St.

Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai-119

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai-119

Department of Mathematics

UNIT – IV FOURIER TRANSFORMS NOTES

IMPORTANT FORMULAS
1. Fourier transform pair:

1
i) The Fourier Transform of f(x) is F  f ( x)  F (s)   f ( x)eisx dx
2 

1
 F (s)e
isx
ii) The Inverse Fourier Transform of F(s) is f ( x)  ds
2 

Here F(s) & f(x) are called Fourier transform pair.

2. Fourier Cosine transform pair:


2
i) The Fourier Cosine Transform of f(x) is Fc  f ( x)  Fc ( s)   f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

2
ii) The Inverse Fourier Cosine Transform of Fc ( s ) is f ( x) 
  F (s) cos sx ds
0
c

Here Fc(s) & f(x) are called Fourier cosine transform pair.

3. Fourier Sine transform pair:


2
i) The Fourier Sine Transform of f(x) is Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx
 0

1
ii) The Inverse Fourier Sine Transform of Fs ( s ) is f ( x) 
2  F (s)sin sx ds

s

Here Fs(s) & f(x) are called Fourier sine transform pair.

 

 F (s) ds  
2
4. Parsevals Identity for Fourier transform: f ( x) 2 dx
 

 

 F ( s) ds   f ( x) 2 dx
2
5. Parsevals Identity for Fourier Cosine transform: c
0 0

 

 F ( s) ds   f ( x) dx
2 2
6. Parsevals Identity for Fourier Sine transform: s
0 0

7. 
a
e
 ax
1) cos bx dx 
0
a  b2
2
 
b
e
 ax
2) sin bx dx 
0
a  b2
2



 e du 
u 2
3)
0
2

4) F  xf ( x)   ( i )
d
ds
 F  f ( x)   (i )  F ( s ) 
d
ds
5) Fs  xf ( x)     Fc  f ( x)     Fc ( s ) 
d d
ds ds
6) Fc  xf ( x)    Fs  f ( x)  
d d
 Fs (s)
ds ds
7) If f(x) and g(x) are any two functions and Fc(s) & Gc(s) are there Fourier cosine transforms
 
then 
0
f ( x) g ( x)dx   Fc (s)Gc (s)ds holds.
0
8) If f(x) and g(x) are any two functions and Fs(s) & Gs(s) are there Fourier sine transforms
 
then  f ( x) g ( x)dx  F (s)G (s)ds holds.
0 0
s s

PART -A
1. State Fourier integral theorem.
Solution :
If f  x  is piecewise continuous, differentiable and absolutely integrable in  ,  then
1   isx  t  dtds
f x     f t  e
2    
2. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then show that F{ f ( x  a)}  e ias F ( s)
Solution :
Given F  f ( x)  F (s)
The Fourier Transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx
2 

1
F  f ( x  a)    f ( x  a)eisx dx
2 
Let x  a  t  dx  dt

1
=
2  f (t )eis (t a ) dt


1

isa
=e f (t )eist dt
2 

F  f ( x  a) =eias F  f ( x) 
3. State Convolution theorem in Fourier Transform.
Solution :
 The Fourier transform of the convolution of f  x  and g x  is the product of their Fourier
transforms .
i.e. F  f  x   g  x   F  f ( x) F  g ( x)  F (s).G(s)
4. If F  f ( x)  F (s), then find F e iax f (x) .  
Solution :

F  f ( x)  F ( s ) 
1 isx
 f ( x)e dx
2  

1  iax isx 1  isx  iax dx

F eiax f ( x)    e f ( x)e dx   f ( x )e
2  2 
1  i( s  a) x
  f ( x )e dx
2 
F eiax f ( x)   F (s  a)
5. State and prove the change of scale property of Fourier Transform.
Statement:
1 s
If F  f ( x)  F (s) then F  f  ax    F   , a  0.
a a
Solution :
Given F  f ( x)  F (s)
The Fourier Transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx
2 

1
F  f (ax)   f (ax) eisx dx ,
2 
dt
Put ax  t  adx  dt  dx  when x    t   and x    t  
a
 s
1 i  t dt
F  f  ax    f (t ) e  a 
2 
a
 s
1 1 i  t 1 s
F  f  ax     f (t ) e a
dt = F  .
a 2 
a a

6. 1
Find the Fourier Sine transform of .
x
Solution :
The Fourier Sine Transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx
 0

1 2 sin sx
Fs   
 x   x
dx put t  sx, dt  sdx
0
 
1 2 sin t dt
Fs   
x  t s 
0
s
 
1 2 sin t 2    sinx 
Fs   
 x

 0 t
dt   
 2 2  x
dx 
2
0
7.  a x  .
Find the Fourier sine transform of e  ax , a  0 . Hence find F xe
c  

Solution :
2 
Fs  f ( x)   f ( x) sin sxdx .
 0

2   ax
F e  ax  
2 s
e sin sxdx 
s   0  s  a2
2
d
We know that by property Fc  xf  x    Fs  f  x  
ds 
 F  xeax   Fs [e  ax ]
d
c   ds
d 2 s

ds  s 2  a 2
 
2 ( s  a ).1  s.(2 s) 
 2 2
  
 
  
2
 s2  a2 
 
 
 2
2  a s 2 
 


  2 2 2
 s a
 


PART-B
1. 1 , x  a 
sin x
Find the Fourier transforms of f ( x )   and hence evaluate  dx. Using Parseval’s
0 , x  a 0 x
sin 2 t  

identity, prove that  2 dt  .

0 t 2
1 , a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x )  
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx .
2 

1  
a a 
F ( s)      
isx isx
0 e dx 1 e dx 0 eisx dx 
2   a a 
a
1

2  (cos sx  i sin sx) dx
a

1 a a  a
   cos sx dx  i  sin sx dx  sinsx is an even fn  sin sx dx  0
2   a a  a

a
1
2 0
 2 cos sx dx
a
2 2  sin sx  2  sin as 
    0
2   s  0   s 
2  sin as 
F ( s) 
  s 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F (s)e
isx
f ( x)  ds
2 

1

 2 sin as  isx

2    s  e ds
  

1  sin as 
2
   cos sx  i sin sx  ds
 
2   s 
2    sin as  
 sin as  
    cos sx  ds  i     sin sx  ds 
2      s   
s  

2  sin as   sin as 
f ( x)   
 0  s    sin sx is an odd function
cos sx ds
 s 

 sin as  
 
0
s 
 cos sx ds  f ( x)
2
Put x=0
 
 sin as  
 
0
s 
 cos 0 ds  f (0)
2

 sin as  
 
0
s 
 ds  (1)
2
f ( x)  1  f (0)  1

Put a=1 and s=x we get


 sin x  
  dx 
0
x  2
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

 F (s) dx    f ( x)
2 2
ds
 
2

 2 sin sa  a

   s    a1 dx
2
ds
 
2
2   sin sa 
   
a
ds x
   s  a

2
2   sin sa 
ds   a  (a )
   s 
2
2   sin sa 
 0  s 
2 ds  2a

2 a
2

 sin sa 
0  s  ds  4
Put a =1 & s=t we get,
 

2
sin 2 t  sin t 
0 t 2 dt  0  t  dt  2 .
2. 
 x ; if x  a
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)   .

0 ; if x  a
x , a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x )  
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx .
2 

1  
aa 
F ( s)    0 e dx   x e dx   0 e dx 
isx isx isx

2   a a 
a
1

2  x(cos sx  i sin sx) dx
a
 1 a a  a
   x cos sx dx  i  x sin sx dx  x cos sx is an odd fn   x cos sx dx  0
2   a a  a

a a a
1
2 0
i 2 x sin sx dx x sin x is an even function   x sin sx dx  2 x sin sx dx
a 0
a
2 2    cos sx    sin sx  
i  ( x)    (1)  
2    s   s 0
2

a
2  x cos sx sin sx 
i   2 
  s s 0
2  a cos sa sin sa  
i   2   (0) 
  s s  
2  sin sa  as cos sa  
F (s)  i
  s2


3. 
a  x ; if x  a 2  1  cos as 
Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)   is   . Hence deduce that (i)

 0 ; if x  a  0  s2 
 
 
2 4
 sin t   sin t 
0  t  dt  2 . (ii)  
0
t   dt  .
3

a  x ,  a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x )  
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx .
2 

1  
a a 
F (s)  
2  
0 e isx
dx    a  x  e isx
dx  a 0 e isx
dx 
a 
a

  a  x  (cos sx  i sin sx) dx

1

2 a

1  
a a
    a  x  cos sx dx  i   a  x  sin sx dx 
2   a a 
a

 a  x  sin sx is an odd fn   a  x  sin sx dx  0

a
a
1
2  a  x  cos sx dx
2 0

a
2 2  sin sx    cos sx  
  a  x    (1)  
2    s   s   0
2
 a
2  cos sx 
 
  s 2  0
2  1  
   2   cos sa  cos 0 
  s  
2 1  cos sa 
F ( s) 
  s 2 
 2  as  
sin   
2  2  1  cos 2  as
F ( s)  2  sin 2    1  cos   2sin 2   here  
  s2  2  2 2
 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F (s)e
isx
f ( x)  ds
2 

  2  as   
  sin  2   

1 2 2     e  isx ds
 
2    

s2 
   
 
2
  as  
2   2  
 sin
2

2   s   cos sx  i sin sx  ds
 
 
 
  
2
  as  
2 
   sin  as     sin   
2
    2    cos sx  ds  i    2    sin sx  ds 
    
  
s s
     
     
   as  2    as  
2

 
4   2    2 
sin sin
f ( x)         cos sx  ds       sin sx  is an odd function

 0 s    s 
     
     
2
  as  
  sin  
 2   cos sx ds   f ( x)
0  s 

4
 
 
Put x=0
 2
  as  
  sin  
 2   cos 0 ds   f (0)
0  s    4

 
 
2
  as  
  sin  
 2   ds   a
0  s 

4
f ( x)  a  x  f (0)  a
 
 
Put a=1 and s=t get
2
  s 
  sin  
 2   ds   s ds
0  s 

4
put
2
 t   dt
2
 
 


2
 sin t 
0  2t  2dt  4


2
 sin t 
   dt 
0
t  2
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

 F (s) dx    f ( x)
2 2
ds
 
2
  2  as   
  2  sin  2   
 
a
2   
2
   ds   a  x dx
    s2  a
   
4
  as    as 
 
sin    sin 2  
 2
 a  x  and s2 2  areeven functions
a
8
 ds  2  a  x  dx
2
2 
2

 0 s  0

 
4
  as  
8    2  
sin a

      a  x  dx
2
ds
0 s  0

 
4
  as  
8    2  
sin   a  x 3 
a

 0  s
  ds   
  3  0
 
 4
  as  
 
sin   
8  2   a 3  
 0  s
  ds  (0)   
   3 
 
4
  as  
 
sin   
 2 a 3
0  s  ds  3  8
 
 
Put a =1 & s=t we get,
4
  s 
  sin  2   
    ds 
s ds
 put  t   dt
0  s  24 2 2
 

4

 sin t 

0
 2t  2dt  24


4

 sin t 

0
 t  dt  3 .

4. 1  x , x 1
Find the Fourier transform of f  x    and hence find the value of
 0, x 1
 
sin 2 t sin 4 t
(i) 0 t 2 dt . (ii) 0 t 4 dt .
Sloution:
Hint in the previous problem a=1.
a  x , x a
5. 2 2

Find the Fourier transform of f  x    and hence evaluate

 0, x a
 
 sin t  t cos t    sin t  t cos t  
2

(i) 0  t 3 dt  4 (ii) 0  t 3  dt 

 15
a 2  x 2 ,  a  x  a
Solution: Given f ( x )  
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx .
2 

1  
a
a 
F ( s)    0 e dx   a  x e dx   0 e dx 
2  
isx 2 2 isx isx
 
a a 
a

 a 
1
 2
 x 2 (cos sx  i sin sx) dx
2 a
 a 2 a 

1
2
  
  a  x cos sx dx  i  a 2  x 2 sin sx dx 
2

  a a 
a

  
a 2  x 2 sin sx is an odd fn  a 2  x 2 sin sx dx  0 
a
a

1

2 a 2  x 2 cos sx dx
2 0

a
2 2 2 2  sin sx    cos sx    sin sx  
  a x 
2    s 
   (2 x) 
 s
2    2  
  s
3 
  0
2   x cos sx sin sx 
a

2  3 
  s 2 s 0
2  a cos sa sin sa  
2   3   (0) 
  s 2
s  
2  as cos sa  sin sa 
2
  s3 

2  sin sa  as cos sa 
F ( s)  2
  s3 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F (s)e
isx
f ( x)  ds
2 

1

 2  sin sa  as cos sa   isx

2   2   s3   e ds
  

2 2  sin sa  as cos sa 

2     s3   cos sx  i sin sx  ds

2   sin sa  as cos sa  
 
 sin sa  as cos sa 
     cos sx  ds  i    sin sx  ds 
    s3  
s3 

4  sin sa  as cos sa   sin sa  as cos sa 
f ( x)   
 0 s3  cos sx ds  s3   sin sx  is an odd function

 sin sa  as cos sa  
 
0
s 3 

cos sx ds  f ( x)
4
Put x=0

 sin sa  as cos sa  
    cos 0 ds  f (0)

3
0
s 4

 sin sa  as cos sa  a 2

0  s 3  ds 
4
f ( x)  a 2  x 2  f (0)  a 2

Put a=1 and s=t get

 
 sin t  t cos t  
 
0
t 3 

dt 
4
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

  F ( s)   f ( x) 
2
ds  2
dx
 
2

 2  sin sa  as cos sa   a

   
2
s 3   ds    a 2
 x  dx
2 2

  a

8   sin sa  as cos sa 
2 a

 0
2   ds  2   a 4  2a 2 x 2  x 4  dx

3
s 0

 sin sa  as cos sa 
2

a 
2
2
x 2
and   areeven functions
 s3
a
8   sin sa  as cos sa   4 2a 2 x 3 x 5 
2

 0  s3  ds   a x  3  5 
 0
8  sin sa  as cos sa   5 2a a 
 2 5 5


 0   ds  a  3  5 
s3  
8  sin sa  as cos sa   15a  10a  3a 5 
 2 5 5

 0  s3  ds  
 15 

 sin sa  as cos sa   8a 5  
 2

   ds   15   8
0 s3  
Put a =1 & s=t we get,

 sin t  t cos t  
 2


0
 t3  dt 
15
6. 
1  x ; if x  1
2

Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)   .


0 ; if x  1

3  x cos x  sin x  dx  
2
sin s  s cos s 
Hence show that (i )   s
 

0 
 s 2 

cos  
2
ds 
16
and (ii ) 
0 x6 15
1  x 2 ,  1  x  1
Solution: Given f ( x )  
0, otherwise
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx .
2 

1  
1 1 
F ( s)  
2  
0 e isx
dx   1  x 2
e isx
dx 
  
0 eisx dx 
1 1 
1

 1  x  (cos sx  i sin sx) dx

1
 2

2 1
 1 1 

1
2
  
  1  x cos sx dx  i  1  x 2 sin sx dx 
2

 1 1 
1

 
1  x2 sin sx is an odd fn  1  x 2 sin sx dx  0  
1
1

1

2 1  x 2 cos sx dx
2 0

1
2 2 2  sin sx    cos sx    sin sx  
  1 x 
2    s 
 
  (2 x) 
 s
2    2  
  s
3 
  0
1
2  x cos sx sin sx 
2   3 
  s2 s 0
2  cos s sin s  
2    2  3   (0) 
  s s  
2  sin s  s cos s 
2
  s3 

2  sin s  s cos s 
F ( s)  2
  s3 
Deduction: 1
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

1
 F (s)e
isx
f ( x)  ds
2 

1

 2  sin s  s cos s   isx

2   2   s3   e ds
  

2 2  sin s  s cos s 

2     s3   cos sx  i sin sx  ds

2   sin s  s cos s  
 
 sin s  s cos s 
     cos sx  ds  i   s3   sin sx  ds 
    s3   

4  sin s  s cos s   sin s  s cos s 
f ( x) 
 0  s3  cos sx ds  s3   sin sx  is an odd function

 sin s  s cos s  
 
0
s 3 

cos sx ds  f ( x)
4
1
Put x 
2

 sin s  s cos s  s  1
0  s3  cos  2  ds  4 f  2 

 sin s  s cos s  s  3 1 1 3
 
0
s 3 

cos   ds  
2 4 4
f ( x)  1  x 2  f    1  
 2 4 4
 
 sin s  s cos s  s 3
 
0
s 3 

cos   ds 
2 16
(ii) By Parseval’s identity,
 

  F ( s)   f ( x) 
2
ds  2
dx
 
2

 2  sin s  s cos s   1

   
2
s 3   ds    1  x  dx
2 2

  1

8   sin sa  as cos sa 
2 1

 0
2   ds  2  1  2 x 2  x 4  dx

3
s 0

 sin s  s cos s 
2

1  x 
2 2
and   arean even functions
 s3
1
8   sin s  s cos s   2 x3 x5 
2

 0  s3  ds   x  3  5 
 0
8  sin s  s cos s 
2

 2 1

 0  s3 
ds  1   
 3 5
8   sin s  s cos s   15  10  3 
2


 0  s3 
ds  
 15


 sin s  s cos s  8 
 2

0  s3 
ds   
 15  8
Put s=t we get,

 sin t  t cos t  
2



0 t 6
dx 
15

 x, for 0  x  1

7. Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of f ( x)  2  x, for 1  x  2 .
0, for x  2

Solution:

 x, for 0  x  1

Given f ( x)  2  x, for 1  x  2
0, for x  2

The Fourier Cosine transform of f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2 
1 2 
   x cos sx dx    2  x  cos sx dx   0cos sx dx 
  0 1 2 
 2   cos sx   
1 2
   sin sx    cos sx     sin sx  
   ( x)    (1)     (2  x)    (1)   
   s   s
2
0   s   s
2
 1 

2  sin sx  cos sx  
2
 x sin sx cos sx  
1

   2   (2  x)   2  
  s s 0   s  s 1  
2  sin s cos s   1    cos 2s   sin s cos s   
   2    0  2     0  2     2  
  s s   s    s   s s  
2  sin s cos s 1 cos 2s sin s cos s 
   2  2 2   2 
  s s s s s s 
2  2 cos s  cos 2 s  1 
Fc  s  
  s2 
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx .
 0

2 
1 2 
   x sin sx dx    2  x  sin sx dx   0sin sx dx 
  0 1 2 

2   sin sx   
1 2
   cos sx    sin sx      cos sx  
   ( x)    (1)     (2  x)    (1)   
   s   s
2
0   s   s
2
 1 

2  cos sx  sin sx  
2
  x cos sx sin sx  
1

       (2  x )   2  
  s s 0 
2
 s  s 1  
2  cos s sin s    sin 2s   cos s sin s   
    2    0    0  2      2  
  s s    s   s s  
2  cos s sin s sin 2s cos s sin s 
   2  2   2 
  s s s s s 
2  2sin s  sin 2 s 
Fs ( s ) 
  s2 

8. ax
Find Fourier transform of e and hence deduce that

cos xt  a x  i 2 2as
a (b) F  xe
a x
(a) dt  e  
.
t  s  a2 
2 2 2
0
2a 2

The Fourier transform of f(x) is


1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx .
2 

1
 e  cos sx  i sin sx  dx
a x

2 
 1   a x  
  e cos sx dx  i  e sin sx dx 
a x

2    

sin sx is an odd fn  e
a x a x
e sin sx dx  0


1
 2 e a x cos sx dx
2 0

2 2 a x
2  0
 e cos sx dx

2 a  a
F (s)  F e   e
a x  ax
cos bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

Deduction (a):
By inverse Fourier transform of F(s) is

1
 F (s)e
isx
f ( x)  ds
2 

1 2  a  isx

2 

  a 2  s 2 
e ds

1 2  a 
   a  cos sx  i sin sx  ds
2   2
 s 2 
a  1  
 
 1 
    2 2   cos sx  ds  ia   2 2   sin sx  ds 
    a  s   
a s  

2a  1   1 
 2 2   sin sx  is an odd function
 0  a 2  s 2 
f ( x)  cos sx ds
a s 

 1  
  a
0
2 2 
s 
cos sx ds 
2a
f ( x)


cos sx  a x
a
0
2
s 2
ds 
2a
e

Put s=t

cos tx  a x
t
0
2
a 2
dt 
2a
e

Deduction (b):
By Property
d
F  x f  x     i  F ( s ) 
ds
F  xe    i d F ea x
a x
 ds
 
d  2 a 
 i  
ds   a 2  s 2 
  
2 1 2 2as
 ia (0  2s)   i
  a  s 
2 2 2
   a  s 2 2
2
 
 
 a x
 2  2as 
F  xe   i
   s 2  a 2 2 
 
9. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e  ax , a  0 and deduce that

s 
i) s
0
2
a 2
sin sx dx  e ax .
2

1   ax
ii) s
0
2
a 2
cos sx dx 
2a
e

Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx .
 0

2

 ax
 e sin sx dx
0

2 s  b
Fs ( s)  Fs e ax   e
 ax
sin bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is


2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2
e
 ax
 cos sx dx
 0

2 a  a
Fc ( s)  Fc e  ax   e
 ax
cos bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

The inverse Fourier sine transform of Fs ( s ) is


2
f ( x) 
  f ( x)sin sx dx
0

2 2 s 

 sin sx dx
0
  a 2  s 2 

2  s 
 0  a 2  s 2 
 sin sx dx


 s  
  a
0
2 2
s 
sin sx dx  f ( x)
2

 s  
  a
0
2 2
s 
sin sx dx  e  ax
2
 The inverse Fourier Cosine transform of Fc ( s ) is

2
f ( x) 
  f ( x) cos sx dx
0

2 2 a 

 cos sx dx
0
  a 2  s 2 

2a  1 
 0  a 2  s 2 
 cos sx dx


 a  
  a
0
2 2
s 
cos sx dx  f ( x)
2

 a    ax
  a
0
2 2 
s 
cos sx dx 
2a
e

10. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e  ax , a  0 and hence find F  xe ax  and F  xe ax  .
c   s  
Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx .
 0

2

 ax
 e sin sx dx
0

2 s  b
Fs ( s)  Fs e ax   e
 ax
sin bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

The Fourier cosine transform f(x) is


2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2

 ax
 e cos sx dx
0

2 a  a
Fc ( s)  Fc e  ax   e
 ax
cos bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

We know that
i) Fs  xf ( x)   
d
ds
 Fc  f ( x)     Fc ( s ) 
d
ds
d  2  a  
Fs  xe ax   
d
ds

Fc e  ax      
ds    a 2  s 2  
2 d  1 
 a  
 ds  a 2  s 2 
 
2 1 
 a (0  2 s )

  a2  s2  
2

 
  
2  2as 
Fs  xe ax  

  a2  s2 2 
  
ii) Fc  xf ( x)    Fs  f ( x)  
d d
 Fs (s)
ds ds
d  2  s  
Fs  xe ax  
d
ds

Fc e ax     
ds    a 2  s 2  

2   a  s  (1)  s(0  2s) 

 2 2 
  
   
2

 a 2
 s 2


 
2  a 2  s 2  2s 2 
  
   a 2  s 2 2 
 
 
2  a2  s2 
Fs  xe ax  

  a2  s2  
2

 
11. e ax  e ax  ebx 
Find the Fourier sine transform of , a  0 and hence find Fs  .
x  x 
Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx
 0

e  ax
2 e  ax


 0 x
Fs  sin sx dx
 x 
Taking diff. on both sides w.r.to s
d   e ax   d  2 e ax 


 s
F    
ds   x   ds   0 x
sin sx dx 


2 e ax 
 sin sx  dx
 0 x s



2 e ax
 cos sx  x dx
 0 x



2

 ax
 e cos sx dx
0

d   e ax   2 a 
 Fs   
ds   x     a 2  s 2 
Integrating on on both sides w.r.to s
 e ax  2  a 
Fs 
 x

    a 2  s 2  ds
  e  ax  2 s a x
Fs 
 x 


tan 1  
a
x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1  
a
 ebx  2 s
Similarly Fs   tan 1  
 x   b
Deduction:
 e ax  ebx   e ax ebx 
Fs    Fs   
 x   x x 
 e ax   ebx 
 Fs    Fs  
 x   x 
2 s 2 s
 tan 1    tan 1  
 a  b
 e  ax  e  bx  2  1  s   s 
Fs    tan    tan 1   
 x    a  b 
12. e ax  e ax  ebx 
Find the Fourier cosine transform of , a  0 and hence find Fc  
x  x 
Solution:
The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

e 
 ax
2 e  ax


 0 x
Fc  cos sx dx
 x 
Taking diff. on both sides w.r.to s
d   e ax   d  2  e ax 
 Fc 
  x 
ds 
   
 0 x
 ds 
cos sx dx 



2 e ax 
 cos sx  dx
 0 x s



2 e ax
  sin sx  x dx
 0 x



2

 ax
 e sin sx dx
0

d   e ax  
 2 s 
 Fc    
  x 
ds     a 2  s 2 
Integrating on on both sides w.r.to s
 e ax  2  s 

   a 2  s 2 
Fc  ds
 x 
 2  s 
   a 2  s 2 
 ds

2 1  2s 
 2   a 2  s 2 
 ds

f ( x)
log  s 2  a 2 
2 1
  dx  log  f ( x) 
 2 f ( x)


1
2
log s 2  a 2  
1  1 
 log  2 2 
2  s a 
 e  ax  1  1 
Fc   log  2 2 
 x  2 s a 
 ebx  1  1 
Similarly Fc   log  2 2 
 x  2  s b 
Deduction:
 e ax  ebx   e ax ebx 
Fc    Fc   
 x   x x 
 e ax   ebx 
 Fc    Fc  
 x   x 
1  1  1  1 
 log  2 2 
 log  2 2 
2  s a  2  s b 
1  s 2  b2 
 log  2 2 
2  s a 

 e  ax  e bx  1  s 2  b2 
Fs    log  2 2 
 x  2  s a 
13. Using Parseval’s identity evaluate the following integrals.

dx
1)  (x
0
2
 a 2 )2

x2
2) 0
( x 2
 a 2 2
)
dx, where a  0.

Solution:
Assume f ( x)  e  ax
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx .
 0
 
2

 ax
 e sin sx dx
0

2 s  b
Fs ( s)  Fs e ax   e
 ax
sin bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is


2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2
e
 ax
 cos x dx
 0

2 a  a
Fc ( s)  Fc e   e
 ax  ax
cos bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

(i) The Parseval’s identity for Fourier cosine transform is

 

 F ( s) ds   f ( x) 2 dx
2
c
0 0
2

 2  a  

0    a 2  s 2   0 e  
2
 ax
ds  dx
 
 
2a 2 1
 ds   e2 ax dx
 a 
2
0
2
 s2 0

 
1   e2 ax 
 ds   
a  2a 2  2a  0
2
0
2
s 2


1   0
 ds  e  e 
4a3 
a 
2
0
2
 s2

1 
 ds  0 1 e  0; e0  1
a 
2
0
2
s 2 4a3

1 
 ds 
a 
2
0
2
 s2 4a 3

Put s=x we get


1 
 dx 
a 
2
0
2
 x2 4a 3
(ii) The Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine transform is
 

 F ( s) ds   f ( x) 2 dx
2
s
0 0
2

 2  s  

0    a 2  s 2   0 e  
2
 ax
  ds  dx
 
  
2 s2
 ds   e2 ax dx
 a 
2
0
2
 s2 0

 
s2   e2 ax 
 ds   
a  2  2a  0
2
0
2
 s2

s2   0
 ds  e  e 
4a 
a 
2
0
2
s 2


s2 
 ds  0 1 e  0; e0  1
a 
2
0
2
s 2 4a

s2 
 ds 
a 
2
0
2
 s2 4a

Put s=x we get


x2 
 dx 
a 
2
0
2
 x2 4a

14.  
x2 1
Evaluate (a)  x
0
2
a 2
 x 2
b 2

dx (b) 
0 x 2
a 2
 x 2
 b2 
dx using Fourier transforms.

Solution:
(a) Assume f ( x)  e ax ; g ( x)  ebx
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx .
 0

2
e
 ax
 sin sx dx
 0

2 s  b
Fs ( s)  Fs e ax   e
 ax
sin bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

Similarly
2 s 
Gs ( s )  Fs e bx  
  b 2  s 2 
We know that
 

 Fs (s)Gs (s)ds   f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0
 
2 s  2 s 

0
 2  2 2
  a  s   b  s 
2
ds   e ax ebx dx
0
 2  
 
s2
 0  a 2  s 2 b 2  s 2  0 e dx
  ds   ax bx

    
 
s2    ( a b ) x
0  s 2  a 2 s 2  b2  ds  2 0 e dx

 


 


2
 ( a b ) x
 e dx
0

  e ( a b ) x 
  
2  ( a  b)  0
 
 e  e0 
2(a  b) 0


 0  1 e  0; e0  1
2(a  b)
  s2  
0  s 2  a 2 s 2  b2

  
 ds 
 2(a  b)


Put s=x we get

  x2  
0  x2  a2 x2  b2
  
 dx 
 2(a  b)

(b) Assume f ( x)  e ax ; g ( x)  ebx
The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2
e
 ax
 cos sx dx
 0

2 a  a
Fc ( s)  Fc e  ax   e
 ax
cos bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

Similarly
2 b 
Gc ( s )  Fc e bx  
  b 2  s 2 
We know that
 

 Fc (s)Gc (s)ds   f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0
 
2 a  2 b 

0
 2  2 2
  a  s   b  s 
2
ds   e ax ebx dx
0
 2ab  
 
1
 0  a 2  s 2 b2  s 2  0 e dx
  ds   ax bx

   
 
1    ( a b ) x
0  s 2  a 2 s 2  b2  ds  2ab 0 e dx

 


 


2ab 
 ( a b ) x
 e dx
0

  e ( a b ) x 
  
2ab  (a  b)  0
 
 e  e0 
2ab(a  b) 0


 0  1 e  0; e0  1
2ab(a  b)
  1  
0  s 2  a 2 s 2  b2
  
 ds 
 2ab(a  b)


Put s=x we get

  1  
0  x2  a 2 x2  b2
  
 dx 
 2ab(a  b)

 
x2 1
Evaluate (a)  2 dx , (b)  x dx using Fourier transforms.
0  x  9  x  16   1 x 2  4 
2 2
0

Solution:
(a) Assume f ( x)  e ax ; g ( x)  ebx
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
Fs  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x)sin sx dx .
 0

2
e
 ax
 sin sx dx
 0

2 s  b
Fs ( s)  Fs e ax   e
 ax
sin bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

Similarly
2 s 
Gs ( s )  Gs e  bx  
  b 2  s 2 
We know that
 

 Fs (s)Gs (s)ds   f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0
 
2 s  2 s 

0
 2  2 2
  a  s   b  s 
2
ds   e ax ebx dx
0

2  
 
s2
  2 2 2 2  ds   e ax bx dx

 0 a s b s   
  0

 
s2    ( a b ) x
0  s 2  a 2 s 2  b2  2 0 e dx

 
 ds 

 


2
 ( a b ) x
 e dx
0

  e ( a b ) x 
  
2  ( a  b)  0
 
 e  e0 
2(a  b) 0


 0  1 e  0; e0  1
2(a  b)
  s2  
0  s 2  a2 s 2  b2

  
 ds 
 2(a  b)
     (1)


Put a=3 & b=4 and s=x we get


x2 
(1)  0  x2  9 x2  16 dx  2(3  4)

x2 
0  x2  9  x2  16  dx  14
(b) Assume f ( x)  e ax ; g ( x)  ebx
The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

2
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx .
 0

2
e
 ax
 cos sx dx
 0

2 a  a
Fc ( s)  Fc e   e
 ax  ax
cos bx dx  here a  a; b  s
  a 2  s 2  0
a  b2
2

Similarly
2 b 
Gc ( s )  Fc e bx  
  b 2  s 2 
We know that
  

 Fc (s)Gc (s)ds   f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0
 
2 a  2 b 

0
 2  2 2
  a  s   b  s 
2
ds   e ax ebx dx
0

2ab  
 
1
  2

 0 a s b s 2 2 2
 ds

  e ax bx dx

  0

 
1    ( a b ) x
0  s 2  a 2 s 2  b2  ds  2ab 0 e dx
  
 


2ab 
 ( a b ) x
 e dx
0

  e ( a b ) x 
  
2ab  (a  b)  0
 
 e  e0 
2ab(a  b) 0


 0  1 e  0; e0  1
2ab(a  b)
  1  
0  s 2  a2 s 2  b2
  
 ds 
 2ab(a  b)


Put a=1 & b=2 s=x we get


1 
(1)   x
0
2
 1 x  4 2
dx 
2(1)(2)(1  2)

1 
 x
0
2
 1 x 2  4 
dx 
12
Self reciprocal:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is called self reciprocal.
14.  x2
 a2 x2
Find the Fourier transform of e Hence prove that e 2 is self reciprocal with respect to
Fourier Transforms.
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx
2 

1
F e  a x   e
 a2 x2 isx
2 2
e dx
  2 

1
e
 a2 x2 isx
 dx
2 
 
1 
 a2 x2 isx  dx

2 e

( A  B)2  A2  2 AB  B 2
  is   is   2 AB  isx
2 2
  ( ax )2 isx      
1
e
  2 a   2 a  
 dx
2  is
2 2 Here A  ax , B 
  is   is  2a
1  ax    
 e  2a   2a 
e dx
2  is
 is  
2
 is 
2 2axb  isx  b 
1    ax   2a
  2a 
e  2a 
e dx
2 
is du
Let u  ax   du  adx  dx  ; u :   to 
2a a
i2 s2 
1 4 a2 2 du
 e  eu
2 
a
 s2 
1
 e 4 a  eu du i 2  1
2 2

a 2 
 s2 
1
 e 4 a 2 eu du e u is an even function
2 2 2

a 2 0
 s2 
1  
e
u2
 du 
2
e 4a 2
a 2  2 0
2
 s2
1
F e  a2 x2  e 4 a2
     (1)
  a 2
Deduction:
 x2
To prove e 2 is self reciprocal
 x 
2 2
s

It is enough to prove that F e 2  is e 2
 
1
Put a  in (1)
2
 s2
 
2 2
 1  2  1 
  x 1 4 
F e  2  e  2
   1 
    2
 2
 s2
 x 
2
4
F e 2 e 2

 
 x  s
2 2

F e 2   e 2
 
 x2
e 2
is self reciprocal.
15.  x2
Find the Fourier transform of e 2 .
x 2

(or) Show that e 2 is self reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transforms.

Solution:
x2

Let f ( x)  e 2

1
Assume f ( x)  e a where a 
2 2
x

2
The Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F  f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x)eisx dx
2 

1
F e  a x   e
 a2 x2 isx
( A  B)2  A2  2 AB  B 2
2 2
e dx
  2 

1
 2 AB  isx
e
 a2 x2 isx
 dx
2  is
 Here A  ax , B 
1 
 a x isx
2 2
 dx

2 e

2a

  is   is  
is
2axb  isx  b 
2 2
  ( ax )2 isx      
1
e      
2 a 2 a
 dx 2a
2 
2 2
  is   is 
1  ax    
 e  2a   2a 
e dx
2 
2 2
 is    is 
1  2 a   ax  

2
e 

e  2 a  dx

is du
Let u  ax   du  adx  dx  ; u :   to 
2a a
i2 s2 
1 4 a2 2 du
 e  eu
2 
a
 s2 
1
 e 4 a  eu du i 2  1
2 2

a 2 
 s2 
1
 e 4 a 2 eu du e u is an even function
2 2 2

a 2 0
 s2 
1  
e
u2
 du 
2
e 4a 2
a 2  2 0
2
s 2

F e a   1 e 4 a2      (1)
2 2
x
  a 2
Deduction:
 x2
To prove e 2 is self reciprocal
  x 
2 2
s

It is enough to prove that F e  is e 2
2

 
1
Put a  in (1)
2
 s2
  
2 2
1  2  1 
 x 1 4 
F e  2  e 2

   1 
    2
 2
 s2
 
x2  4
F e 2
e 2

 
 x  s
2 2

F e 2   e 2

 
 x2
e 2
is self reciprocal.
Hence find Fs  xe a .
16.
Find the Fourier cosine transform of e  a
2 2 2 2
x x
 
Solution:
Let f ( x)  e a x
2 2

The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

  
2 1
Fc  f ( x)  Fc (s)   f ( x) cos sx dx  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
 0 0
2 

2

 a2 x2
 e cos sx dx
0

2 1
  e a x cos sx dx
2 2

 2 

1 2
Fc  f ( x)  R.P.of  e a x eisx dx cos sx  R.P.of eisx
2 2

2  

1
Fc  f ( x)  R.P.of  e e dx
 a x isx 2 2

2 

1
e
 a2 x2 isx
 R.P.of e dx
2 

1
e
 a2 x2 isx
 R.P.of dx (A  B) 2  A2  2 AB  B 2
2 

1 
 a2 x2 isx  dx 2 AB  isx
 R.P.of
2 
e
is

  is   is  
2
 ( ax )2 isx      
2
Here A  ax , B 
1 2a
e
  2 a   2 a  
 R.P.of dx
2 
is
2axb  isx  b 
2a
 2 2
  is   is 
1  ax    
 R.P.of e  2a   2a 
e dx
2 
2 2
 is    is 
1  2 a   ax  
 R.P.of e  2a 
e dx
2 
is du
Let u  ax   du  adx  dx  ; u :   to 
2a a
i2 s2 
1 4 a2 2 du
 R.P.of e  eu
2 
a
 s2 
1
 R.P.of e 4 a  eu du i 2  1
2 2

a 2 
 s2 
1
 R.P.of e 4 a 2 eu du eu is an even function
2 2 2

a 2 0
 s2 
1  
e
u 2
 R.P.of du 
2
e 4a 2
a 2  2 0
2
 s2
1
F e  a2 x2  e 4 a2
     (1)
  a 2

Deduction:
Fs  xf ( x)   
d
ds
 Fc  f ( x)     Fc ( s ) 
d
ds
Fs  xe  a x   

2 2


d
ds

Fc e  a x 

2 2

 
d  1 4 a2 
 s2

  e 
ds  a 2 
 s2
1  2s 
 e 4 a2
 2
a 2  4a 
 s2

Fs  xe  a2 x2   s e 4 a2
  2 2a 3
 1, 0  s  1


17. Solve for f(x), the integral equation f ( x)sin sxdx  2, 1  s  2.
0 0, s  2

Solution:
 1, 0  s  1

Given  f ( x)sin sxdx  2, 1  s  2.      (1)
0 0, s  2

We know that

2
Fs  f ( x) 
 0
f ( x)sin sx dx
  1, 0  s  1  
2 1    2
F 1  Fs ( s )  f ( x) 
 0
f ( x)  Fs  2, 1  s  2  Fs (s )sin sx ds

 0, s  2 
 
2 2 
1 2 
f ( x)   1sin sx ds   2sin sx ds   0sin sx ds 
  0 1 2 
2 
1 2
   1sin sx ds   2sin sx ds 
 0 1 
2   cos sx    cos sx  
1 2

   
x 0  x 1 
2
  
2   cos x cos0    cos 2 x cos x  
     2 
  x x   x x  
2   cos x 1 cos 2 x cos x 
  2 2
 x x x x 
2
 1  cos x  2cos 2 x  2cos x 
x
2
f ( x)  1  cos x  2cos 2 x 
x
18. 1
Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of x n 1 . Hence show that is self reciprocal under
x
Fourier cosine and sine transforms.
Solution:
By definition of Gamma integral

n
e
 ax
x n1 dx  , a  0, n  0
0
an
Put a  is

n
e
 isx
x n1 dx  , a  0, n  0
0
(is)n

n
x
n 1  isx
e dx 
0
in sn
n
 n (i ) n
s

n     
n
i
 n  cos  i sin  e 2
 cos  i sin  i
s  2 2 2 2
n  n n 
 n  cos  i sin by Demorives theorem  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n
n

s  2 2 

n  n n 
x
n 1
(cos sx  i sin sx) dx   cos  i sin 
0
s 
n
2 2 
 
n n n n
 x cos sx dx  i  x sin sx dx 
n 1 n 1
n
cos  i n sin
0 0
s 2 s 2
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides
  
n n n n
 x cos sx dx  x
n 1 n 1
n
cos sin sx dx  n
sin
0
s 2 0
s 2
 
2 2 n n 2 2 n n
 x cos sx dx  
n 1 n 1
cos x sin sx dx  sin
 0
 s n
2 0
 s n
2
2 n n 2 n n
Fc  x n 1   cos Fs  x n 1   sin
 s n
2  s n
2
Deduction:
1
To prove is self reciprocal under Fourier cosine and sine transforms.
x
 1  1  1  1
It is enough to prove that Fc   and Fs   
 x s  x s
We know that
2 n n 2 n n
Fc  x n 1   cos Fs  x n 1   sin
 s n
2  s n
2
1
Put n 
2
1 1
    12 1   
 1
2 2
1  2 2 
Fc  x   2
cos Fs  x    sin
   1
4    1
4
s2 s2
  12  2  1   12  2  1   1 1
Fc  x   Fs  x   cos  sin  and     
   s 2    s 2 4 4 2 2
 1  1  1  1
Fc   Fs  
 x s  x s
1
 is self reciprocal under Fourier cosine and sine transforms.
x
19. e as
Find the function f ( x) if its sine transform is
s
Solution:
e as
Given Fs  f ( x)  Fs (s) 
s

2
f ( x)  F 1
 Fs (s)   F (s)sin sx ds
 0
s


2 e as
 0 s
f ( x)  sin sx ds

Taking diff on both sides w.r.to x

d  2 e  as 

d
 
f ( x )    sin sx ds 
dx dx   0 s 

2 e as 
 sin sx  ds
 0 s x

 
2 e as
 0 s
 cos sx  s ds


2

 as
 e cos sx ds
0


 f ( x)   2 2 
d 2 a a
e
 ax
cos bx dx  here a  a, b  x
dx  a  x  0
a  s2
2

Integrating on w.r.to x

2 1 1 1 x
f ( x)  a a dx  tan 1  
 a  x2
2
0
2
x 2
a a
2 1 x
 a tan 1  
 a a
2 x
f ( x)  tan 1  
 a