KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
Technical and Vocational Training المملكة العربية السعودية
Corporation المؤسسة العامة للتدريب التقني والمهني
Madinah College of Technology الكلية التقنية بالمدينة المنورة
Electrical Technology department
قسم التقنية الكهربائية
Special Machines
ELTL 437
Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
1
Chapter 1
SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTORS:
2
Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
INTRODUCTION
Single-phase motors are small motors, mostly built in the
fractional horsepower range.
These motors are used for many types of equipment in
homes, offices, shops, and factories.
They provide motive power for washing machines, fans,
refrigerators, lawn mowers, hand tools, record players,
blenders, juice makers....
The majority of fractional horsepower motors are of the
induction type. They are classified according to the methods
used to start them and are referred to by names descriptive of
these methods. Some common types are resistance-start
(split-phase), capacitor-start,capacitor-run, and shaded-pole.
3 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
INTRODUCTION
Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a single-phase
induction motor.
Such a motor inherently does not develop any starting torque
and therefore will not start to rotate if the stator winding is
connected to an ac supply. However, if the rotor is given a spin
or started by auxiliary means, it will continue to run.
FIGURE 1: Single-phase motor
4 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
STARTING OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS
A single-phase induction motor with one stator winding
inherently does not produce any starting torque.
In order to make the motor start rotating, some arrangement
is required so that the motor produces a starting torque.
The simplest method of starting a single-phase induction
motor is to provide an auxiliary winding on the stator in
addition to the main winding and start the motor as a two-
phase machine.
The two windings are placed in the stator with their axes
displaced 90 electrical degrees in space.
The impedances of the two circuits are such that the
currents in the main and the auxiliary windings are phase-
shifted from each other.
5 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR
Single-phase induction motors are known by various names.
The names are descriptive of the methods used to produce
the phase difference between the currents in the main and
auxiliary windings.
Some of the commonly used types are :
Split-Phase Motors
Capacitor-Start Motors
Capacitor-Run Motors
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
6 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR
Single-phase induction motors are known by various names.
The names are descriptive of the methods used to produce
the phase difference between the currents in the main and
auxiliary windings.
Some of the commonly used types are :
Split-Phase Motors
Capacitor-Start Motors
Capacitor-Run Motors
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
Shaded-Pole Motors
7 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR
Single-phase induction motors are known by various names.
The names are descriptive of the methods used to produce
the phase difference between the currents in the main and
auxiliary windings.
Some of the commonly used types are :
Split-Phase Motors
Capacitor-Start Motors
Capacitor-Run Motors
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
Shaded-Pole Motors
8 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR
Split-Phase Motors
Capacitor-Start Motors
A typical capacitor value for a 0:5 hp motor is 300 μF .
9 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR
Capacitor-Run Motors
The capacitor value is of the order of 20 - 50 μF
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
Typical values of these capacitors for a 0:5 hp motor are Cs = 300 μF, Cr = 40 μF
10 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR
Shaded-Pole Motor
Only have main winding.
It has salient pole and one portion of each pole is surrounded by short circuited coil called
a shading coil.
Shaded pole produce less starting torque than any type of induction motor starting system.
They are less efficient and have a much higher slip than other types of single phase induction
motors.
11 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor
For squirrel cage rotor motor the following
techniques are available
1. Vary the stator frequency
2. Change the number of poles
3. Change the applied terminal voltage
This can be done by
1. Used an autotransformer
2. Used SCR or TRIAC circuit
3. Used a resistor
12 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
The circuit model of a single phase
induction motor
The equivalent circuit of
a single phase induction
motor at standstill. Only
its main windings are
energized
The equivalent circuit
with the effects of the
forward and reverse
magnetic fields
separated
DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY
13 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
Circuit analysis with the single phase
induction motor equivalent circuit
The equivalent circuit of a single
phase induction motor running
Z F RF jX F
at a speed with only its main
winding energized ( R2 / s jX 2 )( jX M )
( R2 / s jX 2 ) jX M
Z B RB jX B
[ R2 /(2 s) jX 2 ]( jX M )
[ R2 /(2 s) jX 2 ] jX M
14 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
Slip
Assume that the rotor is rotating in the direction of the forward
rotating field at a speed n rpm and the synchronous speed is ns rpm.
The slip with respect to the forward field is
The rotor rotates opposite to the rotation of the backward field.
Therefore, the slip with respect to the backward field is
15 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
torque–speed characteristic of a single-phase induction
motor taking into account changes in the forward and
backward flux waves.
16 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
In term of ZF and ZB, the current flowing in the
induction motor’s stator winding is
V
I1
R1 jX 1 0.5Z F 0.5Z B
The air gap power for the forward magnetic field
PAG, F I12 (0.5RF )
The air gap power for reverse magnetic field
PAG, B I12 (0.5RB )
17 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
Total air gap power
PAG PAG, F PAG, B
Induced torque
PAG
ind
Rotor copper losses
sync
PRCL PRCL, F PRCL, B
Forward rotor copper losses
PRCL, F sPAG, F
Reverse rotor copper losses
PRCL, B sPAG, B
18 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
The power converted from electrical to mechanical
Pconv ind m
Since
m (1 s) sync
This equation can be expressed as
Pconv ind (1 s)m
Pconv (1 s) PAG
19 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
The power-flow diagram of a si ngle-
phase induction motor
20 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS
21 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
Assignment
A 0.5hp, 110V, 60Hz, 6 pole, split-phase induction motor has the
following impedances:
R1 = 1.52 X1 = 2.10 XM= 58.2
R2 = 3.13 X2 = 1.56
The core losses of this motor are 35W and the friction and stray losses
are 16W. The motor is operating at the rated voltage and frequency with
its starting winding open and the motor slip is 5.0 %.
Find the following quantities in the motor at these conditions:
1. The equivalent circuit 7. Total air gap power
2. ZF and ZB 8. Pconv
3. Speed in rpm 9. Induced torque
4. Stator current 10. Output power
5. Stator power factor 11. Load torque
6. Input power 12. Efficiency
22 Dr. Abdelaziz Sahbani
The End
Thank you for listening
Any question?
23
