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Multi-Core-updated

A multi-core processor contains two or more independent processing units called cores that are integrated onto a single chip. The performance gained depends on how well the software utilizes the multiple cores. In symmetric multi-core systems all cores are identical, while in asymmetric systems the cores may have different capabilities. As transistor density continues to increase due to Moore's Law, manufacturers are adding more cores instead of increasing clock speeds to improve performance within the same power constraints.

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29 views

Multi-Core-updated

A multi-core processor contains two or more independent processing units called cores that are integrated onto a single chip. The performance gained depends on how well the software utilizes the multiple cores. In symmetric multi-core systems all cores are identical, while in asymmetric systems the cores may have different capabilities. As transistor density continues to increase due to Moore's Law, manufacturers are adding more cores instead of increasing clock speeds to improve performance within the same power constraints.

Uploaded by

Salam Bader
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mohammad Tarik M Husam shakiar

 A multi-core processor is a processing


system composed of two or more
independent cores (or CPUs). The cores are
typically integrated onto a single integrated
circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor
or CMP), or they may be integrated onto
multiple dies in a single chip package.
 The amount of performance gained by the use of a
multi-core processor is strongly dependent on the
software algorithms and implementation.
 All cores are identical in symmetric multi-core
systems and they are not identical in asymmetric
multi-core systems. Just as with single-processor
systems, cores in multi-core systems may
implement architectures such as superscalar, vector
processing, or multithreading.
 • Number of transistors on-chip doubles every 18
months
 • Moore’s Law is facing a danger today – Power
consumption is too high when clocked at multi-
GHz frequency and it is proportional to the number
of switching transistors
 • Wire delay doesn’t decrease with transistor size
 Moore’s Law of transistor density is still going
strong, but the clock speed has hit a wall. Now
what do we do?
 Adding more transistors on a single chip, but don’t
increase the clock speed. Instead, we increase
computational throughput by using those transistors
to pack multiple processors onto the same chip.
 A symmetric multi-core processor is one that has multiple
cores on a single chip, and all of those cores are identical.
▪ Example: Intel Core 2:
▪ The Intel Core 2 is an example of a symmetric multi-
core processor. The Core 2 can have either 2 cores on
chip ("Core 2 Duo") or 4 cores on chip ("Core 2
Quad"). Each core in the Core 2 chip is symmetrical,
and can function independently of one another. It
requires a mixture of scheduling software and hardware
to farm tasks out to each core.
All cores which exist in a die are
exactly identical
 Serial Fraction 1-F uses 1 core at rate Perf(r)
 Serial time = (1 – f) / Perf(r)
 Parallel Fraction uses n/r cores at rate Perf(r)
each
 Parallel time =
 f / (Perf(r) * ( n/r )) = f*r / Perf(r)*n
 Single BCE implements the baseline core.
 that architects can expend the resources of r
BCEs to create a powerful core with
sequential performance perf(r).
 Software fraction that is parallelizable (f)
 The total chip resources in BCEs (n)
 BCE resources (r) devoted to increase each core’s
performance.
 The chip uses one core to execute sequentially at
performance perf(r).
 It uses all n/r cores to execute in parallel at
performance perf(r) × n/r.
 Applications
 Personal Computers

 Server / Super Computer


 An asymmetric multi-core processor is one that has
multiple cores on a single chip, but those cores might
be different designs. For instance, there could be 2
general purpose cores and 2 vector cores on a single
chip.
▪ Example: Cell Processor:
▪ IBM's Cell processor, used in the Sony PlayStation 3 video
game console is an asymmetrical multi-core processor. The
Cell has 9 processor cores on board, one general purpose
processor, and 8 data-processing cores..
▪ In an asymmetric multi-core processor, the chip has
multiple cores onboard, but the cores might be
different designs.
▪ Each core will have different capabilities.
 Serial Fraction 1-F same, so time = (1 – F) /
Perf(R)
 Parallel Fraction F
 One core at rate Perf(R)
 N-R cores at rate 1
 Parallel time = F / (Perf(R) + N - R)

Asymmetric offers greater speedups potential than Symmetric


As Moore’s Law increases N, Asymmetric gets better
• Applications
 Console Video
Games
 Manycore processors are specialist multi-
core processors designed for a high degree
of parallel processing, containing a large
number of simpler, independent processor
cores (e.g. 10s, 100s, or 1,000s).
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_(computing)
 Olukotun, Kunle and Hammond, Lance. The future of
microprocessors.Queue, Volume 3, Issue 7, September 2005.
 www.princeton.edu/~jdonald/research/hyperthreading/garg_report.pdf
 Zheltov, Sergey N. and Bratanov, Stanislav V. Multi-threading for Experts:
Synchronization. Technical Report. Intel. 2005. (WWWdocument,
referenced 17.11.2005). Available:
http://www.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/183321.htm
 Parallel Programming:Moore’s Law and Multicore ,Mike Bailey,Oregon
State University
 Amdahl’s Law in the Multicore Era, Mark D. Hill, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, Michael R. Marty, Google

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