104 TRANSPORTATION R ES EAR CH RECOR D 1290

Training Program for Implementation of Newly

Developed Guidelines for Seismic Design and
Retrofitting of Highway Bridges
Roy A. IMBSEN AND RoBERT A. SCHAMBER

This paper describes the training program sponsored by the National 1. A nationally recognized seismic design specification for
Highway lnstilute (Nlll) in cooperation with the Federll] Highway bridges that reflected the latest state-of-the-art.
Administrntion (FHW A) to implement the latest technology in seismic 2. Comprehensive, practical guidelines for seismic retrofitting
design and retrofitting of highway bridges on a national basis . This of bridges.
training program includes the development of training materials,
presentation of two pilot workshops and the presentation of several 4 -
3. User friendly computer programs readily available for the
1/2 day workshops. The workshops are divided into lecture sessions and seismic analysis of bridges.
class assignments. The class assignments focus on practical
applications. Although the workshop does not include computers the Recent research efforts and experience have made
cla$s assignments include input coding and outpuc results from computer available the above three missing elements, and it is now
programs typically needed for seismic design and analysis. possible to conduct much more effective training courses.
The primary objectives of the workshops are to train bridge The first element was fulfilled in 1983 when the
engineers to use the American Association of the State Highway and American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide Specifications for Seismic Officials (AASHTO) adopted as a guide specification the report
Design of Highway Bridges and to introduce bridge designers to the
entitled "Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges" (ATC-
procedures for retrofitting bridges as described in the FHWA publication
"Seismic Retrofitting Guidelines for Highway Bridges". 6)(1). These guidelines were prepared by Applied Technology
The A ASH TO Guide Specifications for Seismic Design are currently being Council (ATC) under PHWA contract with guidance from a panel
incorporated -imo the AASHTO Slllndard Specifications for 1991. of distinguished experts in the seismic design of bridges. The
Basic principals of seismology, structural dynamics and improvements in seismic design criteria contained in these
foundation modelling are presented. These basic principals are combined guidelines have had a major impact on bridge seismic design
with current recommendations in the guidelines and the state-of-practice practice.
to give the practicing bridge engineer the know ledge required to design A recognized weak point in the guide specifications
and retrofit bridges. was their treatment of foundations. In 1983, the Federal
Highway Administration awarded a contract to the Earth
Technology Corporation to develop a seismic design guide for
The procedures and methods available to engineers for the bridge foundations(4). This project is now complete, and the
seismic design and retrofitting of bridges have increased results, which complement the guide specifications, are useful in
markedly since the 1971 San Fernando earthquake in California. any training efforts relative to the seismic design and
Knowledge and experience gained in research studies, post- retrofitting of highway bridges.
earthquake field reconnaissance investigations, and the practical The second missing element listed above was addressed
application of damage mitigation measures have contributed to by a follow-up report to ATC-6 entitled "Seismic Retrofitting
this increase. ln addition, the need for seismic design and Guidelines for Highway Bridges" (ATC-6-2)(5). This report,
retrofitting has subsequently increased nation wide due to the which was developed with a separate panel of experts,
recent 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Several of these established a comprehensive approach to the problem of seismic
improvements in procedures and methods since 1971, however, retrofitting. The guidelines include methods for rapidly
have yet to find their way into many bridge design offices. identifying those bridges that present the greatest seismic
Although some pilot courses have been presented in the past to hazard, methods for quantitatively evaluating local a.nd global
help implement new seismic procedures, only a small percenrage weaknesses and identifying economical retrofitting techniques
of practicing bridge engineers have been able to attend and many for individual bridges, and a description of specific retrofit
more training courses are needed. The courses now being taught measures that can be used to increase the seismic resistance of
utilize the state -of-practice consistent with the recently selected bridge components. The guidelines have been
developed guide specifications (1) and the current available subsequently published by FHWA(6) and are used as a reference
methodology. for the current training course being sponsored by FHW A.
One of the first efforts at training was the presentation of two CALTRANS has recently completed a 54 million dollar
one-week pilot workshops in 1981 designed to give working program (Phase 1) to seismically retrofit approximately 1260
level bridge engineers hands-on experience in seismic analysis bridges. This program focused on expansion joints and sought
ancl clcsign o( bridges (2). The development of these workshops to reduce the vulnerability to collapse introduced by the
was prompted by a successful Federal Highway Administration discontinuity in the superstrncture tJ1at occurs at these joints.
(FHWA)-sponsored Seismic Bridge Design Workshop held in Simplified analysis methods and many retrofitting details and
Boise, Idaho in 1976 (3) . Both the Boise worksh.op and the two consttuction procedures were the by-product of this program.
pilot workshops relied heavily on the methods developed by the The experience gained as a result of this program is invaluable
California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) and is included in the current FHW A course. In addition,
following the San Fernando earthquake. In general, the two pilot CALTRANS is currently in the process of retrofitting bridges
workshops were enthusiastically received by the students, but with single column bents for the Phase 2 retrofit program.
they were handicapped at the time by the absence within the The third and final missing element is readily available
profession of the following three major elements: computer programs which may be used in a production
environment for bridge designers. A user-oriented computer code
was written specifically for the Seismic Analysis of Bridges
hnbsen & Associates, Inc., 9833 Hom Road, Suite C (SEISAB) (7). This code, developed by Engineering Computer
Sacramento, CA 95827 Corporation (currently lmbsen & Associates, Inc., (IAI)) with
lmbsen and Schamber 105

funding by the National Science Foundation, was specifically retrofitting of bridges. This includes knowledge of the currently
written to accommodate the provisions of the guide applicable design and retrofitting criteria, design and retrofitting
specifications. The elastic analysis portion of this computer strategies, the effect of siting, structural configuration, detailing
code has been completed, and it is now possible for bridge on the seismic performance of bridges, and the performance of
designers, with minimum knowledge and training in theoretical bridges during past earthquakes. The latest bridge damage from
structural dynamics and computer technology, to perform multi- the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake is presented in this session. In
modal response spectrum analyses of bridges. In addition, addition, a brief overview of the AASHTO Guide Specifications
following the San Fernando earthquake CALTRANS implemented (1) is included. The preliminary seismic design concept which is
STRUDL, currently known as GTSTRUDL (8), to conduct seismic introduced in shown in Figure 3.
analysis of bridges. A pre-processor has been developed
specifically for this program to simplify the input coding.
Another factor related to implementation of seismic Fundamental Concepts In Structural Dynamics
design procedures is the development of a "Seismic Design and
Retrofit Manual for Highway Bridges" (10). This document, This session emphasizes physical concepts as opposed to
which summarizes much of what is known about the seismic mathematical derivations. Considerable attention is given to
design and retrofitting of bridges, was written to update the achieving this goal through the extensive use of graphical
original manual developed for the first two pilot workshops (2). illustrations, models, and a VCR presentation that helps the
It therefore is an excellent reference document for the current students visualize basic concepts. A model of three single degree
workshop. of freedom oscillators mounted on a common base is used for
The recent development of design and retrofitting explaining the concept of natural period and the effect of
guidelines and the SEISAB computer code, plus experience earthquake ground motion on different types of structures. The
gained from implementing improvements in seismic design and concept of various modes of response is illustrated by a three
retrofitting practice have resulted in the conditions that made it degree of freedom model. Workshop assignments and example
timely to develop a comprehensive training course on the problems are included to help students become familiar with
seismic design for highway bridges. This current course de- these critical concepts. It should be emphasized that this
emphasizes hands-on computer use, but includes handout session uses bridge schematics in the text to teach the concepts
problem solutions using SEISAB. In addition, the course of structural dynamics as shown in Figure 4.
mentions other programs (i.e., GTSTRUDL, SAP, etc.) which can
be used in the seismic analysis of bridges.
Seismic Loading

TRAINING COURSE DEVELOPMENT This session covers the sources and characteristics of ground
motion and other critical earthquake effects. The development of
The course outline that was prepared for this course reflected a seismic zones is also discussed. The characterization of these
balanced up-to-date approach to the seismic design and phenomena for design loading is covered to introduce students to
retrofitting of bridges and reflected as near as possible the the concept of response spectrum, acceleration time history, the
consensus views of the project team. It included, where directionality of ground motion, etc. This information reflects
appropriate, items included in previous training courses as well the latest knowledge relative to the nature of earthquakes,
as new, updated information. The course is organized into including information from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
modular sessions to facilitate tailoring of the course to a specific The normalized response spectra sited in the AASHTO Guide
audience (e.g. training and experience of attendees, seismic zone Specifications ( 1) is shown in Figure 5. In addition, the new
of interest, etc.). Each session contains certain components that accceleration coefficient maps now adopted by AASHTO for the
can be deleted or emphasized as required. The contents of the 1991 standard specification are shown in Figure 6.
course includes those sessions listed in the outline shown in
Table 1. The workbook, instructor's guide, and visual aids were
organized according to the course sessions. The workbook was Seismic Response Analysis
designed to be useful before, during, and after the course
presentation (see Figure 1). Before the presentation, the Session 4 includes a description and comparison of analysis
workbook is used to brief students on the material to be covered methods. The material includes the ATC single mode spectral
and orient them toward the objectives of each course session. approach (procedure 1) as well as the multi-mode spectral
During the presentation, the workbook facilitates note taking approach (procedure 2). A brief overview of the example
and helps students focus on the topics being discussed. After the problem in Appendix A of the AASHTO Guide Specifications (1)
presentation, the workbook will be a useful reference. The is also included by projecting mode shapes of that bridge model
problem assignments that are included (12 total) can be on a screen to show participation factor contributions.
referenced in the bridge engineers procedures for seismic design. Structure modeling is a critical part of seismic response
Worked example problems included in the participant workbook analysis. Correct idealization of the mass and stiffness
utilize SEISAB and other computer programs. These examples characteristics of a structure can make the difference between
emphasize the interpretation and use of output results. The reasonable or unreasonable analysis results. In addition a group
problem assignments are presented by filling in selected assignment is given as shown in Figure 7 to introduce the
calculations as shown in Figure 2. The following paragraphs participants to seismic structural form. A sample of the group
discuss the content of each of the sessions presented as shown in assignment presentation from one of the courses is shown in
Table 1. Figure 8.

Introduction to Seismic Design and Retrofitting of Design Concepts

Bridges
This session is subdivided into lectures and workshop problems
Session 1 of the course provides the student with a conceptual covering the various aspects of component design. The concept
understanding of the issues and goals of seismic design and of ductility demand and the use of response modification factors
are explained so that participants can get a true conceptual
106 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1290

feeling for how a bridge is likely to perform during an discussion of retrofitting of geotechnical components of the
earthquake. Recent knowledge gained from research on the bridge.
ductile behavior of reinforced concrete columns is presented.
This includes studies relative to the role of transverse confining
steel, main longitudinal reinforcement, splices in reinforcement Advanced Topics
and the role of concrete in resisting compression and shear
forces. A discussion of the behavior of wide piers is also Session 7 of the course will address advanced topics that may be
included. of interest to certain groups. These topics include special bridge
The actual design of a reinforced concrete column types and nonlinear analysis ( 11) for seismic analysis of
including both longitudinal and transverse steel design is bridges.
covered in example and workshop problems. This includes an
introduction to the concept of capacity design as it applies to
multi-column bridge bents. Proper emphasis is also given to the PILOT PRESENTATIONS AND COURSE
importance of good detailing practice for seismic design. PRESENTATIONS
Modeling of bridge abutments and foundations is a
subject that has been clarified by the recent development of Following two pilot presentations, the courses have been
guidelines for foundation design. Because modelling of these scheduled throughout the United States to state department of
elements has always been a problem for engineers in the post, transportations or private agencies (over 20 courses have been
special treatment is given to this subject. Workshop given since January of 1990). Each course, which averages 40
assignments are provided so that students can have first-hand students, is tailored to meet the needs and interests of the
experience in calculating the stiffness and damping attendees and the particular seismic zone of interest. The
characteristics of the most common types of abutment and principal instructor is Dr. Roy A. Imbsen, President of IAI. He is
foundation elements. The use of design charts are covered in the assisted by either Mr. Robert A. Schamber of IAI or Mr. James H.
lectures and example problems. This part of the session reflects Gates of CALTRANS as one of his Co-Instructors and either Dr.
the findings of the recent FHW A-funded study conducted by the Geoffrey R. Martin of the University of Southern California or
Earth Technology Corporation on the seismic design of bridge Mr. Ignatius (Po) Lam of Earth Mechanics, Inc. as his other Co-
foundations (4). Instructor. The FHWA Contracting Officer's Technical
The design of conventional bearings, expansion Representative (COTR) is Mr. Larry Jones.
joints, restrainers, and shear keys is a critical issue that is
covered during session 5. The design of other types of bridge
components is discussed briefly to introduce students to some of REFERENCES
the latest thinking on this subject. The use of special motion
restricting devices, energy dissipation devices and base 1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation
isolation bearings is covered along with their related design Officials, "Guide Specifications for the Seismic Design of
philosophies and considerations. Highway Bridges," Washington, D.C. 1983.
The subject of ground stability is an important 2. lmbsen, R. A., Nutt, R. V., and Gates, J. H., "Seismic
consideration during both the planning and design of bridges and Design of Highway Bridges Workshop Manual," Federal
their accompanying roadway approaches. A lecture is provided Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Report No.
to give students knowledge in assessing probable ground FHWA-IP-81-2, January 1981.
stability during an earthquake. 3. lmbsen, R. A., and Gates, J. H., "Seismic Bridge Design
Workshop," September, 1976.
4. Lam, I. P., Martin, G. R., "Seismic Design of Highway
Retrofitting Bridge Foundations," Vol. I, II and III, FHW A Report
FHWA/RD-86/102, June, 1986.
The seismic retrofitting guidelines developed by ATC (5,6) as 5. Applied Technology Council, "Seismic Retrofitting
well as the latest practical experience obtained from CALTRANS Guidelines for Highway Bridges," Report No. ATC-6-2,
and others who have attempted to retrofit bridges is discussed. 1983.
The subject of seismic retrofitting is divided into three 6. Applied Technology Council, "Seismic Retrofitting
parts as presented in the seismic retrofitting guidelines (5,6) (see Guidelines for Highway Bridges," FHWA Report FHW A/RD-
Figure 9). The first part is preliminary screening which is a 83/007, December, 1983.
planning function used during the implementation of an area- 7. Imbsen, R., Lea, J., Kaliakin, V., Perano, K., Gates, J., and
wide retrofitting program. Perano, S., "SEISAB-1 User Manual," Engineering Computer
The detailed evaluation of an individual bridge to Corporation, October 1982.
determine its capacity to resist earthquake loads is important 8. Georgia Institute of Technology, "GTSTRUDL User's
when identifying the need for retrofitting and the most Manual: Volume l," GTICES Systems Laboratory, Atlanta,
appropriate retrofitting strategy to be used. The method for Georgia.
calculating component capacity/demand ratios as proposed by 9. lmbsen, R. A., Nutt, R. V., Lea, J., and Gates, J. H.,
the retrofitting guidelines is covered through lectures, example "SEISAB-1 - Workshop Manual," November, 1984.
problems and workshop assignments. 10. Buckle, I. G., Mayes, R. L. and Button, M. R., "Seismic
Design of component retrofitting requires considerable Design and Retrofit Manual for Highway Bridges," Federal
innovation since no two structures are the same. Retrofitting Highway Administration Report No. FHWA-IP-87-6, April
techniques is discussed in terms of concepts. Several concepts 1986.
are presented in the retrofitting guidelines. A considerable 11. lmbsen, R. A., Penzien, J., "Evaluation of Energy
amount of standardization of these concepts as they relate to Absorption Characteristics of Highway Bridges Under
retrofitting of bearings and expansion joints was achieved by Seismic Conditions," Vol. 1 and 2, Report No. EERC
CALTRANS during their retrofitting program. 85/17, September, 1986.
The retrofitting concepts for other components such as
columns and footings is discussed briefly. Also included is a
 TABLE 1 OUTLINE FOR FHWA TRAINING
COURSE ON SEISMIC DESIGN OF ffiGHWAY SEISMIC DESIGN OF
BRIDGES
IDGHWAY BRIDGES
TABLE OF CONIENIS
C.ud CfU I /OQd d£:,
SESSION D ESCRIP TI ON Lut 'au 1 stfL? c::!!!!!J
1.0 IN1RODUCIION TO SEISMIC DESIGN AND
RE1ROFITI'ING OF BRIDGES (4 hours)

1.1 The Effect of Earthquakes on Bridges

1.2 Seismic Design and Retrofitting Since the
San Fernando Earthquake
1.3 Seismic Design and Retrofitting Philosophy
1.4 Planning Considerations
1.5 Seismic Design and Retrofitting Strategies
1. 6 AASlITO Guide Specifications TRAINING COURSE
(Example Problem Assignment 1)
1. 7 Seismic Base Isolation PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK
Prepared for the
2.0 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS JN SIRUCI1.JRAL DYNAMICS U.S. Department of Transportation
(4 hours)
Federal Highway Administration
2.1 Dynamic Loading and d'Alembert's Principal by
2.2 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems
2.3 Muilti Degree-of-Freedom Systems Imbsen & Associates, Inc.
(Example Problem Assignment 2)
June, 1989
3.0 SEISMIC LOADING (2 hour)

3 .1 Basic Seismology FIGURE 1 Cover on Participant Workbook

3 .2 Characteristics of Earthquake Ground Motion
3 .3 Seismic Design Loadings

4.0 SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS (6 hours)

4.1 Analysis Methods for Design

4.1.1 Equivalent Static Force Methods EXAMPLE PROBLEM ASSIGNMENT SA
(Example Problem Assignment 3)
4.1.2 AASHTO Guide Specifications COLUMN DESIGN {SPC B)
4.1.2 . 1 Single Mode Spectral
LONG ca
(Example Problem
Assignment 4)
4 . 1.2.2 Multi-Mode Spectral ± t TRANea

---
Lono.
Shear
Tran.
Moment

4.2 Modeling for Analysis

4.2 .1 Practical Modeling Guidelines
4.2.2 Structural Form and Details
(Example Problem Assignment 5)
)~$ ___.,...._t :~. Q, y
ran.
Shear

~ Lon~.
f Moment
5.0 DESIGN CONCEPTS (8 hours) I CL Sent
DEIAll OE Cpl lJMN EQBCfS
5. 1 Component Design
5. I . I Reinforced Concrete Columns and Piers
(Example Problem Assignment 6)
5 .1.2 Abutments and Foundations
(Example Problem Assignment 7 and 8)
5 .1.3 Bearings, Expansion Joints, Restrainers, STEP 1. OffiBY!Nf J'HC ! OAP COl t8fNADONS t !tfQ 2
Shear Keys, and Hold-Down Forces
(Example Problem Assignment 9)
5.2 Ground Stability Considerations Longrtudinal Transvarn Ax"iaJ
Shear Moment Shear Moment Force
!klol lk·ltl fkio) lk-ltl fkiol
6. 0 RETROFITTING (8 hours)
OEAO LOAO 0 97 0 114 658
6.1 Preliminary Screening
LONGEO 179 2300 255 3517 291
(Example Problem Assignment 10)
6 .2 Detailed Evaluation TRAN ea 150 2025 471 6512 521
(Example Problem Assignment 11)
6.3 Retrofitting and Bearing Concepts
LC 1
c:::::::J c:::::::J CJ CJ CJ
(Example Problem Assignment 12) LC2
c:::::::J CJ CJ c:::::::J c:J
7.0 ADVANCED TOPICS (4 hours) LC1 • 1.0 • LONG ea. 0.3 • TRAN ea
LC2. 0.3. LONG ea. 1,0. TRAN ea
7.1 Nonlinear Analysis
7 .2 Comol ic:tted Structures FIGURE 2 Example Problem Assignment
 EXTENSION-OE 5- QQF. SYSIEM70-MOLIIPLE
QEGAEES OF EBEEQOM

Span= 1
A,B,C,D
SPANS«2
SPC=B,C,D
f
~:::~y~~-=-@-

/. I
I; JlJ,.
I
I\ I
1 x'
Yes

ADEQ UATE?

*A= Acceleration Coefficient

IC= Importance Classification YI
SEISMJC REVISE

I T-
DESIGN DESIGN SPC =Seismic Performance Category
COMPLETE REPEAT S = Site Coefficient

FIGURE 3 Preliminary Seismic Design Concept _,,(' x•

19 Nodes with 6 Dearees of Freedom at Each Node

ELEVATION vrew
ly

4
f) f,) MOOE 2
-
ff
z
0
j:: ~SOI L PROFILE TYPE Ill
~ : 3 x
- w
..... ...J
SOIL PROFILE TYP: "
<( w
... y
a: u _ _ SOIL PROFILE TYPE

.----1·----·--·1>-----~~
w u
u:: <(
' I I
u 0 2
u
<(
z
:::>
'' I
MOOE 5
0 ' .... ....
...J
<(
a:
c:i
....
a:
..... ::E
x
~
.,,CL
i- 'I
----
-........__
-- .l y
----
- ,- I [' ___
... ..... ,
)(
<(
::E --- _,. ,,,.
..... ,,.
~
0 MOOE 6
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 30

PERIOD - SECONDS x

FIGURE 5 Normalized Response Spectra FIGURE 4 Typical Bridge Schematic to Illustrate

Dynamic Concepts
Imbsen and Schamber 109

·-· ~--

- - , • .~ ·--·

!--_-_-._-_- -- -~-· : :_..:. - I::-=-.1

- - ,;, ~ =- -::..~/
-· '
- -.. ·' '·- - +
- - ... - - -
~

Western Part of th e United States

FIGURE 6a Acceleration Coefficient (expressed as percent of gravity) Using the Adopted AASHTO Standard
Specification Map for 1991 in Rock with 90 Percent Probability of Not Being Exceeded in 50 years.
 Eastern Part of the United Sta tes

FIGURE 6b Acceleration Coefficient (expressed as percent of gravity) Using the Adopted AASHTO Standard
Specification Map for 1991 in Rock with 90 Percent Probability of Not Being Exceeded in SO years.
 ~a/
~ . ,.., __:;),/ =ss,
~
*"() x::i %
)IE'J,o .[:::<
~
)IE'!>~v
~"

CJ.
•
~;:;r
~o
"-o •
~
~
· . .·< 0
C\L\S c::::::::ie>
11'r-• n.-

.•
.
~~ c;:!;J
-
~-
'°Cb, •
~- ·~
+
~CJ .,,&:' ~
Q -
• u~

Alaska. Hawaii and Puerto Rico

FIGURE 6c Acceleration Coefficient (expressed as percent of gravity) Using the Adopted AASHTO Standard Specification Map for 1991 in Rock
with 90 Percent Probability of Not Being Exceeded In SO years.
112 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH REL

Length BOO' Width 70' Determine Seismic Performance Category

I SO' I Section
I
Seismic Performance Categories B, C & D
Elevation

Assume AASHTO Guide Specifications Apply Seismic

High Seismic Area, Type Ill Soils
Supers trUcture Type to Performance
be Selected By Group Category A
Span Range: 70' to 160'
In Small Groups C45 mjn.l
Retrofitting NO
( l) Select two different strUctural configuratioas which not Required
the group feels would be adequate for this site. Do not
get too bogged down at this point, just pick two
reasonable bridges based
on your experience.
( 2) Evaluate each of the bridges on the basis of seismic
Detailed Evaluation
performance. List positive and negative aspcccs of each
bridge. Select one bridge to present and discuss to the of an Existing Bridge
total group.

Qiscyss jon 0 5 mjn l

(3) Each group to present and discuss the positive and

negative seismic aspects of their selected design.
Discussion of total group should focus on advantages
and disadvantages of each design, if possible,
determine a single design which appears reasonable. Retrofitting
Design Retrofit not
Schemes Re quired
FIGURE 7 Group Assignment for Structural Form
Example Problem FIGURE 9 Seismic Retrofitting Process

TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR AGENCY

(ORANGE COUNTY, CAl

/
/
/
/
1.----· 'H
/

BRIDGE ELEVATION
70 ' ADVANTAGES
- lr!llNIU IZ A.TION OF FOUNDATION COSTS
CIP P/S CONCRETE - STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
BOX GIRDER - PLAsr1c HINGES AT TOP OF COLUMNS
- MINIMIZATION OF JOINTS
- TORSI ONAL AE S I STANCE OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE

DISADVANTAGES
- NEED 10 DES I CN ABUTUENTS FOR
35' DI SPLACEUENT CONS I DER AT IONS

SECTION
C I P P /S CONCRETE BOX G I RDER

FIGURE 8 Sample of Group Assignment

Presentation for Structural Form Example