WORKTEXT ON POLYGRAPHY

NESTOR C. NABE, CST,CSP, Ph.D

CARMELITA B.CHAVEZ, CST,CSP, Ph.D
Worktext on Polygraphy

Philippine Copyright, 2017

All Rights Reserved.

The text of this book or any part hereof, may not be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including copying, recording, storage in any informational retrieval
system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.

Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, or dissemination of any

portion of this book shall be prosecuted in accordance with the law.

Published and Distributed by:

ChapterHouse Publishing Incorporated
Novaliches, Quezon City

Edited by:
The English Factor
www.englishfactor.com
“Providing international-quality editorial services at reasonable costs.”

ISBN: 978-971-9647-11-9
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to those who

were instrumental for the completion of this book:
The University of Mindanao administration for the granting the
opportunity to the authors for the writing of this book;
The Research and Publication Center of the University of Mindanao
for the support in ensuring that the book will materialize;
The Chapterhouse Publishing, Inc. for the design, layout, edit,
and publishing of this book;
To all the sources of articles and materials used in this instructional
material; and
To all criminology professors and students who will be using this
book as reference; and
Above all, to the Almighty God for all the blessings bestowed to
the authors.

 PREFACE

This textbook in the subject Polygraphy and Lie Detection is

prepared to give more options to those handling the subject on their
choices of textbook or reference material. The contents are based on
the cluster/subject/competency for Polygraphy promulgated by the
Board of Criminology-Professional Regulation Commission. It likewise
prioritized the inclusion of the course outline and objectives under
CMO 21 s.2005 of the Commission on Higher Education. Additionally,
the authors took the liberty of including additional topics which are
deemed important in broadening the knowledge of learners in the
subject.
The objectives provided in every chapter are intended to determine
if students acquired the expected knowledge or skills required. Hence,
without taking away the freedom of the faculty and students in the
subject to innovative and enhance, it is imperative to always return to
the objectives after every chapter to check the students’ progress.
Furthermore, exercises are also available after each chapter. This
is to determine their comprehension and ensure that they will review
the topics discussed in the chapter.
Lastly, faculty and students in course are encouraged to read more
articles in the subject to supplement the contents of this instructional
material. The conduct of researches and writing of critical analysis on
the theoretical and empirical literature of Polygraphy are crucial in
developing competent and skilled polygraph practitioners in the future.
The Authors
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DECEPTION DETECTION

Learning Objectives
Introduction
Known Methods of Deception Detection
Ancient Methods of Detecting Deception
Chapter 1 Exercise

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF POLYGRAPHY

Objectives
Introduction
Meaning of Polygraph
Meaning of Polygraphy
Definition of Terms
Personalities: Development of Deception Detection and Polygraph
Four Major Components of the Polygraph
Chart/Polygrams
Other Parts of Analog Polygraph Machine
Types of Polygraphs
General Uses of Polygraph
Users of Polygraph in the United States
Theory of Polygraph Examination
Computerized Polygraph
The Psychology of Lying
The Nervous System
Chapter Exercise

CHAPTER 3 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF POLYGRAPHY

Objectives
Introduction
Reliability of Polygraph Testing
Legal Status of Polygraph Testing in the World
Philippine Supreme Court’s Decision on the Admissibility
of Polygraph Test Result
Reasons Why Polygraph Test Result Is Not Admissible
Factors Affecting Polygraph Examination Validity
Countermeasures Used During Polygraph Examination

CHAPTER 4 QUESTIONS FORMULATION AND TEST CONSTRUCTION

Objectives
Introduction
Nature of The Questions
General Rules in Question Formulation
Supplementary Test
Other Known Test Techniques
Chapter Exercise

CHAPTER 5 CONDUCT OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

Objectives
Introduction
Ideal Polygraph Examination Room
Main Objectives of Polygraph Examination
Limitations of the Polygraph
Conditions of the Subject to Be Considered Fit for Examination
Constitutional Rights of the Subject
Purpose of Taking Written Statement of Consent
Factors that are Responsible for the Errors of Polygraph Examination
Qualities of an Effective Polygraph Examiner
Responsibilities of the Investigator to the Subject
Responsibilities of Polygraph Examiner to His Subject
Four Phases Involved In the Conduct of Polygraph Test
Chart Marking
Signs and Symbols Used In Chart Marking
Chapter Exercise

CHAPTER 6 CHART INTERPRETATION

Objectives
Introduction
The Chart
Arrangement of Tracings
Rules in Effective Chart Interpretation
Factors to Be Considered as Possible Deception in Chart Evaluation
Pneumograph Changes That Are Indicative of Deception
Pneumograph Tracing Indicative of Deception
Cardio Tracings that are Indicative of Deception
Cardio Responses Non-Indicative of Deception
Galvanograph Tracings Indicative of Deception
REFERENCES

APPENDICES
Sample Format of the Background History
Sample Format of a Request for the Conduct of Polygraph Examination
Sample Format for the Personal Data of the Subject
Sample Format of Statement of Consent
Sample Format of Test Question
Sample Format of Polygraph Report
 worktext on polygraphy 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO DECEPTION DETECTION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Demonstrate the different methods of detecting
deception;
• Identify the method of detecting deception that is
based on scientific principles; and
• Apply some of the methods of detecting deception in
their future career as Criminologists.

Introduction
From the ancient to the present time, deception has always been
a normal part of human nature. No one can claim that they never lied
in their lifetime. But what makes deception immoral or illegal is when
it is committed to take advantage of other people or when it violates
the law.
It is in this premise that people also invented ways to identify
deception or lies. It started during the early times when they started
using various methods. To people at this modern age, these ancient
methods of detecting may seem bizarre that it has really nothing
to do with determining deception. To understand this, one should
also consider that ancient people have a different way of explaining
wrongdoings compared to the present time. Currently, several methods
of detecting deception have been developed. But whether these are
based on sound scientific principles or not, these are the subject of
further research and study.
The methods presented in this chapter ranges from the techniques
used during the ancient times to the present time. A brief explanation
on how these are practiced is also provided.
2 worktext on polygraphy

KNOWN METHODS OF DECEPTION DETECTION

I. ANCIENT METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

These ancient methods of detecting deception were commonly
practiced by early people. When these methods were applied, the
intervention of spirits or deities was invoked to protect the person
supposedly telling the truth. If the accused got injured or failed the
test, then the commensurate punishment will be imposed.

1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal

This was practiced in the hill Tribe of North Bengal,
India. The accused had to carry a bar of red-hot-iron in his
hands while he walked nine marked paces. In the unlikely
event of no burns appears on his hands, he is adjudged
innocent. Otherwise, he was hanged promptly. A variation
of licking the red-hot-iron or the suspect has to run
barefooted and blindfolded over red-hot plowshares.

2. Ordeal by Balance
Another ancient method of detecting deception which
was observed in the Institute of Vishnu, India. A scale
of balance is used, in one end of the scale the accused
is placed and in the other end is a counter balance. The
person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge deliver
an exhortation on the balance and get back in. If he was
found lighter than before, then he should be acquitted.

3. Ordeal by Water
In this type of ordeal, the water was symbolic of the
flood of the Old Testament where it showed that water
washed sins from the face of the Earth, allowing only the
righteous minority to survive. There are two methods of
ordeal by water;
A. Boiling Water Ordeal. According to the laws of
Athelstan, the first king of England, the ordeal of
the boiling water consisted of lifting a stone out
of boiling water, with the hand inserted as deep
 worktext on polygraphy 3

as the wrist. More serious offenses demanded

that the arm is submerged up to the elbow. The
burn was bandaged for three days before the
fateful examination.
B. Cold Water Ordeal. This was the usual mode of
trial for a person accused of being a witchcraft,
where he or she was flung into the cold water. In
this ordeal, the accused’s feet and hands will be
tied and lowered to the cold water by rope. This
rope is tied around the defendant’s waist. If both
knot and accused dipped beneath the surface of
the water, the accused was proven innocent. If
the knot is dry or if the water refused to receive
him, the defendant was guilty.

4. Ordeal by Rice Chewing

It is performed with a kind of rice called sathee which
is prepared with various incantations. The person on trial
eats the sathee with the face to the east and then spits
upon a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner
of the mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a
liar. The Indian practiced this ordeal.

5. Trial by Combat
The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the
alleged offender or to pay a champion to fight for him. The
victor is said to win not by his own strength but because
of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of
the right. If still alive after the combat, the loser might be
hanged or burned.

6. Test of the Eucharist

This was applied chiefly among the clergy and monks.
When they took the host, it was believed that God would
smite the guilty with sickness or death. Others believe that
if the accused is innocent when given a poisonous drink for
him to taken in, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven to
prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink.
4 worktext on polygraphy

7. Ordeal of the Bier

It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could
point out their killer. In England, it was customary for the
accused to approach the bier where the corpse was laid. In
the presence of a witness, the wounds of the victim were
observed to see if they began to bleed again. They believe
that when the murderer is near, he will cause the blood to
flow out from the wound of the victim.

8. Ordeal of the Needle

A red-hot needle was made to pierce the lower lip of
the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from the wound, he
was deemed guilty; but if none, he is innocent.

9. Ordeal by Heat
The accused walked barefoot over red hot coals, or
made to walk through fire if he was unharmed, he was
considered innocent.

10. Ordeal of the Tiger

Practiced in Siam, the accused and accuser are place
inside a cage of a tiger, if the tiger spares one of them, he is
considered innocent.

II. OBSERVATION METHOD

A good criminal investigator must be an observer and a good
psychologist. A subject under stress on account of the stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous system may exhibit changes which may be used
as a potential clue of deception and since just one or a combination of
the following signs and symptoms is not conclusive or a reliable proof
of guilt of the subject, their presence infers further investigation to
ascertain the truth of the impression in the same manner.
Observation had long been practice as a means of detecting several
symptomatic reactions. However, it is not a conclusive criterion for
the establishment of guilt or innocence as the highly nervous system
may also exhibit the same reaction. A deceptive subject can learn to
 worktext on polygraphy 5

control the muscles of his face and body may present a poker face in
an attitudinal innocence. The spoken words and facial expressions of
the subject should be the focus of observation when interrogating a
suspect.
Verbal Clues. These clues to deception include the words that
are spoken, the speed of delivery of the words, choice of words, tone
of voice and the tense of the language. The following are included as
verbal clues:
a. Methods of responding to the question. The
way the respondent answers questions is a clue
to deception. In general, truthful people tend to be
direct; untruthful people tend to be cautious about
their answers.

b. The length of time before giving a response.

In general, truthful people answers questions
immediately after the question is asked; untruthful
persons take their time in giving a response. An
awkward silence or a delaying tactic, such as “who
me” or “why would I do that?” may be used by the
respondent.

c. Repetition of the question. The act of repeating

the question is another means for the deceiver to
gain time to frame his or her answer. The question
may be repeated word per word, or the respondent
may frame the answer with a request to repeat the
question. An example is “Are you asking me if I took
the bribe?”

d. Fragmented or incomplete sentences. An

untruthful person often speaks in disjointed or
curtailed sentences. This is usually true when he
has started the answer then thought better of it.
Statements such as “I…I…. can’t think….”, “It seems
to me…” can be clues of lying. Many liars will speak
half-truth as well, and add qualifiers, such as “…to
the best of my memory…” or “…. If I recall correctly”.

e. Being overly polite. Anger is a common response

to an unjust accusation, as well as answering the
statement with abrupt “no”. A deceptive person
sometimes tends to be overly polite.
6 worktext on polygraphy

f. Oaths. Lying persons will frequently utter oaths,

such as “I swear to God I didn’t do it” or “I swear on
my father’s grave”. Most truthful people do not need
to swear or affirm. They are ardent in their denials.

g. Use of words. As a general rule, truthful subjects

have no trouble denying the allegation in precise
terms, while untruthful ones will have problems with
the used of words. Untruthful suspects also tend to
deny specific instances. Example: “ I did not take
P 5,000.00 in kickbacks”. That may be a truthful
answer; perhaps the amount was P 100,000.00.

h. Inconsistencies. Contradicting testimonies made

by the witness is one of the best indicators of
dishonesty; liars get caught up in their own web of
deceit. In the interview or interrogation, if Pedro says
that he meets Juan for drinks, and then later denies
the same statement, there can be two explanations;
he was mistaken, or he was lying.

Non-Verbal Clues. These encompass patterns in the body

movements, gestures, facial expression, body postures, positioning and
movements used to explain chosen words. It includes the following:
a. Emblems. Emblems are often performed
deliberately, these are expressions made with the
body, whose meanings are clearly understood. Here
are examples of emblems: shaking or nodding of
the head, shrugging the shoulders, the universal
“thump up sign”, etc.

b. Manipulators. These are usual behavior or

touching one’s self like grooming the hair and
picking imaginary fur from a coat. Props, like
cigarettes, pencils and others can be used in the
manipulation. Social scientists have documented
that body movements, fidgeting, and other behavior
arise with stress.

c. Breathing. Although breathing is an involuntary

movement, breathing is very much affected by
stress. This stress may have nothing to do with a
 worktext on polygraphy 7

lie. But an increase in breathing rate or volume may

be a sign of deception.

d. Sweating. This is another uncontrollable body

function. Perspiration occurs with heat as well as
with emotion. The rate of perspiration is not the
same for all emotions, such as fear and anger.
Too much sweating could very well indicate an
involuntary reflex with deception.

e. Frequent swallowing. A dry mouth frequently

accompanies deep emotion. Often the subject is not
aware of increased efforts at swallowing. During the
time of the critical question, increased swallowing
might indicate deception.

f. Facial Muscles. Other muscles are not easy to

control, but people can control certain facial
muscles. Example, to force a smile is easy, but even
beginners will notice something is wrong about it.

g. Eyes. The eyes most likely express as much emotion

as any other part of the anatomy. Blinking, pupil
dilation, and tears are some of the signs indicative
of emotion in the eye.

h. Face. People believe that lies will commonly show

up in the face and eyes. The face can have two
messages: what the liar is trying to show as well
as what he or she trying to hide. Reddening or
blushing of the face is supposed to be a sign of
embarrassment and cannot be controlled. Such
indicators may indicate strong emotion but is not a
reliable sign of deception.

III. HYPNOTISM
This was introduced by Franz Anton Mezmer as a method of
detecting deception in 1778. It refers to the alteration of consciousness
and concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened state of
suggestibility while awareness is being maintained.
8 worktext on polygraphy

The most popular methods involve are the past-memory

regression and memory enhancement. The first method is usually
designed to “unblock” something that is preventing the eyewitness
from remembering, and the second method is designed to better “see”
some details, such as plate number.
In the United States, the American judiciary has confronted the
admissibility of hypnotic evidence in criminal prosecutions. These
courts have uniformly rejected the admissibility of out-of-court
statements made while an individual is in hypnosis. In contrast, the
courts divided sharply over the admissibility of hypnotically refreshed
testimony. Some courts adopted a per se rule of exclusion; these
courts, however, also carved out exceptions for testimony based on
prehypnotic memory and testimony of the accused. Courts admitting
hypnotically refreshed testimony adopted three different positions: (a)
a “credibility” approach, which left the reliability issue to the jury; (b)
a “discretionary admission” approach, which left the reliability issue
to the trial judge; and (c) a “procedural safeguards” approach. In
addition, constitutional concerns played an influential role in some of
these cases. This diversity in the case law often resulted from a judicial
failure to understand the scientific research on hypnosis. Courts have
also considered the use of hypnosis as a basis for expert testimony
about an accused’s mental state.

IV. WORD ASSOCIATION TEST

Here is another method of deception detection which was
introduced in 1879 by Sir Francis Galton. Accordingly, this process
is done by giving the subject lists of carefully selected stimulus
objects interspaced with other irrelevant objects with the instruction
to respond with the very first word that may come to the subject’s
mind. The answer of the subject could be YES or NO. The examiner will
now examine the time interval of the answer of the subject as basis of
deception.
The subject has the tendency to answer immediately when the
questions being asked are not related to the subject of the investigation.
But once the questions contain words related to the offense, the
tendency is the subject takes time to answer.
 worktext on polygraphy 9

V. NARCO-HYPNOSIS AND NARCOANALYSIS (TRUTH SERUM)

The so-called “truth serum” was introduced by Dr. Edward Mandel
House. This method involves intravenous injection or oral taking of
various drugs, such as sodium Amytal and Sodium Pentothal, to
reliably produce truthfulness. All such drugs inhibit control of the
nervous system and reduce inhibitions. All courts in the United States
refuse to admit truth serum evidence (State v. Pitts, 1989) ruling that
it is not a valid scientific technique.
Accordingly, this method is based on the theory that intervention
thru interrogation is made possible after the dosage of any of the drugs
has been properly administered. This depresses the cerebral activity to
a point of unconsciousness. The objective of the test is to extract from
the subconscious mind, as the subject himself is “half sleep”

VI. INTOXICATION
This method employs alcoholic beverages as stimuli to obtain
the truth. The subject whose statement is to be taken is allowed to
take alcoholic beverages to the point of intoxication point. When under
the influence of alcohol, the power to control is diminished and the
investigator begins asking questions. Interrogation must be made only
during the excitatory effect of alcohol.
Confessions or admissions made by the subject while intoxicated
are admissible if he is physically able to recollect the facts and state
them truly and exactly. But in most instances, the subject cannot recall
his utterances or usually refuses to admit the truth of the statement
given.

VII. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR

This is sometimes called voice stress analysis, is based on the
use of a certain machine developed in the late 1960s that presumably
detects “guilt-revealing” laryngeal micro tremors which exist in the
voice and are associated with stress and lying. Most research has
produced negative or mixed findings of a relationship between micro
tremors and deception. Like the polygraph, the key to success is the
preparation of prepared test questions. It is generally conceded that
it is not admissible in civil and or criminal cases and only useful in
investigative settings.
10 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 1. Psychological/Voice Stress Evaluator

VIII. BRAIN FINGERPRINTING

In the United States, Iowa judges are fond of admitting this
technique, even though Iowa is a state where the polygraph is outlawed.
The basic principle is that different regions of the brain light up when
a person tell the truth or lie, and further, that different regions are
activated depending upon the type of lie. Research conducted looks
at a specific type of electrical brain wave, called P300, which activates
when a person sees a familiar object. For example, if a murder suspect
is claiming an alibi, then his P300 wave won’t activate when he is shown
the murder weapon. The technology is promising in that the research
indicates the brain stores visual images. The Brain Fingerprinting was
invented by Lawrence Farwell.
In the P300 test, a subject wears a headband of electrodes and
faces a computer screen. In similar tests, a subject wears a helmet
of electrodes, and experts try to make interpretations from a record
of what area of the brain “light up” or receive intensive flow. The
technique doesn’t have anything to do with emotions, or whether
a person is sweating or not; it simply detects scientifically whether
certain information is stored in the brain.
 worktext on polygraphy 11

Dr. Farwell Conducting a Brain Fingerprinting Test

Figure 2. Dr. Farwell Conducting a Brain Fingerprinting Test

IX. POLYGRAPH TEST TECHNIQUE

This method is based upon the theory that once a lie has been
made or that an emotional-evoking stimulus has been given, a
conscious mental effort on the part of a normally conditioned person
causes physical and physiological changes in the body, which are
capable of being recorded, diagnosed and interpreted in a recording
machine or instrument called Polygraph.
Most people don’t understand that a polygraph is only a machine
that reads physiological responses, such as heart rate, body sweat,
and not a device that miraculously “knows” when someone lies. Poor
responses can occur for many reasons. Some people can trick the
machine, polygraph results are subject to operator error, and people
respond to stress in many different ways.
12 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 3. Analog Polygraph Instrument

 worktext on polygraphy 13

Chapter 1 Exercise

Name: Score:
Schedule: Date:

Multiple Choice. Encircle the correct answer.

1. A method of detecting deception applied to the clergy and monks.

a. The Twelve Apostles Test c. Judas Escariot Test
b. Test of the Eucharist d. Clergy and Monks Test

2. An ancient belief that the slain could point out his killer so that
if the murderer is near, he will cause the blood to flow out from
the wound of the victim.
a. Ordeal of the corpse c. ordeal of the soul
b. Ordeal of the victim d. ordeal of the bier

3. A red-hot needle was pierced to the lower lip of the alleged

criminal and blood flowed from the wound. What did it indicate?
a. He was innocent c. he was guilty
b. He was the victim d. he has blood

4. To be able to detect deception, what should be the characteristic

of an investigator?
a. with good sense of humor and knows how to establish
rapport
b. a criminology graduate with training in polygraph
examination
c. with skills in investigation and interrogation techniques
d. a good observer and a street level psychologist
14 worktext on polygraphy

5. Which of the following statement is true regarding the use of

Observation Method in detecting deception?
a. it is accurate in determining truth or falsehood
b. it should only be used by trained examiner
c. it is admissible as evidence if conducted by an expert
d. not conclusive or a reliable proof of truth or deception

6. This clues to deception includes the words that are spoken, speed
of delivery of the words, choice of words, tone of voice and the tense
of the language.
a. Observation method c. verbal clues
b. Non-verbal clues d. spoken clues

7. A method of detecting deception done by giving the subject lists

of carefully selected stimulus objects interspaced with other
irrelevant objects with the instruction to respond with the very
first word that may come to the subject’s mind.
a. Brain Fingerprinting c. Stimulus Test
b. Word-Association Test d. Deception Detection

8. All courts in the United States refuse to admit truth serum

evidence because it is not a valid scientific technique. This
statement is,
a. False c. Cannot be ascertained
b. True d. It depends

9. Which among the following methods of detecting deception

uses tremors in the voice as indicator of deception?
a. Brain fingerprinting c. Psychological Stress Evaluator
b. Polygraph examination d. Narcohynosis or Narcoanalysis
 worktext on polygraphy 15

10. Which of the following deception detection technique detects

scientifically whether certain information is stored in the brain?
a. Brain fingerprinting c. Psychological Stress Evaluator
b. Polygraph examination d. Narcohynosis or Narcoanalysis

Reflection
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

 worktext on polygraphy 17

CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF POLYGRAPHY

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Explain the concept and theory of Polygraph
examination;
• Paraphrase the function of the Central Nervous
System in relation to deception detection; and
• Demonstrate the parts of the Polygraph and its
functions.

INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the development of Polygraph instrument.
It includes the different personalities who studied deception detection
and which eventually lead to the conception of the polygraph. The
types of polygraphs, as well as their different components are also
thoroughly discussed. In addition, the topic on the nervous system
and its connection to the use of the polygraph is one of the highlights of
this chapter. To serve as a background, the subject on the psychology
of lying is likewise included.
18 worktext on polygraphy

MEANING OF POLYGRAPH
Originally, the word Polygraph is a combination of two Greek
words “poly” which means “many” and “graph” which means “writing
chart”. Operationally, it is defined as an instrument specially designed
to record psycho-physiological changes that occur within the body of
a person especially when he is lying. Although modern polygraphs are
now designed to detect several changes, most conventional polygraphs
are capable of recording the following:
• Blood pressure and pulse rate
• Respiration
• Perspiration or Galvanic Skin Resistance

The advent of Computerized or Digital Polygraphs also ensure that

aside from the above bodily changes recorded by analog polygraphs,
the following are also detected by these modern instruments;
• Thigh muscle tension
• Arm, shoulder muscle tensions
• Feet movement

Figure 4. Typical Analog Polygraph Instrument

 worktext on polygraphy 19

In addition, it should be noted that the polygraph instrument is not

a “lie detector” per se. It does not indicate directly whether a subject is
being deceptive or truthful. There is no known physiological response
that is unique to deception. Instead, a polygraph examiner obtains
a subject’s responses to a carefully structured set of questions, and
based on the pattern of arousal responses, infers the subject’s veracity.
This assessment has been called the “diagnosis” of truthfulness or
deception.

MEANING OF POLYGRAPHY
It is the method of detecting deception with the aid of the polygraph
instrument. It is administered by asking questions to the subject to the
case under investigation.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
In better understanding the content of this chapter, the following
selected terms are defined as follows;

• DECEPTION. It is an act of deceiving or misleading usually

accomplished by lying.

• LYING. It is the uttering or conveying of falsehood or

creating a false impression with the intention of affecting
the acts or opinions of others.

• DETECTION. The act of discovering the existence or

presence of fact of something hidden or obscure.

• EMOTION. In psychology, it signifies a reaction involving

certain physiological changes, such as an accelerated or
retarded pulse rate, the diminished or increased activities
of certain glands, or a change in body temperature, which
stimulate the individual, or some component part of his or
her body, to further activity. The three primary reactions
of this type are anger, love, and fear, which occur either
as an immediate response to external stimuli or are the
result of an indirect subjective process, such as memory,
association, or introspection.
20 worktext on polygraphy

• FEAR. The emotional responses to specific dangers that

appear to be potentially beyond a person’s defensive
power. The lying person fears detection of the lie causing
psychological changes that can be recorded with the use of
Polygraph machine.

PERSONALITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECEPTION

DETECTION AND POLYGRAPH
The field of detecting deception did not evolve overnight nor the
idea of only one person. Over the years, many studies were conducted
by different persons on how lying can be detected. These studies were
used as the basis by other persons to develop the polygraph instrument.

1. Leonard Keeler
He developed in 1926 the metal recording bellows.
He also incorporated the kymograph and the rolled chart
paper. He used these developments together with the cardio
and pneumo  components, developing the  first polygraph
instrument known today. Furthermore, he is also known as
the father of polygraph. He devised the first structured test
questions. The test is made up using relevant questions
interspersed with irrelevant questions. The R and I test.

2. Sticker
In 1897, he was one of the first to suggest the use of the
Galvanic Skin Response (EDA) as an indicator of deception.

3. Veraguth
He was the first to make word association test using the
galvanometer.

4. John Reid
He used Keeler’s technique and after testing numerous
subjects, he found that in using that technique he was
getting too many inconclusive results and an unacceptable
error rate. Likewise, he developed a structured technique
using comparison questions.
 worktext on polygraphy 21

5. Dick Arther
He operates the National School of Lie Detection and
developed his known lie and probable lie question technique
and the guilt complex question.

6. Mosso
An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized that
when in emotional stress or tension, blood would rush
to the head. He built a delicately balanced board with a
center fulcrum. A person lying on this board was placed
under stress and blood would rush to his head causing the
board to tilt down at the head.

7. Cesare Lombroso
In 1895, he used measurements of blood pressure
changes during interrogations using a water
pressure apparatus. This water pressure apparatus is
known today as Hydro sphygmograph.

8. Dr. William Marston

He established in 1915 the relevance of blood pressure
changes in the systolic blood pressure.

9. Dr. John Larson

He developed the first instrument to record
simultaneously a person’s blood pressure, pulse rate and
respiration changes. This is the First Polygraph machine
suitable for use in criminal investigation.

10. Luigi Galvani

He was accorded the distinction for developing the
galvanic skin reflex or the galvanometer, which records
electrical bodily resistance in terms of ohms, the lower
current ever recorded. The GSR reflected emotional
changes by measuring changes in persons’ skin resistance
to electricity.
22 worktext on polygraphy

FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE ANALOG POLYGRAPH

1. CARDIOGRAPH / CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH
The cardiosphygmograph component is to record
the changes of the blood pressure and pulse rate of the
subject. It is composed of the blood pressure cuff assembly,
sphygmomanometer (BP) vent, and resonance control and
recording unit. The blood pressure cuff assembly inflates
the system and a hose connects the blood pressure cuff
through which the blood pressure changes and passed into
the recording unit. The sphygmomanometer indicates the air
pressure present in the system in millimeters of mercury.
The vent provides the means by which air in the system can
be released. The resonance control provided the means for
reducing or increasing the amount of air pressure to reach the
tambour (brass bellows) unit and thus reduce or increase the
amplitude of pen excursions. A centering control is provided
for adjusting the tracing so that the blood pressure pattern
would be on the guideline. The recording unit records the pulse
rate and blood pressure changes on the chart paper through a
5-inch recording pen.

Figure 5. Cardiograph and Pump

 worktext on polygraphy 23

Figure 6. The Cardiograph as Attached to the Arm

2. GALVANOGRAPH
The galvanograph component is to record the skin
resistance of the subject using a very small amount of electricity.
It is composed of the finger electrode assembly, amplifier unit,
and the galvanometer-recorded unit.
The finger electrode connects the subject to the instrument
in such a manner that his skin resistance is a circuit element
of the polygraph. It consists of finger electrode plate with
retainer bonds and connecting plug. The amplifier furnishes
current to operate the galvanometer. The recording unit of the
galvanometer converts the electrical energy to the mechanical
energy. Electrical current flowing through the galvanometer
causes the mechanical movement of a 7-inch recording pen.
The overall function of the galvanograph is to detect changes
in the skin resistance of the subject, amplify this change and
record it on the chart.

Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR) – A measure of physiological arousal

determined by the amount of decrease in the skin’s resistance to
electricity purportedly due to an increase in sweat gland activity.
24 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 7. The Galvanograph as Attached to the Fingers

3. PNEUMOGRAPH
The pneumograph component is to record the changes
in breathing of the subject. It is made up of two units; the
pneumograph assembly is composed of the rubber-corrugated
tube and beaded chain tubing. The pneumograph tube is
attached to the chest area of the subject and is locked by a
beaded chain. The pneumograph tube is around 10 inches long;
one end of which is sealed and the other end is connected to the
instrument by a rather thick walled rubber tube considerably in
diameter than the pneumograph tube itself. The pneumograph
convoluted tube expands and contracts as the subject breaths.
The pneumograph recording unit consists of a frame,
brass bellows, crankshaft, center shaft, adjustable fulcrum,
bearing with adjusting screws pen centering control volume
changes of the chest caused by breathing transmitted by the
chest assembly to the recording unit. These activate the bellows
which move forward and backward pushing the crankshaft.
The crankshafts apply a torque to the center shaft upon which
the pen cradle is attached. The forward and backward right
movement is recorded on the chart paper.
 worktext on polygraphy 25

Figure 8. The Pneumograph

4. KYMOGRAPH
Kymograph component is a motor that pulls or drives
the chart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at
the rate of 6 or 12 inches per minute. It also a chart or paper
feeds mechanism. The chart must travel at a uniform speed to
facilitate valid interpretations. The parts composed of the paper
guide rails, paper roller assembly with sprockets; chart feed
switch, AC power input connector and all volt GC synchronous
motor. Kymograph is found only on the analog polygraph.
A chart roll is about 100 feet long, 6 inches width with ½
inches margin apart. The paper is imprinted with horizontal
line spaced at ¼ inch interval (20 divisions) and vertical lines
at 1/10 inch interval with heavy lines at ½ inch interval. Each
½ inch division across the paper signifies five seconds of time.
Pulse rate per minute may then be calculated by multiplying
the number of beats counted in one division by 12.

CHART/POLYGRAMS – refers to the composite record of the

pneumograph, galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph tracing
recording from one series of questions.
26 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 9. The Chart for Analog Polygraph

Figure 10. The Chart as Place in the Kymograph for Analog Polygraph
 worktext on polygraphy 27

It should be noted that the Kymograph is only for Analog

Polygraphs. The Digital or Computerized Polygraphs does not have
Kymograph component. Instead, the tracings can be saved to the
computer or can be directly printed using a computer printer. Also,
the Digital or Computerized Polygraphs uses a different paper chart.

OTHER PARTS OF ANALOG POLYGRAPH MACHINE

• Pen Lifter. Raises the lowers pens to three positions

• Program Pacer. A programmable cueing device for question

and answer pacing.

• Paper Tear Bar. Provides cutting edge for convenient

removal of charts.

• Foam Pen Hold-Down. Keeps pens in place when

instrument is being transported.

• Compartment. Storage for all forms and supplies. Slightly

smaller in Executive Ultra Scribe.

• Subject Connections. Stylish grouping provides neat,

professional appearance. Facilities set-up and storage.

• Mechanical Pneumo Module. Recording part of Mechanical

Pneumo Channel.

• Galvanic Skin Response Module. Recording part of GSR

channel.

• Mechanical Cardio Module. Recording part of the

mechanical cardio module.

• Paper Storage Compartment. Holds two rolls of chart

paper or other supplies.

• AC Power Receptacle. Power chords connect here;

international standard design for easy cord replacement.

• Power Switch and Circuit breaker. Applies power to

instrument. Built-in resettable circuit breaker protects
28 worktext on polygraphy

instrument and eliminates the need for fuses. To reset,

simple press “off” and then “on” again.

• Chart Drive Roller Lever. Lifts chart drive roller for paper
changes and chart removal.

• Power Analyzer. Automatically indicates whether wall

outlets are properly wired and grounded for proper
instrument operation and subject safety.

• Stimulus Marker. Marks significant events on the chart.

• Sphygmomanometer Dial. Reads operating pressure of

cardio channels.

• Pneumo 1. Pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic)

pneumograph.

• Pneumo 2. Pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal)

pneumograph.

• Cuff. Pneumatic connection for Cardio channel subject cuff

tubing.

• Pump. Pneumatic connection for hand pump used to inflate

the subject cuff.

• Mechanical Cardio Switch. Disengages Mechanical cardio

module from pneumatic system for low-pressure Electronic
Cardio operation.

TYPES OF POLYGRAPHS
At present, there are two types of polygraphs used by examiners.
Although these polygraphs may differ on how they are operated, they
serve the same purpose of trying to determine deception. In addition, it
does not mean that the other is more reliable than the other.

1. Analog or Conventional Polygraph

These are the first known type of polygraphs used
in the field for many years. They are still commonly used
 worktext on polygraphy 29

although their popularity is diminishing because of the digital

or computerized versions. In using these machines, some
problems are encountered includes ink shortage, paper tears,
and discrepancies resulting from initial pen placement.

Figure 11. An Analog or Conventional Polygraph

2. Computerized Polygraph
New technology has allowed for the development of
computerized polygraph tests, rendering the analog equipment
nearly obsolete most especially in western countries. Rather
than wasting paper and time fiddling with the conventional
equipment, examiners now use programs to record and
decipher all measurements on the portable computer screens.
The system will usually have options to view the test results
on-screen or printed out, and may have composite options with
chart-scoring as well.
Computerized polygraph records, stores, and analyzes
physiological changes during the examination. Charts are
recorded in much the same manner as conventional polygraph
30 worktext on polygraphy

equipment with a smooth scrolling display moving from right

to left. The tracings recorded are in real-time and are truly
rectilinear, so charts can be easily interpreted.
It is designed to detect subtle movements as well as gross
movements of a subject during a polygraph examination. By
providing a graphic record of a subject’s movement, the Activity
Sensors allows the examiner to concentrate on administering
the exam instead of trying to observe the subject’s movement.

Figure 12. A Computerized Polygraph

GENERAL USES OF POLYGRAPH

1. Criminal Investigation
It is a valuable tool for investigation. It provides fast
means of eliminating innocent suspects, gives a clue about the
identity of criminal suspects, verifies the statement of those
who are involved and saves a lot of time and effort during the
process of investigation.
 worktext on polygraphy 31

2. Pre-employment Screening
It is the fastest and most accurate means of verifying the
statements of job applicants from derogatory remarks by a
previous employer who bears a personal grudge against him. It
is the best way for a company to determine dishonest employees
who are responsible for company losses. Some companies
required job applicants to undergo polygraph examination
before their employment.

3. Periodic Screening
Even after employment, companies require their employees
to undergo regular polygraph examinations. It is one way of
detecting employees who are dishonest in performing their jobs.

4. Promotion
There are instances wherein the company has difficulty
in deciding between two or more candidates to be promoted.
Polygraph test helps to determine who is the most qualified as
well as employees’ future intents against the company.

USERS OF POLYGRAPH IN THE UNITED STATES

The three segments of society that use the polygraph include law
enforcement agencies, the legal community, and the private sector.
Their uses are further described as follows:

1. Law Enforcement Agencies

Federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies use
the Polygraph for both pre-employment purposes and as an
investigative tool to either preclude or focus on an individual
and their involvement with a crime.

2. Legal Community
From the U.S. Attorney’s Office and the local District
Attorney down to any lawyer representing a plaintiff or
defending an accused, the polygraph has become a tool which
allows them to formulate a plan on how to proceed with a case.
32 worktext on polygraphy

It can be used as a tool to rule out a suspected offender just

as easy as it can cause an investigation to narrow its focus.
Many personal injury attorneys are now using the polygraph
as a screening tool on cases where they are likely to incur a
significant out of pocket expense.

3. Private Sector
In the United States, the business sector is limited in
its use of the polygraph due to the restrictions and limitations
established by the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988
(EPPA). Private citizens, however, employ the polygraph in
matters ranging from suspicions of infidelity to family law cases
involving child custody matters

THEORY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

When a mentally normal person tells a lie, physiological change
occurs within his body that could be recorded by the instrument and
evaluated by the examiner. Based on the theory, the polygraph test
contains relevant questions which are designed to pose a threat to the
security of the guilty subject and control questions which are designed
to pose a threat to the security of the innocent (truthful) subject.
A persons’ fears, anxieties, and apprehension are channeled
towards the situation which holds the greatest threat to his self-
preservation or general well-being.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING

A person’s fear, anxieties, and apprehensions are channeled
toward the situation which evoke his instinct of self-preservation
to struggle out from the consequences of the wrong he had already
done. His conscience is bothered and his will power and emotions are
perplexed and varied.
In Polygraphy, the physiological approach to all these lies is
governed by different types of test and control questions prepared
and formulated by the examiner. The test contains relevant questions
which are designed to pose a threat to the security of the guilty or lying
subject. The equally truthful subject, though accused, is assured of
the reactions he may exhibit during the whole polygraph examination
by the carefully formulated questions.
 worktext on polygraphy 33

TYPES OF LIAR
1. Panic Liar. A person who lies in order to avoid the
consequences of confession. He is afraid of embarrassment
to loved ones and is a serious blow to his ego.

2. Occupational Liar. Is someone who has lied for years.

This person is a practiced liar and lies when it has a higher
payoff than telling the truth.

3. Tournament Liar. A person who loves to lie and is excited

by the challenge of not being detected. He views an interview
as another contest and wants to win. He lies because it is
the only weapon remaining with which to fight. He wants
people to believe that the law is punishing an innocent
person.

4. Ethnological Liar. A person trained not to be a squealer.

This person loves to be interrogated and has taken a creed
never to reveal the truth, the creed of underworld gangs.

5. Pathological Liar. A person who cannot distinguish what

is right from wrong. These are those who are mentally sick.

6. Black Liar. It refers to a person who always pretends and

a hypocrite.

KINDS OF LIES
1. Direct Lie
A direct denial of the act in question that creates an
emotional sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers to
the conflict between what is true and the attempted deception
that creates an internal battle in the mind. Example: “I did not
do it”. The vague response permits the person to evade inner
conflict while seeming to answer the question.
34 worktext on polygraphy

2. Lies of Omission
This is the type of lie that people usually used because
it is simple to tell. Individuals who will make use of this type
of lie will tell the truth while omitting details that could create
possible troubles.

3. Lies of Fabrication
This is the most difficult type of lie a subject could use in
an interview. The subject will manufacture events to cover his
true acts.

4. Lies of Minimization
In this type of lie, individual will accept that something
has occurred but downplays the implication.

5. Lie of Exaggeration
Used to exaggerate things for they hope of obtaining
some advantage. This is also often found on résumés where
applicants exaggerate.

6. White Lie or Benign Lie

This is the most common kind of lie, it is intended to
protect or maintain the harmony of friendship, at home, in the
office or elsewhere.

7. Pathological Lie
This is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right
from wrong. It must be said that those persons are mentally
sick, or of low caliber. In Polygraphy, impairment of the mind
must be established first before conducting any examination;
otherwise the examination will be useless.
 worktext on polygraphy 35

8. Red Lie
This involves political interests and motives because this
is part of Communist propaganda strategy. This lie is prevalent
in Communist countries or Communist infested countries. This
is to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda-brain-
washing and black-mail via espionage and treason.

9. Black Lie
A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies,
intriguing to cause dishonor or discredit one’s good image.

10. Malicious or Judicious Lie

This is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie. This is
intended purely to mislead justice. The probable result would
be perjury and pure dishonesty to obstruct justice.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The study of the nervous system is crucial in better understanding
the connection between lying and polygraphy. A polygraph examiner
should be acquainted with how the nervous system reacts when a
person decides to tell a lie or when a person, even thought telling the
truth, may respond when under a polygraph examination.

MEANING OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

It is consist of the brain, the spinal cord, ganglia, nerve fibers and
sensory and motor terminals. These are grouped into the integrated
system called the central and autonomic. The main function of the
system is to correlate the nerve impulses in the motor centers thus
acquainting the organism with the environments and integrating the
nerve impulses into appropriate or adopted responses. The nervous
system contains center for sensation, emotion, thinking and many
other functions. In short it deals with communications and regulates
bodily activity.
36 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 13. An Illustration of the Nervous System

POLYGRAPH AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Medical authorities discovered that the autonomic nervous
system is responsible for the regulation of all the complex systems and
that its central control is in the hypothalamus. All of the involuntary
reflexes that cannot be consciously controlled such as heart beat pulse
rate increases and decreases in blood pressure are governed by the
autonomic nervous system.
When the sympathetic is activated, it immediately prepares the
body for fight or flight by causing the adrenal glands to secrete hormones
known as epinephrine so that the blood will be distributed to those
areas of the body where it is most needed. The epinephrine causes the
arterioles in certain parts of the body to constrict; thereby preventing
blood from entering those areas where it is not immediately needed.
Certain portions of the body affected by the sympathetic system can be
 worktext on polygraphy 37

felt or seen by the individual affected. Constriction of arterioles in other

parts also takes place within the sympathetic system which activates
the secretion of epinephrine in time to affect the skin capillaries in the
same manner producing the pallor in the face so often found in people
experiencing severe fright as well as coldness or clamminess of the
hands and fingers due to the reduction in the volume of blood in those
extremities. The heart pumps blood harder and faster-increasing blood
pressure pulse rate and strength thus furnishing more oxygenated
blood to those areas of the body where it is vitally needed to meet the
emergency such as the brain increase mental activity.
The sympathetic system further affects nervous impulses in
1/1000th of a second simultaneously stimulating sweat glands and
recreation of epinephrine. Perspiration is secreted immediately, but
the sweet glands use acetylcholine, not epinephrine. The sympathetic
system also causes the iris of the eye to delete permitting more light to
enter the eye, thereby increasing vision and awareness of surroundings.
It also affects other organs of the body of less significance to the
polygraphist such as contraction of the anal and urinary sphincters,
relaxation of the bladder and inhabitation of the small intestine.
Within the autonomic nervous system is another subdivision called
the parasympathetic which functions antagonistic to the sympathetic
system. Its role is to maintain the homeostasis of the body necessarily
for normal functioning.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

The parasympathetic division carries on the ordinary housekeeping
of the body, restoring food reserves and observing the body’s energy.
The effects of the parasympathetic division upon specific organs
structures are:

1. Heart is slowed down;

2. Intestine stimulated to act;

3. Blood vessels of the intestine dilate;

4. Pupil of the eye constructs and,

5. Various digestive glands stimulated to further digestion

38 worktext on polygraphy

FUNCTIONS OF THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

The sympathetic division strengthens the defenses of the body
against various dangers such as lack of water, extreme temperatures,
and energy attack. The effects of the sympathetic division upon specific
organs and structures are:
1. The heart rate and force of action is increased;

2. The motion of the intestine is stopped;

3. Blood vessels of the intestine contract and increase the

amount of blood flowing;

4. Blood vessels of skeletal muscle dilate to allow increased

blood flow:

5. Blood vessels of the skin contract;

6. Pupils of the eye dilate;

7. Sweating increases;

8. Salivary glands stop secreting saliva;

9. Adrenal medulla is stimulated to pour out adrenaline to

reinforce the other actions of the sympathetic divisions;
and,

10. Perspiration increases.

All of the above physiological activity can be measured and

recorded. As a practical matter, however, the polygraphist measures
and records breathing patterns, heartbeat, pulse rate and strength,
changes in mean blood pressure and electro dermal responses. This is
in order to obtain physiological evidence that the automatic nervous
system has been activated during a polygraph examination in response
to particular question(s) on the test.

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE. It is the measure of the blood pressure when

the heart contracts to empty its blood into the circulatory system.

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE. It is the measure of the blood pressure when

the heart relaxes and fills with blood.
 worktext on polygraphy 39

Chapter 2 Exercise

Name: Score:
Schedule: Date:

Multiple Choice. Encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is not recorded by an analog polygraph?
a. Blood pressure and pulse rate
b. Arm, shoulder muscle tensions
c. Respiration or Inhalation
d. Galvanic Skin Resistance

2. The polygraph instrument is not a “lie detector” per se. What best
explains this statement?
a. It is the examiner who will determine the presence of
deception
b. It does not indicate directly whether a subject is being
deceptive
c. It difficult to detect lies using the polygraph
d. Because the instrument is called polygraph and not a
lie detector

3. He is also known as the father of polygraph for developing the metal

recording bellows and devising the first structured test questions.
a. John Reid c. Leonard Keeler
b. Cesare Lombroso d. William Marston

4. He developed the first instrument to record  simultaneously a

person’s blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration changes.
a. John Larson c. Leonard Keeler
b. William Marston d. Luigi Galvani
40 worktext on polygraphy

5. He was accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin

reflex or the galvanometer, which records electrical bodily resistance
a. John Larson c. Leonard Keeler
b. William Marston d. Luigi Galvani

6. This is a polygraph component that is used to record the changes

of the blood pressure and the pulse rate of the subject.
a. Cardiosphymograph c. Pneumograph
b. Galvanograph d. Polygraph

7. What polygraph component detects changes in the skin resistance

of the subject, amplify this change and record it on the chart?
a. Cardiosphymograph c. Pneumograph
b. Galvanograph d. Polygraph

8. It is a measure of physiological arousal determined by the amount

of decrease in the skin’s resistance to electricity purportedly due to
an increase in sweat gland activity.
a. Blood Pressure and Pulse
b. Resistance to Electricity
c. Rate Galvanic Skin Reluctance
d. Galvanic Skin Resistance

9. It is unjustifiable kind of lie which is intended purely to mislead

justice.
a. Pathological Lie c. Malicious or Judicious Lie
b. White Lie or Benign Lie d. Lies of Fabrication
 worktext on polygraphy 41

10. It is the measure of the blood pressure when the heart contracts
to empty its blood into the circulatory system.
a. Systolic pressure c. Diastolic pressure
b. Blood pressure d. Heart pressure

Reflection
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

 worktext on polygraphy 43

CHAPTER 3
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF POLYGRAPHY

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Articulate the reliability and validity of polygraph
examination;
• Demonstrate understanding on foreign and local
jurisprudence concerning the legal status of
polygraph;
• Explain the factors affecting polygraph examination
validity, and;
• Discuss the different countermeasures used during
the polygraph examination.

Introduction
Presented in this chapter are the topics on the reliability and
validity of polygraph examination. It provides a synopsis of articles
on reliability and validity, the two important issues of disagreement
among the advocates and opponents of polygraph testing. Likewise,
this chapter also contains the position of selected countries on the
legal status of the polygraph. More importantly are the Philippine
Supreme Court’s decisions on the admissibility issue of polygraph
result for criminal cases in the country.
44 worktext on polygraphy

RELIABILITY OF POLYGRAPH TESTING

Polygraph testing has generated considerable scientific and public
controversy over its validity and reliability. An underlying problem
is theoretical: there is no evidence that any pattern of physiological
reactions is unique to deception. An honest person may be nervous
when answering truthfully and a dishonest person may be non-
anxious. At the same time, polygraph examinations have been criticized
for providing inaccurate and misleading information.
In addition, evidence indicates that strategies used to “beat”
polygraph examinations, so-called countermeasures, may be effective.
Countermeasures include simple physical movements, psychological
interventions (e.g., manipulating subjects’ beliefs about the test), and
the use of pharmacological agents that alter arousal patterns.
Most psychologists and other scientists agree that there is little
basis for the validity of polygraph tests. Courts, including the United
States Supreme Court (U.S. v. Scheffer), have repeatedly rejected the
use of polygraph evidence because of its inherent unreliability.
It is clear that despite many decades of judicial, legislative, and
scientific discussion, no consensus has emerged about the accuracy
and validity of polygraph tests.

LEGAL STATUS OF POLYGRAPH TESTING IN THE WORLD

Law enforcement agencies are the primary users of polygraph
instruments. This resulted in many controversies on whether such
device can really detect deception. When confronted with such issues,
the courts will have to decide on the merits of the issue.

United States
The U.S. Supreme Court has thoroughly reviewed issues
concerning the validity and reliability of polygraph for purposes of
admission at trial. In its decision upholding the exclusion of such
evidence at trial in the United States v. Scheffer , it stated:
“There is simply no consensus that polygraph evidence is reliable.
To this day, the scientific community remains extremely polarized about
the reliability of polygraph techniques. Some studies have concluded
that polygraph tests overall are accurate and reliable. Others have found
that polygraph tests assess truthfulness significantly less accurately –
 worktext on polygraphy 45

the scientific field studies suggest the accuracy rate of the tests as “little
better that could be obtained by the toss of a coin”.
In addition, the lack of scientific consensus in the United States
is reflected in the disagreement among state and federal courts
concerning both the admissibility and the reliability of polygraph
evidence. The US Supreme Court leaves the admission or exclusion
to federal courts on the admissibility issue of polygraph testing. As a
result, most state courts reaffirmed the ban of polygraph inside the
courtroom, others have not decided whether polygraphy has reached a
sufficient state of reliability to be admissible and a few made polygraph
evidence generally admissible.
Furthermore, a panel from the US National Academy of Sciences
was charged to conduct a scientific review on the research on polygraph
examinations. The task of the panel is to establish the validity and
reliability of polygraph testing, particularly when used for personnel
security screening. The panel’s findings were compiled into the report,
“The Polygraph and Lie Detection,” and presented to US Congress
and the Department of Energy. The panel found polygraph testing to
be unscientific because it lacked fixed standards. After reviewing the
available data and studies in polygraph testing, the panel concluded
that: “Almost a century of research in scientific psychology and
physiology provides little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test
could have extremely high accuracy.” Further, it stated that there was
little hope for advancing polygraph testing. According to the panel’s
findings: “The inherent ambiguity of the physiological measures used in
the polygraph suggest that further investments in improving polygraph
technique and interpretation will bring only modest improvements in
accuracy.”

Europe
In most European jurisdictions, polygraphs are not considered
reliable evidence and are not generally used by police forces. However,
in any lawsuit, an involved party can order a psychologist to write
an opinion based on polygraph results to substantiate the credibility
of its claims. The party must bear the expense themselves, and the
court weighs the opinion like any other opinion the party has ordered.
Courts themselves do not order or pay for polygraph tests. In most
cases, polygraph tests are voluntarily taken by a defendant in order to
substantiate his or her claims.
46 worktext on polygraphy

Canada
In Canada, the polygraph is regularly used as a forensic tool
in the investigation of criminal acts and sometimes employed in the
screening of employees for government organizations. In the 1987
decision of R. v. Béland, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected the
use of polygraph results as evidence in court. This decision did not,
however, affect the use of the polygraph in criminal investigations. The
polygraph continues to be used as an investigative tool.

Australia
The High Court of Australia has not yet considered the admissibility
of polygraph evidence. However, the New South Wales District Court
rejected the use of the device in a criminal trial. In Raymond George
Murray 1982 7A Crim R48 Sinclair DCJ refused to admit polygraph
evidence tending to support the defense. The judge rejected the
evidence because:
1. The veracity of the accused and the weight to be given to
his evidence, and other witnesses called in the trial, was a
matter for the jury.

2. The polygraph “expert” sought to express an opinion as to

ultimate facts in issue, which is peculiarly the province of
the jury.

3. The test purported to be expert evidence by the witness who

was not qualified as an expert; he was merely an operator
and assessor of a polygraph. The scientific premise upon
which his assessment was based had not been proved in
any Court in Australia.

4. Devoid of any proved or accepted scientific basis, the

evidence of the operator is hearsay which is inadmissible.

Israel
The High Court of Israel, in Civil Appeal 551/89 (Menora Insurance
Vs. Jacob Sdovnik), ruled that as the polygraph has not been recognized
as a reliable device, polygraph results are inadmissible as evidence in a
civil trial. In other decisions, polygraph results were ruled inadmissible
in criminal trials. However, some insurance companies attempts to
 worktext on polygraphy 47

include a clause in insurance contracts, in which the beneficiary

agrees that polygraph results be admissible as evidence. In such cases,
where the beneficiary has willingly agreed to such a clause, signed the
contract, and took the test, the courts will honor the contract, and take
the polygraph results into consideration. Interestingly, it is common
practice for lawyers to advise people who signed such contracts to
refuse to take the test. Depending on whether or not the beneficiary
signed an agreements clause, and whether the test was already taken
or not, such a refusal usually has no ill effects; At worst, the court will
simply order the person to take the test as agreed. At best, the court
will cancel the clause and release the person from taking the test, or
rule the evidence inadmissible.

PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT’S DECISION ON THE

ADMISSIBILITY OF POLYGRAPH TEST RESULT
In the Philippines, the Supreme Court has issued several
decisions concerning the legal status of polygraph result. These
decisions consistently show that polygraph results were never accepted
and will never be accepted in the country as an evidence.

1. People v. Daniel (G.R. No. L-40330 Nov. 20,

1978) Supreme Court:
“Polygraph test is unreliable considering that the subject
took the test after the trial was over. The court reasoned that the
subject no longer felt any fear or emotional distress that would
allow any finding that he committed the crime charged. It said
the accuracy of a polygraph test depended largely on the time
and place of the test, and if the subject was already distanced
from the commission of the crime, the results were bound to fail”.

2. People v. Adoviso, 309 SCRA 1 (1999). Supreme Court:

“American courts almost uniformly rejected the results of
polygraph tests when offered as evidence for the purpose of
establishing the guilt or innocence of one accused of a crime,
whether the accused or the prosecution sought its introduction,
for the reason that the polygraph had not yet attained scientific
acceptance as a reliable tool for ascertaining truth or deception.
“The rule,” according to the Supreme Court, “is no different in
this jurisdiction.”
48 worktext on polygraphy

3. People v. Reanzares, G.R. No. 130656, 29 June

2000. Supreme Court :
“Lie detector test has never been accepted in our jurisdiction
as a means of ascertaining the truth”.

4. People v. Carpo, G.R. No. 132676, 4 April 2001, the

Supreme Court:
“The court does not put credit and faith on the result of a
lie detector test in as much as it has not been accepted by the
scientific community as an accurate means of ascertaining truth
or deception”.

REASONS WHY POLYGRAPH TEST RESULT IS NOT ADMISSIBLE

Solis (1987), in his book Legal Medicine, identified some reasons
why the result of the polygraph is not admissible as court evidence.
Accordingly, the following factors contribute to the inadmissibility of
polygraph in the Philippines;
1. Polygraph techniques are still on experimental stage
and have not yet received a degree of standardization of
acceptance among scientists.

2. The trier of the fact is apt to give almost conclusive weight

to the polygraph expert’s opinion.

3. There is no way to assure that a qualified examiner

administered the test.

4. The test can’t be relied upon because of many errors.

FACTORS AFFECTING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION VALIDITY

The analyzes of studies indicate that there is considerable
variability in accuracy rates of polygraph examinations. To interpret
these variations, numerous factors, such as the restricted range of
techniques and applications tested in these studies, need to be
considered. In addition, researchers have attempted to explain
the variability in accuracy scores by proposing a number of factors
that theoretically may affect polygraph test validity. These include
characteristics of examiners, settings, and subjects
 worktext on polygraphy 49

1. Examiner
It has long been recognized that the examiner’s skill has an
important effect on the validity of polygraph tests. Examiner experience
is an essential element reported by investigators and has often been
used to explain differences in accuracy rates. There are some data
to indicate that experienced examiners have better accuracy rates. In
recognition of this outcome, training has been accorded a high priority
both within and outside government agencies which conduct polygraph
examinations and by polygraph examiner groups

2. Subjects
Much effort in recent years has been devoted to the development
of systematic training. Less attention appears to have been paid to
the characteristics of subjects of polygraph testing. Frequently,
research reports of polygraph examination do not report even the most
easily available data on subject characteristics (e.g., proportion of
males and females). There have, however, been a number of studies
of specific population groups (e.g., psychopaths) hypothesized to be
less detectable. In addition to subjects’ psychopathy, other diagnostic
categories and subject variables such as gender, intelligence,
motivation, and responsivity to arousal may also affect validity. Subject
factors are often described in the literature as personality or individual
difference factors. They refer to traits associated with individuals that
may make them differentially detectable in a polygraph examination.
Understanding these effects should enable determination of the
conditions under which polygraph testing will yield particular levels of
validity. The mechanism by which subject variables affect polygraph
examination validity has to do with differential autonomic arousal.
2.1 Level of Socialization
One aspect of potential subject effects that has received
considerable attention is the effect of level of socialization.
In a series of studies, significant relationships were found
in the laboratory between socialization and autonomic
responsiveness. An initial finding was that college students
who scored low on socialization (on a standard psychological
inventory), gave smaller electrodermal responses (EDRs) to
stimuli than did high scoring subjects. In a more directly
relevant investigation, a group of college students was
asked to deceive or not to deceive a professional polygraph
examiner. Results indicated that subjects who were not
detectable were significantly less socialized than those
50 worktext on polygraphy

who were detectable. Susceptibility to detection seemed

to be mediated by socialization; results indicated that
low socialization subjects showed reduced electrodermal
responses. Highly socialized subjects were more responsive
electrodermally, and as a result, several of them were
misclassified as deceptive.

2.2 Psychopathology
Guilty psychopaths may escape detection because
they are not concerned enough about a misdeed to create
interpretable physiological responses. Individuals with
other forms of psychopathology may escape detection or be
classified as false positives for other reasons (e.g., emotional
instability, delusional thinking). The one study that has
investigated this possibility found that innocent neurotics
and particularly psychotics were likely to be identified as
deceptive.

2.3 Gender
One of the most obvious subject differences is gender.
Males and females may have different patterns of autonomic
arousal, and such differences may affect polygraph testing
validity. Unfortunately, few data exist to examine this
hypothesis; most research only studies male subjects.

2.4 Intelligence
Intelligence is an additional variable which potentially
might affect detectability. The ability of intelligent subjects
to anticipate questions may affect polygraph accuracy. One
possibility is that intelligent subjects are less detectable
because, if trained, they are able to anticipate questions
and employ countermeasures. Another possibility is
that because intelligent subjects better understand the
implications of a polygraph examination, they will respond
to relevant questions with heightened arousal when they
are attempting to deceive.
 worktext on polygraphy 51

2.5 Ethnic and Group Differences

Another category of subject differences that may
affect polygraph validity has to do with ethnic and group
differences in physiological response. Research conducted
cross-culturally indicates that there are ethnic differences
in response to stress. Such differences may, in turn, affect
detection of deception.

2.6 Autonomic Lability

A final individual difference is referred to as autonomic
lability. Regardless of other differences among subjects,
there may be consistent individual differences connected
with their level of autonomic arousal. Although there is
a considerable variance for an individual in autonomic
responses to most physiological measures of autonomic
nervous system (ANS) arousal, electrodermal lability
maybe different. Given the importance of the electrodermal
response for polygraph examinations, it maybe essential to
understand more about this factor.

3. Setting
One theory underlying lie detection using the polygraph is that the
threat of punishment leads an individual to manifest a physiological
reaction. This suggests, then, that settings in which an individual is
more certain of being detected and in which the consequences are
greatest will permit higher levels of detection. Furthermore, in order
to be certain of being detected, a subject must believe in the efficacy
of the polygraph procedures in order for it to function. According to
some, the polygraph is often used somewhat like a “stage prop,” and
its presence is meant to “enhance the subject’s concern.” Stimulation
tests, used in almost all field polygraph examinations, serve the same
function, albeit more directly.

4. Instrument
Some researches address the question of the situational features
necessary for a polygraph examination. In one component of a study,
subjects were led to believe that the polygraph recording equipment
was not operative. There was some indication that the pretest condition
in which subjects were led to believe that the polygraph instrument
52 worktext on polygraphy

was inoperative produced a lower detectability; however, results were

not statistically significant. In an earlier study, detectability was not
affected by subjects’ belief in whether the machine was recording. Both
of these studies involved use of concealed information tests. A more
recent study tested a similar hypothesis using a different procedure.
In this study, subjects saw the polygraph machine turned off, although
the experimenters actually ran the leads to a second polygraph device
and were able to record responses during a pretest review of questions.
The results indicated that subjects who were aware of being recorded
had significantly higher responses to relevant questions and not
significantly different responses to control questions.

5. Specific Settings
Polygraph examinations take place in a number of settings,
ranging from facilities specifically designed for this purpose to motel
rooms. Specifically designed facilities usually include one-way mirrors
for observation and audio recording capabilities and are located so as
to prevent interruptions during the examination. It is reasonable to
assume that the setting may interact both with subject and examiner
characteristics to affect the validity of polygraph tests. No research,
however, directly tests the impact of different settings on polygraph
testing validity.

COUNTERMEASURES USED DURING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

Countermeasures are deliberate techniques used by deceptive
subjects to avoid detection during a polygraph examination.
Countermeasures can range from simple physical techniques to so-
called mental countermeasures, to the use of drugs and biofeedback
techniques. There is a potentially large list of such countermeasures,
and there are a number of plausible, but not yet validated, techniques
to avoid deception.

1. Physical
Physical measures taken by a subject during a polygraph
examination are, perhaps, the most frequently discussed
countermeasures used by subjects. Any physical activity which
could affect physiological response is a potential problem for
interpretation of a polygraph test record. There is no question
that physical measures, from tensing muscles to biting the
 worktext on polygraphy 53

tongue, to squeezing toes, to shifting one’s position can affect

physiological response.
A research found that when subjects press their toes
towards the floor they were able to reduce the probability of
detection from 75 to 10 percent. A recent study also found that
the use of physical countermeasures decreased detectability;
the false negative rate for countermeasure subjects was 78
percent.

2. Drugs
In contrast to physical measures, which potentially may
be detected by an observant polygraph examiner by running
multiple charts or by careful comparison of particular
physiological measures, the use of various pharmacological
agents is probably more difficult to detect. Not only may drugs
be difficult to detect by observation, but they may also not
be detected by multiple polygraph tests. Some theorists have
suggested that such pharmacological agents have the potential
to produce incorrect or uninterpretable polygraph records.
Drugs permit subjects who are being deceptive to increase
their ability to avoid detection in a polygraph examination.
One feature of tranquilizers such as meprobamate is that they
suppress autonomic activity which may not be accompanied
by any observable psychomotor differences. The use of such
drugs in polygraph examination would be more likely to yield
inconclusive findings, rather than errors because the drugs
would likely result in no difference between the responses to
control and relevant questions.
In addition to drugs, there have also been reports of the
use of various chemicals to confuse physiological recording.
Placing antiperspirant powder, clear nail polish, or other agents
on the balls of one’s fingers may make EDRs less reliable. Such
measures, however, should be detectable by a trained examiner.

3. Hypnosis/Biofeedback
There is a substantial literature in psychology about
the use of hypnosis and biofeedback to alter and condition
physiological responses. There is some evidence that hypnosis
induces a decline in skin conductance levels. A number of
54 worktext on polygraphy

investigations have attempted to show that hypnotically

suggested amnesia is an effective countermeasure.
A research reported that subjects who received extensive
information about the nature of lie detection and practiced
using countermeasures were detected significantly less than
subjects without such training. It seems clear that if hypnosis
or biofeedback operate as countermeasures, the extensive
training would have to accompany their use.

4. Mental
Another category of countermeasures involves those that
get the subject to think differently about the test. As noted,
most polygraph examinations rely on the subject’s motivation to
avoid detection rather than on any response directly connected
with “telling a lie.” Simple cognitive countermeasures include
patterns of thinking that suppress responses to control or
irrelevant questions. More complex cognitive countermeasures
are based on knowledge of the results of the examination and
lack of belief in one.

5. Controlling Thoughts
Any individual who understands the basic structure of a
particular polygraph examination should be able to differentiate
irrelevant and control from relevant questions. Given that
when a Control Question Test (CQT) is employed, the questions
are reviewed prior to their presentation, a subject intent on
deception could try to alter cognitively responses to various
questions. The procedure would be to try to dissociate one
from the relevant questions and heighten response to control
questions. There are various means of mental dissociation
that ranges from concentrating on an irrelevant object or by
convincing oneself that the question means something different
than intended.

6. Knowledge of Results
Another set of countermeasures is based on subjects
having knowledge of the results of their polygraph examination.
In criminal situations, particularly when an inconclusive
outcome is obtained or when the subject disagrees with the
 worktext on polygraphy 55

outcome of an initial polygraph test, subjects are retested.

In noncriminal situations, individuals are often tested at the
beginning of their employment and at a number of subsequent
points. In addition, subjects who know that they will receive
a polygraph examination may seek training in methods to
avoid detection. For all of these reasons, it is important to
understand how feedback about polygraph examinations
affects the validity and whether prior experiences represent a
potential countermeasure.

7. Belief in “Machine”
A final countermeasure is based on research about the
bogus pipeline and the role of the setting in inducing valid
outcomes. If the validity of polygraph testing is dependent on
the belief by subjects in the efficacy of the procedure, then a
possible countermeasure would involve training subjects to
believe that the polygraph does not work. This might be done,
for example, by providing subjects with false feedback on a
polygraph examination.
 worktext on polygraphy 57

Chapter 1 Exercise

Name: Score:
Schedule: Date:

Multiple Choice. Encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements is true about polygraphy at
present?
a. The accuracy and validity of polygraph test are established
b. Courts around the world accepted polygraph tests as
evidence
c. No consensus has emerged on the accuracy and
validity of polygraph
d. Polygraph tests are accepted in the Philippines as evidence

2. What country uses the polygraph regularly as a forensic tool in

the investigation of criminal acts and sometimes employed in the
screening of employees for government organizations?
a. Australia c. Israel
b. Canada d. Russia

3. These are deliberate techniques used by deceptive subjects to avoid

detection during a polygraph examination.
a. Counter attacks c. Counter affidavit
b. Counter measures d. Counter strike

4. The first Supreme Court decision in the Philippines declaring the

inadmissibility of polygraph result as an evidence.
a. People v. Adoviso, 309 SCRA 1
b. People v. Reanzares, G.R. No. 130656
c. People v. Carpo, G.R. No. 132676
d. People v. Daniel (G.R. No. L-40330)
58 worktext on polygraphy

5. The Philippine Supreme Court stated that it does not put credit
and faith on the result of a lie detector test in as much as it has not
been accepted by the scientific community as an accurate means of
ascertaining truth or deception. In what decision is this?
a. People v. Adoviso, 309 SCRA 1
b. People v. Reanzares, G.R. No. 130656
c. People v. Carpo, G.R. No. 132676
d. People v. Daniel (G.R. No. L-40330)

6. Which of the following is considered as having the most important

effect on the validity of polygraph tests?
a. Examiner c. Setting
b. Subject d. Instrument

7. The ability of intelligent subjects to anticipate questions may affect

polygraph accuracy.
a. True c. Partly true
b. False d. Partly false

8. Which of the following areas is the most important use of polygraph?

a. promotion
b. criminal investigation
c. pre-employment
d. periodic screening

9. The theory of polygraph examination states that when a mentally

normal tells a lie, physiological changes occur within his body that
could be recorded by the examiner and evaluated by the polygraph.
a. false c. can’t be determined
b. true d. it depends
 worktext on polygraphy 59

10. The following are the psycho-physiological changes recorded by the

polygraph, except:
a. Blood pressure and pulse rate
b. Galvanic skin resistance
c. Postural and facial reactions
d. Breathing

Reflection
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 worktext on polygraphy 61

CHAPTER 4
QUESTIONS FORMULATION AND
TEST CONSTRUCTION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Explain the general rules used in question
formulation;
• Apply the different types of test techniques; and,
• Formulate questions based on recommended test
techniques.

Introduction
In order to get the desired answers, the correct questions should
be asked. Thus, the examiner should have a vast understanding on
how to formulate questions to be administered during the examination.
Additionally, choosing the appropriate test technique or sequence for
a particular subject or situation is crucial in attaining an accurate
result.
62 worktext on polygraphy

Nature of the Questions

Formulating the questions to be used in the examination is a
critical part of the whole test procedure. All questions must be framed
in words or terminologies that are most familiar to the subject. Hence,
the medium of the test depends on the subject’s understanding of the
language use. Great consideration must be observed when local dialect
is employed as a medium for the test procedure. The problem may now
be the translation into English for the record and future references, in
as much as it is necessary for a criminal investigation.
STIMULUS. It is the force or motion reaching the organism and
excites the receptors. In short, it is anything that arouses the organism
to activity. In Polygraph examination, a stimulus is presented to the
subject in the form of questions.

GENERAL RULES IN QUESTION FORMULATION

1. Questions must be simple and direct.

2. It must not involve legal terminologies; e.g. rape, murder,

arson.

3. It must be answerable by “yes” or “no” and should be short

as possible.

4. It must not be in the form of accusation.

5. It must never contain an influence which presupposes

knowledge on the part of the subject.

6. All questions must refer to only one element of an offense.

7. It must not contain inferences to one’s religion, race or

belief.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS

1. Irrelevant Questions
These are questions that have no bearing to the case under
investigation. The question may refer to the subject’s age,
educational attainment, marital status, citizenship, occupation,
etc. The examiner asks these types of questions to ascertain the
 worktext on polygraphy 63

subject’s normal pattern of response by eliminating the feeling

of apprehension.
Examples: Did you eat today?
Do you smoke?

2. Relevant Questions
These are questions pertaining to the issue under
investigation. They must be unambiguous, unequivocal and
understandable to the subject. They must all be related to one
issue or one criminal act. Relevant questions must be very
specific to obtain an accurate result. It is further classified
according to its stimulation effect when applied, namely:
a. Strong Relevant. It has an intense and specific
relationship to the crime or problem being
considered. This is intended to produce strong a
emotional response in guilty subjects.
Example: Did you steal Hazel’s watch?

b. Secondary or Weak Relevant. Questions that

concern some secondary elements of the crime
and deal mostly on guilty knowledge and partial
involvement.
Example: Do you know where the missing watch of
Hazel’s is now?

3. Control Questions
These questions compare the physiological response
to relevant questions about the crime with the response to
questions relating to possible prior misdeeds. These are also
questions designed to produce a response in the innocent
subject. According to the American Psychological Association,
this question is often used to determine whether certain criminal
suspects should be prosecuted or classified as uninvolved in
the crime. It is classified into the following;
a. Primary Control Questions – it is based on a known
lie. E.g. subject denying having done something,
64 worktext on polygraphy

which is verified, or known to be true would be a

good basis for the construction of control questions.
Example: Before reaching the age of 25, have you
ever stolen anything?

b. Secondary Control Questions – is of a more specified

in nature and is based upon another set of wrong
doings, which will enhance the opportunity for
responsiveness. Its scope includes up to present
period of examination.
Example: Have you stolen anything from this
locality?
In formulating the Secondary Control Questions, the
examiner, in the case of theft, asks the subject whether he
had stolen anything from the place of his employment but not
related to the offense under investigation.

4. Knowledge Questions
These are questions designed to prove whether the subject
possesses information regarding the identity of the offender or
location of evidence or facts of the case under investigation.
Example: Do you know who stole the watch of Hazel?

5. Evidence-Connecting Questions
This is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus his
attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend
to establish his guilt. In formulating these questions, the examiner
must secure information from the investigator on the availability of
evidence collected from the crime scene.
Example:
Were the footprints found outside of Hazel’s house yours?

6. Guilt-Complex Questions
This is specialized control question designed to safeguard
against mistaking relevant questions response and is based on
 worktext on polygraphy 65

a fictitious crime under investigation. The examiner, prior to

approaching the subject, must be certain that the fictitious crime
was never actually committed. The details of the question must
be specific enough that the guilty subject can be sure he did not
commit this particular offense.
Example: Did you steal the gold coin of Juan?

7. Symptomatic Questions
This is a question designed to detect and evaluate the presence
of outside issues, which may suppose responses to relevant
questions. As outside issue factor is present in the subject who
fears that he might be asked about another case in which he is
involved, but not the subject matter under investigation.

TEST TECHNIQUES IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

I. General Question Test
The general question test consists of a series of relevant questions
asked in a planned order. In general, questions are so arranged as to
make possible a comparison of responses to relevant questions with a
subject’s norm made during the answer of irrelevant questions.

A. REID AND INBAU RELEVANT – IRRELEVANT TECHNIQUE

John Reid developed the reviewed control question
consisting of a known lie incorporated into relevant and
irrelevant test. Reid’s control question represents a major
breakthrough in polygraph technique.
1. Irrelevant Question –
• Have you ever been called by the name Pedro?

2. Irrelevant Question –
• Do you drink water?

3. Weak Relevant –
• Were you in the vicinity of Jolina Walangdangal’s
house between 10:00 and 12:00 p.m. last night?
66 worktext on polygraphy

4. Irrelevant Question –
• Did you finish college?

5. Strong Relevant Question

• Did you steal the gold necklace of Jolina
Walangdangal?

6. Primary Control Question –

• Before reaching the age of 25, have you ever
stolen anything?

7. Irrelevant Question –
• Are you married?

8. Evidence Connecting Question –

• Were the fingerprints found in the jewelry box of
Jolina Walangdangal yours?

9. Knowledge Question –
• Do you know for sure who stole the gold necklace of
Jolina Walangdangal?

10. Secondary-Control Question –

• Have you ever stolen anything from this locality?

B. BACKSTER ZONE COMPARISON

Backster devised standardized technique incorporating
relevant/irrelevant questions, to identify any outside issue factor
that might interfere with the test, conceived the psychological
set theory and the anticlimax dampening concept, which form
a basis of his zone of comparison.
1. Irrelevant Question

2. Sacrifice Relevant Question

3. Symptomatic Question
 worktext on polygraphy 67

4. Control Question

5. Strong Relevant Question

6. Control Question

7. Strong Relevant Question

8. Symptomatic Question

9. Guilt Question

10. Weak Relevant Question

11. S-K-Y Question

S-K-Y Question. These are three (3) questions
grouped together by Backster and used only on the third
chart in the zone comparison test.They are designed
to confirm the previous charts and detect indirect
involvement or guilty knowledge.
• “S” stands for suspect
• “K” stands for know
• “Y” stands for you.

B. QUADRI-ZONE COMPARISON
Provide mechanism for the identification of “inside issue”
factors that adversely affect the control question, permitting
timely corrective measures.
1. Irrelevant Question – neutral

2. Relevant Question – weak

3. Symptomatic Question –

4. Control Question – strong

5. Relevant Question – strong

6. Control Question – strong

7. Relevant Question – strong

68 worktext on polygraphy

8. Control Question – variable strength

9. Relevant Question – variable strength

10. Symptomatic Question

11. Relevant Question – weak

C. QUINQUE-ZONE COMPARISON
A degradation of the Quadri-Zone Comparison technique
in that three relevant questions are included in the test instead
of the usual two relevant questions; all of the control questions
found in the QZC technique plus one additional control question
to compare against the third relevant question.
1. Irrelevant Question – neutral

2. Relevant Question – medium strength

3. Symptomatic Question –

4. Control Question – strong

5. Relevant Question – strong

6. Control Question – strong

7. Relevant Question – strong

8. Control Question – strong

9. Relevant Question – strong

10. Relevant Question – medium strength

11. Relevant Question – variable strength

12. Symptomatic Question

13. Relevant question – weak

There are hundreds of test techniques or sequences at present

and there is no standard format or technique. The choice rests on
the discretion of the examiner considering what is appropriate for the
 worktext on polygraphy 69

situation. In the United States, almost every agency using polygraph

has their own sequences. The following are some of the new and
familiar sequences;

THE REID CQT QUESTION SEQUENCE

1. Irrelevant: Is today Tuesday?

2. Irrelevant: Are you sitting down?

3. Relevant: Did you rob the Quick Mart last night?

4. Irrelevant: Do you sometimes watch TV?

5. Relevant: Did you use a gun to rob the quick mart last
night?

6. Comparison: Have you ever stolen anything?

7. Irrelevant: Is your name Bob?

8. Relevant: Did you take money from the cash register at

Quick Mart last night?

9. Relevant: Did you drive the getaway car at the Quick Mart
last night?

10. Comparison: Have you ever cheated anyone?

BACKSTER ZCT QUESTION SEQUENCE

1. Irrelevant: Is today Tuesday?

2. Sacrifice Relevant: Regarding whether you robbed the

Quick Mart last night, do you intend to answer truthfully
each question about that?

3. Outside Issue: Do you believe me when I say that I won’t

ask you a question we have not already reviewed?

4. Probable Lie: Before 1997, did you ever steal from a place
where you worked?
70 worktext on polygraphy

5. Relevant: Did you rob the Quick mart at Fourth and Main
last night?

6. Probable lie: Before age 27, did you ever cheat someone
who loved and trusted you?

7. Relevant: Did you use a gun to rob the Quick Mart at

Fourth and Main last night?

8. Outside Issue: Are you afraid I will ask you a surprise

question even though I told you I would not?

UTAH PLT SINGLE-ISSUE QUESTION SEQUENCE

Introductory: Do you understand that I will ask only the
questions we have discussed?

Sacrifice Relevant: Regarding whether you robbed the Quick

Mart last night, do you intend to answer all the questions
truthfully?

Neutral 1: Do you live in the United States?

Control 1. Probable lie: During the first 27 years of your life,

did you ever take something that did not belong to you?

Relevant 1: Did you rob the Quick mart at Fourth and Main
last night?

Neutral 2: Is your name Rick?

Control 2. Probable lie: Prior to 1987, did you ever do anything

dishonest or illegal?

Relevant 2 : Did you use a gun to rob the Quick Mart at Fourth
and Main last night?

Neutral 3: Were you born in the month of November?

Control 3: Probable lie: Before age 27, did you ever lie to get
out of trouble or to cause a problem for someone else?

Relevant 3: Did you rob the cashier at the Quick Mart at

Fourth and Main last night?
 worktext on polygraphy 71

UTAH PLT MULTIPLE-ISSUE QUESTION SEQUENCE

Introductory: Do you understand that I will ask only the questions we
have discussed?

Sacrifice Relevant: Regarding whether you robbed the Quick Mart

last night, do you intend to answer all the questions truthfully?

Neutral 1: Do you live in the United States?

Control 1. Probable Lie: During the first 27 years of your life, did you
ever take something that did not belong to you?

Relevant 1: Did you rob the Quick Mart at Fourth and Main last night?

Relevant 2: Did you use a gun to rob the Quick Mart at Fourth and
Main last night?

Control 2. Probable lie: Prior to 1987, did you ever do something

dishonest or illegal?

Relevant 3: Did you take the money from the cash register at the
Quick Mart at Fourth and Main last night?

Relevant 4: Did you participate in anyway in the robbery of the Quick

Mart at Fourth and Main last night?

Control 3: Probable lie: Before age 27, did you ever lie to get out of
trouble or to cause a problem for someone else?

Neutral 2 : Were you born in the month of November?

UTAH DLT QUESTION SEQUENCE

Introductory: Do you understand that I will ask only the questions we
have discussed?

Sacrifice Relevant: Regarding whether you robbed the Quick Mart

last night, do you intend to answer all the questions truthfully?

Neutral 1: Do you live in the United States?

Control 1. Directed lie: During the first 27 years of your life, did you
ever tell even one lie?

Relevant 1: Did you rob the Quick Mart at Fourth and Main last night?
72 worktext on polygraphy

Relevant 2: Did you use a gun to rob the Quick Mart at Fourth and
Main last night?

Control 2. Directed lie: Prior to 1987, did you ever break even one
rule or regulation?

Relevant 3 : Did you take the money from the cash register at the
Quick Mart at Fourth and Main last night?

Relevant 4. Relevant: Did you participate in any way in the robbery

of the Quick Mart at Fourth and Main last night?

Control 3. Directed lie: Before age 27, did you ever make even one
mistake?

Neutral 2 : Were you born in the month of November?

II. SUPPLEMENTARY TEST

A. Peak of Tension Test
This type of test is only made possible when there is no
widespread publicity about a crime where details as to the
method of the commission of certain facts of the case are only
known by the perpetrator, the victim, and the investigator. It is
answerable by NO only.

B. Guilt Complex Test

This test is applied when the response to relevant and control
questions are similar in degree and consistency and in a way
that the examiner cannot determine whether the subject is
telling the truth or not.

C. Silent Answer Test

This test is conducted in the same manner as when relevant,
irrelevant and control questions are asked, but the subject is
instructed to answer the questions silently, to himself, without
making any verbal response.

D. Card Test

E. Mixed Question Test

F. The “yes” Test

 worktext on polygraphy 73

OTHER KNOWN TEST TECHNIQUES

• Arther Known Lie MGQT Test
• Arther Specific Accusation MGQT Test
• Backster “SKY” Zone Comparison Test
• Backster “You Phase” Zone Comparison Test
• Canadian Zone Comparison Test - “A” and “B” Series
• Concealed Information Test
• DODPI “You Phase” Bi-Zone Comparison Test
• DODPI Zone Comparison Test
• General Questions Test
• Gordon Integrated Zone Comparison Test
• Guilty Knowledge Test
• Keeler Technique
• Marcy MGQT Technique
• Matte Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique
• Matte Quinque Zone Comparison Technique
• Military Primary/Secondary Series Technique
• Modified Zone of Comparison Technique with SKY Series
• Modified General Questions Test (MGQT)
• Army Version
• Air Force Version
• Navy CIS Version
• U.S. Secret Service Version
• Modified Relevant-Irrelevant Technique (MRI)
• Musser Balanced Flexibility Test
• Peak of Tension Test
• Positive Control Technique
• Reid MGQT Technique
• Test for Espionage & Sabotage (TES)
• Utah Zone Comparison Test
• Bartlett Version
• Honts/Raskin Version
 worktext on polygraphy 75

Chapter 4 Exercise

Name: Score:
Schedule: Date:

Multiple Choice. Encircle the correct answer

1. All the following statements are rules to be followed in question

formulation, which one is not?
a. Questions must be simple and direct.
b. It must involve legal terminologies
c. It must be answerable by “yes” or “no”
d. It must not be in the form of accusation.

2. What question is asked to ascertain the subject’s normal pattern of

response by eliminating the feeling of apprehension?
a. Irrelevant question c. Control question
b. Relevant question d. Knowledge question

3. What is the basis of formulating control questions?

a. Prior misdeeds c. Fictitious events
b. Future misdeeds d. true events

4. These are questions designed to prove whether the subject

possesses information regarding the identity of the offender or
location of evidence.
a. Irrelevant question c. Control question
b. Relevant question d. Knowledge question
76 worktext on polygraphy

5. This is a specialized control question designed to safeguard against

mistaking relevant questions response and is based on a fictitious
crime.
a. Evidence-Connecting Questions
b. Guilt-Complex Questions
c. Symptomatic Questions
d. Knowledge question

6. What question is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus

his attention on the probability of incriminating proof?
a. Evidence-Connecting Questions
b. Guilt-Complex Questions
c. Symptomatic Questions
d. Knowledge question

7. Which of the following tests consist of a series of relevant questions

asked in a planned order?
a. Supplementary test c. General Question Test
b. Polygraph test d. Secondary Question Test

8. This test is applied when the response to relevant and control

questions are similar in degree and consistency.
a. Peak of Tension Test c. Mixed Question Test
b. Silent Answer Test d. Guilt Complex Test

9. These questions compare the physiological response to relevant

questions about the crime with the response to questions relating
to prior misdeeds.
a. Irrelevant question c. Control question
b. Relevant question d. Knowledge question
 worktext on polygraphy 77

10. What is considered as the stimulus for the subject to react during
polygraph examination?
a. Fear c. Emotion
b. Questions d. Polygraph

Reflection
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

 worktext on polygraphy 79

CHAPTER 5
CONDUCT OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Comprehend the required characteristics of a subject
deemed fit for polygraph examination;
• Name the factors responsible for the errors in the
conduct of polygraph examination;
• Point out the qualities of an effective polygraph
examiner;
• Indentify the responsibilities of a polygraph examiner
to his subject;
• Demonstrate the four phases involved in the conduct
of polygraph examination; and,
• Apply the signs and symbols used in chart marking
during the conduct of polygraph examination.

Introduction
Before the actual conduct of polygraph examination, the examiner
should consider a lot of things. First is to ensure that the subject is
in a good condition. The examiner should also make sure that the
instrument is working properly as well as the choice of a suitable
environment to conduct the examination. In addition, the examination
should follow certain procedures to help an ensure accurate and
reliable result. Any errors during the conduct of polygraph examination
will affect the interpretation of the result.
80 worktext on polygraphy

IDEAL POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION ROOM

Whenever possible to do so, a specially equipped and furnished
room should be set aside for polygraph examinations. It must have one-
way mirror and a concealed microphone so that a person or persons
in the observation room may hear as well as see what occurs in the
examination room.
• It must be spacious for two persons.
• It must be well-lighted.
• It must not be decorated.
• It must be 90% sound proof.
• Must be well-ventilated.

Figure 15. Outline of an Ideal Polygraph Examination Room

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

1. To ascertain if a person is telling the truth by verifying
statement or comparing conflicting statement.
2. Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of an
offense.
 worktext on polygraphy 81

3. Locate fruits or tools of the crime or whereabouts of wanted

person.
4. Eliminate innocent suspects, which is the most important.

LIMITATIONS OF THE POLYGRAPH

1. It is an invaluable aid but never a substitute for an
investigation.
2. It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts; it records responses to what the
subject knows to be true.
4. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.

CONDITIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO BE CONSIDERED FIT FOR

POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. The subject must have a good night sleep prior to the test.
2. Subject must refrain from smoking for at least 2 hours
before the test.
3. Must be free from physical and sexual abuse.
4. The subject must not be interrogated for a prolonged period.
5. Must refrain from the use of alcohol and drugs for at least
12 hours prior to the test.
6. Subject must not be hungry.
7. Must not be suffering from illness, fever, cold, cough,
allergy, etc.
8. Must not be highly nervous.
9. Female subject must be free from menstrual cycle.
10. He/she must not have sex indulgence prior to the test.

SUBJECT/EXAMINEE- refers to the person undergoing polygraph

examination.
82 worktext on polygraphy

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE SUBJECT

1. To be informed of his right to remain silent.
2. Right to have a competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice.
3. Has the right against self- incrimination.

PURPOSE OF TAKING WRITTEN STATEMENT OF CONSENT

1. The examiner has legal basis that no human violation is
committed.
2. That the subject voluntarily submitted himself to undergo a
polygraph examination.
3. It is an armed against harassment.

FACTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ERRORS OF

POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. Nervousness experienced by a subject who is telling the
truth.
2. Physiological abnormalities, high blood pressures, and
disease of the heart.
3. Mental abnormalities
4. Unresponsiveness in a living/guilty subject because of no
fear of detection, ability to control response by means of
certain mental sets of attitudes.
5. Attempt to “beat the machine” by controlled breathing or by
muscular flexing.

QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

1. Technically, he must have a complete knowledge of the
instrument and its capabilities and limitations; the most
modern polygraph technique; proficiency in the conduct of
polygraph examinations; test construction; and chart study
and research.
 worktext on polygraphy 83

2. Morally, he must have a sincere desire to be a polygraph

examiner in its strictest sense, by devoting himself to the
polygraph profession through maintenance of high personal
integrity and increasing personal proficiency through
constant study and research.
3. He constantly bears in mind his primary obligation to his
subject, that is to afford him all possible safeguards against
errors and must never accept for a polygraph examination,
any subject who is not physically or mentally fit.
4. He must be an impartial seeker of truth by conducting the
examination in a professional and ethical manner, and never
allow prejudice to influence the result of the examination.

EXAMINER/POLYGRAPHIST. The person conducting the polygraph

examination.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR TO THE SUBJECT

In asking the subject involved in a criminal case under investigation
to take the polygraph test, the investigator should:
1. Learn enough about the polygraph so that he can speak
openly and freely to the person about the test. The subject
may know very little or may have been misinformed about
it.
2. Not reveal details of an offense which maybe utilized in the
application of a “peak of tension”.
3. Suggest the test as a means to indicate the subject’s
innocence.
4. Stress the test’s capability of indicating whether a person is
telling the truth through the recorded responses.
5. Assure the subject that the examiner is qualified and
impartial to all persons involved in the case.
6. Avoid any claim for the instrument or examiner that is not
backed by facts.
84 worktext on polygraphy

RESPONSIBILITIES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINER TO HIS SUBJECT

1. A polygraph examiner recognizes the fact that his primary
responsibility must be on the person who has voluntarily
submitted himself for the polygraph examination.
2. He should always advise the subject of his constitutional
rights against self-incrimination before conducting any
examination.
3. He should see to it that the instrument he utilizes is in
good working condition and that he makes permanent
simultaneous recording on cardiovascular and respiratory
changes.
4. He should first administer at least two or more charts before
rendering a conclusive verbal or written opinion based on
chart analysis.
5. He should be familiar with the techniques and procedures
employed before offering any testimony concerning the
charts or conclusions presented by another examiner.

FOUR PHASES INVOLVED IN THE CONDUCT OF

POLYGRAPH TEST
A. Initial interview with the Investigator
The polygraph examiner formulates test questions based
on information obtained from the investigator. Question
formulation depends largely upon detailed and accurate
information regarding available facts and circumstances that
form the basis for the suspicion or accusation directed against
the subject. Unless the examiner is fully informed about the
case, he will not be in a position to conduct an adequate pre-test
interview with the subject during which, appropriate questions
to be asked are formulated.

This phase includes:

1. Acquiring and evaluating the facts.
2. Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked.
3. The investigator must furnish the examiner the
following:
 worktext on polygraphy 85

a. Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and

victim/complainant;
b. Incident report;
c. Background Investigation (BI) of suspects,
witnesses, and victim/complainant; and,
d. Rough sketch or pictures of the scene and other
facts such as:
• specific article and the exact amount of
money stolen,
• a peculiar aspect of the offense or any
strange set,
• the exact time the offense was committed,
• known facts about the suspect’s action or
movement,
• facts indicating any connection between the
suspects, victim, and witnesses,
• the exact type of weapon or tools use, and,
• laboratory test.

B. Pre-Test Interview
The pre-test interview is conducted between the examiner and the
subject.
One of the objectives of this phase is to condition the subject
before the actual examination. In addition, the examiner should not
hold back any information from the subject about the instrument and
its attachment or recording. This will serve to increase a lying subject
concerned over possible detection.
The examiner should be friendly to the subject, but reserve during
the pre-test interview. No accusatory approach is made in this phase.
The subject himself is usually the best source of information about his
behavior. The primary purpose of the pre-test interview is to prepare or
condition the subject for the test. This phase includes:
1. The appraisal of subject’s constitutional right;
86 worktext on polygraphy

2. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo polygraph test by

signing statement of consent;
3. The taking of personal data of the subject;
4. Determine the suitability as a subject;
5. Clinical observation of the subject;
6. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject;
7. Informing the subject of his involvement of the offense;
and,
8. To obtain his written consent, this must be voluntarily
and freely given.
The pre-test interview is very essential. The success of polygraph
test greatly depends on the rapport existing between the examiner and
his subject. During this period, attachment of the polygraph parts is
made with a brief explanation of the function of each accessory.

C. Conduct of Instrumentation or Actual Test

After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed
to place the attachment of polygraph components on the
subject. In practice, the first to be attached is the Pneumograph,
followed by the Cardiograph and the Galvanograph. Review
all the questions being prepared with the subject before the
actual examination is made. The examiner should discourage
any lengthy comments or statement by the subject respecting
the matter of incident under investigation or his disclaimer of
responsibility for it.
The instrument and polygraph technique and procedure
have a strong psychological effect upon a guilty suspect in
inducing him to confess. Confessions are sometimes given at
a mere suggestion of the test, upon seeing the instrument,
after attaching the instrument but before the actual test was
commenced, and immediately after the test was terminated.
Test instruction is given to the subject. Any movement
of the body will have an effect on the results on the chart paper.
The answer of the subject is limited to YES or NO in order
to avoid distortion of tracing on the chart. Confession and or
admission before the actual examination, during or just after
 worktext on polygraphy 87

polygraph examination is admissible as court evidence and the

examiner may testify about it.

D. Post Test
After the polygraph examiner has established the guilt
of his subject from the chart that was taken, he employs an
interrogation technique to secure an admission or confession.
Procedure is as follows:
• Inform the subject that he cannot be cleared from his
chart
• Convince the subject that the responses were created
due to his own emotions and not by mechanical
manipulation by the examiner.
• Use persuasiveness, sympathetic attitude and
perseverance in eliciting admission or confession.
• Pointed out recorded reactions with a brief explanation
of their significance as an objective, a concrete and
tangible evidence that the eye can see and the mind can
easily grasp.

Figure 16. Arrangement of Tracings in the Chart

88 worktext on polygraphy

CHART MARKING
To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of test results or
charts, markings are made with the use of signs and symbols. When
using the digital polygraph, the examiner should be familiar with the
commands in order to make these markings. For the analog polygraph,
the examiner directly indicates the markings on the paper chart. Chart
marking is required to enable the examiner to determine the following:
• Exact time the test commenced and terminated;
• Initial and final blood pressure;
• Particular point where each question was asked started and
ended, corresponding identification of the question, and the
type and time of answer given by the subject;
• Any instruction or repetition of question made;
• Any movements, coughing or talking by the suspect or outside
destruction occurred; and,
• The mechanical adjustment made.
• Extraneous factors affecting test charts such as paper jams
• Chart number, the name of subjects, time, date and place
where examination was conducted.
•

Figure 17. A Sample Tracing from a Digital Polygraph

 worktext on polygraphy 89

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN CHART MARKING

1. X
a. X indicates the beginning or start of the test.
b. Inform the subject that the test is about to begin
c. X is placed on the cart below the cardio tracing
d. Wait for 15 to 20 seconds before asking the first question
in order to record the normal pattern of the subject.

2. XX
a. XX indicates the end or ending of the test
b. Mark XX below the cardio tracing
c. Inform the subject that the test is about to end by giving
the subject instruction to sit properly, the test is about
to end, blood pressure cuff will be released in a moment
and deactivate the instrument after 10 seconds without
stimulus insertion.

3. / //
a. When a question is asked, a vertical line is placed on
the chart below the cardio tracing.
b. The single vertical line indicates the beginning of the
question and the double lines indicate the ending of the
question.

4. Question Numbering
a. Extreme care should be made to ensure that the correct
question number is used to identify the question asked
and to prevent misinterpretation of the test charts.
b. The numbering of the question on the chart can be done
between the stimulus mark, either below or to the right
of the stimulus marking.
90 worktext on polygraphy

5. +(plus), -(minus), and No sign

a. Plus sign (+) indicates that the subject answer the
question with YES, minus sign (-) indicates that the
answer is NO. No sign should be placed when the
subject fails to answer.
b. Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number
of the question.

6. __________________ T
a. Talking by the subject other than the YES or NO,
indicate at the point subject starts to talk and again
where the subject stopped talking.
b. Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number
of the question.

7. C – cough
a. Indicate on the chart letter C below the pneumo tracing
where the break is shown if the subject is coughing.
b. It can cause a sharp ring in the galvo and a break on a
cardio pattern, depending on its intensity.

8. M or M___________M
a. indicate letter M for movements, and it should be placed
exactly above any break in tracings.
b. Prolong movement is indicated with the first M when
movement is noticed and second M when the movement
stopped and draw a horizontal line between the two Ms
to determine the length of the movement.

9. I or I
The mechanical adjustment is done only when
necessary and shall be preceded by an irrelevant
question and is indicated by an arrow either pointing
 worktext on polygraphy 91

up or down adjustment to a respective pattern where

the adjustment is made.

10. CT
CT is placed on the chart for clearing of throat, and is
frequently placed below the pneumo tracing, both galvo and
cadio tracings may be affected depending on its intensity.

11. OSN – outside noise

12. PJ – paper jam

13. CT – clearing of throat

14. OSN – outside noise

15. DB – deep breath

16. SN – sniff

17. MRH – movement of right hand

18. MLH – movement of left hand

19. Y – yawn

20. S- sigh
 worktext on polygraphy 93

Chapter 1 Exercise

Name: Score:
Schedule: Date:

Multiple Choice. Encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of a
polygraph examination room?
a. It must be well-lighted c. It must be decorated
b. It must be 90% sound proof d. Must be well-ventilated

2. Which of the following is the main objective of the polygraph

examination?
a. verify statement of the subject
b. eliminate innocent suspects
c. locate fruits of the crime
d. obtain additional investigative lead

3. The phase of the polygraph examination wherein the subject will be

informed of his rights and his written consent will also be taken.
a. actual polygraph examination c. post test interview
b. pre test interview d. initial interview
4. At present, the polygraph is a big help in what process?
a. investigation of cases c. examination of suspects
b. testimony in court d. conviction of offenders

5. What phase can the subject be conditioned or eased out of

nervousness before the conduct of polygraph?
a. initial interview c. pre test
b. post test d. actual examination
94 worktext on polygraphy

6. The examiner will try to elicit admission or confession from his

subject, this is under what phase of examination?
a. post test c. initial interview
b. actual examination d. pre test interview

7. What is the purpose of the pre-test interview?

a. find out if the subject really committed the crime
b. find out if the subject is innocent of the crime
c. condition subject psychologically
d. internal response of the subject

8. Which of the following best signifies that the polygraph examiner is

technically qualified to administer examination?
a. complete knowledge of the instrument
b. must be an impartial seeker of truth
c. a sincere desire to be a polygraph examiner
d. his primary obligation to his subject

9. Which of the following should be used as a mark if the answer of the

subject is NO?
a. + c. x
b. - d. /

10. This is a symbol used to indicate the end of the test

a. X c. single X
b. XX d. double XX
 worktext on polygraphy 95

Reflection
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 worktext on polygraphy 97

CHAPTER 6
CHART INTERPRETATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Demonstrate skill in identifying the specific responses
in the respiration, blood pressure, and perspiration;
• Demonstrate knowledge concerning the rules in chart
interpretation;
• Interpret the chart and come up with a conclusion
whether the subject is deceptive, truthful or result is
inconclusive; and,
• Prepare a Polygraph Examination Report following the
format used by PNP Crime Laboratory.

Introduction
Perhaps, the most difficult and delicate part of the polygraph
examination process is the interpretation of the test result. To correctly
understand the reactions of the subject reflected in the chart need vast
knowledge and skills on the part of the examiner. Furthermore, the
examiner must also see beyond the chart, which is to consider the
demeanor of the subject during the conduct of the examination. Many
of the errors occurring during the conduct of examination are due on
the part of the examiner.
98 worktext on polygraphy

THE CHART
The polygraph chart is the composite record of the pneumograph,
cardiograph, and galvanograph tracing from one series of questions.
The chart is ruled vertically to represent time element at an interval of
either in second, five second or ten-second divisions and horizontally
in fractions of a ¼ inch for amplitude measurements. There are three
heavy, evenly-spaced horizontal lines that serve as guidelines for the
three tracings. For analog polygraphs, the motor that pulls the chart
under recording pens has a constant speed of six to 12 inches per
minute. A single test may consist of three or more charts taken from
one series of questions.
The pneumograph tracing normally found at the top of the chart
is the record of a subject’s respiratory action during the questioning
process and is classified as normal or abnormal. The pneumograph
consists of inhalation and exhalation strokes with a normal amplitude
of ½ to ¾ inches. The normal cycle rate is from 14 to 18 breaths per
minute for adults. It may vary in persons of exceptional physical build,
condition, or respiratory defect. Classification of an abnormal cycle is
generally applied to those patterns that deviate from the normal cycle
established by the individual.

ARRANGEMENT OF TRACINGS
For beginners, it is first important to determine the location of
the tracings in the chart. Although modern polygraph can now record
five or six bodily responses, most polygraph at present detects changes
in the blood respiration, blood pressure, and galvanic skin resistance
or perspiration. The first two tracings starting on top of the chart are
the thoracic and abdominal breathing of the subject. This is followed
by the galvanic skin resistance recording and the bottom is the blood
pressure and pulse rate.

Figure 18. Location of Tracings in the Chart

 worktext on polygraphy 99

RULES IN EFFECTIVE CHART INTERPRETATION

In interpreting the chart, there are rules to be considered. These
rules will help ensure that the examination will be yielding the accurate
interpretation of the chart. The cardinal rule in chart interpretation is
that there must be specific responses and that the specific responses
must appear consistently in the same relevant questions in two or
more chart. The rules are the following;
1. There must be a specific response. Specific response is one
that is exhibited by the subject to a particular question
which is a deviation from his norm;
2. To be specific, it must form a deviation from the norm of
the subject;
3. It must appear in at least two test charts; and,
4. The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific
responses in the three tracings of the chart.
In addition, any deviation from the normal requires an explanation.

The accountability lies particularly with the examiner for

determining whether a change from normal is psychological or
physiological in nature. The terms False Positive and False Negative
are used to describe the errors made by the examiner in interpreting
the chart.
• False Positive – an erroneous decision that an
examinee is being deceptive when the examinee is
actually truthful.
• False Negative – an erroneous decision that an
examinee is being truthful when the examinee is in fact
actually being deceptive.
• Inconclusive result – this is the examiner’s required
diagnostic opinion when an examinee’s polygraph record
shows responses that are insufficient to determine the
truthfulness of deception.
100 worktext on polygraphy

OTHER FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED AS POSSIBLE

DECEPTION IN CHART EVALUATION
1. Distribution of reactions
2. Degree of reaction
3. Trend of gross curve
4. Rate of change of the curve
5. Latent period of reaction
6. Duration of reaction
PNEUMOGRAPH CHANGES THAT ARE INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION
1. Change in rhythm or regularity
2. Change in amplitude
3. Change in the inhalation / exhalation ratio
4. Notched or serrated inhalation / exhalation strokes
5. Change in baseline
6. Loss of baseline
7. Hyperventilation
8. Suppression
9. Respiratory block

Figure 19. Respiratory Block-Appear at the End of Exhalation

 worktext on polygraphy 101

Figure 20. Respiratory Block-Appear at the End of Inhalation

Figure 21. Suppression – Approaches But does not Quite Equal the
Typical Respiratory Blocks in A and B.

Figure 22. Staircase Suppression

102 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 23. Rise from the Baseline

CARDIO TRACINGS THAT ARE INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION

1. Increase or decrease in blood pressure
2. Increase or decrease in pulse rate
3. Increase or decrease in amplitude
4. Change in position or disappearance of diacritic notch
5. Extrasystoles– premature contraction of an auricle while the
fundamental rhythm of the heart is maintained.
 worktext on polygraphy 103

A. Rise from the baseline, B. Decrease in pulse amplitude, C. Less

dramatic form (obese subject), D. Dropped to baseline, E. Slow pulse,
F. Roller coaster shape
Figure 24. Cardio Tracings that are Indicative of Deception

A1. To much cuff pressure, A2. Deflation cuff pressure, B. Too high cuff
pressure, C. Blood pressure – pulse tracing of very obese, D. Presence
of bulge amplitude, E. Cuff pressure is too low reduce by lowering the
cuff pressure

Figure 25. Cardio Responses that are Non-Indicative of Deception

CARDIO RESPONSES NON-INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION

104 worktext on polygraphy

Consistently Irregular Relatively Small (described as Ectopic)

(Obese subject)

Figure 26. Cardio Responses that are Non-Indicative of Deception

E. Very slow pulse (described as vagotonic), exceptionally slow pulse,

G.Fluctuating level of the blood pressure (reflective of nervousness),
H. Occurrence of two dicrotic notches
Figure 27. Cardio Responses that are Non-Indicative of
Deception
GALVANIC TRACINGS THAT ARE INDICATIVE OF DECEPTIONS
1. Vertical rise at point of deception
2. Double saddle response
3. Long duration and/or degree of response following the point of
deception (change in galvo-activity)
4. Plunging galvo tracings
GALVANOGRAPH TRACINGS INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION

Figure 28. Decreases with Corneal Dehydration

 worktext on polygraphy 105

Figure 29. Increase with Corneal Hydration

HYDRATED CORNEUM DEHYDRATED CORNEUM

Figure 30. Related to Change in Height of Column of Sweat in
Corneal Portion of Duct

Figure 31. Indication of Response

106 worktext on polygraphy

Figure 32. Indication of On-Going Response

Figure 33. Plunging Pen at Stimulus

 worktext on polygraphy 107

Figure 34. Decreases with Corneal Dehydration

 worktext on polygraphy 109

Chapter 6 Exercise

Name: Score:
Schedule: Date:

Multiple Choice. Encircle the correct answer.

1. All the following are pneumograph tracings indicative of deception,

except:
a. Very slow pulse c. Suppression
b. Respiratory block d. Raise from the baseline

2. The cardinal rule in chart interpretation is that there must be specific

responses and the responses must appear consistently in the
same relevant questions in _______________.
a. two or more chart c. the chart
b. one or two chart d. all the chart

3. What is a specific response?

a. Response of the subject during polygraph examination
b. Response of the subject which is similar from his norm
c. Response of the subject to the question
d. Response of the subject which is a deviation from his norm

4. Which of the following refers to an erroneous decision that an

examinee is
being truthful when the examinee is, in fact, deceptive?
a. False true c. False negative
b. False positive d. False result
110 worktext on polygraphy

5. This is a symbol used to indicate the end of the test

c. X c. Y
d. XX d. YY

6. Which of the following is the best indication of deception?

a. changes in the blood pressure, respiration and GSR
b. failure of subject to answer the questions truthfully
c. simultaneous specific responses in the three tracings
d. when the subject voluntarily agreed to undergo examination

7. The cardio tracing that may indicate the presence of deception.

a. specific response
b. time interval in answering
c. degree of reaction
d. increase or decrease in blood pressure

8. All the following should be included in chart marking except:

a. any movements by the subject
b. chart number and name of subject
c. exact time the test commenced and terminated
d. personal data of the subject

9. An erroneous decision that an examinee is being deceptive when the

examinee is actually truthful.
a. False true c. False negative
b. False positive d. False result
 worktext on polygraphy 111

10. All the following statements are the rules to be followed in effective
chart
interpretation, except:
a. there must be specific response
b. subject must be truthful
c. it must appear in at least two test chart
d. none of the above

Reflection
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 worktext on polygraphy 113

REFERENCES

Abrams, S. Clinical psychologist, Kaiser Foundation, Permanente

Mental Health Clinic, Portland, Ore. Retrieved at http://
www.contact.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/
FORENSIC/PAGES/JFS10034J.htm

Allego, C. Polygraph and Criminal Investigation., College of Criminology,

University of Cebu City.

American Psychological Association (2004). The truth about lie

detectors. Retrieved at http://www.apa.org/research/action/
polygraph.aspx

Calang, V. Polygraph Lectuers. Criminology F.I.L.E Academy. Cebu

City, Cebu.

Lajom, F. Criminalistics. Rex Bookstore. Manila Philippines

Gapasin, E. Handbook in Polygraphy. Polygraph Technician. DCPO-

DS-PNPRCLOXI

Geronimo, N. Polygraphy. Polygraph Division, Crime

Laboratory, Camp Crame, Quezon City.

Guaza, G. Forms in the Conduct of Polygraph Examination. PNP-RCLO

XI. Ecoland, Davao City

Murray, K (2002). Handbook of Polygraph Testing. First Education.

Academic Press

Simon, J. (2015). Types of Polygraph Machines. Retrieved at http://

www.ehow.com/list_7626131_types-polygraph-machines.
html.
114 worktext on polygraphy

Solis, P. (1987). Legal Medicine. R.P Garcia Publishing Company.

Metro Manila Philippines

Pagnas, D., et al. Polygraphy. University of Baguio, Baguio City.

People of the Philippines vs. Amado Daniel. Supreme Court: G.R.

No. L-40330 November 20, 1978. Retrieved on September 8,
2014 at http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1978/nov1978/
gr_40330_1978.html

People of the Philippines vs. Armando Reanzares. G.R. No. 130656.

June 29, 2000. Retrieved on September 10, 2014 at http://
sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2000/june2000/130656.
html

People of the Philippines Vs. Jaime Carpo. G.R. No. 132676. April 4,

2001. Retrieved on September 8, 2014 at http://sc.judiciary.
gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/apr2001/132676.htm

People of the Philippines vs.  Pablo Adoviso. G.R. Nos. 116196-

97. June 23, 1999. Retrieved on September 8, 2014 at http://
sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/1999/jun99/116196_97.
htm

www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/polygraph/scheffer.html

http://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/

Factors Affecting Polygraph Examination Validity http://www.fas.

org/sgp/othergov/polygraph/ota/validity.html

PNP–Crime Laboratory Office XI. Ecoland, Davao City

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7737764
 worktext on polygraphy 115

APPENDICES

Sample Format of Background History

FACTS OF THE CASE OBTAINED FROM CASE INVESTIGATOR
EXTRACTED FROM THE INVESTIGATION REPORT OF SAN PEDRO
POLICE STATION, DAVAO CITY POLICE OFFICE.
BACKGROUND HISTORY OF POLY-012-2006
CASE: Alleged Robbery Hold-up
VICTIM: Mr. Daang Matuwid, a businessman employed as a
training instructor of a security and detective agency in
Davao City.
SUBJECT: Arnel Bangcado Batungbakal, a taxi driver
TIME/DATE OF COMMISSION OF CRIME: 0820 hrs. 27 September,
2007
PLACE: Along Bolton Street, Davao City
FACTS OF THE CASE:
The victim alleged that at about 0815 hrs of the same date, he
withdraw an amount of P 45,000.00 from the PCI Equitable Bank of
Davao City. That while on his way towards the University of Mindanao,
Bolton Street, Davao City, two men on board a red motor bike with
plate number DMC-2974 overtook the bicycle he was riding, then one
among the two motorcycle riding men pushed him down causing him
to fell down.
After which, using a bladed weapon, the back waist bag was cut
and taken from him resorted to his out of balance and caused injury
and torn his pants at the knee portion.
That after taking the money, the said person who he later known
as Mr. Arnel Batungbakal, the said perpetrator, board the motorbike
and sped-off towards Bolton Street direction.
The victim further alleged that he chased the suspects using his
bike. However, he never located the suspects. He then went to San
116 worktext on polygraphy

Pedro Police Station and reported what happened. There and then they
were able to board a patrol car and chase the suspects but to no avail.
The victim Daniel was of doubt in identifying the suspect Arnel
as the person who really robbed him but looks like similar; he cannot
recall the attire worn by the suspects because he was allegedly scared.
On the other hand, the suspect during interrogation denied
the accusation against him presenting alibis that were supported/
corroborated by other witnesses.
Mr. Batungbakal alleged that he was at the barber shop owned
by Leon Guerrero from 7:30 AM to 11:00 AM, same date, for his hair
cut. He just came to know of the incident while still at the shop through
the ICOM radio holder who is monitoring the 911 mobile activities.
By this alleged accusation of the victim and alleged alibi of the
suspect, these compelled the investigator to endorse the subject for
Polygraph test.
EXTRACTED BY:
RODOLF D. RENDER
Police Superintendent
 worktext on polygraphy 117

Sample Format of a Request for the Conduct of Polygraph Examination

Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Interior and Local Government
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
Davao City Police Office
Davao City
MEMORANDUM
FOR : Director, PNP Crime Laboratory
(Attn: C, Polygraph Section)
FROM : City Director
SUBJECT : Request for Polygraph Examination
DATE : September 20, 2007
1. Request conduct polygraph examination on the in person of
Arnel Bangcado Batungbakal.
a) NATURE OF CASE: Alleged robbery hold-up which
transpired
at Bolton St., Davao City sometime on
September 27, 2007.
b) VICTIM: Daang P. Matuwid
c) SUSPECT: Arnel Bangcado Batungbakal.
d) TDPO:
2. Further request furnish that this Office be furnished a copy of
examination result for our reference. .
3. For consideration

P/SSUPT. ROMEO N. JULIET
CITY DIRECTOR
118 worktext on polygraphy

Sample Format for the Personal Data of the Subject

PERSONAL DATA OF SUBJECT
NAME:__________________________________ AGE:______ SEX:____

ADDRESS:________________________________________
DATE OF BIRTH:________________CIVIL STATUS:______________
OCCUPATION:__________________EDUCATION:_______________
HOBBIES:__________________________________________
PREVIOUS EXAMINATION:_________________________________
PREVIOUS HOSPITALIZATION:________________________________
TIME SLEPT LAST NIGHT:____________________TIME WORK UP:______
LAST MEAL TAKEN:___________________________TIME:________________
PHYSICAL CONDITION:_____________________________________________
MEDICINE TAKE:___________________________________________________
DOSAGE:_____________________________ TIME:________________
DOCTOR’S COMMENT:______________________________________
WINE TAKEN:_____________ QUANTITY:______________ TIME:_________
COMPREHENSION:_________________________________________________
SUBJECT’S VERSION:______________________________________________
BEHAVIOR:
INITIAL INTERVIEW:_________________________________________
QUESTION INTERVIEW:_____________________________________
DURING TEST:
COOPERATIVE____UNCOOPERATIVE:_____BODY MOVEMENT_______
FAILED TO FOLLOW INSTRUCTION________EVASIVE TACTICS_______
AFTER THE TEST:
LEAVE THE ROOM IMMEDIATELY____INQUIRE ABOUT RESULTS___
WAIT FOR INSTRUCTION TO LEAVE______________
 worktext on polygraphy 119

REMARKS MADE:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

_____________________ ______________________
SUBJECT’S SIGNATURE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

Sample Format of Statement of Consent

POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Statement of Consent
In the presence of witnesses, whose signature below, my rights
against self-incrimination have been explained to me by the Polygraph
examiner of the PNP Crime Laboratory. He informed me that I have
the right to remain silent, that anything I say may be used as evidence
against me; that I have the right to a lawyer of my own choice or have one
appointed for me to be present while examination is being conducted in
connection with the investigation of Alleged Robbery Hold-up of which
I am a suspect. He further explained to me the nature of the Polygraph
Examination and the fact that I cannot be required to submit to said
examination without my consent.
Understanding my rights as stated above, I hereby voluntarily
without duress, coercion, unlawful influence, indictment, promise of
reward, clemency or immunity, submit to a Polygraph Examination
with/without the assistance of counsel this 09th day of October 2007.
Arnel Batungbakal
Examinee
WINTNESS/ES:
___________________
___________________
RODOLF D. RENDER
Police Superintendent
Examiner
120 worktext on polygraphy

Sample Format of Test Question

Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
Philippine National Police
REGIONAL CRIME LABORATORY OFFICE
Ecoland, Davao City

TEST QUESTION FOR ARNEL BANGCADO BATUNGBAKAL

1. Is your name Arnel Batungbakal?
2. Are you sitting now?
3. Do you have something to do with the robbery hold-up
that happened on the morning of 27 September, 2007
wherein one Daang Matuwid was the victim?
4. Are you a member of a taxi driver’s association?
5. Were you one of those person who held-up and robbed
Mr. Arnel Bangacado Y Batungbakal of P 45,000.00 on
September 27, 2006?
6. Before you reached 39 years of age, have you committed
any criminal offense punishable by law?
7. Are you a taxi driver at present?
8. On the morning of September 27, 2006 at about 8:15
AM, did you ride a motor bike?
9. Did you take an amount of P 45,000.00 from Daang
Matuwid?
10. While being a taxi driver, have you ever committed any
crime punishable by law?

1-3-2-5-4-6-7-8-9-10
1-2-5-6-4-3-7-8-10-9-5-6-8-10
 worktext on polygraphy 121

Sample Format of Polygraph Report

Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
Philippine National Police
REGIONAL CRIME LABORATORY OFFICE
Ecoland, Davao City
Polygraph Report No.
P-012-06
CASE: Alleged Robbery Holdup SUSPECT: Arnel
Bangcado Batungbakal V I C T I M :
Daang P. Matuwid

TIME AND DATE RECEIVED: 1005 Hrs. 04 October, 2006

REQUESTING PARTY/UNIT: Director

Davao City Police Office
Camp Leonor, Davao City

SPECIMEN SUBMITTED:
The person of Arnel Bangacado Batungbakal
XXX XXX
XXX

PURPOSE OF LABORATORY EXAMINATION

To determine truth or deception based on the emotional and
physiological responses of the above-named suspects to questions
relative to the case under investigation.
XXX XXX
XXX
122 worktext on polygraphy

FINDINGS:
Polygraph test charts taken from the above-named suspect
exhibited no specific responses of the above-named suspect to
questions relative to the case under investigation.

CONCLUSION:
The examiner is of the opinion the NO DECEPTION is indicative
on the test results of Arnel Licayan Batubalani – subject is telling the
truth.

REMARKS:
The original copy of this result is retained in this office for future
reference.

TIME AND DATE COMPLETED: 0935 Hrs. 10 October 2006

EXAMINED BY:
P/SUPT. RODOLF D. RENDER
Polygraph Examiner

NOTED/ APPROVED:
P/SUPT. MARIA N. MAKILING
Regional Chief