ME6602 - AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

UNIT I - VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES

PREPARED BY:
Dr. T. MOTHILAL,
PROFESSOR
Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
VELAMMAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ME6602 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the construction and working principle of various parts of an
automobile.
 To have the practice for assembling and dismantling of engine parts and
transmission system
UNIT I VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES 9
Types of automobiles, vehicle construction and different layouts, chassis, frame
and body, Vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved), IC
engines –components functions and materials, variable valve timing (VVT).
UNIT II ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS 9
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically
controlled diesel injection system (Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and
common rail direct injection system), Electronic ignition system (Transistorized
coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system), Turbo chargers (WGT,
VGT), Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission
norms (Euro and BS).

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

UNIT III TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS 9
Clutch-types and construction, gear boxes- manual and automatic, gear shift
mechanisms, Over drive, transfer box, fluid flywheel, torque converter, propeller
shaft, slip joints, universal joints, Differential and rear axle, Hotchkiss Drive and
Torque Tube Drive.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS 9
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front
Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems,
Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and
Traction Control.
UNIT V ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES 9
Use of Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol, Gasohol
and Hydrogen in Automobiles- Engine modifications required –Performance,
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of SI and CI engines with these
alternate fuels - Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Fuel Cell Note: Practical Training
in dismantling and assembling of Engine parts and Transmission Systems should
be given to the students.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

OUTCOMES:
 Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to identify the different
components in automobile engineering.
 Have clear understanding on different auxiliary and transmission systems usual.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Kirpal Singh, “Automobile Engineering”, Vol 1 & 2, Seventh Edition, Standard
Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
2. Jain K.K. and Asthana .R.B, “Automobile Engineering” Tata McGraw Hill
Publishers, New Delhi, 2002.
REFERENCES:
1. Newton ,Steeds and Garet, “Motor Vehicles”, Butterworth Publishers,1989.
2. Joseph Heitner, “Automotive Mechanics,” Second Edition, East-West Press,
1999.
3. Martin W, Stockel and Martin T Stockle , “Automotive Mechanics
Fundamentals,” The Good heart –Will Cox Company Inc, USA ,1978.
4. Heinz Heisler, “Advanced Engine Technology,” SAE International Publications
USA, 1998.
5. Ganesan V. “Internal Combustion Engines”, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,
2007.
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
UNIT I VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES 9
Types of automobiles, vehicle construction and different layouts, chassis, frame
and body, Vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved), IC
engines –components functions and materials, variable valve timing (VVT).

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 INTRODUCTION
• The term automobile or automotive stands for a vehicle, which can be
move by itself.

• The automobile is a self-propelled vehicle.

• It is used for the transportation of passengers and goods from one place
to other on the ground.

• Examples: scooters, mopeds, cars, lorry, bus, etc.,

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 History of automobile

• The invention of the automobile is not the product of a single man, single
generation in any company.

• The real history of automobiles was started during 15th century (i.e. during
Leonardo Da Vinci’s period.)

• Captain Nicholas Cugnot, a French engineer is considered to be the ‘‘father

of Automobile”.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 History of automobile in India

• In 1898, an American company imported three “Oldsmobiles” cars into

Bombay.
• One of which was sold to Janshedji Tata, an industrialist.
• It was the first motor car in India.
• In 1903, an American company began to operate a public taxi service with a
feet of 50 cars.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Manufactures of automobile in India &
abroad
• Premier Automobiles Ltd., Mumbai.

• Hindustan motors Ltd., Kolkata.

• Ashok Leyland Ltd., Chennai.

• Maruti Udyog Ltd.

• Tata Engg. & locomotive co., Ltd, (Telco) Mumbai.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Types of Automobiles

Classification of Automobiles:
1. Based on Use : (i) Motor Cycles, Scooters
(ii) Cars, Vans
(iii) Commercial Vehicles (Buses & Trucks)
2. Based on Capacity : (i) Heavy Transport Vehicle (HTV)
(ii) Light Transport Vehicle (LTV)
3. Based on Fuel Used : (i) Petrol Vehicles
(ii) Diesel Vehicles
(iii) Hybrid Vehicles

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 4. Based on Body Styles (Cars) :
(i)Closed Cars :
a) Saloon (or) Sedan : 2 or 4 doors, a Single Compartment, with 2
Rows of Seat,- One at Front & Other at Rear, Separate Space for
Luggage at Front or Rear. (Has 3 Pillars, A, B, C)
b) Hatch Back : A Saloon with Door at Back
c) Coupe : Only one row of Seats for two persons

Saloon or Sedan Hatch Back Coupe

Source:
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 (d) Limousine : Driving Compartment Separated from the rear
compartment by sliding glass
(ii)Open Cars :
a) Sports Car : Two doors or less having collapsible hood

b) Convertible : Roof with soft folding type and had provision to either
close or open

Limousine Sports Car Convertible Car

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(iii)Special Types :
a)Estate Car: A Saloon Car with passenger roof extended upto rear end.
Rear door for loading with rear seats usually collapsible (Eg.Innova)
b)Station Wagon : (Similar to Estate Car) Rear doors & Rear seats for 4
or 5 person (Eg.Sumo)
5.Based on No of Wheels :
(i)Two Wheelers, (ii) Three Wheelers, (iii) Four Wheelers, (iv) Six Wheelers

Estate Cars Source: Station Wagon Cars

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Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
6. Based on Drive:
(i)Left Hand Drive
(ii) Right Hand Drive
(iii) Front Wheel Drive
(iv) Rear Wheel Drive
(v) All Wheel Drive

7.Based on Transmission:
(i)Conventional Transmission
(ii)Semi Automatic Transmission (WithAuto Clutch)
(iii)Fully Automatic Transmission

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Vehicle Construction
An Automobile is constructed with main three parts.
(i) Chassis
(ii) Frame
(iii) Body

Body
Source: https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxAezCTFjXo3
Chassis & Frame Source:
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Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Layout of Chassis and its main Components

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Components of Automobile
1. The basic structure (frame, suspension system, axle, wheels and tyres)
2. Power plant (Engine)
3. Transmission system
4. The auxiliaries
5. The controls
6. The super structure

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Vehicle Construction
CHASSIS :
Main Components of Chassis:
 Frame
 Front Suspension
 Steering Mechanism
 Engine, Clutch & Gearbox
 Radiator
 Propeller Shaft
 Wheels
 Rear & Front Springs & Shock
Absorber Frame
 Differential Unit Source:
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 Storage Battery
 Fuel Tank
 Electrical Systems
 Silencer
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
 Vehicle Construction
• Classification of Chassis
1. According to Fitting of Engine:
• Full forward Chassis
• Semi forward Chassis
Semi forward – Half portion outside
• Bus Chassis
& half portion inside driver cabin

Full forward – Engine outside

Drivers Cabin Bus Chassis – Engine fitted in driver cabin

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 • Engine at back Chassis (Eg. Volvo Bus, Tata nano)
• Engine at Centre Chassis (Eg. Royal tiger master bus)

2. According to No of wheels fitted into vehicle:

* 4 x 2 Drive Chassis [has 4 wheels with 2 driving wheels]
* 4 x 4 Drive Chassis [ has 4 wheels with 4 driving wheels]
* 6 x 2 Drive Chassis [ has 6 wheels with 2 driving wheels]
* 6 x 4 Drive Chassis [ has 6 wheels with 4 driving wheels]

3. Chassis also classified based on reference to drive

1. Rear wheel drive
2. Front wheel drive
3. Four wheel drive

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

FRAME :
A rigid Structure of Chassis and skeleton of the vehicle. Until 1930s
virtually every car had a structural frame, separate from its body.
Function of a Frame:
• Base mounting engine & transmission.
• To carry load - passengers or goods.
• Withstand thrust, stresses & torques.
• Accommodate suspension system.
• Resist the centrifugal force.
• Withstand bending & twisting stresses.
Requirement of a Good Frame:
• Strong, Light & to withstand.
• Resist distorting forces.
• Resist horizontal forces.
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aD-BHxCsmcw

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Frame Construction:
*Frame consists of two longitudinal members.
*To improve the torsional stiffness.
*Made of box, tubular channels, welded or riveted joints.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Channel Frame (C Type Cross Section)

Box Frame (Rectangular Cross Section)

Tubular Frame
(Circular Cross Section)

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Vehicle Construction
Basic Frame Design: X type Frame
Conventional

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Loads on Chassis Frame:
1.Load of Short duration
2.Combined Loads of moment
3.Inertia Loads
4.Static Loads
5.Over Loads
6.Other Loads
MATERIALS FOR FRAME:
1.Mild Steel sheet
2.Carbon steel Sheet
3.Nickel alloy steel sheet
Composition of Nickel Alloy Steel Sheet :
Carbon:0.25-0.35%, Manganese:0.35-0.75%,Silicon-0.30%(Max)
Nickel-3%,Phosporous-0.05%(max) & Sulphur – 0.5%(max)

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Vehicle Construction
Types of Frame:
1. Conventional Frame Construction
2. Semi Integral Frame Construction
3. Integral or Frameless Construction

CONVENTIONAL: SEMI-INTEGRAL: INTEGRAL:

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Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
Conventional Frame Construction:
• Most of the heavy vehicles.
• Made up of steel section.
• 2 long side members & 5 to 6 cross members joined rivets or bolts.
• Cross members increased strength.
• Front – inswept (narrow): Steering lock, pivoting & swinging of the front
wheels.
• Rear – upswept (Board): vertical movement of the rear axles, road bumps
& inequalities.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

• Body brackets: support body of the vehicle
• Spring brackets: mounting body of the vehicle.
• Extension of chassis: front overhung & rear overhung.
• Different sections are used for
Long section – channel & box section
Cross section - I, hat & tubular section

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Semi integral Frame Construction:
• Load on the vehicle is transmitted to the body structure also.
• Rubber mounting replaced by relatively stiff mountings.
• Heavy when compared to conventional type.
• Used in American & European cars.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Integrated frame chassis or frameless chassis:
• Now-a-days used in most of the motor cars called as a frameless or
chassis-less or mono or unit construction
• Floor assembly & frame form one integral unit.
• Heavy side members are eliminated
Floor is strengthened by cross members & body, all welded together.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

• Sub-frames used on various chassis components are mounted.
• Sub-frames supported by main frame.
• The main purpose of sub-frame are to provide isolation , flexibility &
simplified production.
• All components welded or bolted together as one assembly.
• More strength & rigidity.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY:
“Vehicle Body” is the super Structure
of the Vehicle.
Importance of Vehicle Body Design:
1.Reduction in Weight
2.Better Aerodynamic Structure.
3.Aesthetic and
Ergonomic -
Pleasant look.
Requirements:
1. To Withstand all type of Forces.
2. Evenly Distribution of Stresses.
3. Less Weight and to withstand
Impact Load.
4. To have adequate space for
passengers and luggage.
5. Should have minimum no of
components.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY: Types of Vehicle Body:
1. CAR 2.Truck

3. Tractor 4. Trailer

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 5. Tanker 6. Dumper Truck

7. Van 8. Jeep

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

9. Mini Bus 10. Bus

11. Three Wheeler

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY:
Construction Components:
Various Components of Vehicle Body is grouped into 3 categories
1.Structure: All Load Carrying Elements are Structures
2.Finish: Unstressed Units like Bonnet, lid, bumper etc. are Finish
3. Equipment: Parts like Seats, Doors, Windows etc. are Equipment

Source:
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/
400116748127490934/

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY: (Porsche – top manufacturer)
Construction & Components:
Two Panels in Body Construction -> Outer Panel (Shape of the body)
-> Inner Panel (Reinforces Shell of the body)
1.Floor Assembly:
• Pressed steel panels divides front, centre and rear sections usually.
• Metal Strips are welded.
• Wheel house panel welded to the floor.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY:
Construction & Components:
2. Cowl Assembly
• Front portion of the car.
• Windshield frame.
• Dash board.
• Side of the cowl - hinges for
front doors.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY:
Construction & Components:
3. Pillar and Roof assembly:
•Classified as A Pillar, B Pillar and C Pillar.
•Rail roof and centre pillar made up of box section.
• Drip mountings.
• Rear window, Front Windshields by spot welding.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY:
Construction & Components:
4. Quarter Panel:

5. Front / Rear Door Assembly:

Source:
https://www.autozone.com/repairguides/Chev
rolet-Citation-Omega-Phoenix-Skylark-1980-
1985-Repair-Guide/Interior/Rear-Door-
Panels/_/P-0900c15280084074

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

VEHICLE BODY:
Construction & Components:
5. Seats & Other Interiors:

Material Used for Body Construction:

Floor Panel/Roof Panel/Cowl and other Sheet metals:
Aluminium sheets (or) Stainless Steel Sheets.
Side mountings/Accessories:
Thermosetting plastics and rubbers
Windshield and Other glass doors (Backlite & Side door):
Toughened & Laminated Glass

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

AERODYNAMICS :

It is a branch of dynamics concerned with the behaviour of air in

motion relative to the vehicle body is called Aerodynamics.

Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRa-oOL00D1oiKqsYCzevzikWBi2tIBgXcv44eYTbXQcKKOF5Gc

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Resistance to Vehicle Motion (or) Aero
Dynamics
1.Drag Force (Fx):
Force of air acting in the direction of vehicle motion in longitudinal direction.
It is also called air resistance.
This offers resistance to vehicle motion & calculated by:
Fx = CxρV2(A/2) where
Cx – Drag Coefficient
ρ – Density of Air
V- Velocity of Air & A – Projected Area of vehicle viewed from front.
The profile of the body should be designed in such a way to reduce the drag
force.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 2. Lift Force (Fz):
It is the vertical force caused by
Pressure distribution on the body.
Fz = CzρV2(A/2)
Cz is the drag coefficient.
Latest Design Vehicles to reduce drag &
lift.

3.Crosswind Force (Fy):

It is the force acting in the lateral
direction on the side of the vehicle.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
 Resistance to vehicle motion
1. Air Resistance

2. Gradient resistance

(Vehicle weight but depend on the speed of the vehicle)

3. Rolling Resistance

4. Miscellaneous resistance

a. Road characteristics

b. vehicle speed

c. Tyre characteristics

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
 Engine Construction (Forms, Function &
Materials):
Classification Of Engines:
1. Based On Type Of Ignition:
Spark Ignition Engine
(Petrol Fuelled)
Compression Ignition Engine
(Diesel Fuelled)

2. Based On Cycle Of Operation:

Otto Cycle Engine
Diesel Cycle Engine
Dual Cycle Engine

3. Based On Engine Cycle Per Stroke:

Four Stroke Engine
Two Stroke Engine

4. Based On Fuel Used:

PETROL ENGINE
Diesel Engine
Gas Engine
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
5. Based On Method Of Cooling :
Air Cooled Engine
Water Cooled Engine

6. Based On Number Of Cylinders:

Single Cylinder Engine
Two Cylinder Engine
Three Cylinder Engine
Four Cylinder Engine
Six Cylinder Engine
Eight Cylinder Engine
Twelve Cylinder Engine
Sixteen Cylinder Engine

7. Based On Arrangement Of Cylinders:

Horizontal Engine
Vertical Engine
Radial Engine
V Engine
Opposite Cylinder Engine

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Engine Construction (Forms, Function &
Materials):

MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. Cylinder Block 8. Connecting Rod
2. Cylinder Head 9. Crank Shaft
3. Crank Case 10. Flywheel
4. Oil Sump or Oil Pair 11. Camshaft
5. Cylinder Liners 12. Spark Plug/Fuel Injector
6. Piston 13. Valves
7. Piston Rings 14. Valve Mechanism
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
1. CYLINDER BLOCK: (Inside the plant)
It is the main body of the engine contains cylinders. It houses
Crankshaft, Crank, Piston and other parts of the engine.

MATERIAL: Gray Cast Iron (or) Aluminum (or) Steel Sleeves

Source:
https://www.speedwaymotors.com/Speedway-Ford-302-Crankshaft-
Forged-Stroker-3-40-Inch-Stroke,32926.html

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

2. CYLINDER HEAD:
• Cylinder head is bolted on the top of the Cylinder block. It Inlet and
Exhaust through which is taken inside the gases and burnt exhaust.

MATERIAL: Cast iron or Aluminum Alloy.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

3. Crank Case:
• Integral Part of cylinder block or separately bolted to cylinder block.
• It supports crankshaft and camshaft with the help of bearings.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

4. Oil Sump Or Oil Pair:
Fitted at the bottom of crankcase by using gasket
and contains lubricating oil.

Material: Pressed Steel Sheet

5. Cylinder Liners:
• Inside the cylinder piston constantly reciprocates - causes
wear, Replacing cylinder block costly. Cylinder liners placed
inside the cylinder. Replaced when worn out.

Types: Dry & Wet Liners

Material: Chrome Plated Mild & Steel Tubes.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

6. Piston: (Hyundai motor plaza)
Piston reciprocates inside the cylinder and served following purposes.
•Movable gas tight seal to keep the gas inside the cylinder.
•Transmits force of explosion - crankshaft through connecting rod.
Material: Al Alloy, Chrome-Nickel Alloy, Nickel Iron Alloy, Cast Steel.
7. Piston Rings:
Air tight sealing between piston and cylinder to prevent gas leakages.
Types: Compression Ring & Oil Ring
Material: Alloy Cast Iron with Si & Mg (or) Alloy Steels coated with Ch
or Cad.
8. Connecting Rod:
Connect the piston & crankshaft with help of bearing.
Small end connected with piston & Big end connected with Crank.
Passage to transfer lubricating oil.
Material: Forged Steel

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 Compression ring

Piston & Connecting Rod

Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR6NhtpYNU4ELhLvPUDtMfo4BaHfRyYN4eBS6YWC0hm9aHcDxPG
Oil ring
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
9.Crank Shaft:
• Reciprocating motion of the piston
into rotary motion.
• Crankshaft gear, vibration damper
provided - front end.
• flywheel is mounted at the rear end.
Material: Carbon Steel, Nickel-Chromium
& other heat treated alloy steel.

source:
https://www.speedwaymotors.com/Speedway-Ford-302-
crankshaft-Forged-Stroker-3-40-Inch-Stroke,32926.html

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

10. Flywheel:
• Heavy perfectly balanced wheel situated at rear end of crankshaft.
• Energy reservoir.
• Stores energy during power stroke and releases in other strokes.
Material: Cast Iron (Or) Cast Steel
11. Camshaft:
• Converts rotary motion of the camshaft into linear motion of the follower.
• Operates the inlet & Exhaust valves through rocker arms.
• It is driven by crankshaft through chain or gear train.
Material: Chilled Iron Castings (or) Billet Steel

source:
https://lmr.com/item/TFS-51402000/86-95-Mustang-50L-58L-Trick-
Flow-Track-Heat-Stage-1-Roller-Camshaft

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

12. Spark Plug / Fuel Injector:
• Spark Plug is used to ignite the fresh A/F ratio in SI Engines (Petrol
Engine).
• Fuel Injector is used to inject the fuel on the compressed air inside the
cylinder which gives the fresh charge in CI Engine (Diesel Engine)

Source: source:
http://44.koch-foerderbandtrommeln. https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/
de/wiring/spark-plugs-diagram.html questions/14681/how-are-fuel-injectors-controlled

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

13. Engine Valve:
These are used for closing and opening passage for the cylinder for intake and
exhaust. It is operated by cam follower mechanism.
Material: High Speed Steel

source: source:
http://bordadelespubilles.com/ https://www.asvahosting.com/
wp-back.php?pagination=1544298424 electrical_mcc_2_stroke_timing_diagram.php

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

 VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)
Variable Valve Timing systems alter the valve timing to suit engine speed and
load conditions
Types :
1. Cam changing VVT :
* It uses cam profiles to lift valves based on load and speed.
•It uses two rocker arms for normal working and third rocker arm placed
between two arms.
•At high speeds, ECU activates oil pressure controlled pin to lock these
rocker arms simultaneously. Centre rocker arm follows random profile to
transfer inlet valve open for more time.
2. Cam Phasing VVT:
•It is obtained by just shifting the phase angle of camshafts. At high speed,
inlet camshaft rotates 30 deg advance to enable previous intake.
• It can be achieved by Engine Management system based on need and type of
actuation.

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Source:
https://www.mitsubishi-
motors.com/en/innovation/technology/library/mivec.h
tml

Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN

Chassis manufacturers in India

1.KLT Automotive & Tubular Components Pvt Ltd. B-

601, Elegant Business Park, MIDC Road No. 2, Andheri-
East, Mumbai-400 059 INDIA
Phone No: +91-22-4095 7000 Fax No: +91-22-4095 7100
Website: http://www.kltauto.com

2.Bosch Chassis System India Limited

Aurora Towers, 4th floor,
9, Moledina road, Pune – 411001
Telephone + 91 - 20 - 3987 0300 Fax +91 - 20 - 2613 3704
Website: http://www.boschindia.com/content/language1/html/7351.htm

Body Parts manufacturers:

Several Parts of body will be manufactured by several companies

Engine manufacturers:
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) will normally manufacture Engine &
Assembly of Transmission.
Eg. Ashok Leyland, Tata, Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai, Ford etc. will manufacturer their own
engine.
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN
Dr. T. MOTHILAL & Mr. G. RAGOTHAMAN