Piping
Piping
Piping
2.1. Pipes-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
2.2 Flanges--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.4. Valves--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.5 Fasteners----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
2.6 Gaskets------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
3. PIPING MANUAL :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
ASME B 16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS ½ Trough NPS 24
ASME B 16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B 16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B 16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket- Welding and Threaded
ANSI B 16.14 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushing and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
ASME B 16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges- Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and
Jacketed
ASME B 16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B 16.25 Buttwelding Ends
ASME B 16.28 Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows
ASME B 16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
ASME B 16.36 Orifice Flanges
ASME B 16.47a Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 Through NPS 60
ANSI B 18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series)
ANSI B 18.2.2 Square and Hex nuts (Inch Series)
ASME B 36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe
MSS SP-6 Standard Finishes for Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges and
Connecting-End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking Systems for Valves, Fittings, Flanges &
Union
MSS SP-45 Bypass and Drain Connections
MSS SP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
MSS SP-67 Butterfly Valves
MSS SP-75 Specification for High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings
MSS SP-82 Valve Pressure Testing Methods
MSS SP-95 Swadged Nipples and Bull Plugs
MSS SP-97 Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings-
Socket welding, Threaded and Buttwelding Ends
BS 5351 Steel ball valves for petroleum, petrochemical & allied industries
BS 5352 Specifications for steel wedge gate, globe & check valves 50
mm & smaller for petroleum, petrochemical & allied industries
BS 5353 Steel plug valves
BS 1873 Steel globe & globe stop & check valves (Flanged & butt-welded
ends) for petroleum, petrochemical & allied industries
BS 6755 (Part 1&2) Testing of Valves
2.1. PIPES
Piping in a particular plant can be compared with arteries & veins in our body. There are
mainly two types of pipes from manufacturing point of view. The first is Seamless pipes &
second is Welded pipes.
A) End Preparation:
C) Material
II. LTCS:It is used for low temperature i.e. from (–) 460C to 3430C.
The most commonly used LTCS materials are as follows:
III. LAS: It is used for high temperature i.e. (-) 290C to C
The most commonly used LAS materials are as follows:
(Various shortforms:
IS Indian Standard
ERW Electric Resistance Welding
LS * Standard)
V. Blind Flange
I. Raised Face
C) Design and Dimension Standard: The dimensional standards generally used are
ASTM Sec. II A defines ferrous material. It gives detail properties of Ferrous Material
- Chemical Analysis
- Physical Properties (tensile strength,
Yield strength, hardness, etc.)
Rating is maximum allowable non-shock working gauge pressure. There are 150, 300,
600, 900, 1500, 2500 ratings. To select a pressure class the following two steps are
followed.
I. Decide the group of material from Table 1A of ASME 16.5
II. Refer Table 2 of ASME 16.5 for design condition.
It is not exactly a flange but it is kept between two flanges and is used for the temporary
isolation of a line.
Generally it is used up to 10” & above 10” it is used in two separate pieces. One is
known as Slip Plate (Blind Part) & second is known as Slip Ring (Hollow Part).
(d) Pressure class for Socket Weld & Threaded Pipe Fitting
It is as follows:
2000 psi or 2000 rating - used only for threaded pipe fittings
3000 psi - used only for Socket Weld Pipe fitting & threaded pipe fittings
6000psi - used only for Socket Weld Pipe fitting & threaded pipe fittings
9000psi - used only for Socket Weld Pipe fitting & threaded pipe fittings
(e) Material
Socket Weld and Threaded pipefitting are manufactured from following forged
materials
(1) Carbon Steel – ASTM A 105
(2) Low Temperature Carbon Steel- ASTM A 350 Gr. LF2
(3) Low Alloy Steel – ASTM A 182 Gr. F11(generally used), F1, F6, F9
(4) Stainless Steel – ASTM A 182 Gr. F 304, F304L, F316, F316L, F321
Eccentricity
For E.g. if the Header Side is 6’’ then 6/2 = 3 and hence the next lower size possible is
2½’’.
Hence it can be seen that reduction from 6’’ to 2½’’ is possible. Further reduction
beyond 2 ½’’ is not possible. Reducers can be manufactured in small size.
II.3.6 Weldolet:
15 Used to take Butt Weld branch for which Reducing tee is not possible
16 Used in high pressure, high temperature pipe class from 900 rating
Dimension Standard:
17 MSS SP 97
18 Header and Branch size with thickness is to be specified
Material:
II.3.7 Sockolets:
II.3.8 Caps: Used at the end of the line for the termination of the line.
Socket weld }
Threaded end} Up to 1 ½”
Dimension Standard:
The valves used for isolation cannot be used for regulation but other way round is possible.
First five valves are used for isolating the flow, 5th & 6th valves are used for regulating the flow
and 7th valve is used for avoiding the reversal of the flow.
It is the most commonly & very widely used valve in industrial piping for isolation of the flow.
It is manually operated and it is not recommended for regulation of the flow. Installation of
this valve is possible from both the ends. Hence it is bi-directional valve.
A) End Preparation:
(a) Cast Steel valves have Flanged or Butt weld end preparation.
(b) Forged Steel valves have Socket weld or Threaded end preparation.
D) Pressure Class:
The fluid while passing through this valve changes its flow direction and hence this valve
causes increased resistance to flow which result into considerable pressure drop. So this valve
is not suitable where pressure drop is critical. This valve is mainly used for regulation of the
flow.
Inlet and outlet of this valve are fixed. Hence installation of this valve is unidirectional. Flow
direction is marked on the valve body.
C) Main parts:
1) Lift Check Valve (up to 1 ½’’) : Socket Weld / Threaded / Butt Weld
2) Swing Check Valve ( >= 2’’) : Flanged / Butt Weld
3) Wafer type Check Valve: Wafer type / Wafer lug type. It is to be kept between two
flanges.
C) Main Parts:
E) Material:
Lift Check Valve (up to 1.5” & SW / Threaded / BW): Same as forged Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve (>= 2’’& Flanged / BW): Same as cast steel Gate Valve
Wafer type Check Valve (Wafer type / Wafer lug type): Same as cast steel Gate Valve.
Training Coordinator: D.H.Saraiya Page 13 of 21 Originator : SUS / HAS
2.4.4 BALL VALVE
This valve is used for isolation & for quick on / off. It is mainly used in utility line i.e. cooling
water, instrument air etc. and in hazardous and combustible fluid. Rotating the lever by 900
opens or closes this valves fully. Hence this valve is called quarter turn valve. Fire safe design
as per API 607 is available for this valve. Installation of this valve is possible from both the
ends. Hence it is bi-directional valve.
3-way and 4-way construction is possible in ball valve by providing “T” or “L” port in the ball.
A) End Connection:
C) Main Parts:
Fire safe valves are available as per API 607 & has following seats
Primary Soft Seat of PTFE
Secondary Metal to Metal Seat
It is mostly used for isolation and in specific case used for regulation.
Regulation is not as precise as Globe Valve
C) Main parts:
This valve is used for regulation, isolation and quick on / off in combustible or Hazardous
fluid. 3-way and 4-way construction is possible in plug valve by providing “T” or “L” port in
the plug.
A) End Connection:
Socket Weld/Threaded
Flanged/Butt Weld
C) Main Parts:
These valves are self operated type. They have actuators. Actuators operate on the signal
received from an instrument. They are used for very fine throttling and to have desired process
parameters (pressure, temperature, flow) of fluid.
Butterfly Valve
Globe Valve
Ball Valve
This valve is also known as Pressure relief valve. It is used for safe operation of plant. This
valve releases excess pressure when it exceeds set pressure. Pressure is set by spring.
Inlet of this valve is one size lower or equal to the inlet pipe size. Outlet is at least one or more
size higher to outlet pipe size.
C) Design & Dimension Standard: API 526: For Pressure & Temperature limitation and
Rating and
for Center to Face Dimension.
2.5 FASTENERS
B) Material:
2.6 GASKETS
Gaskets are used to avoid Static leakage and metal to metal contact.
There are two types of gaskets from material point of view.
B) Material:
(a) S.S. (as reinforcement) & for inner and outer (centering) ring.
24 Petroleum Refineries.
25 Chemical Plants.
26 Pharmaceutical Plants.
27 Textile Industries.
28 Paper Industries.
29 Semiconductor Plants.
30 Cryogenic plants.
35 Piping Design
36 Piping Material
37 Stress Analysis
38
39 (2) Instrumentation Dept.
Fluid to be handled
Design pressure
Design temperature
42
Above three points are obtained from the P&ID / Process.
Based on the above information, material group & rating are to be decided using table 2
of 16.5 and table 2 of 16.34. Then pipe class / pipe specifications are developed.
Size range
End connection
Design & dimension standard
Valve Specification Sheet Number
Material Grade
Technical purchase specification
Additional remark (if any)
Limit table:
Thickness table:
44 It specifies schedule no & relevant pipe thickness for all the sizes. Similar thickness to
pipe shall be used for Butt Weld pipefitting, Weld Neck Flange.
45
Pipe thickness is to be calculated for internal design pressure as per para 304.1.2 of
ASME B
31.3. Pipe thickness Calculation formula is available in MS EXCEL.
Branch Table:
Unreinforced Branch- here direct welding of branch pipe to header pipe is done.
Reinforced Branch- here branch pipe is welded to header pipe with reinforced pad or
ring.
(As per R-SP-1020 of * based on ASME B 31.3)
Equal / reduced tee
Weldolet
Sockolet
Half coupling
Based on calculation as per para 304.3 of ASME B 31.3, above branches are designed &
their dimensions are calculated. These branches are tabulated in branch table of a pipe
class. Appropriate branch is to be selected from this table.