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Chapter2 SC Part 2 PDF

This section discusses set operations including union, intersection, complement, and difference. It provides definitions and examples for each operation. Boolean algebra is introduced as it relates to set theory. Cardinality and set identities are also covered. Membership tables are listed as a way to represent sets and operations.

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Shunui Sonoda
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69 views10 pages

Chapter2 SC Part 2 PDF

This section discusses set operations including union, intersection, complement, and difference. It provides definitions and examples for each operation. Boolean algebra is introduced as it relates to set theory. Cardinality and set identities are also covered. Membership tables are listed as a way to represent sets and operations.

Uploaded by

Shunui Sonoda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 2.

2
Section Summary
 Set Operations
 Union
 Intersection
 Complementation
 Difference
 More on Set Cardinality
 Set Identities
 Proving Identities
 Membership Tables
Boolean Algebra
 Propositional calculus and set theory are both
instances of an algebraic system called a Boolean
Algebra.
 The operators in set theory are analogous to the
corresponding operator in propositional calculus.
 As always there must be a universal set U. All sets are
assumed to be subsets of U.
Union
 Definition: Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A
and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set:

 Example1: What is {1,2,3} ∪ {3, 4, 5}?


Solution: {1,2,3,4,5} Venn Diagram for A ∪ B

U
A B
Intersection
 Definition: The intersection of sets A and B, denoted
by A ∩ B, is

 Note if the intersection is empty, then A and B are said


to be disjoint.
 Example1: What is? *1,2,3+ ∩ *3,4,5+ ?
Solution: {3}
 Example2:What is *1,2,3+ ∩ *4,5,6+ ? Venn Diagram for A ∩B
Solution: ∅ (2 sets are disjoint) U
A B
Complement
Definition: If A is a set, then the complement of the A
(with respect to U), denoted by Ā is the set U - A
Ā = {x ∈ U | x ∉ A}
(The complement of A is sometimes denoted by Ac .)
Example: If U is the positive integers less than 100,
what is the complement of {x | x > 70}
Solution: {x | x ≤ 70+ Venn Diagram for Complement
U
Ā
A
Difference
 Definition: Let A and B be sets. The difference of A
and B, denoted by A – B, is the set containing the
elements of A that are not in B. The difference of A
and B is also called the complement of B with respect
to A.
A – B = {x | x ∈ A  x ∉ B} = A ∩B

U Venn Diagram for A − B


A
B
Difference
 Example. The difference of {1, 3, 5} and {1, 2, 3} is ?
 the set {5}; that is, {1, 3, 5} − {1, 2, 3} = {5}.
The Cardinality of the Union of Two
Sets
• Inclusion-Exclusion U
|A ∪ B| = |A| + | B| − |A ∩ B| A B

Venn Diagram for A, B, A ∩ B, A ∪ B

• Example: Let A be the math majors in your class and B be the


CS majors. To count the number of students who are either math
majors or CS majors, add the number of math majors and the
number of CS majors, and subtract the number of joint CS/math
majors.
Review Questions
 Example:Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, and C = {0, 3, 6, 9}
1}. What is A ∪ B ∪ C ?

 Solution: The set A ∪ B ∪ C contains those elements in at least one


of A, B, and C. Hence,
 A ∪ B ∪ C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}.

 Example: What is A ∩ B ∩ C?
 The set A ∩ B ∩ C contains those elements in all three of A, B, and
C. Thus,
 A ∩ B ∩ C = {0}.

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