Basic math symbols

Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

5 = 2+3
= equals sign equality
5 is equal to 2+3
5≠4
≠ not equal sign inequality
5 is not equal to 4
sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01,
approximately
≈ equal
approximation x ≈ y means x is
approximately equal to y
5>4
> strict inequality greater than
5 is greater than 4
4<5
< strict inequality less than
4 is less than 5
5 ≥ 4,
≥ inequality greater than or equal to x ≥ y means x is greater
than or equal to y
4 ≤ 5,
≤ inequality less than or equal to x ≤ y means x is less than
or equal to y
calculate expression inside
() parentheses
first 2 × (3+5) = 16

calculate expression inside

[] brackets
first [(1+2)×(1+5)] = 18

+ plus sign addition 1+1=2

− minus sign subtraction 2−1=1

both plus and minus
± plus - minus
operations 3 ± 5 = 8 and -2
Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

both minus and plus

± minus - plus
operations 3 ∓ 5 = -2 and 8

* asterisk multiplication 2*3=6

× times sign multiplication 2×3=6

multiplication
⋅ dot
multiplication 2⋅3=6

division sign /
÷ obelus
division 6÷2=3

/ division slash division 6/2=3

— horizontal line division / fraction

mod modulo remainder calculation 7 mod 2 = 1

decimal point, decimal
. period
separator 2.56 = 2+56/100

ab power exponent 23 = 8

a^b caret exponent 2 ^ 3 = 8

√a square root √a  ⋅ √a  = a √9 = ±3

3
√a cube root 3
√a  ⋅  3√a   ⋅  3√a  = a 3
√8 = 2
√a  ⋅  4√a   ⋅  4√a   ⋅  4√a =
4
4
√a fourth root
a
4
√16 = ±2

n n-th root
√a (radical)
  for n=3, n√8 = 2

% percent 1% = 1/100 10% × 30 = 3

‰ per-mille 1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1% 10‰ × 30 = 0.3

Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

ppm per-million 1ppm = 1/1000000 10ppm × 30 = 0.0003

ppb per-billion 1ppb = 1/1000000000 10ppb × 30 = 3×10-7
ppt per-trillion 1ppt = 10-12 10ppt × 30 = 3×10-10

Geometry symbols
Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

∠ angle formed by two rays ∠ABC = 30°

measured
  ABC = 30°
angle

spherical angle   AOB = 30°

∟ right angle = 90° α = 90°

° degree 1 turn = 360° α = 60°

deg degree 1 turn = 360deg α = 60deg

′ prime arcminute, 1° = 60′ α = 60°59′

″ double prime arcsecond, 1′ = 60″ α = 60°59′59″

line infinite line  

AB line segment line from point A to point B  

ray line that start from point A  

arc arc from point A to point B  = 60°

⊥ perpendicular perpendicular lines (90° angle) AC ⊥ BC

Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

∥ parallel parallel lines AB ∥ CD

∆ABC≅
≅ congruent to equivalence of geometric shapes and size
∆XYZ
∆ABC~
~ similarity same shapes, not same size
∆XYZ
ΔABC≅
Δ triangle triangle shape
ΔBCD

|x-y| distance distance between points x and y | x-y | = 5

π = 3.141592654...
c = π⋅d =
π pi constant is the ratio between the circumference and
2⋅π⋅r
diameter of a circle

rad radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π rad

c
radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π c
gradians / 360° = 400
grad gons grads angle unit
grad
g gradians /
gons
grads angle unit 360° = 400 g

Algebra symbols
Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

x x variable unknown value to find when 2x = 4, then x = 2

≡ equivalence identical to  
equal by
≜ definition
equal by definition  
equal by
:= definition
equal by definition  
Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

approximately
~ equal
weak approximation 11 ~ 10

approximately
≈ equal
approximation sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01

∝ proportional to proportional to y ∝ x when y = kx, kconstant

∞ lemniscate infinity symbol  

≪ much less than much less than 1 ≪ 1000000

much greater
≫ than
much greater than 1000000 ≫ 1
calculate expression inside
() parentheses
first 2 * (3+5) = 16
calculate expression inside
[] brackets
first [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18

{} braces set  

rounds number to lower

⌊x⌋ floor brackets
integer ⌊4.3⌋ = 4
rounds number to upper
⌈x⌉ ceiling brackets
integer ⌈4.3⌉ = 5
exclamation
x! mark
factorial 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24
single vertical
| x | bar
absolute value | -5 | = 5

f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x) f (x) = 3x+5

function f (x)=3x,g(x)=x-1 ⇒(f ∘ g)
(f ∘ g) composition (f ∘ g) (x) = f (g(x))
(x)=3(x-1)

(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} x∈ (2,6)

[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} x ∈ [2,6]

Symbo
Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
l

∆ delta change / difference ∆t = t1 - t0

∆ discriminant Δ = b2 - 4ac  

summation - sum of all

∑ sigma
values in range of series ∑ xi= x1+x2+...+xn

∑∑ sigma double summation

product - product of all

∏ capital pi
values in range of series ∏ xi=x1∙x2∙...∙xn
e constant /
e Euler's number e = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
Euler-
γ Mascheroni γ = 0.5772156649...  
constant

φ golden ratio golden ratio constant  

π = 3.141592654...
is the ratio between the
π pi constant
circumference and diameter
c = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅r
of a circle

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

· dot scalar product a · b

× cross vector product a × b
A⊗B tensor product tensor product of A and B A ⊗ B
inner product    

[] brackets matrix of numbers  

parentheses matrix of numbers  

()
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

| A | determinant determinant of matrix A  

det(A) determinant determinant of matrix A  
|| x || double vertical bars norm  

AT transpose matrix transpose (AT)ij = (A)ji

A† Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A†)ij = (A)ji
A* Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A*)ij = (A)ji
A -1 inverse matrix A A-1 = I  

rank(A) matrix rank rank of matrix A rank(A) = 3

dim(U) dimension dimension of matrix A dim(U) = 3

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

probability
P(A) function
probability of event A P(A) = 0.5

probability of
probability that of
P(A ∩ B) events
events A and B P(A∩B) = 0.5
intersection

probability of probability that of

P(A ∪ B) events union events A or B P(A∪B) = 0.5

conditional
probability of event A
P(A | B) probability
given event B occured P(A | B) = 0.3
function

probability
P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = ∫
f (x) density function
f(x) dx
 
(pdf)
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

cumulative
F(x) distribution F(x) = P(X≤ x)  
function (cdf)

population mean of population

μ mean values μ = 10

expectation expected value of

E(X) value random variable X E(X) = 10

expected value of
conditional
E(X | Y) expectation
random variable X E(X | Y=2) = 5
given Y

variance of random
var(X) variance
variable X var(X) = 4

variance of population
σ2 variance
values σ2  = 4

standard standard deviation of

std(X) deviation random variable X std(X) = 2

standard deviation
standard
σX deviation
value of random σX    = 2
variable X

middle value of
median
random variable x

covariance of random
cov(X,Y) covariance
variables X and Y cov(X,Y) = 4

correlation of random
corr(X,Y) correlation
variables X and Y corr(X,Y) = 0.6

correlation of random
ρX,Y correlation
variables X and Y ρX,Y = 0.6

summation - sum of all

∑ summation values in range of
series

double
∑∑ summation
double summation
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

value that occurs most

Mo mode frequently in  
population

MR mid-range MR = (xmax+xmin)/2  

half the population is
Md sample median
below this value
 

lower / first 25% of population are

Q1 quartile below this value
 

50% of population are

median / second
Q2 quartile
below this value =  
median of samples

upper / third 75% of population are

Q3 quartile below this value
 

average / arithmetic
x sample mean
mean x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333

population samples
s  2 sample variance
variance estimator s  2 = 4

population samples
sample standard
s deviation
standard deviation s = 2
estimator

zx standard score zx = (x-x) / sx  

distribution of distribution of random

X ~ X variable X X ~ N(0,3)

normal
N(μ,σ2) distribution
gaussian distribution X ~ N(0,3)

uniform equal probability in

U(a,b) distribution range a,b  X ~ U(0,3)

exponential
exp(λ) distribution f (x) = λe-λx , x≥0  

gamma(c, gamma f (x) = λ c xc-1e-λx /  

distribution
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

λ) Γ(c), x≥0

chi-square f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 /

χ (k)
 2
 
distribution ( 2k/2 Γ(k/2) )
F (k1, k2) F distribution    

binomial f (k) =  nCk pk(1-

Bin(n,p)  
distribution p)n-k
Poisson
Poisson(λ) distribution f (k) = λke-λ / k!  

geometric
Geom(p) distribution f (k) =  p(1-p)  k  

hyper-geometric
HG(N,K,n) distribution    

Bernoulli
Bern(p) distribution
   

Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

n! factorial n! = 1⋅2⋅3⋅...⋅n 5! = 1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5 = 120

n Pk permutation 5P3 = 5! / (5-3)! = 60

nCk
  combination 5C3 = 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

set a collection of elements A = {3,7,9,14},

{}
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

B = {9,14,28}
objects that belong to set A and
A ∩ B intersection set B A ∩ B = {9,14}

objects that belong to set A or A∪B=

A ∪ B union set B {3,7,9,14,28}

A is a subset of B. set A is {9,14,28} ⊆

A ⊆ B subset included in set B. {9,14,28}

proper subset / strict A is a subset of B, but A is not {9,14} ⊂

A ⊂ B subset equal to B. {9,14,28}
{9,66} ⊄
A ⊄ B not subset set A is not a subset of set B
{9,14,28}

A is a superset of B. set A {9,14,28} ⊇

A ⊇ B superset includes set B {9,14,28}

proper superset / strict A is a superset of B, but B is {9,14,28} ⊃

A ⊃ B superset not equal to A. {9,14}
{9,14,28} ⊅
A ⊅ B not superset set A is not a superset of set B
{9,66}
2A power set all subsets of A  

power set all subsets of A  

A={3,9,14},
both sets have the same
A = B equality members B={3,9,14},
A=B
all the objects that do not
Ac complement
belong to set A
 

A = {3,9,14},
objects that belong to A and not
A \ B relative complement to B B = {1,2,3},
A-B = {9,14}
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

A = {3,9,14},
objects that belong to A and not
A - B relative complement to B B = {1,2,3},
A-B = {9,14}
A = {3,9,14},
objects that belong to A or B B = {1,2,3},
A ∆ B symmetric difference but not to their intersection A∆B=
{1,2,9,14}
A = {3,9,14},
A⊖ objects that belong to A or B B = {1,2,3},
symmetric difference
B but not to their intersection A⊖B=
{1,2,9,14}

element of, A={3,9,14}, 3 ∈

a∈A belongs to
set membership
A
A={3,9,14}, 1 ∉
x∉A not element of no set membership
A

(a,b) ordered pair collection of 2 elements  

set of all ordered pairs from A

A×B cartesian product
and B
 

A={3,9,14}, |A|
|A| cardinality the number of elements of set A
=3
A={3,9,14},
#A cardinality the number of elements of set A
#A=3
infinite cardinality of natural
aleph-null  
numbers set

cardinality of countable ordinal

aleph-one  
numbers set

Ø empty set Ø={} C = {Ø}

universal set set of all possible values  
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

natural numbers / whole

0
numbers  set (with zero) 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 0 ∈  0

natural numbers / whole

1 numbers  set (without 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} 6 ∈  1
zero)

integer numbers set  = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} -6 ∈ 

rational numbers set  = {x | x=a/b, a,b∈ } 2/6 ∈ 

real numbers set  = {x | -∞ < x <∞} 6.343434∈
 = {z | z=a+bi,
complex numbers set 6+2i ∈ 
-∞<a<∞,      -∞<b<∞}

Logic symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

⋅ and and x ⋅ y

^ caret / circumflex and x ^ y

& ampersand and x & y

+ plus or x + y

∨ reversed caret or x ∨ y

| vertical line or x | y

x' single quote not - negation x'

x bar not - negation x

¬ not not - negation ¬ x

exclamation mark not - negation ! x
!
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

⊕ circled plus / oplus exclusive or - xor x ⊕ y

~ tilde negation ~ x

⇒ implies    

⇔ equivalent if and only if (iff)  

↔ equivalent if and only if (iff)  

∀ for all    

∃ there exists    

∄ there does not exists    

∴ therefore    

∵ because / since    

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

limit limit value of a function  

represents a very small

ε epsilon
number, near zero ε → 0

e constant / Euler's e = lim

e number e = 2.718281828...
(1+1/x)x, x→∞
derivative - Lagrange's
y ' derivative
notation (3x3)' = 9x2

y '' second derivative derivative of derivative (3x3)'' = 18x

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

y(n) nth derivative n times derivation (3x3)(3) = 18

derivative derivative - Leibniz's notation d(3x3)/dx = 9x2

second derivative derivative of derivative d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

nth derivative n times derivation  

derivative by time - Newton's

time derivative  
notation

time second
derivative of derivative  
derivative

Dx  y derivative derivative - Euler's notation  

Dx2y second derivative derivative of derivative  

partial derivative   ∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x

∫ integral opposite to derivation ∫ f(x)dx

integration of function of 2
∫∫ double integral
variables ∫∫ f(x,y)dxdy

integration of function of 3
∫∫∫ triple integral
variables ∫∫∫ f(x,y,z)dxdydz

closed contour / line

∮ integral
   

closed surface
∯ integral
   

closed volume
∰ integral
   

closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}  

[a,b]
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}  

i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1 z = 3 + 2i

z* complex conjugate z = a+bi → z*=a-bi z* = 3 - 2i

z complex conjugate z = a+bi → z = a-bi z = 3 - 2i

∇ nabla / del gradient / divergence operator ∇f (x,y,z)

vector    

unit vector    

x * y convolution y(t) = x(t) * h(t)  

Laplace transform F(s) = {f (t)}  

Fourier transform X(ω) =  {f (t)}  

δ delta function    

∞ lemniscate infinity symbol  

Numeral symbols
Name European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

zero 0   ٠  

one 1 I ١ ‫א‬

two 2 II ٢ ‫ב‬

three 3 III ٣ ‫ג‬

four 4 IV ٤ ‫ד‬
 Name European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

five 5 V ٥ ‫ה‬

six 6 VI ٦ ‫ו‬

seven 7 VII ٧ ‫ז‬

eight 8 VIII ٨ ‫ח‬

nine 9 IX ٩ ‫ט‬

ten 10 X ١٠ ‫י‬

eleven 11 XI ١١ ‫יא‬

twelve 12 XII ١٢ ‫יב‬

thirteen 13 XIII ١٣ ‫יג‬

fourteen 14 XIV ١٤ ‫יד‬

fifteen 15 XV ١٥ ‫טו‬

sixteen 16 XVI ١٦ ‫טז‬

seventeen 17 XVII ١٧ ‫יז‬

eighteen 18 XVIII ١٨ ‫יח‬

nineteen 19 XIX ١٩ ‫יט‬

twenty 20 XX ٢٠ ‫כ‬

thirty 30 XXX ٣٠ ‫ל‬

forty 40 XL ٤٠ ‫מ‬

fifty 50 L ٥٠ ‫נ‬

sixty 60 LX ٦٠ ‫ס‬

seventy 70 LXX ٧٠ ‫ע‬

 Name European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

eighty 80 LXXX ٨٠ ‫פ‬

ninety 90 XC ٩٠ ‫צ‬

one hundred 100 C ١٠٠ ‫ק‬

Greek alphabet letters

Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter English Letter Name
Letter Letter Name Equivalent Pronounce

Α α Alpha a al-fa

Β β Beta b be-ta

Γ γ Gamma g ga-ma

Δ δ Delta d del-ta

Ε ε Epsilon e ep-si-lon

Ζ ζ Zeta z ze-ta

Η η Eta h eh-ta

Θ θ Theta th te-ta

Ι ι Iota i io-ta

Κ κ Kappa k ka-pa

Λ λ Lambda l lam-da

Μ μ Mu m m-yoo

Ν ν Nu n noo
 Ξ ξ Xi x x-ee

Ο ο Omicron o o-mee-c-ron

Π π Pi p pa-yee

Ρ ρ Rho r row

Σ σ Sigma s sig-ma

Τ τ Tau t ta-oo

Υ υ Upsilon u oo-psi-lon

Φ φ Phi ph f-ee

Χ χ Chi ch kh-ee

Ψ ψ Psi ps p-see

Ω ω Omega o o-me-ga

Roman numerals
Number Roman numeral

0 not defined
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
Number Roman numeral

7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
 Number Roman numeral

100 C
200 CC
300 CCC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
700 DCC
800 DCCC
900 CM
1000 M
5000 V
10000 X
50000 L
100000 C
500000 D
1000000 M
 
Math symbols are shorthand marks that represent mathematical
concepts.
Symbol Name
+ addition sign, plus sign Symbol Name
- subtraction sign, minus sign ∠ angle
x or ⋅ multiplication sign ° degree
÷ or / division sign ⊥ perpendicular
= equal || parallel
≠ not equal ∼ is similar to (tilde)
< less than ∪ union
> greater than ∩ intersection
≤ less than or equal to ∅ null or empty set
≥ greater than or equal to ∈ is a member of
# number sign ∉ is not a member of
() parentheses ⊂ is a subset of
& and (ampersand) ∃ there exists (existential quantifier)
% percent ∀ for all (universal quantifier)
π pi f(x) a function whose variable is x
|x| absolute value of x ∴ therefore
√ square root Σ sum
! factorial ... ellipsis (and so on)
± plus or minus ∞ infinity
ˆ caret - to the power of