Statistical Graphs LIMITATIONS OF THE GRAPHS

 Graphs do not show as much information at a time

as do tables.
 Graphs do not show data as accurately as the tables
do.
 Charts require more skill, more time, and more
expense to prepare than tables.
 Graphs cannot be quoted in the same way as
tabulated data.
 Graphs can be made only after the data have been
tabulated.

ESTABLISHMENT NAME: When is it not appropriate to use a graph?

AVCB RICE DEALER
 the data are very dispersed
ADDRESS:  there are too few data (only one, two or three
L11 B9 Marcos Alvarez Avenue, Talon 5, Las Piñas
City data points)
 the data are very numerous
NATURE
NATURE OF
OF BUSINESS:
BUSINESS:  the data show little or no variation
Rice Dealer (Wholesale and Retail)

TYPES
QUESTIONS: A. Bar Graph
 It is generally used to make comparison of
simple magnitudes very much more clearly
What are the different ways for suppliers and more distinctly perceptible to the eye.
and/or customers to contact you?
 Each bar is drawn to a height or length equal
to the magnitude it represents as indicated in
One of the ways for the customers and the scale (Y-axis).
suppliers to contact us is that they give their
 the length of each bar determines the size of a
company's contact number. In this way, they magnitude it represents and the relative
can directly call to the establishmeng and tell position of that magnitude in a series of like
what their order or how the sales is running. and related magnitudes
They also give calling cards as another
alternative if ever the customer doesn't have Construction of Bar Graphs
or bring their phones.
 The horizontal line is called baseline,
coordinate, or X-axis. It represents the
variables involved or the classes or categories
of the variable involved.
 The vertical line is called ordinate or Y-axis.
It represents the quantities of the variables or
classes or categories of a variable involved.
A.1. SINGLE VERTICAL BAR GRAPH
 In this graph, the bars are constructed vertically
and they portray the magnitudes of the categories
into which data have been classified.
 The best information for a vertical bar graph is
data dealing with the description of components,
frequency distribution and time-series statistics

A.4. SUBDIVIDED (OR COMPONENT)

BAR GRAPH
 Are used to show the variations or changes of the
component parts of a whole and the whole itself

A.2. SINGLE HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPH

 In this graph, the bars are constructed horizontally
and are used to compare magnitudes of the
different categories into which the data are
classified.
 Used in comparison of items and relationships,
time series

A.5. Histogram
 It is composed of bars placed side by side whose
heights indicate the magnitudes of their respective
classes or categories.
 It is used with grouped or class frequency
A.3. Grouped (Multiple or Composite) Bar distributions.

graph
 Used in comparing two or more categories of a
variable during a specified period or over
successive periods of time when the subgroups of
the categories have common attributes

A.5. Histogram

 It is composed of bars placed side by side whose

heights indicate the magnitudes of their respective
B. Linear Graph B.3. Frequency Polygon
 Are good devices to show variations of  Used to graph class or grouped frequency
values over successive periods of time
distributions
 Changes in data are indicated by the linear
 x-axis: classes; y-axis: frequencies of the class
curves
 show specific values of data well
 reveal trends and relationships between data
 compare trends in different groups of a
variable

Advantages of Linear Graphs

 The curve shows data as a continuous line;
hence, it iscontinuous in its effect.
 The wandering line of the curve tells the
whole story.At a glance one can see just
what the situation is and what is likely to
happen.
B.4. Ogive or Cumulative Frequency
B1. Single Line Graph Polygon
 Depicts the variations of a variable over a period
of time  Is used to graph cumulative frequencies (partial
 x-axis: periods of time; y-axis: values of the sums of frequencies)
variable  Either cumulative frequencies upward (from
lower classes to upper classes) or cumulative
frequencies downward (from upper classes to
lower classes)

B.2. Composite or Multilinear Graph

 These charts are used when comparisons are
made between or among categories of the same
variables or variations of two or more variables
over periods of time.

B.3. Frequency Polygon

 Used to graph class or grouped frequency

distributions
C. The Pie Chart or Circle Graph the values for two variables for a set of data
 has the same principles and functions as the  data points are plotted but not joined; the
rectangular chart resulting pattern indicates the type and
 equated to 100% and because the circle has strength of the relationship between two or
360°, 1% is equated to 3.6° more variables
 Graph used to show percentage of a  The data is presented in the form of
meaningful whole collection of points, each of which has one
value of a variable positioned on the
horizontal or x-axis, also called explanatory
variable and the value of the other variable
positioned on the vertical or y-axis, also
called response variable.

Patterns and Relationships illustrated by Scatter plots:

D. PICTOGRAMS  When the data points form a straight line on the graph,
the linear relationship between the variables is
 is used to portray data by means of pictures
stronger and the correlation is higher
or symbols
 If the points cluster around a line that runs from the
 It has legend which identifies symbols, lower left to upper right of the graph area, then the
patterns or colors used to represent the data relationship between the two variables is positive or
in the chart. direct
 If the points tend to cluster around a line that runs
from the upper left to lower right of the graph, then the
relationship between the two variables is negative or
inverse
 If the data points are randomly scattered, then there is
no relationship between the two variables; this means
there is a low or zero correlation between the variables
 A scatterplot will also illustrate if the data are widely
spread or if they are concentrated within a smaller area

E. SCATTER PLOT DIAGRAM

 graph which is drawn in Cartesian coordinate
to visually represent the values for two
variables for a set of data
 10 tips to make your graphs great!
1. convey an important message
2. decide on a clear purpose
3. draw attention to the message, not the source
4. experiment with various options and graph styles
5. use simple design for complex data
6. make the data 'speak
7. adapt graph presentation to suit the target audience
8. ensure that the visual perception process is easy and accurate
9. avoid distortion and ambiguity
10. optimize design and integrate style with text and tables

Summary
Graph type Description

vertical bar Compares important data values. Displays data better than horizontal bar
graph graphs, and is preferred when possible.

histogram Shows discrete or continuous variable data in a similar way to column

graphs, but without the gap between the columns.

histograph Depicts continuous variable data. Smoothes abrupt changes which may
(frequency appear in a histogram
polygon)

horizontal Compares important data. Useful when category names are too long to fit
bar graph at the foot of a column.

line graph Often used to depict data over time.

pictograph Favoured by professional graphic artists, although students can create

simple pictorial presentations as well. Comparisons must be accurately
depicted and respect the scale.

circle Compares a small number of categories. Values should be markedly

graph/pie different, or differences may not be easy to decipher. Labelling pie
chart segments with their actual values overcomes this problem. When data
points are similar, the circle graph/pie chart's message may be
misunderstood. A bar graph may be better in this case.

scatterplot Measures two or more variables thought to be related.