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    Ques 9

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    During the initial data modeling phase of database development, entity relationship (ER) diagrams are used to represent how entities such as people or concepts relate to each other. ER diagrams use symbols like rectangles, diamonds and ovals to depict relationships between entities and their attributes. The logical design phase then transforms the conceptual ER diagram into a format that can be understood by database management systems, often producing a relational model. Normalization is applied during this phase to reduce redundancy by dividing tables and defining relationships between them. Indexing is also used to optimize database performance and minimize disk accesses by locating and accessing data in tables quickly.

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    Ques 9

    Uploaded by

    Owner JustACode
    36 views1 page
    During the initial data modeling phase of database development, entity relationship (ER) diagrams are used to represent how entities such as people or concepts relate to each other. ER diagrams use symbols like rectangles, diamonds and ovals to depict relationships between entities and their attributes. The logical design phase then transforms the conceptual ER diagram into a format that can be understood by database management systems, often producing a relational model. Normalization is applied during this phase to reduce redundancy by dividing tables and defining relationships between them. Indexing is also used to optimize database performance and minimize disk accesses by locating and accessing data in tables quickly.

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    During the initial data modeling phase of database development, entity relationship (ER) diagrams are used to represent how entities such as people or concepts relate to each other. ER diagrams use symbols like rectangles, diamonds and ovals to depict relationships between entities and their attributes. The logical design phase then transforms the conceptual ER diagram into a format that can be understood by database management systems, often producing a relational model. Normalization is applied during this phase to reduce redundancy by dividing tables and defining relationships between them. Indexing is also used to optimize database performance and minimize disk accesses by locating and accessing data in tables quickly.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    36 views1 page

    Ques 9

    Uploaded by

    Owner JustACode
    During the initial data modeling phase of database development, entity relationship (ER) diagrams are used to represent how entities such as people or concepts relate to each other. ER diagrams use symbols like rectangles, diamonds and ovals to depict relationships between entities and their attributes. The logical design phase then transforms the conceptual ER diagram into a format that can be understood by database management systems, often producing a relational model. Normalization is applied during this phase to reduce redundancy by dividing tables and defining relationships between them. Indexing is also used to optimize database performance and minimize disk accesses by locating and accessing data in tables quickly.

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    Ques 9

    During the intial phase of database development, i.e. the data modelling phase, the design is
    expressed in the form of ER (Entity Relation) models. An ER Diagram is a type of flowchart that
    illustrates how “entities” such as people, objects or concepts relate to each other within a system.
    ER Diagrams are most often used to design or debug relational databases in the fields of software
    engineering, business information systems, education and research. Also known as ERDs or ER
    Models, they use a defined set of symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals and connecting lines
    to depict the interconnectedness of entities, relationships and their attributes. They mirror
    grammatical structure, with entities as nouns and relationships as verbs.
    The logical design phase transforms the conceptual data model into a format understandable to
    DBMS. This phase may also enhance or refine the data model (ERD) of the previous phase to
    ensure efficient utilization of the database. Since most of the commercial DBMS are based on the
    relational model, the end product of this phase is relational model design.ER diagrams can be
    mapped to relational schema, that is, it is possible to create relational schema using ER diagram. We
    cannot import all the ER constraints into relational model, but an approximate schema can be
    generated.
    We use the process of normalization to enhance the ERD produced by us. Normalization is widely
    used in relational model design. It is the process of removing redundancy in a table so that the table
    is easier to modify. It involves dividing an entity table into two or more tables and defining
    relationships between the tables. The objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and
    modifications of an attribute can be made in just one table and then propagated through the rest of
    the database via the defined relationships.
    Normalization utilizes association among attributes within an entity table to accomplish its
    objective. Since an ERD also utilizes association among attributes as a basis to identify entity type
    structure, it is possible to apply normalization principles during the conceptual data modeling phase.
    Performing normalization during ERD development can improve the conceptual model, and speed
    its implementation.
    One of the main steps in designing our database is assigning an index to our keys/records. Indexing
    is used to optimize the performance of a database by minimizing the number of disk accesses
    required when a query is processed. We use indexing while keeping the dsik block size in mind (so
    that a single IO to disk would give us the required data). The index is a type of data structure. It is
    used to locate and access the data in a database table quickly. The only minor disadvantage of using
    index is that it takes up a little more space than the main table. Additionally, index needs to be
    updated periodically for insertion or deletion of records in the main table. However, the advantages
    are so huge that these disadvantages can be considered negligible.

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