Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region: LESSON 2-4

o Lesson 2: PAINTING
o Lesson 3: SCULPTURE AND OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL ARTS
o Lesson 4: ARCHITECTURE

WHAT IS PAINTING?
Painting refers to the process of applying color on a flat surface. It is considered two-dimensional.
Forms: water color, acrylic, ink, oil, pastel, charcoal
Surface: wood, canvas, cardboard, paper

FORMS OF PAINTING
1. Easel Painting
- This involves color to a board or canvas that is fixed on an upright support called an easel.
- Easel paintings are meant to be framed and hanged on a wall after creating them.
2. Murals
- It is described as a huge wall-sized painting and in 1980’s; it is believed to be used to impart messages to
increased awareness especially to issues at that time.
- A portable mural was developed in order to prevent the mural from being erased from the wall.
3. Telon Painting
- It is described as a backdrop or background for the stage. Usually used for: komedya, sarswela, senakulo;
carnivals, fiestas, and religious celebrations.
- The telon was later reduce as a backdrop in a photography studio.
4. Jeepney and Calesa Painting
- The calesa is typically painted using one color. The borders of the calesa are decorated with geometric
patterns, repetitive patterns, and/or thins lines.
- Jeepney painting evolved from calesa painting. In a typical jeepney, a logo, number, or paintings is covered
near the driver’s seat, as well as the seats adjacent to it.
5. Collage
- This refers to a form of painting that involves combine images in a single artwork.
- It entails cutting and pasting materials (relatively flat materials) onto a board or canvas.

THEMES OF PAINTING
1. Genre Painting
- This portrays people in daily activities.
- Fernando Amorsolo, a well-known genre artist
APPROACHES:
a. Folk genre – everyday activities of the folk.
b. Style of Cubism
2. Historical Painting
- It depicts a scene from the past.
- It often has a lesson concerning national values.
3. Interiors
- This refers to painting of the space inside of a part of a house or a building.
4. Landscapes
- These paintings portray natural scenery or urban scenes. Mixed media is now used in creating landscapes
paintings.
*Seascapes – focus on large bodies of water, particularly the ocean or the sea.
5. Portraits
- This refers to a painting portraying one or more specific individuals. This usually portrays the physical
characteristics of the subject and seeks to show understanding of that person’s character.
6. Nudes
- These are paintings that portray the unclothed human figure.
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region: LESSON 2-4
7. Religious Painting
- Common subjects of this painting includes a lone religious image, lives of the saints, and scenes based from
the Scriptures like the Nativity scene, and the Stations of the Cross.
8. Still Life
- This refers to a painting that depicts natural or man-made objects that form a composition in a natural
setting.

STYLES IN PAINTING
TRADITIONAL CONTEMPORARY
Baroque - Baroque painting is the painting Neorealism - It involves creating representational
associated with the Baroque figures that also looks abstract.
cultural movement, which began in
Italy in the 17th century.
- In its most typical manifestations,
Baroque painting is characterized
by great drama, rich, deep color,
and intense light and dark
shadows.
Rococo - Rococo style in painting echoes Hyperrealism - The subject is painted in a highly
the qualities evident in other / Magic realistic way that it resembles a
manifestations of the style realism photograph
including serpentine (sinuous,
curving in alternate directions)
lines, heavy use of ornament as
well as themes revolving around
playfulness, love, and nature.
(Can be applied to architecture,
interior design, sculpture)
Impressionis - Impressionism developed in
m France in the 19th century and is
based on the practice of painting
out of doors and spontaneously ‘on
the spot’ rather than in a studio
from sketches. Main impressionist
subjects were landscapes and
scenes of everyday life.
Expressionism - An artistic style in which the artist Social realism - This entails creating paintings that
seeks to depict not objective reality depicts socioeconomic and political
but rather the subjective emotions problems.
and responses that objects and
events arouse within a person.
- The artist accomplishes this aim
through distortion, exaggeration,
primitivism, and fantasy and
through the vivid, jarring, violent,
or dynamic application of formal
elements.
Abstract - Created in the 20th century
- The abstract art is not
representational, it is more about
exploring color and form.
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region: LESSON 2-4
WHAT IS SCULPTURE?
o Sculpture has three dimensions – height, width, and depth.
o It is created by either carving, modeling, or assembling parts together.

GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE

1. Free-standing
- a sculpture that can independently stand in space. It has a flat horizontal base. All its sides contribute to the
overall from of the sculpture. Guillermo Tolentino’s Oblation is a classic example of this kind of sculpture.
2. Relief
- this sculpture does not have a flat horizontal base. The form is projected from a flat surface.
- TYPES OF RELIEF: low relief or bas-relief, and high relief
3. Assemblage
- this is formed by putting together materials such as found objects, pieces of paper, sponges, wood scraps,
and other materials. a good example of this is Lamberto Hechanovas’s Man and Woman.
4. Kinetic Sculpture
- considered as a sculpture in motion because the entire sculpture or some parts of the sculpture are moving
with the wind or are vibrating with the surrounding air. A mobile is said to be the simplest form of a kinetic
sculpture Chandeliers made from kiping in Lucban, Quezon are examples of a mobile.
5. Welded Sculptures
- this involves connecting sheets of metal together by using an acetylene or electric torch. Most sculptures of
Eduardo Castrillo are welded sculptures.
6. Use of Glass
- Ramon Orlina and Imelda Pilapil started the use of glass sculpture. Orlina used glass in table pieces, murals,
and sculptures which are usually unified into a framework. On the other hand, Pilapil used glass planes with
irregular shapes and linear patterns.
7. Symbolic Sculpture
- a good example of symbolic sculpture is the interpretation of Abdulmari Imao on okir design, which is a
Maranao design tradition that is typically used in wood carving. Imao produced four contemporary series of
the okir: the sarimanok, the sari-mosque, the sari-okir and calligraphic scluptures.

OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL ARTS

A. Advertising Arts – This refers to using paid space or time in any of the media to inform and influence the public.
The following can be used in advertising art: animation, photography, computer-generated graphics, neon signs,
posters, mascots, total product improvement, and total corporate promotion.

B. Bamboo Art – this refers to works made of bamboo that may be used for everyday purposes or for decorations
or ornament.

C. Basketry – refers to the art of creating containers by weaving, plaiting or braiding materials into hollow three-
dimensional shapes that can either be used for carrying and storage.

D. Book Design – this involves structuring and reproduction of bound pages that are filled with text or images and
are protected by hard or soft covers.

E. Costumes – these are garments, hairstyles, and accessories that are worn by individual members or groups in a
particular society.

F. Embroidery – this refers to the art of stitching ornaments on cloth by hand.

G. Food Art – involves packaging and/or presentation of food in an artistic way. The sapin-sapin is a good example
of food art.
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region: LESSON 2-4
H. Furniture – these are decorative and functional objects which are typically found in a public or private dwelling
or building. These are also known as muebles or kasangkapan.

I. Komiks and Editorial Cartoon – both involves illustrations of stories or events.

a. Editorial cartoon is a single-frame illustration that may either makes fun of political leaders or
institutions, or comments on current events.
b. Komiks may use single or multiple frames with conversations of people or animals placed inside
“balloons”

J. Leaf Art – used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and even as form of modern artistic expression.

K. Mat Weaving – refers to the art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats”. Locally known as banig.

L. Metalcraft – this includes objects made from metal using different processes
a. Brass casting and blacksmithing – involves casting and forging pieces of brass or bronze. Tools,
containers, weapons, and other items can be created using this process.
b. Goldsmithing and silversmithing – a process that involves the use of gold and silver in creating objects or
ornaments.
c. Tinsmithing – can easily be seen in creating jeepneys, kalesas and cariton or ice cream cart.

M. Multimedia – consists of works that involves the use of other senses in appreciating those works aside from the
sense of vision.
a. Conceptual Art – a visual artist “ideates or sets up a situation, placing philosophical value in the process
itself, while negating the importance of craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art object.”
b. Installation Art – the artist puts together materials and objects in an exhibition space to cast a new
experience or idea.
c. Performance Art – an artist converts himself or herself into an art object in motion and sound.

N. Paper Art – this involves the processes of cutting, pasting, recycling, and/or constructing of objects from paper.

O. Personal Ornaments – objects that are worn on the human body.

P. Photography – the process of producing images using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film. Photographs are
taken to serve as portraits and as propaganda.

Q. Pottery – a general term for decorative and useful objects made from clay and set off at high temperatures;
frequently interchanged with “ceramics”
a. Earthenware or Terracotta – made from clay and is usually fired at 1,700-2,100 °F
b. Stoneware – made from clay and feldspar; usually fired at 2,220-2,230 °F
c. Porcelain – made from kaolin, a special type of clay that is extra fine and white, and feldspar; fired at
2,500-2,700 °F

R. Printmaking – refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such as metal or wood, to a pliable surface, such
as cloth or paper, using pressure.

S. Tattoo Art – refers to a body adornment permanently engraved on the skin using a sharp instrument and plant
dyes or ink.

T. Textile Weaving – the process of creating cloth by interweaving a series of parallel vertical threads with another
series of horizontal threads at right angles. Textiles may be plain or decorated by dyes, embroidery, and
applique. Textile in the Philippines: abel iloko from Ilocos region, t’nalak from Cotabato, and Yakan tribe tapestry
from Basilan.
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region: LESSON 2-4
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE?
Architecture is considered to be one of the most functional branches of the visual arts. It involves designing the
form of a building while allowing the building to serve its function. It is considered to be the “art to inhabit.”

FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

A. Domestic Buildings and Houses
a. Apartment – this refers to a building composed of many residences called units. This usually built in
populated urban areas.
b. Bahay na Bato – built in many areas during the 19 th and 20th centuries, the bahay na bato is considered
to be a residence of the wealthy.
c. Barong-barong – these are the houses of the landless poor that are built on any land or area.
B. Bungalow – This refers to a one-story house with a wide front porch and large windows. It may also have a
terrace, which may be roofed or not.
C. Ethnic Houses
a. Bahay Kubo – considered as an ethnic house of Christian peasant families living in the lowland areas.
This is typically owned by families belonging in low income groups.
b. Houseboat – the houseboat is basically a boat that also serves as a dwelling. The Badjaos or Sama Laut
typically resides in houseboats.
D. One-and-a Half Story House
E. Split-level House
F. Tsalet – refers to a suburban house that has one story, a two-story house with living quarters on the upper level.
or an elevated one-story house.
G. Commercial Buildings
a. Market (Palengke)
b. Buildings that house banks, business offices, and factories
H. Government Buildings
a. Capitol (Kapitolyo)
b. Town Hall (Munisipyo)
I. Public Buildings and Structures
a. School (Eskwelahan)
J. Kamalig – is the Tagalog term for a building used for storing grain.
K. Masjid – or mosque refers to a place of worship of the Muslims.
L. Cemetery (Sementeryo)
M. Church (Simbahan)
a. Roman Catholic Churches
b. Aglipayan Churches
c. Protestant Churches
d. Inglesia ni Cristo (INC) Churches
N. Movie House (Sinehan)
O. Theatre (Teatro)

OTHER FORMS AND STRUCTURES

a) Fort (Kuta) – these are structures that are built to defend a community against enemies. Usually found in areas
with natural barriers, such as cliffs, hills, narrow passes, mountains, and waters.

b) Lighthouse (Parola) – a structure built on an island, peninsula, or rock to ensure that ships will be able to pass
through a narrow area safely. A good example of this is the Cape Bojeador Lighthouse in Ilocos Norte.

c) Bridge (Tulay) – That horizontal structure that serves as a passageway between two areas separated by a body
of water, a hallow area, or a road.