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Introduction To Digital System PDF

Physical quantities can be either analog or digital. [1] Analog quantities have continuous values over a range, like temperature, while digital quantities have discrete values, like temperature readings taken hourly. [2] Digital systems manipulate information represented as discrete values and have advantages like small size, ease of design, accuracy and programmability. [3] However, most real-world phenomena are analog in nature, so analog quantities must be converted to digital for processing and back to analog for control using converters, as in a temperature control system.

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41 views4 pages

Introduction To Digital System PDF

Physical quantities can be either analog or digital. [1] Analog quantities have continuous values over a range, like temperature, while digital quantities have discrete values, like temperature readings taken hourly. [2] Digital systems manipulate information represented as discrete values and have advantages like small size, ease of design, accuracy and programmability. [3] However, most real-world phenomena are analog in nature, so analog quantities must be converted to digital for processing and back to analog for control using converters, as in a temperature control system.

Uploaded by

Sarmad Salih Jawad Alkodary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Digital system

Physical Quantity
A physical quantity (or "physical magnitude") is a physical property of a
phenomenon, body, or substance that can be quantified by measurement.

1-Physical quantity representation


I. Analog quantity
An analog quantity or signal is one having continous values over
limit range.

For example,the air temperature dose not go from,say,7 to 71


instantaneously;it takes on all the infinit values in between.as shown
in the figure (1):

Fig.1 Graph of an analog quantity (temperature versus time)

Other examples of analog quantities are time, pressure,


distance, and sound.
An analog system contain devices that manipulate physical
quantities that are represented in analog form. In an analog system,
the quantities can vary over a continuous range of values. Some of
the more familiar analog systems include audio amplifiers,
magnetic tape recording and playback equipment, and a simple
light dimmer switch.

Logic Design I Ala'a Imran


II. Digital quantities
The digital quantity or signal is one having a set of discrete values
over limit range.

For example, suppose you just take a temperature reading every


hour. Now you have sampled values representing the temperature
at discrete points in time (every hour) over a 24-hour period as
indicated in the figure (2):

Fig.2 Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog quantity in fig.1, each


value represented by a dot can be represented by binary digits.

(Two level, or binary values are the most common values)

Digital system is a combination of devices designed to


manipulate logical information or physical quantities that are
represented in digital form. Some of the more familiar digital
systems include digital computers and calculators, digital audio and
video equipment, and the telephone system.

Logic Design I Ala'a Imran


3-Digital system advantages
1) Digital system have small size.
2) Digital systems are generally easier to design.
3) Information storage is easy.
4) Accuracy and precision are greater.
5) Operation can be programmed.
6) Digital circuits are not affected by noise. (noise is fluctuations in
voltage)
7) More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips.
8) Transmitted more efficiently and reliably than, analog data.
9) Regenerative capability.
10) Digital data can be processed.

2-Limitations of Digital Techniques


There is really only one major drawback when using digital techniques
"The real world is mainly analog"
Most physical quantities are analog in nature, and it is these quantities
that are often the input and output that are being monitored, operated on,
and controlled by a system.
Fig 3 shows a block diagram of this for a typical temperature control
system.as the diagram shows, the analog temperature is measured and the
measured value is then converted to a digital quantity by an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC)the digital quantity is then processed by the
digital circuitry, which may or may not include a digital computer. Its
digital output is converted back to an analog quantity by a digital-to-
analog converter (DAC).

Logic Design I Ala'a Imran


this analog output is fed to a controller which takes some kind of action to
adjust the temperature.

Fig.3 Block diagram of a temperature control system that requires analog/digital conversions
in order to allow the use of digital processing techniques

Logic Design I Ala'a Imran

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