CBL Basics - Kondur
CBL Basics - Kondur
CBL Basics - Kondur
Water Zone
Casing
Water Zone
Casing
Environment Description
Fluid filled Casing
Top of Cement
Micro-Annulus
b
Poor Cement to Formation Bond
Formations
Double Casing
• Sonic
F CBL - Cement Bond Log
F CBT - Cement Bond Tool
F SCMT - Slim Cement Map Tool
• Ultrasonic
F CET - Cement Evaluation Tool
F USIT - Ultrasonic Imager Tool
Sonic fundamentals
• The transmitter sends an omnidirectional
pulse
T
• The compression waves travel through
casing and are first to reach the 3-ft
receiver. 3’
R
Tx
Basic Tool Configuration
• 1 Transmitter – 2 Receivers
3 ft F 3 ft Receiver for CBL Measurement
F 5 ft Receiver for VDL Analysis
R3
5 ft • TOOL MUST BE CENTRALIZED
T0 Time
µs
|--- Resulting Sound--|
- T0 : Firing Pulse
- Resulting Sound: as recorded at the Receivers
• Measured at 3 ft Receiver
3 ft
• It is a function of the Casing-Cement Bond
R3
R5
R5
Top View
Slowness
1 time
Slowness = ∆t = =
velocity distance
∆T Casing = 57 µsec/ft
∆T Cement = 75 µsec/ft
∆T Formation ˜ 100 µsec/ft
∆T Fluid ˜ 189 µsec/ft
Z=ρ.v
Z1
Z2 ρ: density of material
Water
V: velocity of sound on that material
Steel
Cement
The amount of sound transmitted between two
different materials depends on their acoustic
Sound
impedance difference
= 265.5 µs
= 3 ft x 189 µs/ft
= 567.0 µs
CCL
GR
• Verify VDL
F No casing arrivals
F Formation arrivals
• Basic interpretation:
F Low measured amplitude: good cement
F High measured amplitude: no cement
• Drawback: too simplistic (examples of 100% bond amplitudes)
Casing/Cement 3 MRayl 6 MRayl
5 ½ in. 17 lb/ft 6.1 mV 1.0 mV
9 5/8 in. 47 lb/ft 12.2 mV 3.3 mV
Logging fluid: 9.0 lb/gal water base mud
• Interpretation:
F In absence of any artefact the bond index is linearly related to the
percentage of the casing surface bonded with the cement
F Backed up by experiments with artificial channels filling part of the
annulus
*Mark of Schlumberger
CBL chart
5.5 MRayl
2 mV
100% bond
CBL / VDL
3.5 MRayl
12 mV
100% bond
Acoustic Impedance
Materials
8
• Acoustic tools respond
to acoustic impedance
Neat
(acoustic hardness) Z Z
6
Setting Cement
MRayl
• Z = density x acoustic slurry
velocity 4
Light
• Z is expressed in Heavy
mud
Oil
0 Gas
Stretching
E1 Free Pipe Signal
Good Bond Signal
T0 Threshold
TT TT’
∆T
In cases of Good Cement
E1 decreases and TT is detected on a non linear portion of E1
TT Cycle Skipping
E1 E3
T0 Threshold
TT TT’
• This is called
2
CBL: Free Pipe
100
Interpretation
100
Perfect
Chevron Patterns
Depth Match
Chevron Patterns
2
CBL: Free Pipe
Interpretation
Formation Arrivals
Casing Arrivals
Irregular Bond
5
• The more “free” pipe or
“contaminated” cement in an
interval, the poorer the bond
• If cement job is not perfect, the
3 amplitude decreases less
Interpretation
Stable
Medium
Transit Time
<------------------------------CBL Amplitude
X
Strong
Casing Arrivals
Interpretation
No
Formation Arrivals
Transit Time
Low
X
with some
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
Cycle Skipping
No
Casing Arrivals
X
Micro Annulus
• Gap between Casing and Cement
5
Caused by contraction of casing after
cement sets if Casing Fluid is changed
Tool Eccentering
Causes for Eccentralization
5 • Improper Equipment selection