http://www.sarasuati.

com  

Tema 25: 
Relaciones de 
causa, consecuencia 
y finalidad  
 Topic 25:
Relaciones de
d causa, conse
ecuencia y finalidad
2

Topic 25:
2
Re
elaciones de causa, conssecuencia y finalidad

Ta
able of contents
1. Cause or reeason. ______________
____________________
_________________________ 3
1.1. Cause in
i independeent sentencees. ___________________
___________________________ 3
1.1.1. Cauuse expressed by
b causative Vs.
V _____________________ ______________________________ 3
1.1.2. Cauused expressedd by Prepositioonal Phrases. ____________
_ ______________________________ 3
1.2. Cause in
i adverbiall clauses. ________________________
___________________________ 4
1.2.1. Direect & Indirect reason relatioonships. _________________
______________________________ 4
1.2.2. Suboordinators andd structural tyypes. ____________________
______________________________ 5
1.3. Cause in
i two main clauses. ________________________
___________________________ 6
2. Result or consequence
c e. ________
____________________
_________________________ 6
2.1. Sentencce elements expressing result.
r _______________
___________________________ 6
2.1.1. Verbbs. _____________________________________________
______________________________ 6
2.1.2. Preppositions. ____
____________________________________
______________________________ 7
2.1.3. Connjuncts. ______
____________________________________
______________________________ 7
2.1.4. Enough and too. __________________________________ ______________________________ 7
2.2. Clausess of result. __________________________________
___________________________ 8
3. Purpose. ______________________
____________________
_________________________ 9
3.1. The Preeposition forr. ______________________________
___________________________ 9
3.2. Clausess of purposee. _______________________________
___________________________ 9
3.3. Other structures.
s _
__________
______________________
__________________________ 11
Biibliography __________
_ __________
____________________
________________________ 11
Brrief summarry __________________
____________________
________________________ 12

Iván Matella
anes’ Notes
 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
3

Cause or reason.
1. Cause or reason.
In contrast to CAUSE, which is concerned with causation and
motivation, REASON involves a relatively and subjective assessment.
Statements about a cause are most commonly found in subordinate
clauses though they may be sometimes in independent sentences.
I am not going to eat that cake. It has banana. [Cause in independent clause]
I am not going to eat that cake because it has banana. [Cause in subordinate clause]

1.1. Cause in independent sentences. Cause in independent sentences.

1.1.1. Cause expressed by causative Vs. Causative Vs.

Cause may be indicated by causative Vs. Many adjs and intransitive

Vs in English have a corresponding causative V.
Vs which occur in the SVOA pattern. That is, Vs which have as their SVOA(space/direction).

main complementation an obj followed by an adjunct. The most

characteristic adjuncts to occur in this pattern are PpP of space and direction.
Many of the Vs that fit into this pattern are causative Vs of motion: put, Causative Vs of motion.
Put, get, stand, set, sit,
lay, place, send, bring,
get, stand, set, sit, lay, place, send, bring, take, lead, drive … The class is open-ended, take, lead, drive …

since Vs normally without causative meaning can be adapted to this Open-ended class.

function: Show, see …

I sent the parcel to New York. [SVOA – Causative V]
The attendant showed us to our seats. [SVOA – Noncausative V → Causative]
Many adjs and intransitive V in English have a corresponding Adj/IntrVs→Causative Vs

causative V.
ADJ OR INTRANSITIVE V → CAUSATIVE V
The flowers died. The frost killed the flowers. [=Has caused the flowers to die]
The court blew up. The terrorist blow up the court.
The door opened. Daddy opened the door.
The way became shorter. The highway shortened the way.

Cause in Pps.
1.1.2. Caused expressed by Prepositional Phrases. Cause, reason & motive:
Firstly, there are Pps expressing either the material cause or the
psychological cause for a happening. These Pps of cause and reason
Answer the Qs Why…?
answer the Qs Why…?
We had to drive slowly BECAUSE OF the heavy rain. [Why do we had to drive slowly?] Because of, on account of,
ON ACCOUNT OF his wide experience, he was made chairman. [= +formal because of] for, from, out of, through ….
I hid the money FOR fear of what my parents would say. [Psychological motive]
The plane was destroyed THROUGH the pilot’s careless.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
4

Instrument & means:

PpP of instrument and means may also indicate cause: How…?
Answer the Qs How…?
How did he finish it? By working hard.
The instrument is the inert & normally inanimate CAUSE of an action & Instrument is the inert
& normally inanimate
is expressed by the Pp by (=by means of) & with (=Instrumental meaning). cause of an action:
By, with.
I usually go to work BY train. [Mode of trasnport]
BY working hard, we finished the work on time.
Someone has broken the computer WITH a hammer. [Instrumental meaning]
In the passive, the action can be expressed by an agentive by-phrase. The Passive: The agentive
is the (in)animate
agentive is the (in)animate initiating cause. Break initiating cause.

The computer was broken by [the boy / the hammer].

NP denoting the
There is also an alternative construction, in which the NP denoting the instrument becomes
subj: Express the cause
instrument becomes the subj, expressing thus the accidental, of an event.

generally inanimate material, cause of an event.

The fire destroyed the wood. A stone has broken the window.

1.2. Cause in adverbial clauses. Cause in Advbl clauses.

1.2.1. Direct & Indirect reason relationships. Direct Reason:

I include under clauses of REASON several types of subordinate
clauses that convey basic similarities of relationship:
(a) Cause and effect: The construction expresses the perception of an (a) Cause and effect:
Perception of an inherent
inherent objective connection in the real world. objective connection.

The flowers are growing so well because I feed them. [CAUSE: I feed the flowers;
EFFECT: they are growing]
He’s fat because he eats too much. [CAUSE: He eats too much; EFFECT: He is fat]
(b) Reason and consequence: The construction expresses the speaker’s (b) Reason and
consequence: Speaker’s
deduction of a connection.
deduction of a connection.
She watered the flowers because they were dry. [REASON: The flowers were dry;
CONSEQUENCE: She watered them]

Since she’s my friend, she must have said a good word for me.
(c) Motivation and result: The construction expresses the intention of (c) Motivation & Result:
Intention of an animate
an animate being that has a subsequent result. being that has a
subsequent result.
I watered the flowers because my parents told me to do so.
You’ll help me because you are my friend.
(d) Circumstance and consequence: The construction expresses a (d) Circumstance &
consequence:
relationship btw a premise in the subordinate clause and a relationship btw a premise
in the subordinate clause
conclusion in the main clause. and a conclusion in the
main clause.
Since the weather has improved, the game will go on as planned.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
5

Indirect Reason:
The examples given so far express a direct reason relationship btw the
reason clause and the matrix clause. More peripheral uses of reason Reason is a motivation for
the implicit speech act of
clauses express an indirect reason. The reason is not related to the the utterance.
situation in the matrix clause, but is a motivation for the implicit speech
act of the utterance.
Ian is in Washington, for he phoned me from there. [Since he phoned me from there …]
As you are in charge, where are the files? [As a consequence of your being in charge, I …]
As long as we have this chance, why don’t we discuss our plans?

1.2.2. Subordinators and structural types. Subordinators:

Reason clauses are most commonly introduced by the

subordinators because (also ‘cause) and since. Other subordinators are as Because & since.
As & for (+formal).
and for (in somewhat formal style).
I lent him the money BECAUSE he needed it.
SINCE we live near the sea, we often go sailing.
AS Jane was the eldest, she looked after the others.
Much has been written about that, FOR they pose fascinating problems that
have yet to be resolve.
Because is considered to introduce adjuncts (advbl integrated into the Because → adjuncts.
Since → disjuncts.
clause structure [They aren’t walking naturally]). Since, as are considered to
introduce disjuncts (advbl peripheral to the clause structure [Naturally, they
aren’t walking]).

Additional emphasis is given to the advbl clause of reason when it is It BE … that: Gives
emphasis to the because
preceded by It [is /was] and followed by that. In this construction advbl clause.
Because only possible.
because must always be used.
IT WAS because his house was too small THAT he sold it.
In case combines reason with possibility (because it may happen that). In case: Combines reason
with possibility.
Take your umbrella IN CASE it rains.
Circumstantial clauses [See 1.2.1.(d)] are introduced by the simple Circumstantial clauses:
Introduced by because,
subordinators because, since and as and by several complex subordinators: since, as, with; seeing
(that), as long as,
seeing (that); as long as; inasmuch as [+formal]. With may also be used. inasmuch as [+Formal].

SEEING that it seems as if it will rain soon, we had better leave now.
AS LONG AS you’re here, We might talk about your last game.
Both are obviously secondary sources, INASMUCH as the information they
contain is from the primary sources.
WITH the exams coming next week, I have no time for a social life.
In that [+Formal] combines reason with point of view. In that: Combines reason
with point of view.
The evidence is invalid IN THAT it was obtained by illegal means.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
6

An if-construction can be also used, when it refers to a statement If-construction: refers to

a statement previously
previously made. made.

If (=as / since / seeing that) you don’t like Pepsi, why did you buy it?
Reason or cause can also be expressed by a non-finite or Nonfinite and Verbless
clauses: reason/cause
Verbless clause. can also be expressed.

Having nothing to do, she sat down to read. [=Because she has nothing to do]

1.3. Cause in two main clauses.

Cause in two main clauses.
We can express logical consequence by means of two clauses
We can express logical
joined by so, therefore [+Formal] or thus [++Formal]. consequence by means
of two clauses joined by
It was too early for us to go there, SO we had a drink first. so, therefore [+Formal],
She was THEREFORE unable to avoid an unwelcome marriage. or thus [++Formal].

2. Result or consequence.
Result or consequence.
Sentence elements expressing result.
2.1. Sentence elements expressing result.
2.1.1. Verbs. Verbs:
Vs which occur in the [SVOto-Inf] pattern. These kind of Vs can SVOto-Inf.
also be causative Vs where the infinitive clause identifies the resultant
state: appoint, elect, name, vote; cause, drive, force … Appoint, elect,
name, vote; cause,
drive, force …
The President elected Mr. Martin to be the next vice-president. [Inf of result]
The tribunal forced the administration to follow the constitution. [Inf of result]
Vs which occur in the [SVO-ed Participle] pattern. The ed- SVO-edParticiple.

Participle identifies the resultant state: get, have.

Get, have.
She [got/had] the watch repaired immediately.
Sometimes, the result is derived from the action of a V. Result is derived from
the action of a V.
I built the house myself. Sara wrote a book.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE introduced by subjunctive should + Bare Inf Clauses of purpose
introduced by subjunctive
can also express result. should + Bare Inf can also
express result.
If he should hear of your wedding, he would be surprised.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
7

2.1.2. Prepositions. Pps:

Pps which have the meaning of motion can usually have also a STATIC
Pp[motion] + BE : The
RESULTATIVE MEANING when combined with BE, indicating “the state of state of having reached
the destination.
having reached the destination”.
The hooligans are over the fence. [“have now jumped over”]
Out of context, resultative meaning is not always distinguishable from other Static resultative
meaning is often
static meanings. Its presence, however, is often signaled by certain advs signaled by some
advs (already, just, at
-already, just, at last, (not) yet …-. Resultative meaning is last, not yet …).

characteristically found with negative Pps from, out of … or with Pp of Static resultative
meaning is often
passage such as across, through and past: found with Pps from,
out of; across,
At last I am OUT of class. When you’re PAST the next street, you can stop. through & past.

2.1.3. Conjuncts. Conjuncts:

Several RESULT CONJUNCTS –consequently, of course, hence Result conjuncts:
consequently, of course,
[+Formal], so [-Formal], therefore, thus [+Formal], as a result, somehow [=for hence [+Formal],
So [-Formal], therefore,
thus [+Formal], as a result,
some reason or other]- indicate that a sentence expresses the consequence somehow [=for some
reason or other].
or result of what was said before.
She arrived late, wore dirty clothes, and OF COURSE displeased the interviewee.
He was irritable, unjust, unreliable, and SO became increasingly unpopular.
John did not go to work daily. AS A RESULT, he was fired.
I don’t like what John is doing to Mary. THEREFORE, I will explain it to her.
Somehow is used when the reason is not made explicit in the preceding Somehow: Reason is
not made explicit in the
context and it differs from all other conjuncts in no indicating a preceding context and it
differs from all other
relationship btw its clause and what proceeds, it seems a REASON DISJUNCT. conjuncts.

SOMEHOW I don’t like her.

Result can be also expressed by two clauses joined by the Result expressed by
two clauses joined by
conjunction and, the 2nd being a result of the 1st. and, the 2nd being a
st
result of the 1 .
He heard the shout AND they phoned the cops.
Sheila is a great student AND all her grades are A.

2.1.4. Enough and too. Enough & too:

One type of COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTION contains a phrase Type of COMPARATIVE
CONSTRUCTION:
expressing the notion of sufficiency (enough) or excess (too) followed
Notion of sufficiency
by a to-Inf clause of result. (enough) or excess (too)
+
I’m much TOO tired to go out. [… with the result that I won’t go out] to-Inf clause of result.
They worked ENOUGH to be hungry.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
8

2.2. Clauses of result. Clauses of result.

Clauses of result are introduced by the subordinators so that [+Formal] &

Introduced by: so that
so. These clauses overlap with those of purpose both in meaning and [+formal] & so.

in subordinators. The chief semantic difference is that RESULT CLAUSES are Result cla ≈ purpose cla.

factual rather than putative: both express result, but in the RESULT CLAUSE Result clauses: The result
is achieved (factual). Don’t
the result is achieved (factual), whereas in the PURPOSE CLAUSE it is yet to need Modal Aux.

be achieved (putative) –it is a desired or aimed-at result. Hence, Finite Purpose clauses: The result
is yet to be achieved
clauses of result do not require a modal aux.
(putative). It’s a desired or
aimed-at result.
so (that) he left happy. [Result]
We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave happy. [Purpose]
As we seen from these examples, so and so that express both purpose and so that: commonly used
result, but so that is more commonly used for purpose and so for result. in purpose clauses.
so: commonly used in
RESULT CLAUSES differ syntactically from PURPOSE CLAUSES, in that RESULT result clauses.

CLAUSES are disjuncts whereas PURPOSE CLAUSES are adjuncts. Furthermore, PURPOSE CLAUSES:adjuncts
RESULT CLAUSES:disjuncts;
RESULT CLASSES can only appear finally. Unlike the purpose clause, the Can only occur finally;
Separated by a comma
RESULT CLAUSE introduced by (so) that is separated by a comma.
In one type of COMPARATIVE CLAUSE, the clause expresses result. This CAMPARATIVE CLAUSE:
so…(that) or such…(that).
type has the correlatives so … (that) or such … (that), in which so & such So & such are intensifiers.

are intensifiers.
Her family gave her so many toys (that) she couldn’t play with them all.
So boring was the film that I felt asleep instantly.
He was such a sportsman student that he won NY’s marathon.
Note that so is an adv and is used before advs or adjs which are not So (Adv): before advs or
adjs not followed by a N.
followed by their Ns, while such is an adj and is followed by another adj
plus a N. Only so can be used with much/many and can be placed at Such (Adj): followed by
another adj+N. Can be
used with much/many &
the beginning of a clause for emphasis. placed at the beginning
of the clause [+Emphasis]

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
9

3. Purpose. Purpose.

3.1. The Preposition for. The Pp for.

For is used to express purpose in Phrases introduced by this Pp. For: Corresponds to the
paraphrase in order to.
In this use of for, there is a corresponding paraphrase with a clause (in
order to).
Everyone ran FOR shelter. [= in order to reach shelter].
He died FOR his country. [=In order to help his country].
For + Gerund can also express general purpose. For + Gerund.

A pen is an item FOR WRITING.

Purpose is also indicated by the construction for + Pron/N + Inf when For + Pron/N + to-Inf.

the subj of the principal clause is diff from that of the final clause.
I cleaned the house FOR HER TO SEE it. [=So that she can see it]
The Pp towards can also indicate purpose. Towards.
They saved TOWARDS their wedding party.

Clauses of purpose.
3.2. Clauses of purpose.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE, which are adjuncts, are more often infinitival Nonfinite clauses of purpose.
(NONFINITE) than finite:
To open the box, pull this. I leave early to have time to have breakfast.
More explicit subordinators of purpose are in order [+Formal] and so as to: In order to & so as to.

They left the window open IN ORDER for the dog to have fresh air.
Students should listen to the teacher SO AS TO fully understand the subject.
In order to can imply either that the subj wants to perform the action
or that he wants it to happen.
Another combination also used to express purpose is: Inf + N + Pp. Inf + N + Pp.

I need a corkscrew to open the bottle with. [Particular purpose]

Negative purpose is expressed in the Non-finite clauses by so as not NEGATIVE: In order not to,
So as not to, prevent &
to, in order no to, prevent + N/Pron + Gerund & avoid + Gerund. avoid.

Switch off the television SO AS NOT to wake your mother.

I wake up early IN ORDER NOT TO arrive late at work.
He left the house TO PREVENT us spying him.
He left the house TO AVOID being spied.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de causa, consecuencia y finalidad
10

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25:
Relaciones de
d causa, conse
ecuencia y finalidad
11
Finite clauses of
o purpose.
oduced by so that (less
FINITE CLAUSES OF PURPOSSE are intro ( comm
monly & So that; So [-Formal];
ormal so) and in order
-Fo o tha
at [+Form
mal]. These
e finite cla
auses, which are at [+Formal].
In order tha

pu
utative, re
equire on
ne of the al auxs: can,
ese moda c could
ld, may, m
might,
sh
hould, wo
ould.
Putative meaaning. Require
Modal auxs: can,
c could, may,,
might, should,, would..
The school
s closess early SO (THAT
TH ) the chhildren have
e time to stu
tudy at hom
me.
Visito
ors were nott allowed to enter
e DER THAT they
IN ORDE ey couldn’t see
s what hahappened.
Ne
egative purpose
p d by in ord
iss expressed rder that … not, bu
ut also by sspecific Negative:
In order thaat … not
ubordinatorrs: for fea
su ar (that) [+Formal], in case , lest [+
++Formal]]. [+Formal];
For fear thaat [+Formal], in
n
Theey run away FOR FEAR (THAT
TH ) they heh would meet
me him her
ere. case , le
est [++Formal]].
Theey evacuate the
t factory IN
I CASE it ex
xplodes.
Fo
or fear (th
that) also requires a modal aux, but in
i case ne
eed not h
have a
dicates thatt the 1st acction is a preparation
modal aux and it ind p n for the acction in
the
e subordin e. Archaic lest tendss to have a modal aux or (esp in
nate clause
Am
mE) the present
p su
ubjunctive
e.

3.3. Otherr structurres. Oth

her structures
s.
Otherr structure
es can be
e used ins
stead of the
t to-In
nf, one of tthese is And + V(com me, go, run,
hurry up, stayy, stop & try).
an
nd + V(com ry).
me, go, run, hurry up, staay, stop & try
Try
y and get so
ome mushrrooms for the
th pasta.
Ha
arry up and get dressed
ed.
Purpo
ose can also
a be ex b the Vs: prevent, allow, en
xpressed by nable, Prevent, alllow, enable,
let, make & give.
let
et, make & give
Som
me education
n is necessarry to preven
nt children (from)
( beco
coming thiev
eves.

Bibliogra
aphy
Edittorial MAD
Apu
untes CEDE
Quiirk, R (1985) A comprehensive
c e grammar of the
he English languaage.
1. Cause
C and rea ason:
Quiirk: 9.44, 50; 16
6.48
2. Result
R or conssequence:
Quiirk: 8.140, 144; 9.28; 16.44-45
5; 15.49, 73
3. Purpose:
P
Quiirk: 9.45; 15.78

Iván Matella
anes’ Notes
 Topic 25: Brief summary
12

Brief summary: causa, consequencia y finalidad

1- CAUSE OR REASON:
- Cause in independent sentences may be indicated by a causative V.
♦ Vs which occur in the SVOA pattern are causative Vs of motion → I sent the parcel to New York

♦ Many adjs and intransitive Vs in English have a corresponding causative V

→ The flowers died [Intrans V] --- The frost killed the flowers. [=Has caused the flowers to die]
→ The way became shorter [Adj] --- The highway shortened the way.

♦ PPS of cause and reason answer the Qs Why…? ♦ PPS of instrument and means also indicate cause: How…?
→ Because of, on account of, for, from, out of, through ….. Instrument is the inert & normally inanimate cause of an action & is
expressed by the Pp by (=by means of) & with.
→ We had to drive slowly because of the heavy rain.
→ I hid the money for fear of what my parents would say. → I usually go to work by train.
→ Someone has broken the computer with a hammer.
♦ In the passive, the action can be expressed by an agentive by-phrase. The agentive is the (in)animate initiating cause.
→ The computer was broken by [the boy / the hammer]
PREPOSITIONS
- Cause in Adverbial clause are mostly common introduced by because and since. Other subordinators are as and for.
♦ Because is considered to introduce adjuncts (advbl integrated into the clause structure → I lent him the money because he needed it)
__ Additional emphasis is given to the advbl clause of reason when it is preceded by It [is /was] and followed by that. In this construction
because must always be used → It was because his house was too small that he sold it.

♦ Since, as are considered to introduce disjuncts (advbl peripheral to the clause structure → Since we live near the sea, we often go sailing.)

♦ An if-construction can be also used, when it refers to a statement previously made

→ If (=as / since / seeing that) you don’t like Pepsi, why did you buy it?

♦ Reason or cause can also be expressed by a non-finite or Verbless clause.

→ Having nothing to do, she sat down to read. [=Because she has nothing to do]

- Cause in two main clauses is introduced by means of so, therefore[+Formal] and thus[++Formal].
→ It was too early for us to go there, so we had a drink first.

2- RESULT OR CONSEQUENCE:
- Vs. ♦ Clauses of purpose introduced by subjunctive should + Bare Inf can also express result.
→ If he should hear of your wedding, he would be surprised.

♦ Vs which occur in the [SVOto-Inf] pattern (Appoint, elect, name, vote; cause, drive, force …) & the [SVO-ed Participle] pattern (Get, have).
→ The President elected Mr. Martin to be the next vice-president.
→ She [got/had] the watch repaired immediately.

- Pps. ♦ Pps which have the meaning of motion can usually have also a static resultative meaning when combined with be.
→ The hooligans are over the fence. [“have now jumped over”].

♦ Its presence is often signaled by certain advs -already, just, at last, (not) yet …-. Resultative meaning is characteristically found with
negative Pps from, out of … or with Pp of passage such as across, through and past:.
♦ Result can be also expressed by two clauses joined by the conjunction and, the 2
nd st
- Conjuncts: being a result of the 1 .
→ He heard the shout and they phoned the cops.

♦ Several result conjuncts –consequently, of course, hence [+Formal], so [-Formal], therefore, thus [+Formal], as a result,
somehow [=for some reason or other]- indicate that a sentence expresses the consequence or result of what was said before.
→ John did not go to work daily. As a result, he was fired.
→ I don’t like what John is doing to Mary. Therefore, I will explain it to her.
- Enough and too:
♦ One type of comparative construction contains a phrase expressing the notion of sufficiency (enough) or excess (too) followed by a
to-Inf clause of result..
→ I’m much too tired to go out. [… with the result that I won’t go out].

- So that and So: These clauses overlap with those of purpose both in meaning and in subordinators. The chief semantic difference
is that RESULT CLAUSES are factual rather than putative: both express result, but in the RESULT CLAUSE the result is achieved (factual),
whereas in the PURPOSE CLAUSE it is yet to be achieved (putative) –it is a desired or aimed-at result.
♦ RESULT CLAUSES differ syntactically from purpose clauses, in that RESULT CLAUSES are disjuncts whereas PURPOSE CLAUSES are
adjuncts. Furthermore, RESULT CLASSES can only appear finally.
♦ so that: commonly used in purpose clauses. ♦ so: commonly used in result clauses.

Iván Matellanes’ Notes

 Topic 25: Brief summ
mary
13
- PURPOSE:
3 - For is usedd to express pu
urpose in Phrases introduced d by this Pp. In
n this use of for,, there is a corrresponding parraphrase with a
clause (in ord
der to).
→ Everyone ran
r for shelter. [= in order to re
each shelter]. ♦ For + Ge erund can also express general purpose.
→ A pen is an item FOR WR RITING.

♦ Purpose is also indicated by the construuction for + Pro

on/N + Inf when
n the subj of the
e principal clau
use is diff from
m that of the
final clause.
→ I cleanedd the house FORR HER TO SEE it. [=So that she can
c see it].

- Clauses of
o purpose, which w are adju
uncts, are more
e often nonfinitte than finite.
→ To open th
he box, pull thiss.
♦ More expplicit subordinators of purposse are in order [+Formal] and so
s as to. ♦ Finite clause
es of purpose are introduced by so
→ They left
ft the window op pen in order forr the dog to have fresh air. that (less com
mmonly & -Formal so) and in order
o
→ Studentss should listen to
t the teacher so as to fully un
nderstand the subject.
s
that [+Formal]]. These finite clauses require one of
♦ Another combination
c als
so used to express purpose is: Inf + N + Pp... these modal auxs: can, coulld, may, might, should,
→ I need a corkscrew to open
o the bottle with. [Particula
ar purpose]. would.
→ Visitors were
e not allowed too enter in order that they
♦ Negative e purpose is exxpressed in the Non-finite clausses by so as not
n to, in couldn’t see w
what happened d.
order no o to, preventt + N/Pron + Gerund & avoid + Geru und.
→ He left th
he house to preevent us spying g him. ♦ Negative purrpose is expresssed by in orde er
→ He left th
he house to avooid being spiedd. that … not, but also by speecific subordinattors: for
fear (that) [++Formal], in ca ase , les
st
[++Formal].
→ They evacua ate the factory in
i case it explo
odes.
NON-FIN
NITE FINITTE

Iván Matellanes’ Notes