Subnetting

IP address is a 32-bit binary number. It consists of two parts. Network part and Host Part.

Subnet Mask
Subnet mask is also a 32-bit binary number which consists of 1's and 0's which tells the
host(the device to which the IP address is assigned) which bit in the IP address is Network
bit and which bit is Host bit.

Subnet mask allocates an each bit for each bit of IP address. If IP bit is a network bit, then
the assigned subnet mask bit will be 1. If IP bit is a host bit, assigned subnet mask bit will
be 0.
Lets say the IP address is 10.1.1.1 and subnet mask is 255.0.0.0
In binary form
10.1.1.1--> 00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001 (IP address)
255.0.0.0--> 111111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 (Subnet Mask)
From the above IP address and subnet mask pair, you can see that for each bit of ip
address there is a corresponding subnet mask bit. A 1 in the subnet mask bit indicates that
the corresponding bit in the IP address is a Network bit and a 0 in the subnet mask bit
indicates that the corresponding bit in the IP address is a host bit.
So from the above we can see that the first eight bits of of subnet mask are 1’s. This
means that the first 8 bits of the ip address are network bits and remaining 24 bits are host
bits as the concerned subnet mask bits are 0’s

1st 8 bits in IP address Remaining 24 bits are host bits because their
Are network bits Corresponding subnet mask bits are 0’s

IP 10.1.1.1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
address
Subnet 255.0.0.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mask

1st 8 bits are 1’s in the

Subnet mask.So the The last 24 bits in subnet mask are 0’s. So the last 24 bits
st
1 8 bits in the ip address In the ip address are 0’s.
Are 1’s.
 A 1 in the subnet mask indicates that particular postion in the IP address is a
Network bit.

A 0 in the subnet mask indicates that particular position bit in the IP address
is a Host bit.

The below table shows the list of subnet masks on the left side and IP address bits as N or
H where N=>Network bit and H=>Host bit.

Subnet Mask IP address

11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNHHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNHHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNHHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNHHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNHHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNHH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNH HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NHHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNHHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNHHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNHHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNHHH
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNHH
Subnet mask can be represented in Decimal notation or Binary notation.

Converting the Binary Subnet Mask in to dotted decimal

Till now we were discussing about the subnet mask in the binary form which is 0’s and 1’s.
But working with subnet mask in the binary form will be difficult for us. So to make it easier
to work and remember we have to convert in to decimal form.

Consider the below 32 bit subnet mask

10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
I will break it in to four parts and each part will have 8 bits.

10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

I will call each part as a octet. Octet means a group of 8 bits.

So the above subnet mask is having four octets as shown below.

1stoctet 2ndoctet 3rdoctet 4thoctet

10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

Now i will write the 32 bit subnet mask by adding a dot (.) after each octet as shown below.
10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Now i will convert each octet which is in binary in to decimal.
Lets consider the 1st octet which is 10000000.
we have to mark the position of each bit starting from the right hand side to the left hand
side.The right hand side bit starts with position “0” and moving towards the left hand side
by increasing one number till the end. That is left hand side. Since there are 8 bits and if
the right most bit is having the 0 position then the next bit is 1 and the right most bit is 7 as
shown below.
Lets say P is the position of the bit which can be from 0 to 7 .

So to convert in to decimal we have to multiply the bit (0 or 1) with the 2P and

add all of them.

In the above case its shown below

1x27 + 0x26 + 0x25 + 0x24 +0x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +0x20

20= 1
21= 2
22= 4
23= 8
24= 16
25= 32
26= 64
27= 128

128+0+0+0+0+0+0+0=128

11000000=
=1x27 + 1x26 + 0x25 + 0x24 +0x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +0x20 =
=128+64+0+0+0+0+0+0=192

11100000
= 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 0x24 +0x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +0x20
=128+64+32+0+0+0+0+0+0
=224

11110000
= 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 +1x24 +0x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +0x20
=128+64+32+16+0+0+0+0
=240

11111000
= 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 +1x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +0x20
=128+64+32+16+8+0+0+0
=248

11111100
= 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 +1x23 + 1x22 +0x21 +0x20
=128+64+32+16+8+4+0+0
=252

11111110
= 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 +1x23 + 1x22 +1x21 +0x20
=128+64+32+16+8+4+2+0
=254

111111111
= 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 +1x23 + 1x22 +1x21 +1x20
=128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1
=255

Binary Decimal value

10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252
11111110 254
111111111 255

10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
1stoctet 2ndoctet 3rdoctet 4thoctet

10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

128 0 0 0

10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000= 128.0.0.0
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000= 192.0.0.0
11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000= 224.0.0.0

The complete possible list of subnet mask values are shown in the below table both
in binary and decimal formats.
Table: Subnet Mask list in binary and decimal format.

Subnet Mask Binary format Subnet Mask in Decimal Format

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0
11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000 255.128.0.0
11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 255.192.0.0
11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 255.224.0.0
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 255.240.0.0
 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 255.248.0.0
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 255.252.0.0
11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000 255.254.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252

Subnet Mask in (/) notation

Subnet Mask can be written in slash notation as well. Here the number of 1’s in the subnet
mask are written after the slash (/). Lets say if the subnet mask is having eight 1’s then the
subnet mask is /8.If it has 16 1’s then its written as /16.

Subnet Mask in Binary Subnet Mask

in dotted
decimal
11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 /8
11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000 255.128.0.0 /9
11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000 255.192.0.0 /10
11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000 255.224.0.0 /11
11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 255.240.0.0 /12
11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 255.248.0.0 /13
11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 255.252.0.0 /14
11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 255.254.0.0 /15
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 /16
11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000 255.255.128.0 /17
11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 255.255.192.0 /18
11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 255.255.224.0 /19
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 255.255.240.0 /20
11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000 255.255.248.0 /21
11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 255.255.252.0 /22
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 255.255.254.0 /23
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 /24
11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000 255.255.255.128 /25
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 255.255.255.192 /26
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 255.255.255.224 /27
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000 255.255.255.240 /28
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248 /29
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 255.255.255.252 /30

Class A, B and C Networks

All the IP address are by default divided in five classes. They are Class A,B,C,D and E.
For subnetting we will be only interested in Class A,B and C as class D and E are
reserved.

Class First Octet Range

Class A 1-126
Class B 128-191
Class C 192-223
Class D 224-239
Class E 240-255

➔ In class A , first 8 bits are reserved for Network portion.

➔ In class B, first 16 bits are reserved for Network portion.
➔ In class C,first 24 bits are reserved for Network portion.
➔ In the above class A,B and C the last 2 bits are reserved for host portion.
Class A

1stoctet 2ndoctet 3rd octet 4th octet

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Network Host Host Host

Class B

1stoctet 2ndoctet 3rd octet 4th octet

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Network Network Host Host

Class C

1stoctet 2ndoctet 3rd octet 4th octet

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Network Network Network Host

Default Subnet Mask of Class A, B and C Networks

➢ Class A default Subnet Mask is 255.0.0.0

➢ Class B default Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0
➢ Class C default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

Note:- Last 2 bits(31 & 32) are reserved for host portion.
Class Subnet First Octet Maximum hosts Total
Mask range Networks
Class A 255.0.0.0 1-126 224-2=16,777,214 27=128
Class B 255.255.0.0 128-191 16
2 -2=65,534 214=16,384

Class C 255.255.255.0 192-223 8

2 -2=254 221=
2,097,152

Each network from the above classes(class A, Class B or class C) which is having a
default subnet mask is called a classful network. Which means when i say the classful
network, a network with default subnet mask.

Need for subnetting :

Lets say i am designing a network where there are 5 pc’s in each department. And i have
HR, accounts, Finance, Sales and Admin department. So i would want to use a different
network for each department. Since i need only 5 ip address in each network , i would take
a class C network as it has minimum host ip address available(254).
If i use 5 ip’s and keep more 5 ip addresses as spare then still i would be wasting 244 ip
addresses. And i can’t use those ip addresses anywhere else.

Same is the case with class B and Class A networks.

So we need to create subnetworks like where there are less no of hosts and more
networks. Then only we can use them according to our requirement.

So we have to divide the classful networks in to smaller networks.

For this purpose we will convert the available host bits in the classful networks(networks
with default subnet mask) to network bits.The resulting additional network bits after
conversion are called the subnet bits. And the resulting smaller networks after conversion
are called subnets( means sub-network).

Subnetting means borrowing few bits from the host bits and making them as subnet bits.
Interesting Octet:- Interesting octet is the octet in the subnet mask which is used to
calculate the block size. Normally interesting octet is the octet in the subnet mask whose
value is not either 0 or 255 except for two cases. For class A or B network if the subnet
mask given is 255.255.255.0 then interesting octet is 3 rd octet. For class A networks if the
subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 then interesting octet is 2 nd,
Note:- Interesting octet for class C network is always the 4 th octet.

Block Size:- Block size is the total number of IP addresses between two consecutive or
successive subnets.

First Subnet ID: The Zero Subnet

The first subnet id is same as the Class A, B or C network ID which we are going to
subnet. So, we have to just copy the Network ID and make it as the first subnet id.

Subnetting Class C Networks

Example 1:-
Find the number of subnets and number of hosts for the network 192.168.1.0 with the
subnet mask 255.255.255.128 ?

Answer:
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 192.168.1.0. The network
192.168.1.0 belongs to Class C .

2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.128.

3) Class C Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255.255.255.128 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the one host bit(0) is converted to network bit(1). That converted bit is called the subnet bit
. So
Number of subnet bits S=1 and
Number of Host bits H=7
5) Number of subnets=2S=21=2
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=27-2=128-2=126

6) Since 192.168.1.0 is a class C network, the interesting octet is 4 th octet which is 128

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-128=128

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 192.168.1.0.

9)For the next subnet just write the first three octet’s as it is . And for the fourth octet we
have to add the block size in the last octet(interesting octet position) which is 0+128=128.
Hence the second subnet is 192.168.1.128

10) The last subnet would be the subnet where the interesting octet (here its 4 th octet)
reaches a value equal to interesting octet subnet mask value. The second subnet
192.168.1.128, the 4th octet(interesting octet) is equal to block size which is 128. So the
subnet 192.168.1.128 is the last subnet.

So the two subnets are 192.168.1.0 & 192.168.1.128

1st Octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet

(interesting octet)
Add 128 to 0 To get the
192 168 1 0 4th Octet in next subnet
192 168 1 128

For the subnet192.168.1.0

The network address is 192.168.1.0 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.127. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.
The host address for each subnet are as follows:
192.168.1.1,
192.168.1.2,
192.168.1.3
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.126

For 192.168.1.128 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.128 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.255. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.129
192.168.1.130
192.168.1.131
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.254

Example 2:-
Network -->192.168.1.0 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.192
Find the No of subnets and the No of hosts per subnet ?

Answer:
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 192.168.1.0. The network
192.168.1.0 belongs to Class C.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.192.

3) Class C Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.192 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the two host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). That converted bits are called the
subnet bits . So
Number of subnet bits S=2 and
Number of Host bits H=6

5) Number of subnets=2S=22=4
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=26-2=64-2=62

6) Since 192.168.1.0 is a class C network, the interesting octet is 4 th octet which is 192 in
this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-192=64

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 192.168.1.0.

9)For the next subnet just write the first three octet’s as it is . And for the fourth octet we
have to add the block size in the last octet(interesting octet position) which is 0+64=64.
Hence the second subnet is 192.168.1.64 and we should keep doing the same for the
remaining subnets

10) The last subnet would be the subnet where the 4 th octet (here its 4th octet) reaches a
value equal to interesting octet subnet mask value. The fourth subnet 192.168.1.192, the
4th octet(interesting octet) is equal to interesting octet subnet mask value, which is 192. So
the subnet 192.168.1.192 is the last subnet.
So the subnets are 192.168.1.0,192.168.1.64, 192.168.1.128 & 192.168.1.192.

For the subnet192.168.1.0

The network address is 192.168.1.0 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.63. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.
The host address for each subnet are as follows:
192.168.1.1,
192.168.1.2,
192.168.1.3
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.62

For 192.168.1.64 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.64 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.127. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.
The host address for each subnet are as follows:
192.168.1.65
192.168.1.66
192.168.1.67
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.126

For 192.168.1.128 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.128 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.191. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.129
192.168.1.130
192.168.1.131
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.190

For 192.168.1.192 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.192 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.255. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.
The host address for each subnet are as follows:
192.168.1.193
192.168.1.194
192.168.1.195
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.254

Example 3:-

Network -->192.168.1.0 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.224

Find the No of subnets and the No of hosts per subnet ?

Answer:
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 192.168.1.0. The network
192.168.1.0 belongs to Class C .

2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.224.

3) Class C Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255.255.255.224 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the three host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). That converted bits are called
the subnet bits . So
Number of subnet bits S=3 and
 Number of Host bits H=5

5) Number of subnets=2S=23=8
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=25-2=32-2=30

6) Since 192.168.1.0 is a class C network, the interesting octet is 4 th octet which is 224 in
this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-224=32

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 192.168.1.0.

9)For the next subnet just write the first three octet’s as it is . And for the fourth octet we
have to add the block size in the last octet(interesting octet position) which is 0+32=32.
Hence the second subnet is 192.168.1.32 and we should keep doing the same for the
remaining subnets

10) The last subnet would be the subnet where the 4 th octet (here its 4th octet) reaches a
value equal to interesting octet in subnet mask value. The eigth subnet 192.168.1.224, the
4th octet(interesting octet) is equal to interesting octet subnet mask value, which is 224. So
the subnet 192.168.1.224 is the last subnet.
So the subnets are as follows

For the subnet192.168.1.0

The network address is 192.168.1.0 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.31. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.
The host address for each subnet are as follows:
192.168.1.1,
192.168.1.2,
192.168.1.3
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.30

For 192.168.1.32 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.32 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.63. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.33
192.168.1.34
192.168.1.35
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.62

For 192.168.1.64 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.64 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.95. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.65
192.168.1.66
192.168.1.67
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.94

For 192.168.1.96 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.96 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.127. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.97
192.168.1.98
192.168.1.99
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.126

For 192.168.1.128 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.128 and the broadcast address is
192.168.1.159. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.
The host address for each subnet are as follows:
192.168.1.129
192.168.1.130
192.168.1.131
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.158

For 192.168.1.160 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.160 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.191. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.161
192.168.1.162
192.168.1.163
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.190

For 192.168.1.192 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.192 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.223. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.192
192.168.1.193
192.168.1.194
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.222
For 192.168.1.224 subnet

The network address is 192.168.1.224 and the broadcast address is

192.168.1.255. The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnet address.

The host address for each subnet are as follows:

192.168.1.225
192.168.1.226
192.168.1.227
.
.
.
.
192.168.1.255

Example 4:-

Network -->192.168.1.0 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.240

Find the No of subnets and the No of hosts per subnet ?

Answer:
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 192.168.1.0. The network
192.168.1.0 belongs to Class C .

2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.240.

3) Class C Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255.255.255.240 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the four host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). That converted bits are called the
subnet bits . So
 Number of subnet bits S=4 and
Number of Host bits H=4

5) Number of subnets=2S=24=16
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=24-2=16-2=14

6) Since 192.168.1.0 is a class C network, the interesting octet is 4 th octet which is 240 in
this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-240=16

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 192.168.1.0.

9)For the next subnet just write the first three octet’s as it is . And for the fourth octet we
have to add the block size in the last octet(interesting octet position) which is 0+16=16.
Hence the second subnet is 192.168.1.16 and we should keep doing the same for the
remaining subnets

10) The last subnet would be the subnet where the 4 th octet (here its 4th octet) reaches a
value equal to interesting octet value in subnet mask value. The sixteenth subnet
192.168.1.240, the 4th octet(interesting octet) is equal to interesting octet value in subnet
mask value, which is 240. So the subnet 192.168.1.240 is the last subnet.
So the subnets are as follows

192.168.1.0 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.48

192.168.1.64 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.112
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.144 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.176
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.208 192.168.1.224 192.168.1.240

Subnet 192.168.1.0
 Network Address 192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address 192.168.1.15
First host address 192.168.1.1
Last host address 192.168.1.14
Subnet 192.168.1.16

Network Address 192.168.1.16

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.31
First host address 192.168.1.17
Last host address 192.168.1.30

Subnet 192.168.1.32

Network Address 192.168.1.32

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.47
First host address 192.168.1.33
Last host address 192.168.1.46

Subnet 192.168.1.48

Network Address 192.168.1.48

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.63
First host address 192.168.1.49
Last host address 192.168.1.62

Subnet 192.168.1.64

Network Address 192.168.1.64

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.79
First host address 192.168.1.65
Last host address 192.168.1.78

Subnet 192.168.1.80
 Network Address 192.168.1.80
Broadcast Address 192.168.1.95
First host address 192.168.1.81
Last host address 192.168.1.94

Subnet 192.168.1.96

Network Address 192.168.1.96

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.111
First host address 192.168.1.97
Last host address 192.168.1.110

Subnet 192.168.1.112

Network Address 192.168.1.112

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.127
First host address 192.168.1.113
Last host address 192.168.1.126

Subnet 192.168.1.128

Network Address 192.168.1.128

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.143
First host address 192.168.1.129
Last host address 192.168.1.142

Subnet 192.168.1.144

Network Address 192.168.1.144

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.159
First host address 192.168.1.145
Last host address 192.168.1.158
Subnet 192.168.1.160

Network Address 192.168.1.160

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.175
First host address 192.168.1.161
Last host address 192.168.1.174

Subnet 192.168.1.176

Network Address 192.168.1.176

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.191
First host address 192.168.1.177
Last host address 192.168.1.190

Subnet 192.168.1.192

Network Address 192.168.1.192

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.207
First host address 192.168.1.193
Last host address 192.168.1.206

Subnet 192.168.1.208

Network Address 192.168.1.208

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.223
First host address 192.168.1.209
Last host address 192.168.1.222

Subnet 192.168.1.224

Network Address 192.168.1.224

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.239
 First host address 192.168.1.225
Last host address 192.168.1.238

Subnet 192.168.1.240

Network Address 192.168.1.240

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.255
First host address 192.168.1.241
Last host address 192.168.1.254
Example 5:-
Network -->192.168.1.0 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.248

Find the No of subnets and the No of hosts per subnet ?

Answer:
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 192.168.1.0. The network
192.168.1.0 belongs to Class C .
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.248.
3) Class C Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255.255.255.248 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the five host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). That converted bits are called the
subnet bits . So
5) Number of subnets=2S=25=32
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=23-2=8-2=6
6) Since 192.168.1.0 is a class C network, the interesting octet is 4 th octet which is 248 in
this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-248=8

8)Finding the subnets:-
The first subnet will be same as the network which is 192.168.1.0.

9)For the next subnet just write the first three octet’s as it is . And for the fourth octet we
have to add the block size in the last octet(interesting octet position) which is 0+8=8.
Hence the second subnet is 192.168.1.8 and we should keep doing the same for the
remaining subnets

10) The last subnet would be the subnet where the 4 th octet (here its 4th octet) reaches a
value equal to interesting octet value in subnet mask value. The thirty two subnet
192.168.1.248, the 4th octet(interesting octet) is equal to interesting octet value in subnet
mask value, which is 248. So the subnet 192.168.1.248 is the last subnet.

So the subnets are as follows

192.168.1.0 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.24

192.168.1.32 192.168.1.40 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.56
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.72 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.88
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.104 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.120
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.136 192.168.1.144 192.168.1.152
192.168.1.160 192.168.1.168 192.168.1.176 192.168.1.184
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.208 192.168.1.216
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.232 192.168.1.240 192.168.1.248

Subnet 192.168.1.0

Network Address 192.168.1.0

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.7
First host address 192.168.1.1
Last host address 192.168.1.6

Subnet 192.168.1.8

Network Address 192.168.1.8

 Broadcast Address 192.168.1.15
First host address 192.168.1.9
Last host address 192.168.1.14

Subnet 192.168.1.16

Network Address 192.168.1.16

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.23
First host address 192.168.1.17
Last host address 192.168.1.22

We have to follow the same procedure for the remaining subnets. I am writing the details
for the last subnet which is 192.168.1.248

Subnet 192.168.1.248

Network Address 192.168.1.248

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.255
First host address 192.168.1.249
Last host address 192.168.1.254

Example 6:-

Network -->192.168.1.0 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.252

Find the No of subnets and the No of hosts per subnet ?

Answer:
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 192.168.1.0. The network
192.168.1.0 belongs to Class C .

2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.252.

3) Class C Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255.255.255.252 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the six host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). That converted bits are called the
subnet bits . So

5) Number of subnets=2S=26=64
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=22-2=4-2=2

6) Since 192.168.1.0 is a class C network, the interesting octet is 4 th octet which is 252 in
this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-252=4

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 192.168.1.0.
9)For the next subnet just write the first three octet’s as it is . And for the fourth octet we
have to add the block size in the last octet(interesting octet position) which is 0+4=4.
Hence the second subnet is 192.168.1.4 and we should keep doing the same for the
remaining subnets
10) The last subnet would be the subnet where the 4 th octet (here its 4th octet) reaches a
value equal to interesting octet value in subnet mask value. The thirty two subnet
192.168.1.252, the 4th octet(interesting octet) is equal to interesting octet value in subnet
mask value, which is 252. So the subnet 192.168.1.252 is the last subnet.

So the subnets are as follows

192.168.1.0 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.12

192.168.1.16 192.168.1.20 192.168.1.24 192.168.1.28

192.168.1.32 192.168.1.36 192.168.1.40 192.168.1.44

192.168.1.48 192.168.1.52 192.168.1.56 192.168.1.60

192.168.1.64 192.168.1.68 192.168.1.72 192.168.1.76

192.168.1.80 192.168.1.84 192.168.1.88 192.168.1.92

192.168.1.96 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.104 192.168.1.108

192.168.1.112 192.168.1.116 192.168.1.120 192.168.1.124

192.168.1.128 192.168.1.132 192.168.1.136 192.168.1.140

192.168.1.144 192.168.1.148 192.168.1.152 192.168.1.156

192.168.1.160 192.168.1.164 192.168.1.168 192.168.1.172

192.168.1.176 192.168.1.180 192.168.1.184 192.168.1.188

192.168.1.192 192.168.1.196 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.204

192.168.1.208 192.168.1.212 192.168.1.216 192.168.1.220

192.168.1.224 192.168.1.228 192.168.1.232 192.168.1.236

192.168.1.240 192.168.1.244 192.168.1.248 192.168.1.252

Subnet 192.168.1.0

Network Address 192.168.1.0

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.3
First host address 192.168.1.1
Last host address 192.168.1.2

Subnet 192.168.1.4

Network Address 192.168.1.4

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.7
First host address 192.168.1.5
 Last host address 192.168.1.6

Subnet 192.168.1.8

Network Address 192.168.1.8

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.11
First host address 192.168.1.9
Last host address 192.168.1.10

We have to follow the same procedure for the remaining subnets. I am writing the details
for the last subnet which is 192.168.1.252

Subnet 192.168.1.252

Network Address 192.168.1.252

Broadcast Address 192.168.1.255
First host address 192.168.1.253
Last host address 192.168.1.254

Class B Subnetting:-

Possible Subnet masks for Class B Networks

Subnet Mask Interesting Octet

255.255.0.0
255.255.128.0 3rd octet
255.255.192.0 3rd octet
255.255.224.0 3rd octet
255.255.240.0 3rd octet
255.255.248.0 3rd octet
255.255.252.0 3rd octet
255.255.254.0 3rd octet
255.255.255.0 3rd octet
255.255.255.128 4th octet
255.255.255.192 4th octet
255.255.255.224 4th octet
255.255.255.240 4th octet
255.255.255.248 4th octet
255.255.255.252 4th octet

Subnetting Class B Networks can be studied in two parts.

1)Subnetting when subnet bits are below 8 bits
2)Subnetting when subnet bits are from 9 to 14 bits.

Subnetting class B Network when (S<8)

Points to be noted when subnet bits are less than 8(S<8):

1) The interesting octet will be the 3 rd octet.

2) The subnetting procedure will be the same as the subnetting of class C Network.

3)The default subnet mask of class B network is 255.255.0.0.

In Binary it is :

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

The first 16 bits are Network bits and the last 16 bits are host bits.

Example 1:

Network 172.16.0.0 and Subnet mask is 255.255.128.0.

Find the subnets, host address for each subnet, and broadcast addresses.

Answer :
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 172.16.0.0. The network
172.16.0.0 belongs to Class B .

2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.128.0

3) Class B Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0

255.255.0.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

255.255.128.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the one host bit(0) are converted to network bit(1). That converted bit is called the subnet
bit . So
5) Number of subnets=2S=21=2
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=215-2=32768-2=32766

6) Since 172.16.0.0 is a class B network and subnet bits are below 8, the interesting octet
is 3rd octet which is 128 in this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-128=128

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 172.16.0.0
9)For the next subnet just write the all the octets except the interesting octet same. . And
for the interesting octet (here 3rd octet)we have to add the block size to the 3rd octet
value(interesting octet value) to get the next subnet 3 rd octet value. Here it is 0+128=128
Hence the second subnet is 172.16.128.0 and we should keep doing the same till we
reach the subnet in which the interesting octet value will be same as the value in the
subnet mask, which is 128.

10) So the last subnet would be 172.16.128.0

So the subnets are as follows
172.16.0.0 and 172.16.128.0

For the subnet 172.16.0.0

Network Address 172.16.0.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.127.255
First host address 172.16.0.1
Last host address 172.16.127.254

For the subnet 172.16.128.0

Network Address 172.16.128.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.255.255
First host address 172.16.0.1
Last host address 172.16.255.254

Example 2:

Q) Network 172.16.0.0 and Subnet mask is 255.255.192.0

Answer :
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 172.16.0.0. The network
172.16.0.0 belongs to Class B .

2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.192.0

3) Class B Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0

255.255.0.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

255.255.192.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000

4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the two host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). That converted bits is called the
subnet bits . So
5) Number of subnets=2S=22=2
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=214-2=16384-2=16382

6) Since 172.16.0.0 is a class B network and subnet bits are below 8, the interesting octet
is 3rd octet which is 192 in this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-192=64

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 172.16.0.0

9)For the next subnet just write the all the octets except the interesting octet same. . And
for the interesting octet (here 3rd octet)we have to add the block size to the 3rd octet
value(interesting octet value) to get the next subnet 3 rd octet value. Here it is 0+64=64.
Hence the second subnet is 172.16.64.0 and we should keep doing the same till we reach
the subnet in which the interesting octet value will be same as the value in the subnet
mask, which is 192.
10) So the last subnet would be 172.16.192.0
So the subnets are as follows
172.16.0.0, 172.16.64.0, 192.16.128.0, 172.16.192.0

For the subnet 172.16.0.0

Network Address 172.16.0.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.63.255
First host address 172.16.0.1
Last host address 172.16.63.254

For the subnet 172.16.64.0

 Network Address 172.16.64.0
Broadcast Address 172.16.127.255
First host address 172.16.64.1
Last host address 172.16.127.254

For the subnet 172.16.128.0

Network Address 172.16.128.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.191.255
First host address 172.16.128.1
Last host address 172.16.191.254

For the subnet 172.16.192.0

Network Address 172.16.192.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.255.255
First host address 172.16.192.1
Last host address 172.16.255.254

Subnetting class B Network when (S=8)

Network=172.16.0.0
Subnet Mask= 255.255.255.0
Answer :
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 172.16.0.0. The network
172.16.0.0 belongs to Class B.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
3) Class B Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0
255.255.0.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
4) If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
the eight host bits(0’s) are converted to network bits(1’s). Those converted bits is called
the subnet bits . So
5) Number of subnets=2S=28=256
and Number of hosts = 2H-2=28-2=256-2=254

6) Since 172.16.0.0 is a class B network and subnet bits are equal to 8 bits, the interesting
octet is 3rd octet which is 255 in this case.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-255=1

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 172.16.0.0

9)For the next subnet just write the all the octets except the interesting octet same. . And
for the interesting octet (here 3rd octet)we have to add the block size to the 3rd octet
value(interesting octet value) to get the next subnet 3 rd octet value. Here it is 0+1=1.
Hence the second subnet is 172.16.1.0 and we should keep doing the same till we reach
the subnet in which the interesting octet value will be same as the value in the subnet
mask, which is 255.

10) So the last subnet would be 172.16.255.0

So the subnets are as follows

172.16.0.0, 172.16.1.0, 192.16.2.0, 172.16.3.0, 172.16.4.0 till 172.16.255.0

For the subnet 172.16.0.0

Network Address 172.16.0.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.0.255
First host address 172.16.0.1
Last host address 172.16.0.254

For the subnet 172.16.1.0

 Network Address 172.16.1.0
Broadcast Address 172.16.1.255
First host address 172.16.1.1
Last host address 172.16.1.254

For the subnet 172.16.2.0

Network Address 172.16.2.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.2.255
First host address 172.16.2.1
Last host address 172.16.2.254

Follow the same steps for the remaining subnets. The details for the last subnet
172.16.255.0 as follows

For the subnet 172.16.255.0

Network Address 172.16.255.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.255.255
First host address 172.16.255.1
Last host address 172.16.255.254

Class B Subnetting [Subnet bits (s)= 9 to 14]

When subnet bits are from 9 to 14 then the interesting octet would be the 4 th octet.
In the resulting list of subnets, the first two octets will remain the same for all the subnets.
The 3rd octet will remain the same as the previous subnet till the interesting octet value is
equal to the interesting octet value in the subnet mask. After that the 3 rd octet will
increment by one and will remain same till the fourth octet again reaches the value equal
to the interesting octet value in the subnet mask. After that the 3 rd octet will increment by
one. This will repeat till the 3rd octet reaches the value equal to 255.

Example 1:
Network=172.16.0.0
Subnet Mask= 255.255.255.128
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 172.16.0.0. The network
172.16.0.0 belongs to Class B.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
3)Class B Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0
255.255.0.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.128 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

4)If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then that nine 0’s are
converted to nine1’s. Which means nine host bits are converted to nine network bits. The
host bits which are converted to network bits are called subnet bits. So in this case S=9
and H=7
5) Number of subnets S =2S=29=512 and Number of hosts =2H-2=27-2=126
6)Interesting octet is 4th octet (Refer the table above) which is 128.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-128=128

8)Finding the subnets:-

The first subnet will be same as the network which is 172.16.0.0

172 16 0 0
172 16 0 128
172 16 1 0
172 16 1 128
172 16 2 0
172 16 2 128
172 16 3 0
172 16 3 128
.......... .......... .......... ..........
.......... .......... .......... ..........
172 16 255 0
172 16 255 128

From the above table of subnets we can see that the first two octets are same for all the
subnets. The 3rd is same as the previous subnet till the interesting octet value is equal to
the interesting octet value in the subnet mask(in this case its 128). After that the 3 rd octet is
incrementing by one and will remain same till the fourth octet value is equal to the
interesting octet value in the subnet mask. After that the 3 rd octet is incrementing by one.
This is repeating till the 3rd octet reached the value equal to 255.

For the subnet 172.16.0.0

Network Address 172.16.0.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.0.127
First host address 172.16.0.1
Last host address 172.16.0.126

For the subnet 172.16.0.128

Network Address 172.16.0.128

Broadcast Address 172.16.0.255
First host address 172.16.0.129
Last host address 172.16.0.254

For the subnet 172.16.1.0

 Network Address 172.16.1.0
Broadcast Address 172.16.1.127
First host address 172.16.1.1
Last host address 172.16.1.126

For the subnet 172.16.1.128

Network Address 172.16.1.128

Broadcast Address 172.16.1.255
First host address 172.16.1.129
Last host address 172.16.1.254

Similarly we can find the Network Address, Broadcast Address, First Host address and the
Last Host address for the remaining subnets till 172.16.255.128.

Example 2:
Network=172.16.0.0
Subnet Mask= 255.255.255.192

Answer:-
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 172.16.0.0. The network
172.16.0.0 belongs to Class B.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
3)Class B Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0
255.255.0.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.128 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

4)If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then that nine 0’s are
converted to nine1’s. Which means nine host bits are converted to nine network bits. The
host bits which are converted to network bits are called subnet bits. So in this case S=10
and H=6
5) Number of subnets S =2S=210=1024 and Number of hosts =2H-2=27-2=62
6)Interesting octet is 4th octet (Refer the table above) which is 192.
7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-192=64
8)Finding the subnets:-
The first subnet will be same as the network which is 172.16.0.0

172 16 0 0
172 16 0 0
172 16 0 0
172 16 0 0
172 16 1 64
172 16 1 64
172 16 1 64
172 16 1 64
172 16 2 128
172 16 2 128
172 16 2 128
172 16 2 128
172 16 3 192
172 16 3 192
172 16 3 192
172 16 3 192
... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .
... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .
... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .
... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .
172 16 255 192
172 16 255 192
172 16 255 192
172 16 255 192

From the above table of subnets we can see that the first two octets are same for all the
subnets. The 3rd is same as the previous subnet till the interesting octet value is equal to
the interesting octet value in the subnet mask(in this case its 128). After that the 3 rd octet is
incrementing by one and will remain same till the fourth octet value is equal to the
interesting octet value in the subnet mask. After that the 3 rd octet is incrementing by one.
This is repeating till the 3rd octet reached the value equal to 255.

For the subnet 172.16.0.0

 Network Address 172.16.0.0
Broadcast Address 172.16.0.127
First host address 172.16.0.1
Last host address 172.16.0.126

For the subnet 172.16.0.128

Network Address 172.16.0.128

Broadcast Address 172.16.0.255
First host address 172.16.0.129
Last host address 172.16.0.254

For the subnet 172.16.1.0

Network Address 172.16.1.0

Broadcast Address 172.16.1.127
First host address 172.16.1.1
Last host address 172.16.1.126

For the subnet 172.16.1.128

Network Address 172.16.1.128

Broadcast Address 172.16.1.255
First host address 172.16.1.129
Last host address 172.16.1.254

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Class A Subnetting[1 to 8 Subnet bits]
10.0.0.0
Subnet Mask : 255.192.0.0
Answer:-
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 10.0.0.0. The network 10.0.0.0
belongs to Class A.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.192.0.0
3)Class A Default Subnet Mask is 255.0.0.0
255.0.0.0 in binary is 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.192.0.0 in binary is 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000

4)If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
two host bits (0’s) are converted to two1’s(network bits). Which means two host bits are
converted to two network bits. The host bits which are converted to network bits are called
subnet bits. So in this case S=2 and H=22
5) Number of subnets S =2S=22=4 and Number of hosts =2H-2=222-2=41,94,302
6)Interesting octet is 2nd octet (Refer the table above) which is 192.

7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-192=64

8)Finding the subnets:-
The first subnet will be same as the network which is 10.0.0.0

Class A Subnetting[9 to 16 Subnet bits]

10.0.0.0
Subnet Mask : 255.255.192.0

Answer:-
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 10.0.0.0. The network 10.0.0.0
belongs to Class A.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.192.0
3)Class A Default Subnet Mask is 255.0.0.0
255.0.0.0 in binary is 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.255.192.0 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
4)If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
ten host bits (0’s) are converted to ten network bits(1’s). Which means ten host bits are
converted to ten network bits. The host bits which are converted to network bits are called
subnet bits. So in this case S=10 and H=14
5) Number of subnets S =2S=210=1024 and Number of hosts =2H-2=214-2=16,382
6)Interesting octet is 3rd octet (Refer the table above) which is 192.
7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-192=64
8)Finding the subnets:-
The first subnet will be same as the network which is 10.0.0.0

10.0.0.0 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 ........ 10.255.0.0

10.0.64.0 10.1.64.0 10.2.64.0 . . . . . 10.255.64.0
10.0.128.0 10.1.128.0 10.2.128.0 .. . . . . 10.255.128.0
10.0.192.0 10.1.192.0 10.2.192.0 . . . . . 10.255.192.0

Class A Subnetting[17 or more subnet bits]

Network = 10.0.0.0 & Subnet Mask =255.255.255.192
Answer:-
1)The first step is to identify the class of the given network 10.0.0.0. The network 10.0.0.0
belongs to Class A.
2) Given subnet mask is 255.255.255.192.
3)Class A Default Subnet Mask is 255.0.0.0
255.0.0.0 in binary is 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.192 in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
4)If we compare the default subnet mask with the given subnet mask then we notice that
eighteen host bits (0’s) are converted to eighteen network bits(1’s). Which means eighteen
host bits are converted to eighteen network bits. The host bits which are converted to
network bits are called subnet bits. So in this case S=18 and H=6
5) Number of subnets S =2S=218=2,62,144 and Number of hosts =2H-2=26-2=62
6)Interesting octet is 4th octet (Refer the table above) which is 192.
7)Block size=256-interesting octet value =256-192=64
8)Finding the subnets:-
The first subnet will be same as the network which is 172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 ............... 10.255.0.0
10.0.0.64 10.1.0.64 10.2.0.64 10.3.0.64 ................... 10.255.0.64
10.0.0.128 10.1.0.128 10.2.0.128 10.3.0.128 10.255.0.128
10.0.0.192 10.1.0.192 10.2.0.192 10.3.0.192 ............... 10.255.0.192
10.0.1.0 10.1.1.0 10.2.1.0 10.3.1.0 ............... 10.255.1.0
10.0.1.64 10.1.1.64 10.2.1.64 10.3.1.64 ............... 10.255.1.64
10.0.1.128 10.1.1.128 10.2.1.128 10.3.1.128 ............... 10.255.1.128
10.0.1.192 10.1.1.192 10.2.1.192 10.3.1.192 ............... 10.255.1.192
10.0.2.0 10.1.2.0 10.2.2.0 10.3.2.0 10.255.2.0
10.0.2.64 10.1.2.64 10.2.2.64 10.3.2.64 ............... 10.255.2.64
10.0.2.128 10.1.2.128 10.2.2.128 10.3.2.128 ............... 10.255.2.128
10.0.2.192 10.1.2.192 10.2.2.192 10.3.2.192 ............... 10.255.2.192
. . .. . . ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............
. . .. . . ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............
. . .. . . ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............
10.0.255.0 10.1.255.0 10.2.255.0 10.3.255.0 ............... 10.255.255.0
10.0.255.64 10.1.255.64 10.2.255.64 10.3.255.64 ............... 10.255.255.64
10.0.255.128 10.1.255.128 10.2.255.128 10.3.255.128 ............... 10.255.255.128
10.0.255.192 10.1.255.192 10.2.255.192 10.3.255.192 10.255.255.192