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Sheet 3 Solution-SPC-407

This document contains solutions to 7 problems regarding normal shock waves in compressible flow. Problem 1 discusses whether an oblique shock in front of an aircraft nose is attached or detached. Problem 2 explains that a shock cannot form in the converging section of a nozzle as the flow must be supersonic. Problem 3 provides calculations for flow properties before and after a normal shock. Problem 4 derives a relation for velocity ratio across a normal shock in terms of flow properties. Problems 5-6 calculate back pressures required to produce normal shocks at nozzle exits for different area ratios. Problem 7 determines post-shock properties given inlet conditions and shock Mach number.

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231 views5 pages

Sheet 3 Solution-SPC-407

This document contains solutions to 7 problems regarding normal shock waves in compressible flow. Problem 1 discusses whether an oblique shock in front of an aircraft nose is attached or detached. Problem 2 explains that a shock cannot form in the converging section of a nozzle as the flow must be supersonic. Problem 3 provides calculations for flow properties before and after a normal shock. Problem 4 derives a relation for velocity ratio across a normal shock in terms of flow properties. Problems 5-6 calculate back pressures required to produce normal shocks at nozzle exits for different area ratios. Problem 7 determines post-shock properties given inlet conditions and shock Mach number.

Uploaded by

blackskull
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPC 407

Sheet 3 - Solution
Compressible Flow - Normal Shock wave

1. Consider supersonic flow impinging on the rounded nose of an aircraft. Is


the oblique shock that forms in front of the nose an attached or a
detached shock? Explain.
Solution:
When the wedge half-angle 𝛿 is greater than the maximum deflection
angle 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the shock becomes curved and detaches from the nose of the
wedge, forming what is called a detached oblique shock or a bow wave.
The numerical value of the shock angle at the nose is 𝛽 = 90o.
When 𝛿 is less than 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the oblique shock is attached to the nose.
2. Can a shock wave develop in the converging section of a converging–
diverging nozzle? Explain.
Solution:
No, because the flow must be supersonic before a shock wave can occur.
The flow in the converging section of a nozzle is always subsonic.
A normal shock (if it is to occur) would occur in the supersonic (diverging)
section of the nozzle.
3. Air enters a normal shock at 26 kPa, 230 K, and 815 m/s. Calculate the
stagnation pressure and Mach number upstream of the shock, as well as
pressure, temperature, velocity, Mach number, and stagnation pressure
downstream of the shock. Calculate the entropy change of air across the
normal shock wave.
Solution:
Assumptions: Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats and Flow
through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and isentropic before the
shock occurs.
Properties: The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K. Its specific heat
ratio at room temperature is k = 1.4 and cp=1.005 kJ/kg·K.
The stagnation temperature and pressure before the shock are

1
The velocity and the Mach number before the shock are determined
from

and

The fluid properties after the shock (denoted by subscript 2) are related
to those before the shock through the functions listed in Table A-14. For
Ma1 = 2.681 we read

Then the stagnation pressure P02 , static pressure P2 , and static


temperature T2 , are determined to be

The air velocity after the shock can be determined from V2 = Ma2 c2,
where c2 is the speed of sound at the exit conditions after the shock,

This problem could also be solved using the relations for compressible
flow and normal shock functions. The results would be identical.

4. For an ideal gas flowing through a normal shock, develop a relation for
V2/V1 in terms of k, Ma1, and Ma2.
Solution:
The conservation of mass relation across the shock is

and it can be expressed as

2
From the following equations,

We can get

This is an important relation as it enables us to determine the velocity


ratio across a normal shock when the Mach numbers before and after
the shock are known.

5. Air enters a converging–diverging nozzle with low velocity at 2.0 MPa and
100℃. If the exit area of the nozzle is 3.5 times the throat area, what must
the back pressure be to produce a normal shock at the exit plane of the
nozzle?
Solution:
Assumptions: 1. Air is an ideal gas.
2. Flow through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic before the shock occurs.
3. The shock wave occurs at the exit plane.
The inlet stagnation pressure in this case is identical to the inlet pressure
since the inlet velocity is negligible. Since the flow before the shock to
be isentropic,

It is specified that A/A* =3.5. From Table A-13, Mach number and the
pressure ratio which corresponds to this area ratio are the Ma1 =2.80
and P1/P01 = 0.0368. The pressure ratio across the shock for this Ma1
value is, from Table A-14, P2/P1 = 8.98.

3
Thus, the back pressure, which is equal to the static pressure at the
nozzle exit, must be

We can also solve this problem using the relations for compressible flow
and normal shock functions. The results would be identical.

6. What must the back pressure be in Prob. 5 for a normal shock to occur at
a location where the cross-sectional area is twice the throat area?
Solution:
Assumptions: 1. Air is an ideal gas.
2. Flow through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional,
and isentropic before the shock occurs.
3. The shock wave occurs at the exit plane.
The inlet stagnation pressure in this case is identical to the inlet pressure
since the inlet velocity is negligible. Since the flow before the shock to
be isentropic,

It is specified that A/A* =2. From Table A-13, Mach number and the
pressure ratio which corresponds to this area ratio are the Ma1 =2.2 and
P1/P01 = 0.0935. The pressure ratio across the shock for this M1 value is,
from Table A-14, P2/P1 = 5.48.
Thus, the back pressure, which is equal to the static pressure at the
nozzle exit, must be

We can also solve this problem using the relations for compressible flow
and normal shock functions. The results would be identical.

7. Air enters a converging–diverging nozzle of a supersonic wind tunnel at 1


MPa and 300 K with a low velocity. If a normal shock wave occurs at the
exit plane of the nozzle at Ma = 2.4, determine the pressure, temperature,
Mach number, velocity, and stagnation pressure after the shock wave.
Solution:
Assumptions: 1. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
2. Flow through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic before the shock occurs.
3. The shock wave occurs at the exit plane.
4
Properties: The properties of air are k = 1.4 and R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K.
The inlet stagnation properties in this case are identical to the inlet
properties since the inlet velocity is negligible. Then,

Then,

and

The fluid properties after the shock (denoted by subscript 2) are related
to those before the shock through the functions listed in Table A-14. For
Ma1 = 2.4 we read

Then the stagnation pressure P02, static pressure P2, and static
temperature T2, are determined to be

The air velocity after the shock can be determined from V2 = Ma2 c2,
where c2 is the speed of sound at the exit conditions after the shock,

We can also solve this problem using the relations for normal shock
functions. The results would be
identical.

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