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A Review on Concrete Filled Steel Tubes Column

Conference Paper · December 2015

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Mustafa M Wagh Milind V Mohod

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A Review on Concrete Filled Steel Tubes Column
Mustafa M Wagh * Milind V Mohod
PG Student, Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Department
P.R.M.I.T&R Badnera, P.R.M.I.T&R Badnera,
Maharashtra, India Maharashtra, India
[email protected] [email protected]
Abstract: Concrete filled steel tube is gaining more popularity now a days in construction area.
Concrete filled steel tube is component with good performance resulting from the confinement
effect of steel with concrete and design versatility. Concrete-filled steel tubes are gaining
increasing prominence in a variety of engineering structures, with the principal cross-section
shapes being square, rectangular and circular hollow sections. Columns are designed to resist
the majority of axial force by concrete alone can be further economized by the use of thin walled
steel tube. The study about the behavior and the characteristics of CFST columns is the prime
need. This Paper present a review about the investigation done on behavior of concrete filled steel
tube columns by various researchers with reference to various codal provisions.
Keywords:Composite column, RCFST , CCFST, Design codes, seismic behavior, Cross section

1.0 INTRODUCTION noted here that mechanical andeconomical

benefits can be achieved if CFST columns are

C oncrete filled steel tubes (CFST) are Structural

member. CFST structure is atype of the
composite steel-concrete structures used
constructedtaking advantages of high-strength
materials. For example, high-strengthconcrete infill
contributes greater damping and stiffness to CFST
presently in civilengineering and consists of steel columnscompare to normal strength concrete.
tube and concrete core inside it. In which hollow Moreover, high-strength CFSTcolumns require a
steel section is filled with high strength concrete. smaller cross-section to withstand the load, which
Combiningthe advantages of both hollow structural isappreciated by architects and building engineers.
steel and concrete. Composite columns are New developments, including the use of high
structural members, which are subjected mainly to strength concrete and the credit of the enhanced
axial compressive forces and end moments. The local buckling capacity of the steel has allowed
general term ’composite column’ refers to any much more economical designs to evolve. The
compression member in which the steel element main economy achieved by using high strength
acts compositely with the concrete as shown in fig concrete in thin steel casings is that the structural
1. so that both elements contribute to the steel cost is minimized and the majority of the load
strength.[8] in compression is resisted by the high strength
concrete .However, bare steel or reinforced
Rectangular concrete filled steel tubes
concrete columns are still used more extensively
(RCFST) and Circular concrete filled steel tubes
than CFSTs due to the lack of knowledge and
(CCFST) are being used widely in realcivil
experience that Engineers have with CFST
engineering projects due to their excellent static structural systems.[11]
and earthquakeresistant properties, such as high
strength, high ductility and large energy absorption
capacity. Concrete filled steel tubes (CFST) are
also usedextensively in other modern civil
engineering applications. When they areused as
structural columns, especially in high-rise
buildings, the compositemembers may be
subjected to high shearing force as well as
moments underwind or seismic actions. It may be
* Corresponding Author
 design. The AISC-LRFD is based on the concept
of structuralsteel. The Eurocode 4, being a
dedicated code for composite construction,
combines the design approach of both structural
steelwork and reinforced concrete columns.
Different limitations on the compressive strength
ofconcrete, steel yield strength, diameter-to-
thickness ratio, steel ratio and confining coefficient
are prescribed in differentcodes.

Fig.1: Schematic view of concrete filled steel 1.3 Review on Behavior of Concrete filled steel
tube column. Tube

1.1 Advantage over Reinforced Concrete Artiomas Kuranovas, Douglas Goode,

Audronis Kazimieras Kvedaras, Shantong Zhong
1) The concrete infill is confined by the steel done analysis of 1303 specimens of CFST
tube. This confinement effect increases the experimental data. Test results are compared with
strength and ductility of the concrete core in EC4 provided method for determining the load-
steel tubes. bearing capacity of these composite elements.
Several types of CFSTs were tested: both circular
2) The concrete infill delays local buckling of the and rectangular cross-sections with solid and
steel tube. hollow concrete core with axial load applied
3) The combined capacity of the steel and without and with moment, with sustained load and
concrete significantly increases thestiffness preloading. For circular cross-section columns
and ultimate strength of CFST columns which there is a good agreement between the test failure
makes them very suitable forcolumns and load and the EC4 calculation for both short and
other compressive members. long columns with and without moment. For
rectangular cross-section columns the agreement
4) The steel tube serves as longitudinal is good except when the concrete cylinder
reinforcement and permanent formwork for strength was greater than 75 MPa, when many
the concrete core, which results in rapid tests failed below the strength predicted by EC4.
construction and significant saving in
materials. X.H. Dai et al The structural fire behaviour of
a series of concrete filled steel tubular stub
5) The steel tube can also support a columns with four typical column sectional shapes
considerable amount of construction and in standard fire. The selected concrete filled steel
permanent loads prior to the pumping of wet tube stub columns are divided into three groups by
concrete. equal section strength at ambient temperature,
equal steel cross sectional areas and equal,
1.2 Review of Design Codes
concrete core cross sectional areas. The
Different design regulations were produced temperature distribution, critical temperature and
for various cross-sections of CFST structures. fire exposing time etc. of selected composite
Different approaches and design philosophies columns are extracted by numerical simulations
have been adopted in different design codes using commercial FE package ABAQUS. Based
(Xinbo et al. 2006). In China, there are circular on the analysis and comparison of typical
CFST structure design regulation, square structure parameters, the effect of column sectional shapes
design regulation, rectangular structure design on member temperature distribution and structural
regulation, and circular hollow CFST structure fire behavioris discussed.
design regulation. In these regulations, the design
methods are different. In China and Japan, the Jerom Hajjar reported a review of the
standard for designing the composite columns is behavior of circular and rectangular concrete-filled
based on a simple method of superposition that steel tube beam-columns and braces, and
uses the allowable stresses of the materials or particularly focused on their behaviour when
then working stress method. ACI-318 adopts the subjected to cyclic seismic loading. He explained
traditional reinforced concrete approach. AS 3600- the monotonic behavior of CFTs subjected to
1994 also uses the concept of reinforced concrete axial, flexural, and torsional loading, summarizing
the effects of CFT behaviour including creep, Aritra Mandal conducted experimental study
shrinkage, composite action and residual stresses was conducted to understand the behavior of
Short Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns
Lin-Hai Hana,ZhongTab,Guo-Huang Yaob (CSFT) under axial compression to failure. An
had had used ABAQUS Programming in this analytical study was also done to compare with
paper for the analysis of CFST subjected to shear the experimental results. A total of 69 specimens
and constant axial compression. A comparison of (63 specimens were filled with concrete, 3
results calculated using this model shows good specimens were kept hollow and 3 specimens
agreement with the test results in general. The were only concrete) having different cross-
theoretical model was used to investigate the sections were tested to investigate the load
influence of important parameters that determine carrying capacity in particular and behavior as a
the ultimate shearing strength of the composite whole
members. The parametric studies provide
information for the development of formulae to Keigo TSUDA1, Chiaki MATSUI2 AndEiji
calculate the ultimate strength of CFST members MINO conducted tests onthe concrete filled steel
subjected to shear and constant axial square and circular tubular columns.The test is
compressionPreloading the steel tube before filling composed of two Series. In Series I, columns are
with concrete seems to have no effect on the subjected to concentric and eccentric axial force at
strength. This paper also presents the stress both ends. In Series II, columns are cantilever
distribution, confinement distribution and complete columns, and subjected to alternating horizontal
average longitudinal stress-strain curves for load under constant vertical load. As a main
concrete-filled steel tubular elements experimental parameter, buckling length - section
depth ratio of a column is selected. Strength and
Dr. B.R Niranjan, Eramma had made an behavior are examined, and design methods for
attempt to use this composite structural member slender composite columns are investigated.
as a column with a modification of flutes on the
steel tube which enhances the aesthetics and Spacone and El-Tawil presented a state of
development area of sheet by which the moment the art of nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete
of inertia gets increased by about 17 to 40 % for composite structures. The work was focussed on
rectangular flutes and 9 to 23 % for triangular frame elements, section models and fibber
flutes. Confining concrete by providing triangular models, with lumped and distributed inelasticity, as
and rectangular shape fluted steel tube has been well as models with perfect and partial
investigated by a well planned experimental work connections.
on twenty six concrete filled steel fluted columns
(CFSFC). The parameters chosen for the study J. Zeghichea, K. Chaouib had conducted
are (i) Geometry of the specimen - Triangular tests on 27 concrete-filled steel tubular columns
fluted columns (TFC) and rectangular fluted and result are reported. The test parameters were
columns (RFC) (ii) Different L/D ratios (size of the the column slenderness, the load eccentricity
columns) (iii) Longitudinal reinforcement. Three covering axially and eccentrically loaded columns
series of specimens having different L/D ratios, with single or double curvature bending and the
2500mm long have been tested with M20 grade of compressive strength of the concrete core. The
self compacting concrete (SCC). It is observed test results demonstrate the influence of these
that the load resistance is better in rectangular parameters on the strength and behaviour of
fluted columns as compared to the triangular fluted concrete-filled steel tubular columns. A
columns by 1.31 %, 1.05 % and 9.92% comparison of experimental failure loads with the
respectively for L/D ratio of 15, 20 and 25. The predicted failure loads in accordance with the
moment of inertia gets increased by about17% to method described in Eurocode 4 Part 1.1 showed
40% for RFC and 9% to 23% for TFC. good agreement for axially and eccentrically
loaded columns with single curvature bending
Shams and Saadeghvaziri presented the whereas for columns with double curvature
state of the art for concrete-filled steel tubular bending the Eurocode loads were higher and on
(CFT) columns including experimental and the unsafe side. More tests are needed for the
analytical work. They discussed the general case of double curvature bending.
response of CFT columns and the use of steel
jacketing. They also presented an overview of C. Douglas GoodeDennis Lam This paper
analytical work for CFTs, including a comparison compares concrete-filled steel tube columns and
between the different design codes. failure load with the prediction of Eurocode 4. The
comparison with Eurocode 4 is discussed and section geometries on the strength and behavior
shows that Eurocode 4 can be used with of concrete-filled compact steel tube circular stub
confidence and generally gives good agreement columns. The column strengths predicted from the
withtest results, the average Test/EC4 ratio for all FE analysis were compared with the design
tests being 1.11. The Eurocode 4 limitations strengths calculated using the American,
onconcrete strength could be safely extended to Australian and European codes. Based on the
concrete with a cylinder strength of 75 N/mm2 results of the parametric study, it is found that the
forcircular sections and 60 N/mm2 for rectangular design strengths given by the American
sections. Specifications and Australian Standards are
conservative, while those of the European Code
P.K. Gupta, S.M. Sarda, M.S. Kumar have are generally not much conservative.
donean experimental and computational study on
the behaviour of circular concentrically loaded Qing Quan Liang and Sam Fragomeni [2009]:
concrete filled steel tube columns till failure. Quin and Sam had presented accurate constitutive
Eighty-one specimens were tested to investigate models for normal and high strength concrete
the effect of diameter and D/t ratio of a steel tube confined by either normal or high strength circular
on the load carrying capacity of the concrete filled steel tubes. A generic fiber element model that
tubular columns. The effect of the grade of includes the proposed constitutive models of
concrete and volume of flyash in concrete was confined concrete was created for simulating the
also investigated. The effect of these parameters nonlinear inelastic behavior of circular CFST short
on the confinement of the concrete core was also columns under axial loading. The confinement
studied. Diameter to wall thickness ratio between effect provided by the steel tube with a concrete-
25 < D/t < 39, and the length to tube diameter ratio filled steel tubular (CFST) short column increases
of 3 < L/D < 8 was investigated. Strength results of the strength of the concrete core. The generic fiber
Concrete Filled Tubular columns were compared element model developed was verified by
with the corresponding findings of the available comparisons of computational results with existing
literature. Also a nonlinear finite element model experimental data. Extensive parametric studies
was developed to study the load carrying were conducted to inspect the accuracy of various
mechanism of CFTs using the Finite Element code confining pressure models and the effects of
ANSYS. This model was validated by comparison
of the experimental and computational results of 1. The tube diameter-to-thickness ratio,
load–deformation curves and their corresponding 2. Concrete compressive strengths and
modes of collapse. From the experimental and
computational study it was found that for both 3. Steelyield strengths
modes of collapse of concrete filled tubular
On the fundamental behavior of circular
columns at a given deflection the load carrying CFST columns. A new design formula accounting
capacity decreases with the increase in % volume for concrete confinement effects was also
of flyash up to 20% but it again increases at 25%
proposed for circular CFST columns.
flyash volume in concrete.
It is demonstrated that the generic fiber
Dennis Lam, EhabEllobod and Ben Young element model and design formula adequately
[2005]: The behavior and design of axially loaded forecast the ultimate strength and behavior of
concrete-filled steel tube circular stub columns axially loaded CFST columns and can be used in
were presented. The study was carried over a the design of normal and high strength CFST
wide range of concrete cube strengths ranging columns.
from 30 to 110 MPa. The external diameter of the
steel tube-to-thickness (D/t) ratio ranged from 15 Paul J. Barr, Baochun Chen and ZhijingOu
to 80. An accurate finite element model was [2011]: An experimental and analytical
developed to carry out the study. Accurate investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST)
nonlinear material models for concrete and steel laced columns was carried out. The columns
tubes were used. The column strengths and load– consist of four concrete-filled steel tubes which are
axial shortening curves were evaluated. The laced together. A total of 27 experimental tests
results obtained from the FE analysis were verified was carried out to quantify the column failure
against experimental results. An extensive mechanism at ultimate loads. The experiments
parametric study was carried out to investigate the were performed to obtain the load-deflection
effects of different concrete strengths and cross- curves. Experimental results showed that the
compression force in the longitudinal members behavior of CFST according to its different cross
dominated the failure mechanism in the CFST section like rectangular and circular which are
columns. The forces in the lacing members more popular in design field. From the review of
(diagonal and horizontal bracing) were found to be literature its shows CFST columns provide
small. The experimental study was used to excellent seismic event resistant structural
validate an analytical parametric study. The properties such as high strength, high ductility and
analytical study showed that increasing large energy absorption capacity.
slenderness ratios and eccentricities reduced the
ultimate load carrying capacity. On the basis of the These papers highlight the behavior of CFST
analytical results, a new methodology for under axial load concentric, eccentric, fire property
calculating the ultimate load-carrying capacity was of CFST and also discuss advantage of CFST
proposed. The proposed methodology was against RC column. According to literature major
compared with five different building codes like work is done on CFST is experimental still, there
AISC, Eurocode4 and china codes (DL/T 5085- is a need for numerical study to check the
1999, JCJ 01-89, CECS 28:90) to quantify the parameters which affect the ultimate strength. As
accuracy. there is not such work done about effect of cross
section of CFST an extensive work can be done
Yu-Feng A, Lin-Hai Han and Xiao-Ling Zhao for selecting appropriate cross section according
carried out test on the behavior of very slender, to loading and different region. As Indian standard
thin-walled concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) has not given any specification about Composite
columns under axial compression was studied by column there is further research in that field is
the authors. A finite element analysis (FEA) was needed.
used to carry out the behaviour of compressive
columns. Generally a good agreement was Reference
obtained between the predicted and calculated [1] Eurocode 4 (2004), Design of composite steel
results. The FEA model was then used to perform and concrete structures,Part1-1:General
analysis on very slender circular CFST columns. rules—structural rules for buildings. Brussels:
Parametric studies were conducted and the EN1994-1-1, CEN.
ultimate strengths from tested results and design
[2] American concrete Institute (ACI), Building
codes were compared and discussed. The
code requirements for structural concrete (ACI
reliability analysis method was used to calibrate
the existing design formulas given in DBJ/T13- 318-89) and commentary
512010, ANSI/AISC 360-05 and Eurocode 4. [3] Shams M., Saadeghvaziri M.A., "State of the
art of concrete-filled steel tubular columns", ACI
Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel (2012) carried Structural Journal 94 (5): 558-571 Sep-Oct
out experimental and numericalresearch on full- 1997.
scale high strength thin-walled rectangular steel
slender tubes filled with high strength concrete. [4] Hajjar J.F., "Concrete-filled steel tube columns
Experimental ultimate strengths and load- under earthquake loads", Prog. Struct. Engng
deflection responses of CFST slender beam- Mater. 2: 72-81, 2000.
columns were tested by independent researchers [5] Gourley, B.C., Tort, C., Hajjar, J.F., and
and used to verify the accuracy of the numerical Schiller, P.H., "A Synopsis of Studies of the
model. The verified numerical model was then Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior of Concrete-
utilized to investigate the effects of local buckling, Filled Steel Tube Beam-Columns", Structural
column slenderness ratio, and depth-to-thickness Engineering Report No. ST-01-4, Department
ratio, loading eccentricity ratio, of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota,
concretecompressive strengths and steel Minneapolis, Minnesota, Version 3.0,
yieldstrengths on the behavior of high strength December, 263 pp., 2001.
thinwalledCFST slender beam-columns.
[6] Spacone E., El-Tawil S., "Nonlinear analysis of
2.0 CONCLUSION steel-concrete composite structures: State of
the art", Journal of Structural Engineering -
This paper focus on study and research done ASCE 130 (2): 159-168 Feb 2004.
on Concrete filled steel tube. Now a days, many
research is going on designing aspect of CFST [7] C. Douglas GoodeDennis Lam., ―CONCRETE -
and behavior in different loading condition. A FILLED STEEL TUBE COLUMNS-TESTS
wide range of research has been done on COMPARED WITH EUROCODE 4‖
 [8] Darshika k. Shah, Merool D. Vakil, M.N.Patel,‖ Journal of constructional steel research
Behavior of Concrete Filled Steel Tube 73(2012) 117-127
Column‖ 2014 IJEDR | Volume 2, Issue 1 |
ISSN: 2321-9939 [18] Lin-Hai Hana,, Zhong Taob , Guo-Huang
Yaob.,‖ Behaviour of concrete-filled steel
[9] Artiomas Kuranovas, Douglas Goode, Audronis tubular members subjected to shear and
Kazimieras Kvedaras, Shantong Zhong,‖ Load- constant axial compression‖ Thin-Walled
Bearing Capacity of Concrete-Filled Steel Structures 46 (2008) 765–780
Columns‖ Journal of Civil Engineering And
Management March 2009 [19] J. Zeghichea, K. Chaouib.,‖ An experimental
behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular
[10] Keigo Tsuda, Chiaki Matsui and Eiji columns‖ Journal of Constructional Steel
MINO.,‖Strength And Behavior Of Slender Research 61 (2005) 53–66
Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns‖
[20] P.K. Gupta, S.M. Sarda, M.S. Kumar.,‖
[11] Aritra Mandal.,‖Concrete filled steel tube Experimental and computational study of
umder Axial Compression‖ concrete filled steel tubular columns under
axial loads‖ Journal of Constructional Steel
[12] Ehab Ellobody, Ben Young, Dennis Lam Research 63 (2007) 182–193
(2006). Behaviour of normal and high strength
concrete-filled compact steel tube circular stub [21] Yu-Feng An, L.-H. H.-L. (2012). Behaviour
columns.Journal of Constructional Steel and design calculations on very slender thin-
Research, 62,706–71. walled CFST columns. Thin-Walled Structures
, 161-175.
[13] Qing Quan Liang, S. F. (2009). Nonlinear
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Author’s Biography
short columns under axial loading. Journal of
Constructional Steel Research , 2186-2196. Mr. Mustafa M Wagh obtained
his B.E degree from Sant Gadge
[14] Zhijing Ou, B. C. (2011). Experimental and Baba Amravati University,
Analytical Investigation of Concrete Filled Amravati. He is pursuing post-
Steel Tubular Columns. JOURNAL OF graduation in Structural
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, 137, 634-645 Engineering from PRMIT&R,
[15] Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel, Qing Quan Badnera.
Liang and Muhammad N S Hadi (2012), ―High
Mr.Milind V. Mohod is currently
strength thin-walled rectangular concrete filled
Assistant Professor at Prof. Ram
steel tubular slender beamcolumns, PartI-
Meghe Institute of Technology
Modeling‖, Journal ofConstructional Steel
and Research, Badnera,
Research, Vol. 70, March, pp. 377-384.
Amravati. He obtained his BE
[16] Dr. B.R Niranjan, Eramma. H.,‖ Effect of degree from PRMIT&R,Badnera,
Shape of Cross-section and Its Performance SGBAU, Amravati University and
for Concrete Filled Steel Fluted Columns‖ M.Tech (Structural Engineering) from GCOE,
International Journal of Modern Engineering Amravati. He has presented and published
Research (IJMER) Vol.3, Issue.2, March-April. numerous research papers in several National
2013 pp-685-691 confernces, International Conferences and
Journals. His area of interest are related to
[17] X.H. Dai, D. Lam.,‖ Shape effect on the Structural Dynamics, Earthquake Engineering,
behaviour of axially loaded concrete filled steel Plate Analysis, Finite Element Method. He has an
tubular stub columns at elevated temperature‖ experience of 4.5 years.

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