on the
intensity frontier, relying on accelerators capable of delivering very high average beam intensity
at multi-GeV energies, i.e. beam powers measured in megawatts. Beams are typically composed
of protons or ions. The DOE HEP program seeks to develop advanced technologies that can be
used to support MW-class facilities in a cost effective manner.
The HEP application of interest is for a high intensity proton source to support intensity frontier
programs including long baseline neutrino beams and rare processes experiments. Other possible
applications include high-intensity proton drivers for neutron production, waste transmutation,
energy production in sub-critical nuclear reactors, medical proton therapy, and radioisotope
production.
60g. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
237
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REFERENCES
1. Proceedings of the 42nd ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on High Intensity-High
Brightness Hadron Beams, Nashville, TN, 2008
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/HB2008/html/sessi0n.htm
2. Padamsee, H., Knobloch, J., Hays, T., RF Superconductivity for Accelerators, John Wiley &
Sons, 1998
6. Zhang, Y., Experience and Lessons with the SNS Superconducting Linac, International
Particle Accelerator Conference, Kyoto, 2010
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC10/papers/mozmh01.pdf
7. Kamigaito, O., World-Wide Efforts on Rare Isotope and Radioactive Ion Beams,
International Particle Accelerator Conference, Kyoto, 2010
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC10/papers/moybmh01.pdf
11. RF Superconductivity for Accelerators, by Hasan Padamsee, Jens Knobloch, Tom Hays, pp.
544. ISBN 0-471-15432-6. Wiley-VCH , May 1998. (Re-issued in 2009)
13. ILC reference design report: Volume III Accelerator, P 157 (Published online at
http://ilcdoc.linearcollider.org/record/6321/files/ILC_RDR_Volume_3-
Accelerator.pdf?ln=en)
14. S. Tantawi et. al, "High-power multimode X-band rf pulse compression system for future
linear colliders," PHYSICAL REVIEW SPECIAL TOPICS - ACCELERATORS AND
BEAMS 8, 042002 (2005)
238
61. HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION FOR DATA
ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING
The DOE supports the development of advanced electronics and for the recording, processing,
storage, distribution, and analysis of experimental data that is essential to experiments and
particle accelerators used for High Energy Physics (HEP) research. Areas of present interest
include event triggering, data acquisition, high speed logic arrays, and fiber optic links useful to
HEP experiments and particle accelerators. Grant applications must clearly and specifically
indicate their relevance to present or future HEP programmatic activities.
Although particle physics detector and data processing instrumentation typically are developed
in large collaborative efforts at national particle accelerator centers, there are efforts where small
businesses can make innovative and creative contributions. Applicants are encouraged to
collaborate with active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national
laboratories to establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers
are available by institution at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.htlml.
61a. Special Purpose Chips and Devices for Large Particle Detectors
Grant applications are sought to develop special purpose chips and devices for use in the internal
circuitry employed in large particle detectors. Desirable features include low noise, low power
consumption, high packing density, radiation resistance, very high response speed, and/or high
adaptability to situations requiring multiple parallel channels. Desirable functions include
amplifiers, counters, analog pulse storage devices, decoders, encoders, analog-to-digital
converters, pico-second-resolution time-to-digital converters, controllers, and communications
interface devices.
61b. Circuits and Systems for Processing Data from Particle Detectors
Grant applications are sought to develop circuits and systems for rapidly processing data from
particle detectors such as proportional wire chambers, scintillation counters, silicon microstrip
detectors, pixilated imaging sensors, particle calorimeters, and Cerenkov counters.
Representative processing functions and circuits include low noise pulse amplifiers and
preamplifiers, high speed counters (>300 MHz), and time-to-amplitude converters.
Compatibility with one of the widely used module interconnection standards (e.g., VMEbus,
PCIExpress, or high speed serial interfaces) is highly desirable, as would be low power
consumption, high component density, and/or adaptability to large numbers of multiple channels.
240
widely used module interconnection standards (e.g., VMEbus, PCIExpress, or high speed serial
interfaces).
Grant applications also are sought for the innovative use of fiber optic links and/or commodity
high-bandwidth networks for high-rate transmission of collected data between particle detectors
and data recording or control systems. Approaches of interest should demonstrate technologies
that feature one or more of the following characteristics: low noise, radiation tolerance, low
power consumption, high packing density, and the ability to handle a large number of channels at
very high rates.
61e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
2. “ATLAS HLT, DAQ, and DCS Technical Design Report,” CERN, October 2, 2003.
(Document No. CERN/LHCC/2003-022) (Available at: http://atlas-proj-hltdaqdcs-
tdr.web.cern.ch/)
241
10. “Computer Applications in Nuclear and Plasma Science,” Conferences on Real-Time
Computer Applications in Nuclear, Particle, and Plasma Physics, IEEE-sponsored Website.
(URL: http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/nps/CANPS.htm)
11. Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University
Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0-5213-04245)
12. Perkins, D. H., An Introduction to High Energy Physics, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,
1982. (ISBN: 0-2010-57573)
13. “PCI Express: Performance Scalability for the Next Decade,” PCI-SIG Website. (URL:
http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress)
14. Regler, M., et al., “Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments,”
Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2000. (ISBN: 0-5216-32196)
16. “DOE UltraScience Net: Experimental Ultra-Scale Network Research Testbed [Ultranet]
for Large-Scale Science,” U.S. DOE Website. (URL: http://www.csm.ornl.gov/ultranet/)
18. Lattice QCD Executive Committee, “Computational Infrastructure for Lattice Gauge
Theory: a Strategic Plan,” U.S. DOE, April 4, 2002. (Full text available at:
http://www.lqcd.org/scidac/strategic-plan-04-04.pdf)
21. “Statistical Problems in Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Workshop Series”
(See ’08 Workshop Recommended Reading list: http://phystat-lhc.web.cern.ch/phystat-
lhc/2008-001.pdf)
22. “CHEP’07 [Computing in High Energy Physics Conference],” Victoria, BC, Canada, Sept. 2-
4, 2007, Website. (Website, including Conference papers http://www.chep2007.com/)
242
62. HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
The DOE supports the development of computational technologies essential to experiments and
particle accelerators used for High Energy Physics (HEP) research. Areas of present interest
include scalable clustered computer systems, distributed collaborative infrastructure, distributed
data management, and analysis frameworks, and distributed software development useful to HEP
experiments and particle accelerators. Grant applications must clearly and specifically indicate
their relevance to present or future HEP programmatic activities.
Although particle physics computer systems and software development typically occur in large
collaborative efforts at national particle accelerator centers, there are efforts where small
businesses can make innovative and creative contributions. Applicants are encouraged to
collaborate with active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national
laboratories to establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers
are available by institution at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.htlml.
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physics analysis; (3) software to support data systems distributed over a wide area network; (4)
software development tools for the production of computer software to meet identified problems
related to distributed, large-scale software development, configuration management, and data
analysis – approaches of interest include distributed portable testing and Computer Aided
Software Engineering, such as configuration management tools for a portable, distributed
environment; (5) algorithms and software tools for pattern recognition and optimization of data
analysis; and (6) tools for improvements to the performance, verification, or validation of large
software codes, such as found in the LHC experiments.
62f. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
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2. “ATLAS HLT, DAQ, and DCS Technical Design Report,” CERN, October 2, 2003.
(Document No. CERN/LHCC/2003-022) (Available at: http://atlas-proj-hltdaqdcs-
tdr.web.cern.ch/)
3. Bromley, D. A., “Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers,
Detectors and Associated Equipment, 162(1-3, pt. I): 1-8, 1979. (ISSN: 0168-9002)
6. Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University
Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0-5213-04245)
8. “PCI Express: Performance Scalability for the Next Decade,” PCI-SIG Website. (URL:
http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress)
9. Regler, M., et al., “Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments,”
Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2000. (ISBN: 0-5216-32196)
10. “DOE UltraScience Net: Experimental Ultra-Scale Network Research Testbed [Ultranet]
for Large-Scale Science,” U.S. DOE Website. (URL: http://www.csm.ornl.gov/ultranet/)
12. Lattice QCD Executive Committee, “Computational Infrastructure for Lattice Gauge
Theory: a Strategic Plan,” U.S. DOE, April 4, 2002. (Full text available at:
http://www.lqcd.org/scidac/strategic-plan-04-04.pdf)
245
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15. “Statistical Problems in Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Workshop Series”
(See ’08 Workshop Recommended Reading list: http://phystat-lhc.web.cern.ch/phystat-
lhc/2008-001.pdf )
16. “CHEP’07 [Computing in High Energy Physics Conference],” Victoria, BC, Canada, Sept.
2-4, 2007, Website. (Website, including Conference papers at: http://www.chep2007.com/)
The DOE supports research and development in a wide range of technologies essential to
experiments in High Energy Physics (HEP) and to the accelerators at DOE high energy
accelerator laboratories. The development of advanced technologies for particle detection and
identification for use in HEP experiments or particle accelerators is desired. Broadly the areas of
interest are improvements in the sensitivity, robustness, and cost effectiveness of particle
detectors. Principal areas of interest include particle detectors based on new techniques and
technological developments, or detectors that can be used in novel ways as a consequence of
associated technological developments in electronics (e.g., sensitivity or bandwidth). Also of
interest are novel experimental systems that use new detectors, or use old ones in new ways or
with significant improvement, in order to either extend basic HEP experimental research
capabilities or result in less costly and less complex apparatus. Devices which exhibit
insensitivity to very high radiation levels have recently become extremely important. Grant
applications must clearly and specifically indicate their particular relevance to HEP
programmatic activities.
Although particle physics detector development is often concentrated at major national particle
accelerator centers, there are many developmental endeavors, especially in collaborative efforts,
where small businesses can make creative and innovative contributions that further develop the
required advanced technologies. Nonetheless, applicants are encouraged to collaborate with
active high energy elementary particle physicists at universities or national laboratories to
establish mutually beneficial goals. On-line directories of appropriate researchers are available
at http://www.hep.net/sites/directories.html.
Proposed devices must be explicitly related to future high-energy physics experiments, either
accelerator or non-accelerator based, or to future uses in particle accelerators. Relevant potential
improvements over existing devices and techniques must be discussed explicitly. For example
with respect to radiation hardness, energy, position, and timing resolution, sensitivity, rate
capability, stability, dynamic range, durability, compactness, cost, etc. Electromagnetic
calorimeters, also called shower counters or gamma ray detectors, must be optimized for photons
with energies above 1 GeV. X-ray detectors are not relevant to this topic.
63c. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Abe, F., et al., “The CDF Detector: An Overview,” Nuclear Instruments & Methods in
Physics Research, Section A–Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
Equipment, 271(3): 387-403, September 1988. (ISSN: 0168-9002)
2. Amidei, D., et al., “The Silicon Vertex Detector of the Collider Detector at Fermilab,”
Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, 350(1-2): 73-130, October
15, 1994. (ISSN: 0168-9002)
3. Bock, R. K. and Regler, M., “Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics
Experiments,” Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (ISBN: 0-5213-41957)
4. Bromley, D. A., “Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 162(1-3): 1-8, June 15, 1979. (ISSN: 0029-
554X)
6. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry:
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in
Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 4-7, 1998, New York: American Institute of
Physics, 1999. (ISBN: 1-56396-825-8) (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 475) (Abstracts
and ordering information available at: American Institute of Physics Conference
Proceedings sub-series: Accelerators, Beams, Instrumentation at:
http://scitation.aip.org/proceedings/confproceed/475.jsp)
7. Kleinknecht, K., Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University
Press, 1986. (ISBN: 0-5213-04245)
8. Litke, A. M. and Schwarz, A. S., “The Silicon Microstrip Detector,” Scientific American,
272(5):76-81, May 1995. (ISSN: 0036-8733) 247
9. Perkins, D. H., An Introduction to High Energy Physics, Second Ed., Addison-Wesley 1982.
(ISBN: 0-201-05757-3)
10. Knoll, G., Radiation Detection and Measurement, Wiley, 1979. (ISBN: 0-471-49545-X)
11. Leo, W.R., Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, Springer-Verlag,
1987. (ISBN: 0-387-17386-2)
64. HIGH-FIELD SUPERCONDUCTOR AND SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET
TECHNOLOGIES FOR HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE COLLIDERS
The Department of Energy High Energy Physics program supports a broad research and
development (R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle
accelerators, storage rings, and associated apparatus. Advanced R&D is needed in support of
this research in high-field superconductor and superconducting magnet technologies. This topic
addresses only those superconductor and superconducting magnet development technologies that
support dipoles, quadrupoles, and higher order multipole corrector magnets for use in
accelerators, storage rings, and charged particle beam transport systems.
Present wires made of magnesium diboride (MgB2) and its alloyed variants are characterized by
a filling factor that is too low, wire cross-sections that have too few filaments, and upper critical
and irreversibility fields that are too low. Therefore, grant applications should seek to improve
the current density over the wire cross-section, implement restacked round-wire multi-
filamentary designs, and extend the field at which a critical current density can be attained over
the superconductor cross-section of 1200 A mm-2 in the 12-16 T range at 4.2 K.
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop (1) A-15 compounds, such as Nb3Sn and Nb3Al
– a minimum current density of 1800 A mm-2 at 15 T and 4.2 K must be achieved in the
superconductor itself; and (2) high-temperature superconductors (HTS), such as Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8
and YBa2Cu3O7-δ – a minimum current density of 1200 A mm-2 (not A cm-2) must be achieved in
the superconductor itself, and a minimum current density of 250 A mm-2 must be achieved over
the total conductor cross section at 12 T minimum and 4.2 K.
Grant applications also are sought for innovative insulating materials that are compatible with
the use of inter-metallic superconductors in practical devices. Approaches of interest should
enable the use of inter-metallic superconductors (such as the A-15, HTS, or MgB2 types) in
practical devices. Insulating systems must be compatible with high temperature reactions in the
750-900 ºC range, be capable of supporting high mechanical loads at both room and cryogenic
temperatures, have a high coefficient of thermal conductivity, be resistant to radiation damage,
and exhibit low creep and low out-gassing rates when irradiated.
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop HTS conductors suitable for the very-high-field
30-50 T solenoids needed for final ionization cooling stages of a Muon Collider.
Contact: Bruce Strauss, 301-903-3705, [email protected]
64e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
2. Cifarelli, L. and Mariatato, L., eds., Superconducting Materials for High Energy Colliders,
Proceedings of the 38th Workshop of the INFN Eloisatron Project, Erice, Italy, October 19-
25, 1999, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2001. (ISBN: 9-8102-43197)
3. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry,
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in
Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 12-13, 2002, New York: American Institute
of Physics, August 2003. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 680) (ISBN: 0-7354-0149-7)*
4. Chew, J., et al., eds., Proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland,
Oregon, May 12-16, 2003, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2003.
(ISBN: 0-7803-77399)
5. Mess, K. H., et al., Superconducting Accelerator Magnets, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific,
1996. (ISBN: 9-8102-27906)
6. “The 2000 Applied Superconductivity Conference,” Virginia Beach, VA, September 17-22,
2000, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 Parts, 11(1), March 2001. (ISSN:
1051-8223) (Website:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=77&year=2000)
(Must have log-in)
7. “The 2002 Applied Superconductivity Conference,” Houston, TX, August 4-9, 2002, IEEE
Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 parts, 13(2), June 2003. (ISSN: 1051-8223)
(Website: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=77&year=2002) (Must
have log in)
8. “The 2004 Applied Superconductivity Conference,” Jacksonville, FL, October 3-8, 2004,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 parts, 15(2), June 2003. (ISSN: 1051-
8223) (Website:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=77&year=2003) (Must have log-
in)
9. “The Nineteenth International Conference on Magnet Technology,” Genova, Italy, September
18-23, 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 16(2), June 2006. (ISSN:
1051-8223)
10. “The 2006 Applied Superconductivity Conference,” Seattle, WA, August 27-September 3,
2006, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 parts, 17(2), June 2007. (ISSN:
1051-8223)
11. “The 2008 Applied Superconductivity Conference,” Chicago, IL, August 17-22, 2008, IEEE
Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 3 parts, 19(2), June 2009. (ISSN: 1051-8223)
The DOE High Energy Physics (HEP) program supports research and development for the
International Linear Collider (ILC), a 500-1000 GeV superconducting linear electron-positron
collider, that will probe the energy frontier with unprecedented precision (see reference 1).
Grant applications submitted in response to this topic must explicitly describe the relevance of
the proposed technology to the ILC. Proposed approaches must demonstrate an awareness of
ILC linac parameters, which include a beam intensity of 2x1010 electrons or positrons per bunch,
in trains of about 3000 bunches, separated by about 300 ns. The trains themselves occur at a
repetition rate of 5 Hz. Each bunch has an rms invariant transverse emittance of about 8 μm
(horizontal) by 0.02 μm (vertical), with an rms bunch length of 300 μm. Beam size at the
interaction point (IP) is about 6 nm vertically. The energy varies from 5 GeV at the start of the
linac to 250 GeV at the end.
Grant applications also are sought to develop SRF cavity processing technology to clean and
improve the smoothness of the surface of multi-cell niobium (Nb) cavities. Priority approaches
include: innovative chemical and electropolishing routes, especially those that reduce or
eliminate the dependence on hydrofluoric acid; in-line diagnoses of process acids for ion content
and dissolved metal; alternative routes such as tumbling, plasma cleaning, or ion bombardment;
quality assurance, control, and testing technologies; and advanced cleaning and handling
techniques to eliminate particulate contamination as a source of field emission in the cavities.
Proposed processing technologies should be able to demonstrate an improvement in the
accelerating gradient of the cavities, compared to present baseline techniques, at an equivalent or
reduced cost of implementation.
Grant applications also are sought to develop digital, low-level RF (LLRF) systems to control the
phase and amplitude of SRF cavities operating at 1.3 GHz, with loaded Q-values in the range of
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106. Of particular interest are systems capable of phase control at the level 0.5o or better, and
amplitude control at the level of 0.1% or better. Advanced LLRF systems that can perform
vector sum control on ILC cryomodules, thus allowing each cavity to be run at its full potential,
are also of interest.
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop instrumentation that can be used to monitor x-
rays caused by electron field emission in SRF cavities. Proposed systems should support
mapping of radiation from ILC-type cavities during testing in vertical and horizontal test dewars.
Sensors must be operable in liquid Helium at temperatures down to ~1.5 K. The objective is to
determine the location(s) of the field emitters. Tomographic techniques may be applicable.
Grant applications also are sought to increase the technical refrigeration efficiency – from 20%
Carnot to 30% Carnot – for large systems (e.g. 10 kW at 2K), while maintaining higher
efficiency over a capacity turndown of up to 50%. This might be done, for example, by reducing
the number of compression stages or by improving the efficiency of stages. Grant applications
also are sought to develop improved and highly efficient liquid helium distribution systems.
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(1) fast transverse feedback systems, appropriate for controlling vertical beam jitter at the 0.1
sigma level, in linear colliders with long bunch trains (on the order of 1 ms). Areas of particular
interest include systems with bandwidth sufficient to control single bunches within a train (with a
bunch separation of order 100 ns), and systems that can operate on a train-by-train basis (with a
train repetition period of order 5 Hz). System design should be based on the bunch parameters of
the ILC, which are listed in the introduction to this topic.
(2) large aperture (> 70 mm diameter) linac beam position monitoring systems, capable of
single-bunch position resolution of 1 µm (rms) or better. High precision beam position monitors
for the damping rings and beam delivery system are also of interest. The system design must be
relevant for the bunch parameters of the ILC, which are listed in the introduction to this topic.
(3) high resolution beam profile monitoring systems capable of measuring the emittance of a
high energy electron/positron beam, with the bunch parameters of the ILC, which are listed in
the introduction to this topic. The emittance should be measured with an accuracy of 10% or
better.
(4) particle beam technologies to facilitate the installation, support, and alignment of very large
accelerator beam line lattice elements.
65f. Undulators
The ILC uses undulators to generate the photons that subsequently impinge on a thin target to
produce positrons. Grant applications are sought to develop short-period helical undulators,
suitable for use with a high-energy (>150 GeV) electron beam, to produce an intense 10 MeV
photon beam. The undulator field, gap, and period must be consistent with the requirements of
the ILC undulator-based source (reference 2). ILC parameters are listed in the introduction to
this topic.
(1) wiggler systems suitable for use in the damping rings of the ILC. Both permanent magnet
and superconducting magnet systems are of interest. Over one damping time, the uniformity of
the wiggler field must be sufficient to provide a dynamic aperture of approximately 10 sigma, as
determined by tracking particles characteristic of the injected positron beam. The wiggler
physical aperture must provide an acceptance of approximately 5 sigma.
(2) fast kicker systems useful for single bunch injection/extraction systems in the ILC damping
rings. The rise and fall time of the field seen by the beam must be close to ~1 ns. The overall
system (possibly consisting of a number of kicker modules) should be capable of delivering a 0.6
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mrad kick to a 5 GeV electron beam. The kicker should be capable of burst operation at 6 MHz
for a duration of up to 1 ms, at a repetition rate of 5 Hz.
(4) quadrupole focusing systems, capable of achieving the demagnification needed at the
interaction point of the ILC, while satisfying the geometry constraints imposed by the beam
crossing angle and the particle detectors (reference 3).
(5) water cooled accelerator magnets with extremely high reliability, characterized by a mean
time to failure greater than 10 million hours. These accelerator magnets also require highly
reliable power supply systems with a mean time to failure greater than 4 million hours, and high-
reliability electronic control systems for magnet operation.
65i. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
2. Bair, G. A., et al., “TESLA: Technical Design Report: Part II—The Accelerator,” Royal
Holloway Centre for Particle Physics, March 2001. (Full text available at:
http://www.pp.rhul.ac.uk/hep/pubs2/2001/flc01-22.html )
3. Loew, G., et al., “International Linear Collider (ILC) Technical Review Committee: Second
Report,” 2003. (Report No. SLAC-R-606) (Hard copy available from National Technology
Information Service at: http://www.ntis.gov)
4. “The 2008 Linear Collider Workshop (LCWS08) and the International Linear Collider
meeting (ILC08)” in Chicago, Illinois, on November 16-20, 2008. (URL:
http://www.linearcollider.org/lcws08/program.html)
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7. “2nd ILC Accelerator Workshop,” Snowmass, Colorado, USA, August 14-27, 2005 Website.
(URL: http://alcpg2005.colorado.edu/)
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The DOE High Energy Physics (HEP) program supports a broad research and development
(R&D) effort in the science, engineering, and technology of charged particle accelerators,
storage rings, and associated apparatus. As high energy physics facilities get bigger and more
costly, the DOE HEP program seeks to develop advanced technologies that can be used to reduce
the overall machine size and cost.
Grant applications also are sought to demonstrate proton acceleration in the energy range of 5-25
GeV using non-scaling, fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerators. This
demonstration may require an electron model to directly simulate operation in a space-charge
limited regime and fast RF modulation for high repetition rate. The HEP application of interest
is for a proton driver injector for a neutrino factory. Other possible applications include high-
intensity proton drivers for neutron production, waste transmutation, energy production in sub-
critical nuclear reactors, medical proton therapy (250 MeV), and radioisotope production.
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Grant applications are also sought to develop non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient
(FFAG) and Recirculating Linear Accelerator (RLA) systems for muon acceleration.
For FFAG, approaches of interest include: (1) the development and analysis of FFAG designs
that contain insertion sections, (2) engineering design and cost analysis of injection and
extraction systems for a neutrino factory FFAG, including the effect of the kicker system on the
beam dynamics, and (3) detailed analysis of the dynamics of recently proposed non-scaling
FFAG designs, including such features as dynamic aperture (and how it depends on acceleration
rate) and sensitivity to errors.
For RLA, approaches of interest include: (1) lattice optimization for a large energy range, (2)
examination of the practical upper limit to the number of passes the beam can make through an
RLA, and (3) detailed design of a suitable switchyard and its magnets.
Lastly, grant applications are sought for new concepts, approaches, or designs for radio-
frequency amplifiers, or pulse compression schemes, for use in the acceleration and ionization
cooling channels of a future muon collider. The amplifiers or compressors must have high peak
power (>30 MW) and pulsed, low frequency (from 2 ms pulses at 20 MHz to 0.1 ms pulses at
200 MHz). Higher power (>100 MW) pulsed sources at higher frequencies, e.g., 30 µs at 400
MHz, also are of interest. All muon collider amplifiers must have moderate repetition rate
capability (e.g., 50 Hz). Grant applications should address the cost per unit of peak power,
including the cost of required power supplies.
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multipole correctors for use in electron linear accelerators; and (2) solenoids for use in electron-
beam or ion-beam sources, or for klystron or other radio frequency amplifier tubes operating at
wavelengths from 0.7 to 10 cm. In these optical elements, permanent magnets or hybrid magnets
incorporating magnetic materials that have very high residual magnetization, radiation resistance,
and thermal stability (low variation of field strength with temperature) are of particular interest.
Grant applications also are sought to develop (1) undulators for bunching high energy electron
beams, needed for phased injection in high frequency accelerating structures and for generating
coherent transition radiation; (2) electron lenses for compensation of space-charge and beam-
beam effects and for particle collimation; (3) novel charged particle beam monitors to measure
the transverse or longitudinal charge distribution, emittance, or phase-space distributions of
small radius (0.1 µm to 5 mm diameter), short length (10 µm to 10 mm) relativistic electron or
ion beams; and (4) devices capable of measuring and recording the Schottky or transition
radiation spectrum of these beams (proposed techniques should be nondestructive, or minimally
perturbative, to the beams monitored and have computer-compatible readouts).
Grant applications also are sought to develop achromatic, isochronous compact focusing systems
with broad energy acceptance and compact broadband (10-100 MeV) spectrometers, suitable for
use in laser acceleration experiments.
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop high density (range of 1018-1020 cm-3), high
repetition rate (≥10 Hz) pulsed gas jets, capable of producing longitudinally tailored density
profiles with long lengths (centimeter scale) and narrow widths (few hundred microns) for use in
laser wakefield accelerators. The gas jet should have sharp entrance gradients, with a transition
region/length on the order of 500 µm. The pulse duration of the jets should be less than 500 µs
to minimize the amount of gas loading in vacuum chambers. Cluster gas jets, i.e., jets that are
cooled and produce atomic clusters, are also of interest.
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long; (2) normalized transverse beam emittance <5π mm-mrad; and (3) pulse repetition rate >10
Hz. Grant applications also are sought for sources with significantly lower bunch charges,
energies, and emittances from a matrix cathode, but at comparable or greater peak currents and
significantly higher repetition rates. In addition, grant applications are sought to develop a bright
direct-current/radio-frequency (DC/RF) photocathode electron source that combines a pulsed
high-electric-field DC gun and a high field RF accelerator, operates at a repetition rate of several
kHz, and has electron bunch specifications similar to those listed above.
Grant applications also are sought to develop: (1) robust RF photocathodes (quantum
efficiencies >0.1 percent) or other novel RF gun technologies operating at output electron beam
energies >3 MeV; (2) laser or electron driven systems for such guns; and (3) electron beam
sources, such as sheet or multiple beams, relevant to the abovementioned high power RF
applications.
Grant applications also are sought to develop real-time optical networks for pulsed-accelerator
control. These networks require timing information to be combined with data-communication
functions on a single optical fiber connected to pulsed device-controllers. The single fiber
should provide each controller with an RF-synchronized clock that has the following features:
(1) an arrival time that is phase-locked to the temperature-stabilized RF reference phase, (2) a
phase-locked machine pulse fiducial point, (3) digital data for machine pulse-type selection and
specific pulse identification, and (4) real-time-streaming pulsed waveform data-acquisition
capabilities. The controllers serve as interfaces to systems that provide such functions as low-
level RF signal generation, modulator control, beam position monitors, and machine protection
system sensing. The network should provide real-time, fast-feedback loop closure and TCP/IP
connectivity for slow control functions such as database access, device configuration, and code
downloading and debugging.
Finally, grant applications are sought to develop real-time processors and software for pulsed
accelerator control and monitoring. The software should be based on a multiprocessor
architecture that can be deeply embedded within pulsed device-controllers, which employ
system-on-a-chip, field-programmable gate-array, or application-specific integrated circuit
technologies. The architectures should feature distinct processors for real-time pulse-to-pulse
functions, and conventional slow control functions. Architectural provisions for supporting
machine protection functions via an additional processor or dedicated hardware also should be
included.
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For the preceding two paragraphs, proposed solutions should be engineered to include: (1)
resistance to electromagnetic interference generated by nearby, large pulsed-power systems; and
(2) maximum availability in remote deployment locations.
Grant applications also are sought to develop improved simulation packages for injectors or
photoinjectors. Areas of interest include: (1) improved space-charge algorithms; (2) improved
algorithms for the self-consistent computation of the effects of wakefields and coherent
synchrotron radiation on the detailed beam dynamics; (3) improved fully-three-dimensional
algorithms for the modeling of transversely asymmetric beams; and (4) explicit end-to-end
simulations that provide for more accurate beam-quality calculations in full injector systems.
66h. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Berz, M. and Makino, K., eds., Computational Accelerator Physics 2002, Proceedings of the
7th International Conference on Computational Accelerator Physics, East Lansing, MI,
October 15-18, 2002, Bristol/Philadelphia, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005. (Institute of
Physics Conference Series Number 175) (ISBN: 0-7503-09393)
3. Chao, A. and Tigner, M., eds., Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, River
Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 9-8102-38584)
4. Conde, M and Eyberger, C., eds. Advanced Accelerator Concepts, 12th Workshop, Lake
Geneva, WI, July 10-15, 2006, American Institute of Physics, 2006. (AIP Conference
260
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5. Schroeder, C.B., Leemans, W. and Esarey, E., eds. Advanced Accelerator Concepts, 13th
Workshop, Santa Cruz, California, July 27-August 2, 2008, American Institute of Physics,
2009. (AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 1086. ISBN: 978-0-7354-0617-9)* (See also
URL: http://aac08.lbl.gov)
6. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry:
Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators
in Research and Industry, Denton, TX, November 12-13, 2002, New York: American
Institute of Physics, August 2003. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 680) (ISBN: 0-7354-
01497)*
7. The 2008 Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW08), May 4-8, 2008, Lake Tahoe,
California. (URL: http://www.als.lbl.gov/biw08/)
8. Shea, T. and Sibley R., III, eds., Beam Instrumentation Workshop 2004: Eleventh Beam
Instrumentation Workshop, Knoxville, TN, May 3-6, 2004, American Institute of Physics,
2004. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 732) (ISBN: 0-7354-02140)*
9. Ko, K. and Ryne, R., eds., “Proceedings of the 1998 International Computational Accelerator
Physics Conference: ICAP ’98,” Monterey, CA, September 14-18, 1998, Stanford, CA:
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, November 2001. (Document No. SLAC-R-580) (Full
proceedings available at: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C980914.)
10. Kurokawa, S., et al., eds., Beam Measurement: Proceedings of the Joint US-CERN-Japan-
Russia School on Particle Accelerators, Montreux and CERN, Switzerland, May 11-20,
1998, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 9-8102-38819)
11. Lee, S. Y., Accelerator Physics, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1999. (ISBN: 9-8102-
37103)
12. Rosenzweig, J., Travish, G. and Serafini, L., eds., The Physics and Applications of High
Brightness Beams, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2003. (ISBN: 981-238-726-9)
14. Para, A., ed., Neutrino Factories and Superbeams: 5th International Workshop on Neutrino
Factories and Superbeams NuFact 03, New York, NY, June 5-11, 2003. New York:
American Institute of Physics, October 2004. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 721)
(ISBN: 0-7354-02019)*
15. Zimmermann, F., et al., “Potential of Non-Standard Emittance Damping Schemes for Linear
Colliders,” presented at: 3rd Asian Particle Accelerator Conference APAC 2004, Gyeongiu,
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Radio frequency (RF) technology is a key technology common to all high energy accelerators.
RF sources with improved efficiency and accelerating structures with increased accelerating
gradient are important for keeping the cost down for future machines. Relevance to applications
in HEP must be explicitly described.
67a. New Concepts and Modeling Techniques for Radio Frequency Acceleration
Structures
Grant applications are sought for research on very high gradient RF accelerating structures,
normal or superconducting, for use in accelerators and storage rings. Gradients >150 MV/m for
electrons and >10 MV/m for protons in normal cavities are of particular interest, as are means for
suppressing unwanted higher-order modes and reducing costs. In muon accelerator R&D,
structures for capture and acceleration of large emittance muon beams and techniques for
achieving gradients of 5-20 MV/m in cavities with frequencies between 5 and 400 MHz
(including superconducting cavities whose resonant frequencies can be rapidly modulated) are of
interest. Methods for reducing surface breakdown and multipactoring (such as spark-resistant
materials or surface coatings, or special geometries) and for suppressing unwanted higher order
modes also are of interest, as are studies of surface breakdown and its dependence on magnetic
field. Grant applications should be applicable to devices operating at frequencies from 1 to 40
GHz, or between 5 and 400 MHz for muon accelerators.
Grant applications also are sought to develop simulation tools for modeling high-gradient
structures, in order to predict such experimental phenomena as the onset of breakdown, post
breakdown phenomena, and the damage threshold. Specific areas of interest include the
modeling of: (1) surface emission, (2) material heating due to electron and ion bombardment,
(3) multipactoring, and (4) ionization of atomic and molecular species. Approaches that include
an ability to import/export CAD descriptions, a friendly graphical user interface, and good data
visualization will be a plus.
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cavity fabrication techniques especially weld-free approaches, and (3) improved understanding
and performance of SRF cavities.
The next generation of multi-TeV linear colliders will require many RF power handling
components which have not been fully developed, e.g., RF windows, couplers, mode
transformers, RF loads, and high power rings capable of operating at high pulse powers.
Consequently, grant applications are sought to develop active or passive RF pulse compression
systems capable of handling high peak powers (for example, greater than 300 MW) and pulse
widths of approximately 300 nanoseconds at X-band. Grant applications also are sought for
passive and active RF components such as over-moded mode converters (e.g., rectangular to
circular waveguide and vice versa), high-power RF windows, circulators, isolators, switches, and
quasi-optical components.
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Grant applications are sought to develop improved high power solid-state switches for pulse
power switching. For some applications, requirements will include the ability to switch high
current pulses (0.1-10 kA) at voltage levels of up to 20 kV, with switching times less than 300
nsec. These switches must handle very high di/dt (20 kA/µs) at low duty cycle (<0.1%).
67g. Deflecting Cavities (AKA “crab cavities”) for Luminosity Enhancement in Colliders
High luminosity colliders can benefit from the use of a crossing angle between the colliding
beams. The crossing angle will provide a larger luminosity gain if the particle bunches are tilted,
resulting in what is called a “crab crossing.” Grant applications are sought for the development
of crab cavities for the LHC and for the ILC. Approaches of interest, which may include new
cavity geometries, should include the demonstration of high-performance prototype
superconducting crab cavities. Grant applications also are sought for ancillary technology for
use with crab cavities, including the development of (1) fundamental power couplers; (2) high-
order, same-order, and low-order mode damping couplers, including design, analysis, and low-
power testing; and (3) conceptual and detailed designs for low-cost crab cavity cryomodules and
tuners.
67h. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Abe, D. K. and Nusinovich, G. S., eds., High Energy Density and High Power RF: 7th
Workshop on High Density and High Power RF, Kalamata, Greece, June 13-17, 2005, New
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York: American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2006. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 807)
(ISBN: 0-7354-02981)*
2. Cline, D. B., ed., Muon Collider Studies, Physics Potential and Development of Colliders,
Fourth International Conference, San Francisco, CA, December 1997, pp. 183-344,
American Institute of Physics, 1998. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 441) (ISBN: 1-5639-
67235)*
3. Conde, M and Eyberger, C., eds. Advanced Accelerator Concepts, 12th Workshop, Lake
Geneva, WI, July 10-15, 2006, American Institute of Physics, 2006. (AIP Conference
Proceedings Vol. 877. ISBN: 978-0-7354-0378-9) (See also URL:
http://www.hep.anl.gov/aac06/)
4. Schroeder, C.B., Leemans, W. and Esarey, E., eds. Advanced Accelerator Concepts, 13th
Workshop, Santa Cruz, California, July 27-August 2, 2008, American Institute of Physics,
2009. (AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 1086. ISBN: 978-0-7354-0617-9)* (See also
URL: http://aac08.lbl.gov/)
6. Kirkici, H., ed., Proceedings of the 26th International Power Modulator Symposium and 2004
High Voltage Workshop, San Francisco, CA, May 23-26, 2004. (IEEE Catalog Number:
04CH37588) (ISBN: 0-7803-85861)
7. Duggan, J. L. and Morgan, I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry:
Seventeenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and
Industry, Denton, TX, November 12-13, 2002, New York: American Institute of Physics,
August 2003. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 680) (ISBN: 0-7354-01497)*
8. King, B., ed., Colliders and Collider Physics at the Highest Energies: Muon Colliders at 10
TeV to 100 TeV: HEMC '99 Workshop, Montauk, NY, Sept. 27- Oct. 1, 1999, New York:
American Institute of Physics, 2000. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 530) (ISBN: 1-
5639-6953X)*
10. Horak, C., ed., Proceedings of the 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference, Knoxville, TN,
May 16-20, 2005, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2005. (IEEE
Catalog: 05CH37623C) (ISBN: 0-7803-88607);
11. 11. “Eleventh International Workshop on Neutrino Factories, Superbeams and Betabeams,
NuFact 09,” Chicago, IL, July 20-25, 2009 Website. (URL: http://nufact09.iit.edu/)
265
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12. Para, A., ed., Neutrino Factories and Superbeams: 5th International Workshop on Neutrino
Factories and Superbeams NuFact 03, New York, NY, June, 5-11, 2003. New York:
American Institute of Physics, October 2004. (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 721)
(ISBN: 0-7354-02019)*
266
68. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS FOR FUSION ENERGY
SYSTEMS
An attractive fusion energy source will require the development of superconducting magnets and
materials as well as technologies that can withstand the high levels of surface heat flux and
neutron wall loads expected for the in-vessel components of future fusion energy systems. These
technologies and materials will need to be substantially advanced relative to today's capabilities
in order to achieve safe, reliable, economic, and environmentally-benign operation of fusion
energy systems. Further information about research funded by the Office of Fusion Energy
Sciences (OFES) can be found at the OFES Website (URL: www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov).
In addition, grant applications are sought to develop new or improved in situ diagnostic
techniques to monitor the health and performance of operating PFCs and plasma edge
conditions. A carefully selected combination of microelectromechanical (MEMS)-like, robust
diagnostics could create an instrumented PFC that monitors important characteristics (such as the
temperature and stress gradients) within the PFC or provides real-time information on
erosion/deposition rates or tritium uptake during operation. Measurements of current, B-field,
plasma edge temperature and density, spectral emissions, and heat flux also would be of interest.
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Such diagnostics must be an integral part of the PFC, be self-powered, operate at elevated
temperatures in the presence of high magnetic fields and neutron fluence, be immune to RF
noise, provide for wireless data transmission with high signal to noise ratio, and be compatible
with high performance plasma operation.
Another PFC option is to use a flowing liquid metal surface as a plasma facing component, an
approach which will require the production and control of thin, fast flowing, renewable films of
liquid lithium, gallium, or tin for particle control at divertors. Grant applications are sought to
develop: (1) techniques for the production, control, and removal of flowing (velocity 0.01 to 10
m/s) liquid metal films (0.5-5 mm thick) over a temperature controlled substrate; (2) advances in
materials that are wet by liquid metals at temperatures near the respective metal melting point
and that are conducive to the production of uniform well-adhered films; (3) techniques for active
control of liquid metal flow and stabilization in the presence of plasma instabilities (time and
space varying magnetic field); and (4) computational tools that model the flow and
magnetohydrodynamic response of flowing liquid metals.
Grant applications also are sought to develop and demonstrate innovative computational
techniques directly related to modeling surface material properties and/or plasma
surface/interactions, for the purpose designing and assessing PFC surface materials. Finally
grant applications are sought to develop cost-effective experimental techniques that integrate
multiple approaches, listed in the paragraphs above, in order to allow advanced plasma-material-
interaction testing and simulation.
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There is a strong need to understand and predict in greater detail both the corrosion, transport
and redoposition of materials, and the generation, bubble formation, transport and permeation of
tritium in the fusion relevant coolant and breeder material Pb-15.7Li alloy. Both numerical
predictive tools and increased database from experimental studies are needed to better
characterize the corrosion and tritium transport behavior in Pb-Li alloy under fusion relevant
conditions that include operation at 400-700C and the presences of strong magnetic fields in
contact with various materials such as ferritic steels, silicon-carbide, and other proposed tritium
or corrosion barrier or permeator materials for tritium extraction.
The pebble-bed solid breeder configuration introduces several operational limits: thermo-
mechanical uncertainties caused by pebble-bed wall interaction, potential sintering and
subsequent macro-cracking, and a low pebble-bed thermal conductivity – all of which result in
small characteristic bed dimensions and limit windows of operation. A new form of solid
breeder morphology is required that holds the promise for increased breeding ratios – dictated by
increased breeder material density; long term structural reliability; and enhanced operational
control – compared to packed beds. Grant applications are sought for new solid breeder material
concepts that include: (1) increased breeder material densities (~80%); (2) higher thermal
conductivities (provided by a fully interconnected structure, as opposed to point contacts
between pebbles); (3) better thermal contact, such as reliable bonded contact, with cooling
structures (instead of point contacts between pebbles and wall); (4) the absence of major
geometry changes between beginning-of-life and end-of life (such as sintering in pebble beds) in
the presence of high neutron fluence; and (5) structural integrity in freestanding and self-
supporting structures with significant thermo-mechanical flexibility.
Flow channel inserts (FCIs) act as magnetohydrodynamic and thermal insulators in ferritic steel
channels containing, for example, a slowly flowing tritium breeder such as molten Pb-15.7Li
alloy. The insert geometry is approximately box-channel-shaped in straight channels, with more
complex shapes possible, for insertion in manifolds and other complex-geometry elements in the
flow path. Although SiC/SiC composite is a candidate FCI material, its use would differ from its
potential application as a structural material in that high thermal and electrical conductivity
would not be desirable. In fact, the electrical conductivity should be low, with a target maximum
around 1 to 50 Ω-1m-1. In addition, the strength requirements for a SiC/SiC FCI are reduced
compared to the composite’s application as a structural material, because the primary stresses
and pressure loads will be very low. On the other hand, the insert must be able to withstand
thermal stresses from through-surface temperature differences in the range of 150-300K, over a
thickness of 3 to 15 mm depending on designs. Grant applications are sought to develop
manufacturing techniques for radiation resistant, low thermal/electrical conductivity SiC/SiC
composites or other suitable, compatible materials that would make for effective FCIs. One
approach that has been envisioned is the use of a final “sealing” layer of SiC matrix material,
which would be near theoretical density and cover any porosity or exposed fibers in the main
body of the insert. Two-dimensional weaves are also thought to be satisfactory, as well as an
effective way to reduce electrical conductivity normal to the interface between the insert and the
Pb-15.7Li (the more important of the directions). In addition, grant applications are sought to
develop experimental techniques for determining: (1) the compatibility between the SiC/SiC
composite and such breeder materials as Pb-15.7Li alloy, and (2) the insert integrity under cyclic
thermal loading and other in-service conditions.
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One of the missions of the ITER project is the integrated testing of fusion blanket modules in a
true integrated fusion environment. This ITER fusion environment includes radiation and
magnetic fields, along with surface and volumetric heating, under pulsed and/or steady-state
plasma operation. The testing of first wall/blanket components will be performed in ITER by
inserting “test blanket modules” (TBMs) that will be complicated systems of different functional
materials (breeder, multiplier, coolant, structure, insulator, etc.) in various configurations with
many responses and interacting phenomena (e.g., thermomechanical, thermofluid, nuclear). As
part of the design and validation process an overall simulation of a “virtual” TBM, integrating all
of the individual computational modeling simulations at the system level, is essential to define
meaningful experiments. Such a simulation would be inherently multi-scale and multi-physics
and will require careful code and algorithm design. Therefore, grant applications are sought to
develop a TBM and general power reactor relevant simulation code that can provide detailed
predictions of: (1) fluid flow and thermal hydraulic characteristics; (2) the thermal response of
all materials (structure, breeder, multiplier, coolant, insulator, etc); (3) structural responses such
as stress and deformation magnitudes with respect to different loadings, including both steady-
state surface heat flux and dynamic loadings; (4) mass transfer characteristics including both
corrosion and tritium transport phenomena, and (5) other important performance characteristics
of the TBM or blanket system. The overall code framework/structure must effectively link all of
the simulation components of the virtual TBM and serve as an efficient, useful, and user-friendly
tool that is extendable from ITER to demonstration power reactor conditions.
(1) Innovative and advanced superconducting materials and manufacturing processes that
have a high potential for improved conductor performance and low fabrication costs. Of specific
interest are materials such YBCO conductors that are easily adaptable to bundling into high
current cables carrying 30 - 60 kA. Desirable characteristics include critical currents at
temperatures from 4.5 K to 50 K, magnetic fields in the range 5 T to 20 T, higher copper
fractions, low transient losses, low sensitivity to strain degradation effects, high radiation
resistance, and improved methods for cabling tape conductors taking into account twisting and
other methods of transposition to ensure uniform current distribution.
(2) Novel methods for joining coil sections for manufacture of demountable magnets that
allow for highly reliable, remakeable joints that exhibit excellent structural integrity, low
electrical resistance, low ac losses, and high stability in high magnetic field and pulsed
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applications. These include conventional lap and butt joints, as well as very high current plate-
to-plate joints.
(3) Innovative structural support methods and materials, and magnet cooling and quench
protection methods suitable for operation in a fusion radiation environment, that result in high
overall current density magnets.
(4) Novel, advanced sensors and instrumentation for monitoring magnet and helium parameters
(e.g., pressure, temperature, voltage, mass flow, quench, etc.); of specific interest are fiber optic
based devices and systems that allow for electromagnetic noise-immune interrogation of these
parameters as well as positional information of the measured parameter within the coil winding
pack. A specific use of fiber sensors is for rapid and redundant quench detection. Novel fiber
optic sensors may also be used for precision temperature or strain sensing for scientific studies of
conductor behavior and code calibration.
(5) Radiation-resistant electrical insulators, e.g., wrapable inorganic insulators and low
viscosity organic insulators that exhibit low gas generation under irradiation, less expensive
resins and higher pot life; and insulation systems with high bond and higher strength and
flexibility in shear.
(1) Development of innovative methods for joining beryllium (~2 mm thick layer) to RAFM
steels. The resulting bonds must be resistant to the effects of neutron irradiation, exhibit
sufficient thermal fatigue resistance, and minimize or prevent the formation of brittle
intermetallic phases that could result in coating debonding.
(2) Development of fabrication techniques for typical component geometries envisioned for use
in test blanket modules for operation in ITER using current generation RAFM steels. Such
fabrication techniques could include but are not limited to appropriate welding, hot-isostatic
pressing, hydroforming, and investment casting methods as well as effective post joining heat
treatment techniques and procedures. Appropriate fabrication technologies must produce
components within dimensional tolerances, while meeting minimum requirements on mechanical
and physical properties.
(3) Development of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels. Approaches of interest
include the development of low cost production techniques, improved isotropy of mechanical
properties, development of joining methods that maintain the properties of the ODS steel, and
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development of improved ODS steels with the capability of operating up to ~800˚C, while
maintaining adequate fracture toughness at room temperature and above.
(4) Development of high ductility, high-fracture toughness tungsten alloys with isotropic
properties. Areas of interest include improvements in the grain boundary strength and fracture
toughness, and joining techniques. In addition, development of engineered tungsten/PFC
materials to control or eliminate blistering associated with the interaction of tungsten with He
and H isotopes from the plasma by providing high diffusivity paths to release He and H and
decrease retention of these gases is of interest.
(5) Development of functional coatings for the RAFM/Pb-Li blanket concept. Coatings are
needed for functions that include (1) compatibility: minimizing dissolution of RAFM in Pb-Li at
700°C, (2) permeation: reducing tritium permeation (hydrogen for demonstration) by a factor of
>100 and (3) electrically insulating: reducing the pressure drop due to the magneto-
hydrodynamic (MHD) effect. Proposed approaches must: (1) account for compatibility with
both the coated structural alloy and liquid metal coolant for long-time operation at 500-700˚C (2)
address the potential application of candidate coatings on large-scale system components; and (3)
demonstrate that the permeation and MHD coatings are functional during or after exposure to
Pb-Li.
(7) Development of innovative modeling tools for the above joining methods, materials, and
coatings. Modeling approaches may range from atomistic and molecular dynamics simulations
of atomic collision and defect migration events to improved finite element analysis or
thermodynamic stability methods.
Priority will be given to innovative methods or experimental approaches that enhance the ability
to obtain key mechanical or physical property data on miniaturized specimens, and to the
micromechanics evaluation of deformation and fracture processes.
68e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
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1. “Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion Energy Sciences,” USDOE SC OFES report,
http://www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov/ReNeW_Report_Press.pdf, Bethesda, MD, June 8-12, 2009.
2. ReNeW White Papers, Theme III, “Taming the Plasma Material Interface,” USBPO website,
http://burningplasma.org/web/renew_whitepapers.html, 2009.
3. Nygren, R.E. and Youchison, D.L. “Testing of Tungsten and Tungsten Armored Heat Sinks
for Fusion Applications,” Proc. Intl. Conf. on Tungsten, Refractory and Hard Materials VII,
Washington, DC, June 8-12, 2008. ISBN 10: 0-9793488-8-9
4. J.N. Brooks et al., “Plasma-surface Interaction Issues of An All-metal ITER,” Nucl. Fusion
49, 1, IAEA, Vienna (2009).
6. Lorenzetto, P., et al., “EU R&D on the ITER First Wall,” Fusion Engineering and Design,
81: 1-7, 2006. (ISSN: 0920-3796)
7. Coad, J.P., et al., “Diagnostics for Studying Deposition and Erosion Processes in JET,”
Fusion Engineering and Design, 74(1-4): 745-749, 2005. (ISSN: 0920-3796)
8. N. Morley et al., "Overview of Fusion Nuclear Technology in the U.S.", Fusion Engineering
& Design, 81:(1–7), 33–43 (2006).
9. Abdou, M., et al., eds., “Special Issue on Innovative High-Power Density Concepts for
Fusion Plasma Chambers,” Fusion Engineering and Design, 72: 1-326, 2004. (ISSN: 0920-
3796)
10. Brooks, J. N., et al., “Overview of the ALPS Program,” Fusion Science and Technology,
47(3): 699-677, 2005. (ISSN: 1536-1055
Subtopic b:
2. S. Sharafat, A. et al, “Development Status of a SiC-Foam Based Flow Channel Insert for a
U.S.-ITER DCLL TBM”, Fusion Science and Technology, 56 (2009) 883-891.
3. Tillack, M. S., et al., “Fusion Power Core Engineering for the ARIES-ST Power Plant,”
Fusion Engineering and Design, 65: 215-261, 2003. (ISSN: 0920-3796)
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4. S. Smolentsev et al, Double-Layer Flow Channel Insert for Electric and Thermal Insulation
in the Dual-Coolant Lead-Lithium Blanket, Fusion Science and Technology, 56 (2009) 201-
205
5. Abdou, M., et al., “U.S. Plans and Strategy for ITER Blanket Testing,” Fusion Science and
Technology, 47(3): 475-487, April 2005. (ISSN: 1536-1055)*
7. N.B. Morley, Y. et a., “Recent research and development for the dual coolant blanket concept
in the US”, UFusion Engineering and DesignU, 83,(2008) 920-927.
Subtopic c:
1. Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion Energy Sciences, Thrust 7, pp 285-292, Report of the
Research Needs Workshop (ReNeW), Bethesda, MD June 8-12, 2009, U.S. Dept. of Energy,
Office of Fusion Energy Sciences.
2. Minervini, J.V.; Schultz, J.H., “US Fusion Program Requirements for Superconducting
Magnet Research”, Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 13, Issue 2,
Part 2, June 2003 Page(s):1524 – 1529
3. Bromberg, L., et al., “Options For the Use of High Temperature Superconductor in Tokamak
Fusion Reactor Designs”, Fusion Engineering and Design, vol. 54 pp. 167–180 (2001)
4. Seeber, B., ed., Handbook of Applied Superconductivity, 2 Vols., Bristol, England: Institute
of Physics Publishing, January 1998. (ISBN: 0-7503-03778)
5. Lee, P., ed., “Engineering Superconductivity,” New York: Wiley Interscience, 2001.
(ISBN: 0-4714-11167)
6. Poole, C. P., Jr., et al., eds., Handbook of Superconductivity, Academic Press, 2000. (ISBN:
0-1256-14608) (Ordering information and full index available at:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0125614608/104-6888958-
8643120?vi=glance)
7. Iwasa, Y., Case Studies in Superconducting Magnets: Design and Operational Issues,
Second Edition, New York: Springer, 2009 (ISBN: 978-0-387-09799-2).
Subtopic d:
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1. Hazeltine, R. et al., “Research Needs for Magnetic Fusion Energy Sciences,” available at:
http://burningplasma.org/renew.html
2. Zinkle, S. J., “Fusion Materials Science: Overview of Challenges and Recent Progress,”
Physics of Plasmas, 12(5), Article No. 058101, 2005. (Full text of tutorial available at:
http://www.ms.ornl.gov/fusionreactor/pdf/selectedpubs/APS-
DPP%20mat%20sci%20tutorial.pdf)
4. Odette, G. R., et al., “Recent Developments in Irradiation Resistant Steels,” Annual Reviews
of Materials Research, 38, (2008) 471-503.
5. Yamamoto, T. et al., “On the Effects of Irradiation and Helium on the Yield Stress Changes
and Hardening and Non-hardening Embrittlement of ~8Cr Tempered Martensitic Steels:
Compilation and Analysis of Existing Data,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, 356 (2006) 27-
49.
6. Odette, G. R., et al., “Cleavage Fracture and Irradiation Embrittlement of Fusion Reactor
Alloys: Mechanisms, Multiscale Models, Toughness Measurements, and Implications to
Structural Integrity Assessment,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, 323: 313-340, 2003. (ISSN:
0022-31115)
7. Barabash, V. R., et al., “Armor and Heat Sink Materials Joining Technologies Development
for ITER Plasma Facing Components,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, 283-287: 1248-1252,
2000. (ISSN: 0022-3115)
9. Wong, C. P. C., et al., “An Overview of Dual Coolant Pb-17Li Breeder First Wall and
Blanket Concept Development for the US ITER-TBM Design,” Fusion Engineering and
Design, 81: 461-467, 2006. (ISSN: 0920-3796)
The Fusion Energy Sciences program currently supports several fusion-related experiments with
many common objectives. These include expanding the scientific understanding of plasma
behavior and improving the performance of high temperature plasma for eventual energy
production. The goals of this topic are to develop and demonstrate innovative techniques,
instrumentation, and concepts for (a) measuring magnetized-plasma parameters, (b) for low-
temperature and multi-phase plasmas, (c) for magnetized-plasma simulation, control, and data
analysis, and (d) for overcoming deleterious plasma effects during discharges. It is also intended
that concepts developed as part of the fusion research program will have application to industries
in the private sector. Further information about research funded by the Office of Fusion Energy
Sciences (FES) can be found in the FES Website (URL: http://www.science.doe.gov/ofes/).
For the ITER project, the United States will be supplying the transmission lines for both the
ECRH (2 MW/line) system, at a frequency of 170 GHz, and for the ICRH system (6 MW/line),
operating in the range of 40 – 60 MHz.. For this project, grant applications are needed for
advanced components that are capable of improving the efficiency and power handling capability
of the transmission lines, in order to reduce losses and protect the system from overheating,
arcing, damage or failure during the required long pulse operation (~3000s). Examples of
components needed for the ECRH transmission line include high power loads, low loss miter
bends, polarizers, power samplers, windows, switches, and dielectric breaks. For the ITER
transmission lines, improved techniques are needed for the mass production of components, in
order to reduce cost. Lastly, advanced computer codes are needed to simulate the microwave,
thermal, and mechanical components of the transmission lines. Components needed for the
ICRH lines include high power loads and reliable tuning/matching components.
Grant applications are sought to develop computer algorithms and tools that are applicable to
simulations of magnetically confined plasmas, incorporate an expanded number of plasma
features, and integrate multiple physical processes across multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Areas of interest include, but are not limited to: (1) algorithms incorporating advanced
mathematical techniques; (2) algorithms targeting novel computing architectures, including GPU
and hybrid computing; (3) multiscale algorithms; (4) verification and validation tools, including
efficient methods for facilitating comparison of simulation results with experimental data and the
development of synthetic diagnostics; (5) data management, visualization, and analysis tools for
local and remote multi-dimensional time-dependent datasets resulting from large scale
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simulations or experiments; (6) techniques for coupling simulation codes, including coupling
across different computer platforms and through high speed networks; (7) methodologies for
building highly configurable and modular scientific codes and flexible data interfaces; and (8)
remote collaboration tools that enhance the ability of geographically distributed groups of
scientists to interact in real-time.
The simulation and data analysis tools should be developed using modern software techniques,
should be capable of exploiting the potential of next generation high performance computers, and
should be based on high fidelity physics models.
69e. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
Subtopic a:
1. Johnson, D., U.S. ITER Diagnostics – Status and Plans, PSFC Seminar, October 5, 2007.
(URL: http://www.pppl.gov/usiter-diagnostics/Diagnostic-
Management/PSFCSeminar20071005.ppt)
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2. "Plasma Diagnostics for Magnetic Fusion Research", Special Issue of Fusion Science and
Technology, Vol. 53, pp. 281-760, Feb., 2008. (URL:
http://www.new.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/v_53:2T)
3. Johnson, D., et al. “Twenty-First IEEE/NPS Symposium on Fusion Engineering 2005”, The
US Role in ITER Diagnostics, pp.1–6, Sept. 2005. (URL:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/search/article_details.html?article=4018995).
5. Because of the evolving nature of the U.S. ITER diagnostics design, please contact Nirmol
Podder by e-mail at: [email protected] for the most current references.
Subtopic b:
1. Volodymyr Bobkov (Editor) Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas: 18th Topical Conference
on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas, Gent, Belgium, 24-26 June 2009 published by
American Inst. Physics, AIP Conference Proceedings, No. 1187 (2009) (ISBN: 978-0-7354-
0753-3)
2. M. Henderson et al, “An Overview of the ITER EC H&CD System Proceedings of the
IRMMW-THz Conference”, 21-25 Sept. 2009, Busan, Korea, IEEE Conference Proceedings
(2009).
3. I.A. Gorelov, J. Lohr, M. Cengher et al., “ECH System on the DIII-D Tokamak, Proc. of the
15th Workshop on Electron Cyclotron Emission and Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating
(EC15)”, Pages: 446-451, World Scientific Press (2009).
4. M. Henderson et al., Nuclear Fusion Vol. 48 Papers 054013 and 054017 (2008).
5. M. A. Shapiro et al., “Loss Estimate for ITER ECH Transmission Line Including Multimode
Propagation”, Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 57, Issue 3, Pages: 196-207 (2010).
Subtopic c :
1. A. Kritz and D. Keyes. “Fusion Simulation Project Workshop Report”, J Fusion Energy Vol.
28, pp. 1-59, (2009). (Also available at:
http://www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov/ProgramDocuments/reports/FSPWorkshopReport.pdf)
2. P.W. Terry, M. Greenwald, J.-N. Leboeuf, et al. “Validation in Fusion Research: Towards
Guidelines and Best Practices,” Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 15, 062503, (2008). (Full text available
at: http://plasma.physics.wisc.edu/uploadedfiles/journal/Terry524.pdf)
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3. D.A. Batchelor, et al. “Simulation of Fusion Plasmas: Current Status and Future Direction”,
Plasma Science & Technology, Vol. 9, pp. 312-387, (2007). (Full text available at:
http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1009-0630/9/3/13)
5. P. Schissel, et al. “Collaborative technologies for distributed science: fusion energy and high-
energy physics”, J. of Physics: Conf. Series Vol. 46, p. 102, (2006) (Full text available at:
http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/46/1/015/pdf/1742-6596_46_1_015.pdf)
6. D.P. Schissel. “Grid computing and collaboration technology in support of fusion energy
sciences”, Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 12, 058104, 2005. (Full text available at:
http://www.scidac.gov/FES/FES_FusionGrid/pubs/schissel-aps04-paper.pdf)
7. W.M. Tang and V.S. Chan. “Advances and challenges in computational plasma science”,
Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, Vol. 47 (2005) R1-R34. (Full text available at:
http://iopscience.iop.org/0741-3335/47/2/R01)
10. “Scientific Grand Challenges in Fusion Energy Sciences and the Role of Computing at the
Extreme Scale [Workshop]”, Gaithersburg, Maryland, March 18-20, 2009. (Full text
available at: http://extremecomputing.labworks.org/fusion/PNNL_Fusion_final19404.pdf)
11. J. Cohen and M. Garland, “Solving Computational Problems with GPU Computing”,
Computing in Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, p. 58-63, 2009 (Full text available at:
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/MCSE.2009.144)
Subtopic d:
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3. Report of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC) Toroidal Alternates
Panel (December 2008). (Full text available at: http://fusion.gat.com/tap)
4. Report of the Research Needs Workshop (ReNeW) for Magnetic Fusion Energy Sciences,
Bethesda, Maryland, June 8-12, 2009. (Full text available at:
http://burningplasma.org/renew.html)
70. HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PLASMAS AND INERTIAL FUSION ENERGY
High energy density plasmas are plasmas with energy densities giving rise to pressures
exceeding about 0.1 megabar (1010 Pa) and temperature exceeding about 1 eV.
70b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. “Report of the Research Needs Workshop in High Energy Density Laboratory Plasmas
(Chairs: Robert Rosner, David Hammer). In preparation.
2. “Advancing the Science of High Energy Density Laboratory Plasmas,” Report of the
HEDLP Panel of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee, January 2009.
http://www.science.doe.gov/ofes/FESAC-HEDLP-REPORT.pdf
3. “Report of the Interagency Task Force on High Energy Density Physics, (Chairs: Dennis
Kovar, Christopher Keane; Executive Secretary: Francis Thio), National Science and
Technology Council Committee on Science, Office of Science and Technology Policy,
August 2007. http://www.science.doe.gov/ofes/HEDLP-
Thio/Report_of_the_Interagency_Task_Force_on_High_Energy_Density_Physics.pdf
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Flywheels have recently found excellent application in the area of frequency regulation and short
term renewable smoothing. Some 60MW of flywheel installation are currently under
construction. Further increasing flywheels’ applicability for large-scale electricity storage
requires improving their energy density. Increasing rotational velocity is the most effective
approach for improving energy density because the kinetic energy stored in a flywheel increases
in proportion to the square of the rotational velocity (i.e., small increases in rotational velocity
result in much larger increases in stored energy). Today’s high speed flywheels use composite
rims that allow faster rotational speeds than earlier steel rims. Composite rims provide the
highest energy storage per unit of mass.
71b. Other
In addition to the specific subtopics listed above, the Department invites grant applications in
other areas relevant to this Topic.
REFERENCES
1. Third Generation Flywheels for Electricity Storage Final Report; DOE Award Number: DE-
FG36-05GO15163: http://www.launchpnt.com/portfolio/energy-storage-flywheel.html
2. Hubless Flywheel with Null-E Magnetic Bearings; NASA STTR Phase-I Contract Number:
NNC04CA97C Glenn Research Center:
http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/03/sttr/phase2/STTR-03-2-T3.02-9805.html
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