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Module 1

Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three types: scientific, industrial, and legal. Scientific metrology establishes measurement standards, industrial metrology applies measurements to manufacturing processes, and legal metrology concerns statutory requirements. The objectives of metrology include providing accuracy, reducing costs, maintaining instrument accuracy through calibration, and assessing instrument capabilities. Key terms in metrology include accuracy, precision, calibration, error, sensitivity, resolution, and measurement methods like direct comparison and indirect comparison.

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71 views

Module 1

Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three types: scientific, industrial, and legal. Scientific metrology establishes measurement standards, industrial metrology applies measurements to manufacturing processes, and legal metrology concerns statutory requirements. The objectives of metrology include providing accuracy, reducing costs, maintaining instrument accuracy through calibration, and assessing instrument capabilities. Key terms in metrology include accuracy, precision, calibration, error, sensitivity, resolution, and measurement methods like direct comparison and indirect comparison.

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sathia
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit I

Definition of Metrology:

Metrology is the name given to the science of pure measurements. For engineering purposes, it is
restricted to measurements of length and angle and quantities which are expressed in linear or angular terms.

Types of metrology

 Scientific metrology is concerned with the establishment of units of measurement, the development of
new measurement methods, the realization of measurement standards, and the transfer of traceability
from these standards to users in a society
 Industrial metrology is concerned with the application of measurement to manufacturing and other
processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration
and quality control.
 Legal metrology "concerns activities which result from statutory requirements and are performed by
competent bodies“. Such statutory requirements may arise from the need for protection of health, public
safety, the environment, enabling taxation, protection of consumers and fair trade.
Need of inspection
 To ensure that the part material or a component conforms to the established standard. For dimensional
control as per specification.

 To meet the interchangeability of manufacture.

 To control the performance of man/mc/process.

 It helps in the process of quality control.

 It protects the customers in accepting family products.

 It helps in mass production of assembled part.

 It helps to assemble various parts produce at different station/place.

 It provides the means of finding out shortcoming in manufacture.

Objectives of metrology

The basic objective of metrology is to determine whether a component has been manufactured to the
required specification. The mass production of modern ultra-precise apparatus was possible with the advances
in metrology.
The basic objectives of metrology are as follows:

 To provide the required accuracy at minimum cost.


 To reduce the cost of inspection by effective and efficient utilization of available facilities.
 To reduce cost of rejection and rework by applying statistical quality control techniques.
 To determine process capabilities.
 To standardize measuring methods by proper inspection methods at he development stage itself.
 To maintain the accuracies of measurement through periodical calibration of the measuring instrument.
 To prepare designs for gauges and special inspection fixtures.
 To asses the measuring instrument capabilities and ensure that they are adequate for their specific
measurement.

Accuracy:
The closeness of agreement between a test result & the accepted reference value.

Precision:
The closeness of agreement b/w independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions

Calibration:
The set of operations that establish the relationship b/w values indicated by instruments & the
corresponding values given by standards, under specified conditions.
Error:
The indication of measuring instrument output minus the true value of the input quantity
Measurand:
A particular quantity subjected to measurement.
Sensitivity:
The smallest change in the value of the measured variable to which the instrument responds.
Resolution:
The minimum value of the input signal is required to cause an appreciable change in the output known
as resolution.
MEASUREMENT is the outcome of an opinion formed by observers about some physical quantity.

E.g mass, length, temperature.

MEASUREMENT METHODS:

The methods of measurement are classified under two heads namely:

(a) Direct comparison method.

(b) Indirect comparison method.

(a) DIRECT COMPARISION METHOD:

 In this method, the measured (unknown quantity) is directly compared with the standard.
 The result of measurement is a number and a unit. The direct comparison method is used for measuring
physical quantities such as time, mass, length etc,.
 E.g.: Measuring the length of a wire. The unit of length is meter. The wire is so many times long
because that many units on the standard have the same length of the wire.
 When the unknown quantity (measured) is very small, the human being cannot make direct comparison
with accuracy and precision. Moreover, human beings cannot distinguish wide margins of the measured
and hence it becomes a constraint in direct comparison methods.

(b) INDIRECT COMPARISION METHOD:

 In many applications, the indirect comparison method is used which intern means the use of a
measurement system.
 These measurement systems have a transducer element which converts the quantity to be measured
from one form to another form (analogous signal) without changing the information content.
 The analogous signal is then processed and is sent to the end devices which present the result of
measurement.
 “In short, in indirect comparison method, the input signal is converted to some other form and then it is
compared with the standard”.

Methods of measurement can also be classified as


a. Primary measurement
b. Secondary measurement
c. Tertiary measurement
Primary Measurement
 Only subjective information is provided in this method.
Example:
 One vessel is cooler than the other.
 One rod is longer than the other.
 These measurements are made by direct observation. They do not involve any translation of
information.
Secondary Measurement
 In this method, the output result is obtained by one translation.
Example:
Convertion of Measurand into length which is shown below. Bellows, bourdon’s pressure gauge.

Measurand or Pressure length Measured value or


Translation
input Primary signal secondary signal output

Tertiary Measurement:
In this method, the output result is obtained by two translations.
Example:
Electric tachometer. The input is converted to voltage then this voltage is converted to length.

Speed voltage length


Input or Tachometer Voltmeter Output or
measurand (translation) [second measured
Primary signal secondary signal translation] Tertiary signal value

Elements of a Measuring System:

1. Standards :- Physical quantity or property relative to which quantitative comparison is made.

2. Workpiece:- Features of the workpiece to be measured.

3. Instrument:- Instruments needed for measurement.

4. Person:- The skill of the human operator.

5. Environment:- The conditions in which measurement is done.


Definition of standards

A standard is defined as “something that is set up and established by an authority as a rule for the
measure of quality, weight, extent, valve or quality”.

For example:

A meter is a standard established by an international organization for the measure of length.

Role of standards

The role of standard is to achieve, uniform, consistent and repeatable measurements and to support the
systems which make such measurements possible throughout the world.

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