Illumination

6 November 2019 1
TERMINOLOGY
Æ Luminous Flux
Æ Luminous intensity
Æ Lumen
Æ candela power
Æ Illumination
Æ Brightness
6 November 2019 2
TERMINOLOGY
Luminous Flux:(F or Ø)
Luminous flux is the quantity of the energy of the light emitted
per second in all directions from the body in the form of
luminous light wave.
Unit of luminous flux is lumen(lm)
Luminous intensity :
luminous intensity in a given direction is the luminous flux per
unit solid angle.
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TERMINOLOGY
Solid Angle
A three-dimensional angle, formed by three or more planes
intersecting at a common point
The unit of solid angle is steradians
ω=A/r2
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TERMINOLOGY
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TERMINOLOGY
Candela
It is the unit of luminous intensity of source
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TERMINOLOGY
Lumen:
The lumen is the SI derived unit of luminous flux.
Equals to the amount of light emitted per second in a unit
solid angle of one steradian from a uniform source of one
candela.
1 Lumen= 0.0016 watt (approx)
Candle Power:
Candle power of a source is the number of lumens emitted in
a unit solid angle in a given direction.
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TERMINOLOGY
Illumination:
It is the luminous flux received by a surface per unit area.
Unit is Lux (meter-candle).
Illumination =Flux/Area = Lumen/Area
Brightness:
Brightness of a surface is defined as the luminous intensity per
unit projected area of the surface in the given direction.
Unit of brightness is lambert.
Where Lambert = 1/π candela per sq.ft.
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Illumination
Incandescent lamp:
(Contact Wires)
6 November 2019 9
Illumination
Incandescent lamp:
Æ An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or
incandescent light globe is an electric light which produces
light with a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an
electric current passing through it, until it glows.
Æ The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass

bulb that is filled with inert gas.
Æ The light bulb is supplied with electrical current by feed-

through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most
bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical
support and electrical connections.
6 November 2019 10
Illumination
Incandescent lamp:
Æ Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of
sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to
about 300 volts.
Æ They require no external regulating equipment, have low

manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either
alternating current or direct current.
Æ The incandescent lamp is widely used in household and

commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps,
car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and
advertising lighting.
6 November 2019 11
Illumination
Incandescent lamp:
Æ Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types
of lighting; most incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the
energy they use into visible light (with the remaining energy being
converted into heat).
Æ The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens

per watt, compared to the 60 lm/W of a compact fluorescent bulb.
Æ Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the

heat generated by the filament. Such applications include
incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks,
infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava
lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy.
6 November 2019 12
Illumination
Incandescent lamp:
Æ Incandescent bulbs also have short lifetimes compared with
other types of lighting; around 1000 hours for home light
bulbs versus 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents.
Æ Because of their inefficiency, incandescent light bulbs are

gradually being replaced in many applications by other
types of electric lights, such as fluorescent lamps, compact
fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps
(CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting
diode lamps (LED).
6 November 2019 13
Illumination
Fluorescent lamp:
6 November 2019 14
Illumination
Fluorescent lamp:
Æ A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge
lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. The
excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light
that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing
visible light.
Æ A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful

light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The
luminous efficacy of a compact fluorescent light bulb is
about 60 lumens per watt, four times the efficacy of a
typical incandescent bulb.
6 November 2019 15
Illumination
Fluorescent lamp:
Æ The best source of UV radiation is an electrical discharge
through a glass at low pressure (about 1/10,000 of
atmospheric pressure, when about 60% of the input
electrical energy converted to UV radiation.
Æ For conventional tube fluorescent lamps the fixture is more

costly because it requires a ballast to regulate the current
through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically
offsets the higher initial cost.
6 November 2019 16
Illumination
Fluorescent lamp:
Æ While larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in
commercial or institutional buildings, the compact
fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular
sizes as incandescent and is used as an energy-saving
alternative in homes.
There are three types of fluorescent lamps:
Æ Iron cathode or cold- cathode type
Æ Tungsten cathode, preheated type
Æ Tungsten cathode, cold.
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Illumination
Compact Fluorescent lamp:
6 November 2019 18
Illumination
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6 November 2019 20
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Illumination
Æ A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact
fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact
fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to
replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light
fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps.
Æ The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into

the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact
electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
6 November 2019 22
Illumination
Æ Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving
the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to
one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times
longer.
Æ A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent

lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in
electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all
f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p s , C F L s c o n t a i n m e r c u r y, w h i c h
complicates their disposal.
6 November 2019 23
Illumination
Æ In many countries, governments have established
recycling schemes for CFLs and glass generally.
Æ CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different

from that of incandescent lamps .
Æ Improved phosphor formulations have improved the

perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that
some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as
subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent
lamps.
6 November 2019 24
Illumination
Saturated color CFLs are also produced, less commonly:
Æ Red, green, orange, blue, and pink, primarily for novelty

purposes .
Æ Blue for phototherapy.
Æ Yellow, for outdoor lighting, because it does not attract

insects.
Æ Black light (UV light) for special effects
6 November 2019 25
LED lamp:
6 November 2019 26
Illumination
LED lamp:
Æ An LED lamp (or LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that

uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light.
Æ LED lamps offer long service life and high energy

efficiency, but initial costs are higher than those of
fluorescent and incandescent lamps.
Æ Commercial LED lighting products use semiconductor

light-emitting diodes.
6 November 2019 27
Illumination
LED lamp:
Æ Research into organic LEDs (OLED), or polymer light-

emitting diodes(PLED) is aimed at reducing the production
cost of lighting products. Diode technology currently
improves at an exponential rate.
Æ Efficiency of LED devices continues to improve, with some

chips able to emit more than 100 lumens per watt.
Æ LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional

characteristics affect the design of lamps.
6 November 2019 28
Illumination
LED lamp:
Æ The efficiency of conversion from electric power to light is
generally higher than that for incandescent lamps.
Æ Since the light output of many types of light-emitting

diodes is small compared to incandescent and compact
fluorescent lamps, in most applications multiple diodes are
assembled.
Æ Light-emitting diodes use direct current (DC) electrical

power. To use them on AC power they are operated with
internal or external rectifier circuits that provide a regulated
current output at low voltage.
6 November 2019 29
11/6/2019 30

Illumination

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6 November 2019 1

Unit of luminous flux is lumen(lm)

The unit of solid angle is steradians

1 Lumen= 0.0016 watt (approx)

Illumination =Flux/Area = Lumen/Area

Unit of brightness is lambert.

Where Lambert = 1/π candela per sq.ft.

Æ The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass

Æ The light bulb is supplied with electrical current by feed-

Æ They require no external regulating equipment, have low

Æ The incandescent lamp is widely used in household and

Æ The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens

Æ Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the

Æ Because of their inefficiency, incandescent light bulbs are

Æ A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful

Æ For conventional tube fluorescent lamps the fixture is more

Æ Iron cathode or cold- cathode type

Æ Tungsten cathode, preheated type

Æ Tungsten cathode, cold.

Æ The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into

Æ A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent

Æ CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different

Æ Improved phosphor formulations have improved the

Æ Red, green, orange, blue, and pink, primarily for novelty

Æ Blue for phototherapy.

Æ Yellow, for outdoor lighting, because it does not attract

Æ Black light (UV light) for special effects

Æ An LED lamp (or LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that

Æ LED lamps offer long service life and high energy

Æ Commercial LED lighting products use semiconductor

Æ Research into organic LEDs (OLED), or polymer light-

Æ Efficiency of LED devices continues to improve, with some

Æ LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional

Æ Since the light output of many types of light-emitting

Æ Light-emitting diodes use direct current (DC) electrical

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