CLASS X

There will be one paper of two hours duration of 2. Chemical Bonding

80 marks and Internal Assessment of practical work Electrovalent, covalent and co-ordinate bonding,
carrying 20 marks. structures of various compounds, Electron dot
The paper will be divided into two sections, structure.
Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks). (a) Electrovalent bonding:
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer • Electron dot structure of Electrovalent
questions on the entire syllabus. compounds NaCl, MgCl 2 , CaO.
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will • Characteristic properties of
be required to answer any four of these six questions. electrovalent compounds – state of
existence, melting and boiling points,
Note: All chemical process/reactions should be conductivity (heat and electricity),
studied with reference to the reactants, products, dissociation in solution and in molten
conditions, observation, the (balanced) equations state to be linked with electrolysis.
and diagrams. (b) Covalent Bonding:
1. Periodic Properties and variations of • Electron dot structure of covalent
Properties – Physical and Chemical. molecules on the basis of duplet and
octet of electrons (example: hydrogen,
(i) Periodic properties and their variations in chlorine, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon
groups and periods. tetrachloride, methane.
Definitions and trends of the following • Polar Covalent compounds – based on
periodic properties in groups and periods difference in electronegativity:
should be studied:
Examples – HCl and H 2 O including
• atomic size structures.
• metallic character • Characteristic properties of Covalent
• non-metallic character compounds – state of existence, melting
• ionisation potential and boiling points, conductivity (heat
and electricity), ionisation in solution.
• electron affinity
Comparison of Electrovalent and
• electronegativity Covalent compounds.
(ii) Periodicity on the basis of atomic number for (c) Coordinate Bonding:
elements. • Definition
• The study of modern periodic table up to • The lone pair effect of the oxygen atom
period 3 (students to be exposed to the of the water molecule and the nitrogen
complete modern periodic table but no atom of the ammonia molecule to explain
questions will be asked on elements the formation of H 3 O+ and OH- ions in
beyond period 3 – Argon); water and NH 4 + ion.
• Periodicity and other related properties The meaning of lone pair; the formation of
to be explained on the basis of nuclear hydronium ion and ammonium ion must be
charge and shells (not orbitals). explained with help of electron dot
diagrams.
(Special reference to the alkali metals and halogen
groups).

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3. Study of Acids, Bases and Salts hydroxide on solutions of copper salt and
sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts.
(i) Simple definitions in terms of the molecules
and their characteristic properties. On solution of salts:
(ii) Ions present in mineral acids, alkalis and • Colour of salt and its solution.
salts and their solutions; use of litmus and pH • Action on addition of Sodium
paper to test for acidity and alkalinity. Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu,
• Examples with equation for the Zn, and Pb salts drop by drop in
ionisation/dissociation of ions of acids, excess. Formation and colour of
bases and salts. hydroxide precipitated to be
• Acids form hydronium ions (only positive highlighted with the help of
ions) which turn blue litmus red, alkalis equations.
form hydroxyl ions (only negative ions) • Action on addition of Ammonium
with water which turns red litmus blue. Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu,
• Salts are formed by partial or complete Zn, and Pb salts drop by drop in
replacement of the hydrogen ion of an excess. Formation and colour of
acid by a metal. (To be explained with hydroxide precipitated to be
suitable examples). highlighted with the help of
equations.
• Introduction to pH scale to test for
acidity, neutrality and alkalinity by using • Special action of Ammonium
pH paper or Universal indicator. Hydroxide on solutions of copper
(iii) Definition of salt; types of salts. salts and sodium hydroxide on
ammonium salts.
Types of salts: normal salts, acid salt, basic
salt, definition and examples. (ii) Action of alkalis (NaOH, KOH) on
certain metals, their oxides and
(iv) Action of dilute acids on salts.
hydroxides.
Decomposition of hydrogen carbonates,
carbonates, sulphites and sulphides by The metals must include aluminium, zinc
appropriate acids with heating if necessary. and lead, their oxides and hydroxides,
(Relevant laboratory work must be done). which react with caustic alkalis (NaOH,
(v) Methods of preparation of Normal salts with KOH), showing the amphoteric nature of
relevant equations. (Details of apparatus or these substances.
procedures not required). 5. Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
Methods included are: (i) Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes;
• Direct combination Avogadro’s Law.
• Displacement • Idea of mole – a number just as a dozen,
• Precipitation (double decomposition) a gross (Avogadro’s number).
• Neutralization of insoluble base • Avogadro’s Law - statement and
• Neutralisation of an alkali (titration) explanation.
• Action of dilute acids on carbonates and • Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining
bi-carbonates. Volumes. – Statement and explanation.
4. Analytical Chemistry • Understanding molar volume- “the mass
(i) Action of Ammonium Hydroxide and of 22.4 litres of any gas at S.T.P. is equal
Sodium Hydroxide on solution of salts: to its molar mass”. (Questions will not be
colour of salt and its solution; formation set on formal proof but may be taught for
and colour of hydroxide precipitated for clear understanding).
solutions of salts of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and • Simple calculations based on the molar
Pb; special action of ammonium volume and Gay Lussac’s law.
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 (ii) Refer to the atomicity of hydrogen, oxygen, (iii) Definition and explanation of electrolysis,
nitrogen and chlorine (proof not required). electrolyte, electrode, anode, cathode, anion,
cation, oxidation and reduction (on the basis
The explanation can be given using
of loss and gain of electrons).
equations for the formation of HCl, NH 3 , and
NO. (iv) An elementary study of the migration of
ions, with reference to the factors influencing
(iii) Vapour Density and its relation to relative
selective discharge of ions (reference should
molecular mass:
be made to the activity series as indicating
• Molecular mass = 2×vapour density the tendency of metals, e.g. Na, Mg, Fe, Cu,
(formal proof not required) to form ions) illustrated by the electrolysis
• Deduction of simple (empirical) and of:
molecular formula from: • Molten lead bromide
(a) the percentage composition of a
• acidified water with platinum electrodes
compound.
(b) the masses of combining elements. • Aqueous copper (II) sulphate with
copper electrodes; electron transfer at the
(iv) Mole and its relation to mass. electrodes.
• Relating mole and atomic mass;
The above electrolytic processes can be
arriving at gram atomic mass and then
studied in terms of electrolyte used,
gram atom; atomic mass is a number
electrodes used, ionization reaction, anode
dealing with one atom; gram atomic
reaction, cathode reaction, use of selective
mass is the mass of one mole of atoms.
discharge theory, wherever applicable.
• Relating mole and molecular mass
arriving at gram molecular mass and (v) Applications of electrolysis:
gram molecule – molecular mass is a • Electroplating with nickel and silver,
number dealing with a molecule, gram choice of electrolyte for electroplating.
molecular mass is the mass of one mole
of molecules. • Electro refining of copper;
• Simple calculations based on relation Reasons and conditions for electroplating;
of mole to mass, volume and names of the electrolytes and the electrodes
Avogadro’s number. used should be given. Equations for the
reactions at the electrodes should be given
(v) Simple calculations based on chemical
for electroplating, refining of copper.
equations
Related to weight and/or volumes of both
7. Metallurgy
reactants and products.
(i) Occurrence of metals in nature:
6. Electrolysis
• Mineral and ore - Meaning only.
(i) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
• Common ores of iron, aluminium and
Definitions and examples.
zinc.
(ii) Substances containing molecules only, ions
only, both molecules and ions. (ii) Stages involved in the extraction of metals:

• Substances containing molecules only (a) Dressing of the ore – hydrolytic method,
ions only, both molecules and ions. magnetic separation, froth flotation
method.
• Examples; relating their composition
with their behaviour as strong and weak (b) Conversion of concentrated ore to its
electrolytes as well as non-electrolytes. oxide- roasting and calcination
(definition, examples with equations).
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 (c) Reduction of metallic oxides- some can • Solubility of hydrogen chloride (fountain
be reduced by hydrogen, carbon and experiment); setting of the apparatus,
carbon monoxide (e.g. copper oxide, procedure, observation, inference.
lead (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide and zinc • Method of preparation of hydrochloric
oxide) and some cannot (e.g. Al 2 O 3 , acid by dissolving the gas in water- the
MgO) - refer to activity series). Active special arrangement and the mechanism
metals by electrolysis e.g. sodium, by which the back suction is avoided
potassium and calcium. (reference only). should be learnt.
Equations with conditions should be • Reaction with ammonia
given.
• Acidic properties of its solution -
(d) Electro refining – reference only reaction with metals, their oxides,
hydroxides and carbonates to give their
(iii) Extraction of Aluminium. chlorides; decomposition of carbonates,
hydrogen carbonates, sulphides,
(a) Chemical method for purifying bauxite by
sulphites.
using NaOH – Baeyer’s Process.
• Precipitation reactions with silver
(b) Electrolytic extraction – Hall Heroult’s
nitrate solution and lead nitrate solution.
process:
B. Ammonia
Structure of electrolytic cell - the
various components as part of the Ammonia: its laboratory preparation from
electrolyte, electrodes and electrode ammonium chloride and collection;
reactions. ammonia from nitrides like Mg 3 N 2 and
AlN and ammonium salts. Manufacture by
Description of the changes occurring,
Haber’s Process; density and solubility of
purpose of the substances used and the
ammonia (fountain experiment); aqueous
main reactions with their equations.
solution of ammonia; its reactions with
(iv) Alloys – composition and uses hydrogen chloride and with hot copper (II)
Stainless steel, duralumin, brass, bronze, oxide and chlorine; the burning of ammonia
fuse metal / solder. in oxygen; uses of ammonia.
• Laboratory preparation from
8. Study of Compounds ammonium chloride and collection; (the
A. Hydrogen Chloride preparation to be studied in terms of,
Hydrogen chloride: preparation of hydrogen setting of the apparatus and diagram,
chloride from sodium chloride; refer to the procedure, observation, collection and
density and solubility of hydrogen chloride identification)
(fountain experiment); reaction with • Ammonia from nitrides like Mg 3 N 2 and
ammonia; acidic properties of its solution. AlN using warm water.
• Preparation of hydrogen chloride from Ammonia from ammonium salts using
sodium chloride; the laboratory method alkalies.
of preparation can be learnt in terms of The reactions to be studied in terms of
reactants, product, condition, equation, reactants, products, conditions and
diagram or setting of the apparatus, equations.
procedure, observation, precaution,
collection of the gas and identification. • Manufacture by Haber’s Process.
• Simple experiment to show the density of • Density and solubility of ammonia
the gas (Hydrogen Chloride) –heavier (fountain experiment).
than air.
• The burning of ammonia in oxygen.

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 • The catalytic oxidation of ammonia • Manufacture by Contact Process
(with conditions and reaction) Equations with conditions where
• Its reactions with hydrogen chloride and applicable).
with hot copper (II) oxide and chlorine • Its behaviour as an acid when dilute -
(both chlorine in excess and ammonia reaction with metal, metal oxide, metal
in excess). hydroxide, metal carbonate, metal
All these reactions may be studied in terms bicarbonate, metal sulphite, metal
of reactants, products, conditions, sulphide.
equations and observations. • Concentrated sulphuric acid as an
• Aqueous solution of ammonia - reaction oxidizing agent - the oxidation of carbon
with sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and sulphur.
hydrochloric acid and solutions of
• Concentrated sulphuric acid as a
iron(III) chloride, iron(II) sulphate, lead
dehydrating agent- (a) the dehydration of
nitrate, zinc nitrate and copper sulphate.
sugar (b) Copper (II) sulphate crystals.
• Uses of ammonia - manufacture of
fertilizers, explosives, nitric acid, • Non-volatile nature of sulphuric acid -
refrigerant gas (Chlorofluro carbon – reaction with sodium or potassium
and its suitable alternatives which are chloride and sodium or potassium nitrate.
non-ozone depleting), and cleansing
agents. 9. Organic Chemistry
(i) Introduction to Organic compounds.
C. Nitric Acid
• Unique nature of Carbon atom – tetra
Nitric Acid: one laboratory method of valency, catenation.
preparation of nitric acid from potassium • Formation of single, double and triple
nitrate or sodium nitrate. Large scale bonds, straight chain, branched chain,
preparation. Nitric acid as an oxidizing cyclic compounds (only benzene).
agent.
(ii) Structure and Isomerism.
• Laboratory preparation of nitric acid
from potassium nitrate or sodium • Structure of compounds with single,
nitrate; the laboratory method to be double and triple bonds.
studied in terms of reactants, products, • Structural formulae of hydrocarbons.
conditions, equations, setting up of Structural formula must be given for:
apparatus, diagram, precautions, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes up to 5 carbon
collection and identification. atoms.
• Manufacture of Nitric acid by Ostwald’s
• Isomerism – structural (chain, position)
process (Only equations with conditions (iii) Homologous series – characteristics with
where applicable). examples.
• As an oxidising agent: its reaction with Alkane, alkene, alkyne series and their
copper, carbon, sulphur. gradation in properties and the relationship
with the molecular mass or molecular
D. Sulphuric Acid formula.
Large scale preparation, its behaviour as an (iv) Simple nomenclature.
acid when dilute, as an oxidizing agent when Simple nomenclature - of the hydrocarbons
concentrated - oxidation of carbon and with simple functional groups – (double
sulphur; as a dehydrating agent - dehydration bond, triple bond, alcoholic, aldehydic,
of sugar and copper (II) sulphate crystals; its carboxylic group) longest chain rule and
non-volatile nature. smallest number for functional groups rule –

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 trivial and IUPAC names (compounds with • Properties of Acetic Acid: Physical
only one functional group) properties – odour (vinegar), glacial
(v) Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. acetic acid (effect of sufficient cooling to
produce ice like crystals). Chemical
• Alkanes - general formula; methane
properties – action with litmus, alkalis and
(greenhouse gas) and ethane - methods of
alcohol (idea of esterification).
preparation from sodium ethanoate
(sodium acetate), sodium propanoate • Uses of acetic acid.
(sodium propionate), from iodomethane
(methyl iodide) and bromoethane (ethyl INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF
bromide). Complete combustion of PRACTICAL WORK
methane and ethane, reaction of methane
Candidates will be asked to observe the effect of
and ethane with chlorine through
reagents and/or of heat on substances supplied to
substitution.
them. The exercises will be simple and may include
• Alkenes – (unsaturated hydrocarbons the recognition and identification of certain gases and
with a double bond); ethene as an ions listed below. The examiners will not, however,
example. Methods of preparation of be restricted in their choice to substances containing
ethene by dehydro halogenation reaction the listed ions.
and dehydration reactions.
Gases: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
• Alkynes -(unsaturated hydrocarbons
Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxide,
with a triple bond); ethyne as an example
Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia, Water vapour,
of alkyne; Methods of preparation from
Nitrogen dioxide.
calcium carbide and 1,2 dibromoethane
ethylene dibromide). Ions: Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc and
Only main properties, particularly addition Ammonium, Carbonate, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphide,
products with hydrogen and halogen Sulphite and Sulphate.
namely Cl 2 , Br 2 and I 2 pertaining to alkenes Knowledge of a formal scheme of analysis is not
and alkynes. required. Semi-micro techniques are acceptable but
• Uses of methane, ethane, ethene, ethyne. candidates using such techniques may need to adapt
the instructions given to suit the size of the apparatus
(vi) Alcohols: ethanol – preparation, properties being used.
and uses.
Candidates are expected to have completed the
• Preparation of ethanol by hydrolysis of
following minimum practical work:
alkyl halide.
1. Action of heat on the following substances:
• Properties – Physical: Nature, Solubility,
Density, Boiling Points. Chemical: (a) Copper carbonate, zinc carbonate
Combustion, action with sodium, ester (b) zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, lead nitrate
formation with acetic acid, dehydration
with conc. Sulphuric acid to prepare Make observations, identify the products and
ethene. make deductions where possible (equations not
required).
• Denatured and spurious alcohol.
2. Make a solution of the unknown substance: add
• Important uses of Ethanol.
sodium hydroxide solution or ammonium
(vii) Carboxylic acids (aliphatic - mono hydroxide solution, make observations and give
carboxylic acid): Acetic acid – properties your deduction. Warming the mixture may be
and uses of acetic acid. needed. Choose from substances containing
• Structure of acetic acid. Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Zn2+, NH 4 +.

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 3. Supply a solution of a dilute acid and alkali. Class VIII may be deputed to be an External
Determine which is acidic and which is basic, Examiner for Class X Chemistry projects.)
giving two tests for each.
The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner
4. Add concentrated hydrochloric acid to each of
will assess the assignments independently.
the given substances, warm, make observations,
identify any product and make deductions: (a)
copper oxide (b) manganese dioxide. Award of marks (20 Marks)
Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
EVALUATION External Examiner 10 marks
The assignments/project work are to be evaluated by The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to
the subject teacher and by an External Examiner. the Council by the Head of the school.
(The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated
The Head of the school will be responsible for the
by the Head of the school, who could be from the
online entry of marks on the Council’s CAREERS
faculty, but not teaching the subject in the
portal by the due date.
section/class. For example, a teacher of Chemistry of

NOTE: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC), the groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA …. VIIA, VIII,
IB …… VIIB and 0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Old IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation

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