Thermodynamics

(a)Explain three basic laws of thermodynamics.

(b)Discuss the five thermodynamic processes with P-V graph.
(b)Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes.
(a)Explain how heat engine and refrigerator works? What is coefficient of performance?
(a)In Carnot’s heat engine derive an expression for the work done and deduce the efficiency in
terms of temperature between which it works.
(a) What do you mean by a blackbody and blackbody radiations? Describe the construction of a
blackbody absorber and a blackbody radiator.
(b)What is absorptive power and emissive power? State and prove Kirchhoff’s law of heat
radiations.
Or, Prove that, the ratio of emissive power to absorptive power for the radiations of a particular
wavelength and at a particular temperature is constant for all bodies.
(a)What is Stefan’s law?
(a)Discuss Wein’s Displacement law. Derive Wein’s law and Rayleigh-Jean’s law from Planck’s
law.

Electricity & Electromagnetism

(a)State and prove Gauss’s law.
(a)What is a charge? State and explain Coulomb’s law.
(b) Deduce Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s law.
(a) State and explain Biot-Savart law.
(b)State and deduce Ampere’s circuital law.
(a)Describe Faraday’s two experiments on electromagnetism.
(b)State and explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
(c)Explain Lenz’s law.
(a)What do you understand by self and mutual inductances?
(b)Calculate self inductance for a solenoid and two coaxial cylinders.

Optics
1. State the principle of superposition for electromagnetic waves.
2. What is meant by interference of light? State the fundamental conditions for the production
of interference fringes.
3. Establish the relationship between the resultant intensity and the sum of intensities due to
individual waves for both interferences.
4. Describe Young’s double slit experiment.
5. Obtain an expression for the distance between any two consecutive bright fringes.
 Or, Determine the expressions for optical path difference and fringe width for constructive
interference-
6. Obtain an expression for the distance between any two consecutive dark fringes.
Or, Determine the expressions for optical path difference and fringe width for destructive
interference.
7. Determine the optical path difference and fringe width for destructive interference.
8. Explain Fresnel’s biprism.
9. What is Fresnel biprism? Describe how the fringe width can be determined with the help of
its experimental arrangement.
10. Green light of wavelength 5100Å from a narrow slit is incident on a double slit. If overall
separation of 10 fringes on a screen 200cm away is 2cm, find the slit separation.
11. Two coherent sources are 0.18 mm apart and the fringes are observed on a screen 80 cm
away. It is found that with a certain monochromatic source of light, the fourth bright fringe is
situated at distance of 10.8 mm from the central fringe. Calculate the wavelength of light.
12. A light source emits light of two wavelengths 4300 Å and 5100 Å. The source used in a
double slit experiment. The distance between the sources and the screen is 1.5m and the
distance between the slits is 0.025mm. Calculate the separation between the third order bright
fringes due to these two wavelengths.
13. A biprism is placed 5cm from a slit illuminated by sodium light (λ=5890Å). The width of the
fringes obtained on a screen 75 cm from the biprism is 9.424 ×10-2 cm. What is the distance
between the two coherent sources?
14. What are the main differences between interference and diffraction?
15. Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffractions.
16. Describe Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit and in the obtained diffraction pattern prove
that the width of central maximum is proportional to wavelength of light.
Or, Derive the expression for the width of central maximum in the obtained diffraction
pattern of Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit.
17. Prove that in Fraunhoffer diffraction at double slits the angular separation is inversely
proportional to the distance between two slits.
Or, Determine the expression for the angular separation of Fraunhoffer diffraction at double
slits.
18. Explain plane diffraction grating.
19. In Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern due to a narrow slit a screen is placed 2 m away from the
lens to obtain the pattern. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and the first minima lie 5.5 mm on either
sides of the central maximum, find the wavelength of light.
20. Diffraction pattern of a single slit of width 0.5cm is formed by a lens of focal length 40cm.
Calculate the distance between the first dark and next bright fringe from the axis.
Wavelength of light used is 4890 Å.
21. In diffraction pattern using double slits, calculate (i) the distance between the central
maximum and the first minimum of the fringe envelope and (ii) the distance between any two
consecutive double slit dark fringes.
22. Given, wavelength of light 5000Å, slit width 0.02mm, spacing between two slits 0.10 mm,
screen to slits distance 100cm.
23. Light of wavelength 6000Å is incident on a narrow slit of width 0.30mm. The screen is placed
2m away from the slit. Find (i) the position of the first dark fringe and (ii) the width of central
bright fringe.

Crystallography

1. What is packing fraction? Determine the packing fraction of a face centered crystal structure.
Or, Suppose, the cubic unit cell of a 3D crystal has 8 corner atoms and 6 face centered atoms.
Determine the packing fraction of this structure.
2. Evaluate the packing fraction of a body centered crystal structure.
Or, Suppose, the cubic unit cell of a 3D crystal has 8 corner atoms and 1 center atom.
Determine the packing fraction of this structure.
3. Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell for a f.c.c. lattice of copper crystal. Given
a=3.60X10-8cm, atomic weight of copper=63.6 and density of copper= 8.86.
4. Calculate the lattice constant for a rock salt crystal. Given the crystal has f.c.c. lattice,
molecular weight of =58.5 and density of = 2.18gm/cm3.
5. What is Bravais lattices? Classify two dimensional Bravais lattices with its unit cell
characteristics.
6. Classify three dimensional Bravais lattices with its unit cell characteristics.
7. Explain lattice, basis and crystal structure.
8. Explain the representation of crystal planes using Miller Indices.
9. Illustrate (100), (010), (001), (110), (101), (011), (111), and (112) planes in the unit cell of a
simple cubic structure.
10. Obtain the miller indices of a plane which intercepts at a, b/2, 3c in a simple cubic unit cell.
11. Deduce the expression for interplanar spacing of a plane (hkl) of simple cubic lattice.
Or, Prove that, the interplanar distance of a plane (hkl) of simple cubic lattice of side a is,
a
d hkl 
h2  k 2  l 2
12. Topaz, an orthorhombic semi-precious gem has a ratio of a:b:c of 0.529:1:0.477. Find the
Miller indices of faces whose intercepts are as follows-
I. 0.264 : 1 : 0.238
II. 1.057 : 1 : 0.954
III. 0.529: ∞ : 0.159
 Or,
A certain orthorhombic crystal has axial units a:b:c of 0.424:1:0.367. Find the Miller indices
of crystal faces whose intercepts are as follows-
I. 0.212 : 1 : 0.183
II. 0.848 : 1 : 0.732
III. 0.424: ∞ : 0.123
13. The lattice constant of a cubic lattice is a=2.5 X 10-8cm. Calculate the spacing between
(110),(111), (110) and (210) planes. Determine the density of planes in each case.
14. The lattice constant of a cubic lattice is a. Calculate the spacing between (011), (101) and
(112) planes. Determine the density of planes in each case.
15. Derive the expression for Bragg’s law for x-ray diffraction in crystals.
16. How many experimental techniques are used for collecting x-ray diffraction data?
17. Discuss rotating crystal method in brief.
18. Discuss Laue method in brief.
19. Calculate the glancing angle on the cube (100) of a rock salt crystal (a=2.814Å)
corresponding to the second order diffraction maximum for x-rays of wavelength 0.710Å.
20. The bragg angle corresponding to the first order reflection from (111) planes in a crystal is
30o, when x-rays of 1.75X10-10m are used. Calculate the interatomic spacing.
21. Summarize the classification of defects in crystal.

Modern Physics

1. What do you understand by De Broglie’s matter waves? Briefly discuss their properties.
2. An electron initially at rest is accelerated through a potential difference of 54 volts. Compute
(i) the velocity of electron, (ii) De Broglie wavelength and (iii) phase velocity of the electron
wave.