Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Tarlac City

A353 – FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS

Prepared by:

Idris Jeffrey M. Manguera

June 2020
Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. To describe how an Amplitude Modulated signal is generated.
2. To be able to calculate and analyze the time, frequency and power of Double Sideband
(DSBFC) and Single Sideband (SSB) AM Systems.

Activities

Tune in to an AM radio station. Imagine how does a signal from a broadcast studio
travel through the airwaves and then detected by an AM receiver.

Processing

Modulation is the process of altering a characteristic of the carrier in accordance with

the instantaneous value of the intelligence signal. The characteristics of the carrier that can be
varied are amplitude, frequency and phase.

Demodulation is the process of recovering the intelligence signal from a modulated

carrier signal.

Abstraction

Noise
 Any unwanted signal from sources other than the transmitted signal source
 A signal that does not convey information

Electrical Noise
 Any unwanted electrical signal that falls within the passband of the signal.

Results of Noise
 hiss/static
 snow/confetti
 bit errors
 signal loss

Kinds of Noise
Correlated Noise – mutually related to the signal and cannot be present in a circuit unless there
is an input signal and is produced by nonlinear amplification. No signal, no noise.
 Harmonic distortion – unwanted harmonics of a signal

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation

 Intermodulation distortion – the generation of unwanted sum and difference

frequencies (cross products) when two or more signals are amplified in a nonlinear
device.

Uncorrelated Noise – present with or without an input signal

 External noise – generated outside the device or outside the receiver circuit
 Internal noise – generated within the device or within the receiver circuit

Types of External Noise

 Atmospheric Noise – naturally occurring electrical disturbances that originate within the
earth’s atmosphere
 Extraterrestrial Noise – consists of electrical signals that originate from outside the
earth’s atmosphere
o Solar Noise – directly from the sun’s heat
o Cosmic Noise – from the stars
 Man-made Noise – produced by manufactured equipment such as automotive ignition
systems, electric motors and generators

Types of Internal Noise

 Shot Noise – caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes and electrons) at the output
element of an electronic device
 Transit-time Noise – shows up as a kind of random noise within the device and is directly
proportional to the frequency of operation
 Thermal Noise – associated with the rapid and random movement of electrons within a
conductor due to thermal agitation

Noise Computations

Noise Power
 The average noise power is proportional to the absolute temperature of the conductor
and to the bandwidth or spectrum of the thermal noise.
P N ∝ TB
P N =kTB
Where: P N =noise power ,W

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation

T =temperature of the conductor , K

B=bandwidth of the spectrum, Hz
k =Boltzman n' s constant =1.38 ×10−23 J / K

Noise Voltage

Consider the noise source equivalent circuit, for maximum power transfer of the noise source
VN
R L=R N ; V L=
2
2
VN

P N=
( )
2
=
(V N )
2

RN 4 RN
P N =kTB
2
(V N )
=kTB
4 RN
V N = √ 4 kTBR
where: V N =RMS noise voltage , V
R=equivalent noise resistance , Ω
T =temperature of theconductor , K
B=bandwidth of thenoise spectrum , Hz

RMS Noise Voltage Due to Several Sources

 Series Combination
R N =R N + R N +…+ R N
T 1 2 a

V N =√ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
T

Where: R N =total resistance , Ω

T

V N =total rms noise voltage , V

T

 Parallel Combination
1 1 1
= + ….
RN RN RNT 1 2

V N =√ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
T

Power Spectrum Density or Noise Density

 average noise power per Hertz of bandwidth
 a figure that determines the amount of noise contained in a specified bandwidth
PN
N o = =kT
B
where: N o =noise density ,W / Hz
P N =noise power ,W
B=bandwidth of the noise spectrum , Hz

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
 a relative measure of the desired signal power to the noise power
S PS
=
N PN
In decibel form

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation

S PS VS
( )
N dB
=10 log
PN
=20 log
VN

where: PS =signal power , W

P N =noise power ,W
V S =signal voltage , V
V N =noise voltage , V

Noise Factor
Si/ Ni
F=
So/ No

where: Si=input signal power , W

N i=input noise power , W
So =output signal power , W
N o =output noise power ,W

Noise Figure

Si / N i
NF =10 log F=10 log
So/ N o
 For an ideal lossless network F=1
 For a network that produces noise F> 1
Reactance Noise Effects
 The significant effect of reactive circuits on noise is their limitation on frequency
response
 The equivalent bandwidth to be used in noise calculations with reactive circuits is
π
Beq = B3 dB
2

Where: B3 dB=half power bandwidth , Hz

Beq =effective bandwidth , Hz

Equivalent Noise Temperature

T eq=T o (F−1)

Where: T eq=equivalent noise temperature , K

T o=reference absolute temperature ,290 K
F=noise factor

Noise due to Amplifiers in Cascade

Friiss Formula
 Overall noise factor of n stages
F 2−1 F 3−1 F n−1
F eq=F 1 + + + …+
G1 G 1 G2 G 1 G2 …G n−1
 Over-all noise temperature of n stages
T T Tn
T eq=T 1 + 2 + 3 +…+
G1 G1 G2 G1 G 2 … Gn−1
 Over-all noise resistance

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation

R2 R3 Rn
Req =R1 + 2
+ + …+
A 12 A 2 2
A1 A 12 A22 … A n−12

Where: A=voltage gain ( ratio )

G= power gain ( ratio )

Shot Noise
 A form of internal noise which is due to the random variations in current flow in active
devices such as tubes, transistors and diodes

I N =√ 2 BIq

Where: I N =rms noise current , A

q=charge of an electron , 1.6 ×10−19 C
bandwidth
B= the noiseis observed , Hz
which
I =dc bias current ∈the device , A

Reading Assignment

To further enhance knowledge you may read the first chapter of the book by Wayne L. Tomasi,
Electronic Communications – Fundamentals through Advanced, 5th ed.

Assessment Tasks

Practice Problems

1. For an amplifier operating at a temperature of 30 ℃ with a bandwidth of 10 kHz,

determine the total noise power in Watts and dB μ.
2. A 50 Ω resistor operate at room temperature (25 ℃). How much noise power does it
provide to a matched load over the bandwidth of:
a. an AM radio channel (10 kHz)
b. a TV channel (6 MHz)
3. Determine the noise current for a diode with a bias current of 20 mA, observed over a
30-kHz bandwidth.
4. The signal level at the input of the amplifier is 120 V, and the noise level is 6 V.
Calculate the noise figure of the amplifier if the signal-to-noise ratio at the output is 20
dB.
5. Compute the noise figure of a receiving system with a noise temperature of 150 ℃.
6. What is the equivalent noise resistance when the measured noise voltage is 500 V, the
temperature is 20 ℃, and the bandwidth is 5 kHz?
7. What is the noise voltage when the equivalent noise resistance is 1 k Ω, the bandwidth is
4 kHz, and the temperature is 80 ℃?
8. Two resistors, 25 k Ω and 75 k Ω, are at room temperature (290 K). For a bandwidth of
80 kHz, calculate the thermal noise voltage, a) for each resistor, b) for the two resistors
in series, and c) for the two resistors in parallel.
9. A signal measuring circuit is equivalent to a parallel combination of an unknown
resistance and a 0.05 F capacitance. What is the value of the resistor if the effective
noise bandwidth is 1 kHz?
10. A mixer stage has a noise figure of 25 dB, and this is preceded by an amplifier that has a
noise figure of 10 dB and an available power gain of 20 dB. Determine the overall noise
figure referred to the input.

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communications Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation

11. Determine the noise current and equivalent noise voltage for a diode with I DC =1.15 mA
. The noise is measured in a bandwidth of 50 MHz.
12. What is the shot noise current for a diode with a forward bias of 1.15 mA over a 50-kHz
bandwidth?
13. An amplifier operating over a frequency range of 455 kHz to 460 kHz has a 200 k Ω input
resistance. What is the RMS noise voltage at the input to the amplifier if the ambient
temperature is 17 ℃?
14. Two resistors, 5 k Ω and 20 k Ω, are at 27 ℃. Calculate the thermal noise power and the
voltage for a 10 kHz bandwidth a) for each resistor, b) for their series combination and
c) for their parallel combination.
15. Three matched amplifiers are available to amplify a low-level signal. They have the
following characteristics:
Amplifier Power Gain Noise Factor
A 6 dB 1.5
B 12 dB 2
C 20 dB 4
The amplifiers are to be connected in cascade. Calculate the lowest overall noise factor
obtainable noting the order in which the amplifiers should be connected.
References:

1. Tomasi W. Electronic Communications Systems – Fundamentals through Advanced 5th

Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall
2. Roddy J., Coolen E., Electronic Communications 5th Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall
3. Frenzel L., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, New York, Mc Graw Hill

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