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Module 3

Line standards measure length as the distance between two lines, while end standards measure between two parallel end faces. Line standards are less accurate than end standards but are quicker to use. End standards can achieve very high accuracy down to 0.0005mm but are more time-consuming. A line standard comparator is used to accurately transfer the measurement of a line standard to the end faces of an end standard bar. This process involves comparing lines on the standard with lines engraved on gauge blocks mounted on the comparator to determine any length variations.

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47 views

Module 3

Line standards measure length as the distance between two lines, while end standards measure between two parallel end faces. Line standards are less accurate than end standards but are quicker to use. End standards can achieve very high accuracy down to 0.0005mm but are more time-consuming. A line standard comparator is used to accurately transfer the measurement of a line standard to the end faces of an end standard bar. This process involves comparing lines on the standard with lines engraved on gauge blocks mounted on the comparator to determine any length variations.

Uploaded by

sathia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Line standards

 When the length being measured is expressed as the distance between two lines then it is called “line
standard”.
 Line standards do not provide high accuracy as that of end standards.
 Ex: measuring scales, Imperial standard yard, International prototype meter, etc.

Characteristics of line standards

 Scales can be accurately engraved but it is difficult to take the full advantage of this accuracy.
 A scale is quick and easy to use over a range of measurement.
 The scale markings are not subjected to wear although significant wear on leading ends results in “under
sizing”.
 A scale does not possess a “built in” datum which would allow easy scale alignment with the axis of
measurement; this again results in under sizing.
 Scales are subjected to parallax effect, which is a source of both positive and negative reading error.
 Scales are not convenient for close tolerance length measurements expect in conjunction with
microscopes.

End standards

 When the length being measured is expressed as the distance between two parallel end faces then
it is called “End standards”.
 End standards can be made to a very high degree of accuracy.
 They consist of standard blocks or bars used to build up the required length.

Characteristics of End standards

 End standards are highly accurate and are well suited to measurements of close tolerances.
 They are time consuming in use and prove only one dimension at a time.
 Dimensional tolerance as small as 0.0005 mm can be obtained.
 End standards are subjected to wear on their measuring faces.

Transfer from Line Standard to End Standard.

 It has already been clarified that the line standard of length is a highly inconvenient form for general
measurement applications.
 In order to determine the position of the defining lines in the standard, a special microscope has to be
employed.
 The line standard was defined first, and end standards being of real importance and more utility; the
end standards had to be produced of the highest accuracy in relation to the line standard.
 In end standards, the distance is defined between the working faces which are flat and mutually
parallel.
 In order to transfer the line standard correctly to the ends of a bar, the use of an instrument called Line-
standard comparator is used.
 It consists of two microscopes mounted about a yard apart over a table. A gauge, about 35 and halft
inches in length is produced with end faces flat and mutually parallel.
 Two 1/2 inch blocks are taken and wrung at the ends of this gauge.
 The two 1/2| inch blocks are engraved with a fine line on one surface approximately in the centre of the
two end faces.
 Thus the distance between the centre lines is approximately 36 inches after wringing these 1/2 inch
blocks to the main35 and half inches gauge.

 The standard and the above blocks are mounted on the table. The microscopes have accurate
micrometer screw controlled eyepieces.
 In eyepiece, there are cross wires to focus on the lines of the standard.
 The table is capable of being traversed across so that either block may be brought under the
microscope.
 The apparatus compares the positions of lines on the standard with lines on the gauge, and with
micrometer eyepieces any small longitudinal variations between them can be determined.
 Let the actual length 35 and half inches gauge is L. The distance between two lines on line standard is
36″.
 Let us ignore the effect of the wringing film between the surfaces in contact as it is always present in the
use of end bars and gauges.
 The other possible errors are the misplacing of the line at the mid-position of the end faces of 1/2 inch
blocks and possible error in the length of 35 and half inches gauge.
 The two blocks at end are arranged in four ways. (Fig. 3.5 shows one position and other three positions are
self-explanatory) and difference of readings between lines on standard and the line on gauges are noted
every time.
 Let the difference be d1, d2, d3 and d4 respectively. Then for the successive positions of the| inch
blocks, we have are calibrated in this way, these are used as master gauges from which further sub-
divisions are obtained e.g. two 18″ gauges may be prepared and when wrung in combination, their
length is compared with that of 36″ end standard master gauge.

Where d1, d2, d3 & d4 are the differences noted for the successive positions of the 1/2 inch blocks respectively.
Taking mean,

Next the 351/2 inch end standard wrung with one of the 1/2 inch blocks is compared with 36 inch end bar (to
be calibrated) on a Brooke‟s level comparator & the deviation D1 may be noted.
Then the other 1/2 inch block is wrung with it & again is compared with the end bar (to be calibrated) & the
deviation D2 is noted. If L is the actual length of the 36 inch end bar, then;

Differentiate between Line and End Standards

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