Invest Like Warren Buffett

Powerful Strategies for Building Wealth

Second Edition

Matthew R. Kratter
www.trader.university
 Copyright © 2016 by Little Cash Machines LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the author ([email protected]).
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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Why Investing is Easier for You than Warren Buffett

Chapter 2: What a Not-So-Great Business Looks Like

Chapter 3: How to Spot a Great Business

Chapter 4: Sneaky Tricks for Identifying a Great Business from its

Financial Statements

Chapter 5: How Much to Pay for a High-Quality Business

Chapter 6: The Best Time to Buy Stocks

Chapter 7: How to Get Started Today Investing like Warren Buffett

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 Chapter 1: Why Investing is Easier for You than
Warren Buffett
back to top

Warren Buffett is the world’s greatest investor. He began his investment

career at the age of 11, buying $114 worth of stock. Seventy-three years later,
his net worth is almost $70 billion.

How did he do it?

And, more importantly, what can we learn from Buffett’s investment strategy
that we can use to make money for ourselves?

There are many things that Buffett does that you and I will never be able to
imitate. You and I will never purchase an insurance company and invest the
float. You and I will never get a phone call from Goldman Sachs, offering us
preferred shares with a 10% dividend yield.

On the other hand, the individual investor has many advantages over Buffett.
Buffett is currently sitting on over $50 billion in cash that he needs to put to
work. Because of the size of this cash pile, Buffett is limited to investing in
only the largest companies. And when he buys a stock, he needs to move
slowly, to avoid moving the market.

You and I can quickly buy almost any stock, without rumors swirling and
moving the price of the stock. We can buy stock in a company of any size,
from a micro-cap to a mega cap. We can buy the kind of smaller and faster-
growing companies that Buffett was able to buy in his early investing days,
but no longer. And we can sell our shares, if and when we choose.

In 1999, Buffett wanted to sell his shares of Coke, which were sporting a
lofty average P/E of 47. He was unable to sell for two reasons. One, he was
on the board of directors at Coke. Two, his position was too large to be able
to make a graceful exit.
You and I will never have these constraints. We are free to learn from the
best of Buffett’s investment insights, while operating under the radar.

I have studied Warren Buffett and his investments for over 20 years. I have
read all of his annual Berkshire letters. Over time, I have tried to distill
Buffett’s most valuable investing insights.

If I had to summarize Buffett’s main investment strategy in one sentence, it

would be this:

Buy shares in a few high-quality, well-run businesses at a fair price, and

then hold them forever.

Buffett has been preaching and teaching this investment philosophy for the
last 40 years. The secret is hidden in plain view. And yet so few investors
have put it into practice, even while they have watched Buffett’s wealth
compound year after year.

The strategy seems too simple to actually work.

Yet, as Buffett reminds us: “There seems to be some perverse human

characteristic that likes to make easy things difficult.”

And elsewhere: “I don’t look to jump over 7-foot bars; I look around for 1-
foot bars that I can step over.”

In this book, you will learn how to find those 1-foot bars, so that you can step
over them, too.

It’s not as exciting as jumping over 7-foot bars, but I hope that you will find
it even more financially rewarding.

To implement Buffett’s investment strategy, you must first learn how to spot
a high-quality business (covered in chapters 2, 3, and 4).

Next, in chapter 5, you will learn how much you should pay for a stock.
And finally, in chapter 6, you will learn about some of the best times to buy
stocks.

Before we move on, it is important to remember that for Buffett, stocks are
not just pieces of paper, or wiggles on a stock chart. Rather, they are
ownership interests in real-world businesses that entitle you to a share of the
present and future profits of those businesses.

When you purchase a stock, you become a part-owner in that business.

After you purchase a stock, it may move up, or it may move sharply down.
Your ownership and your share of the profits and dividends remain, no matter
what happens to the stock price.

If the business continues to do well over time (and provided that you paid a
reasonable price for your shares), you will make money.

It is now time to learn what constitutes a high-quality business.

 Chapter 2: What a Not-So-Great Business Looks
Like
back to top

For Buffett, the world is divided into 2 kinds of businesses:

1. Great businesses
2. Everything else

Buffett believes that you should spend most of your time focusing on the
former, and ignoring the latter. Time and money are too valuable to waste on
researching or investing in a sub-par business.

To understand what constitutes a great business, it might help to first think

about what a not-so-great business looks like.

Staples (paper fasteners).

Have you ever thought about the design of the staples in your stapler? Do you
have a favorite brand of staples? Do you lay awake at night thinking about
when staples 2.0 are going to be released?

Probably not.

When you’re at the office supplies store, or on Amazon, you probably buy
whatever is available and cheapest.

Staples are a commodity. Lots of different companies make them, but none of
those companies really stand out. Have you ever heard of SwingLine,
Advantus, PaperPro, Max, or Rapid? I didn’t think so.

Manufacturing staples is a price-competitive business. The manufacturer that

can produce them at the lowest cost will gain market share. If someone
figures out how to make a cheaper staple, the majority of the cost savings will
be passed on to the customer.

Staples for paper staplers are made from zinc-plated steel wires that are glued
together. The cost of making them is determined by the materials (zinc, steel,
glue) and labor (China, Philippines). Whoever can procure the cheapest
materials and the cheapest labor will be able to produce the cheapest staples.

I cannot prove it, but I would guess that staples, on an inflation-adjusted

basis, have actually gone down in price over time. The price of the raw
materials has gone up, but the efficiency of the machines that make them has
probably compensated for it (the first staples were probably made by hand).

This is what a not-so-great business looks like. It produces a commodity

product in a highly fragmented and competitive marketplace. The company
has little to no brand recognition, and no pricing power— any cost savings
end up accruing to the customer, rather than to the owner of the business.

Here is a list of industries that contain many price-competitive businesses:

semiconductor companies
gas and oil companies
steel producers
airlines
automobile manufacturers
producers of corn, wheat, rice
gold, silver, and aluminum mining companies
gas stations
restaurants (with a few notable exceptions like McDonalds,
Chipotle, etc.)
 textile manufacturers

You can see that most manufacturers tend to be not-so-great businesses.

There is a reason that Apple outsources most of its manufacturing, and
chooses instead to focus on technology, design, and marketing.

I should mention, of course, that there is nothing wrong with a not-so-great

business. They are often great places to work, they provide valuable and
necessary goods and services, and the modern economy could not function
without them.

However, we are thinking like owners now. We’re no longer employees- –

we’re Scrooge McDuck or Buffett. We want to own only businesses that will
maximize our profits over the long term.

It is extremely difficult to become wealthy owning a price-competitive

business.
 Chapter 3: How to Spot a Great Business
back to top

Now that we have a feel for not-so-great businesses, let’s turn to what a great
business looks like.

In a 1989 interview, Buffett reveals how he identifies great businesses:

“I look for simple businesses, with consistent performance, and favorable

long-term prospects.”

Let’s take some time to unpack what Buffett is saying.

First, a great business should be simple.

Another way of saying this is that you are able to understand what the
business does, and how it makes money. Some businesses that Buffett finds
simple (like insurance), you may not. And vice versa--Buffett rarely invests
in tech, but you may find some tech businesses simple to understand.

Before you invest in a company, you need to understand the products or

services that it provides. It is even better if you personally use and love the
company’s products or services. Many people have gotten quite wealthy by
buying Apple stock right after they got their first iPhone.

I could never understand exactly what Enron did, which helped me to avoid it
as an investment. It is easy to understand what a Coke or Starbucks does.

Second, a great business usually has excellent brand recognition. For

example, even my six-year old can identify Apple, Starbucks, Disney, and
American Girl (now a subsidiary of Mattel).

Without looking, you might not know the name of the company that makes
your stapler or staples. But you immediately recognize Coke, McDonalds,
Wrigley, Hershey’s, and Colgate, even if you don’t personally use their
products.

Great businesses occupy a significant slice of consumer mindshare. For

example, if someone says “fast food,” you probably immediately think of
McDonald’s, KFC, or Taco Bell. If someone says “running shoes,” you think
of Nike.

Third, a great business sells products or services that never go out of style,
and require very little updating. Fifty years ago, Coke was selling a certain
carbonated beverage, and fifty years from now it will still be selling the same
carbonated beverage.

Contrast this with a semiconductor company, which must reinvest most of its
profits into research and development to produce the next faster chip. Those
are profits which will not end up in the investor’s pocket.

When you are researching a company, ask yourself if the company was
selling the same product 10 years ago, and whether it will be selling the same
product 10 years from now.

Fourth, a great business will usually be one where the consumer needs to
purchase the product or service again and again.

You probably only buy a new car or a brand-new house a few times in your
life. Car manufacturers and homebuilders are usually terrible businesses
(Tesla is a discussion for another time and place).

But things like razor blades, fast food, gum, candy, coffee, toothpaste, and
soda are being continuously purchased and used up. If they are slightly
addictive (candy) to extremely addictive (coffee, cigarettes), so much the
better from the business owner’s perspective. I will leave each of you to
wrestle with any ethical implications. Personally, I would never own a
cigarette company, though I would own a coffee company.

Fifth, a great business has pricing power— the power to raise its prices
without large numbers of customers defecting. Strong brands make for
powerful and profitable businesses because they have pricing power. When I
want a Coke, I will buy a Coke. I have no interest in saving ten cents and
buying a generic cola. And in ten years from now, I will still be drinking
Coke, even though the price will have risen.

Inflation causes prices to rise over time. Because Coke is such a unique
product, the company is able to raise its prices right along with inflation,
without experiencing any drop-off in sales. Airlines, farmers, and
manufacturers are often unable to pass on their increased costs to the
consumer.

As Buffett says:

“The single most important decision in evaluating a business is pricing

power. If you’ve got the power to raise prices without losing business to a
competitor, you’ve got a very good business. And if you have to have a
prayer session before raising the price by 10 percent, then you’ve got a
terrible business.”

(2011 Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission)

Some businesses are able to raise their prices even faster than the rate of
inflation. When this happens, it is a gold mine for the owner. After Warren
Buffett purchased See’s Candies, he realized that the business had untapped
pricing power. If your wife loves See’s Candies, will you really go to a
competitor to buy her a box of Valentine’s candy, just because See’s price
has gone up from $1.95 to $2.25 (as it did in the 1970’s)?

Disney has discovered something similar in the last few years. They have
massively increased their admission costs at Disneyland, causing sticker
shock among parents. But, seriously, how do you say no to your six-year-old?
We never pay full price for our airplane tickets, but we always pay full price
at Disneyland. Clearly, Disney has pricing power, and you should own it over
an airline.
Buffett has come up with a very helpful metaphor that describes what a great
business looks like. A great business always has a “moat.” Just as a medieval
castle used a moat to passively defend itself from its enemies, a great
business will have a “durable competitive advantage” or “moat” that protects
it from its competitors.

A competitive advantage might include having a strong brand (Coke), having

an important patent (like a drug company), being the lowest-cost provider
(Walmart, Amazon), or being the only business in town that provides a
certain service (doctor, lawyer, bank, quarry).

A “durable” competitive advantage is simply a competitive advantage that is

expected to remain for a long time. If your drug patent is about to expire, you
do not have a durable competitive advantage. But if your brand is over 100
years old and has significant mindshare (you remember your first Coke as a
kid, and now you are introducing your grandson to his first Coke), then its
competitive advantage is durable.

A price-competitive business (like a staple manufacturer) has no moat. It is at

the mercy of its competitors, and thus must reinvest most of its profits, rather
than paying them out to the owner.

To summarize, a great business will have the following characteristics:

1. Simple, easy-to-understand business

2. Strong brand recognition
3. Will be selling the same product or service 10 years from now
4. Consumers need to buy the product or service again and again
5. Able to raise prices with inflation, or even more quickly

In the next chapter, we will examine what the financial statements of a great
business look like.
 Chapter 4: Sneaky Tricks for Identifying a Great
Business from its Financial Statements
back to top

In the previous chapter, we learned what a great business qualitatively looks

like. Now it is time to turn to its financial statements.

Financial statements (which include the income statement, the balance sheet,
and the statement of cash flows) are the language of business. The more
fluent you become in reading them, the better an investor you will be.

If you are a beginner, there is an easy way to get started. I highly recommend
the one-page stock analysis provided by Value Line. If you’d like to see free
samples of their product for the Dow 30 stocks, you can go here:

https://research.valueline.com/research#list=dow30&sec=list

Click on a company name that you are interested in, and you can download a
free pdf.

An even easier way to get the free pdf is to google the company’s ticker and
the words “value line.” So for Coke, you would google: “ko value line.” The
first search result will be the free pdf.

The nice thing about Value Line is that they provide earnings per share for
the last 16 years. This is simply how much money the company made each
year, divided by the number of shares of stock that the company had that
year.

In addition, Value Line adjusts these earnings to account for nonrecurring

gains and losses. If a company loses money on a bad investment in just one
year, it should not affect your appraisal of the underlying economic engine of
the company.
Let’s look at the earnings per share for Coke (all numbers are provided in US
dollars):

1999: 0.65
2000: 0.74
2001: 0.80
2002: 0.83
2003: 0.98
2004: 1.03
2005: 1.09
2006: 1.19
2007: 1.29
2008: 1.51
2009: 1.47
2010: 1.75
2011: 1.92
2012: 1.97
2013: 2.08
2014: 2.04
2015: 2.00

Earnings per share fell in 2014 and 2015, but for the most part, you can see a
nice smooth uptrend in earnings.

Contrast that with earnings per share from the Ford Motor Company
 1999: 5.86
2000: 3.22
2001: – 3.02
2002: 0.15
2003: 0.50
2004: 2.13
2005: 1.25
2006: – 1.50
2007: – 0.19
2008: – 3.13
2009: 0.00
2010: 1.91
2011: 1.95
2012: 1.42
2013: 1.62
2014: 1.16
2015: 1.73

Ford does not have smoothly uptrending earnings like Coke. Rather, earnings
bounce around from year to year, and some years even show negative
earnings (meaning that Ford lost money that year).

As you can see, Ford is a not-so-great business, and it shows up in the

financial statements.

These leads us to our first rule:

A great business will have earnings that show a smooth upward trend.

This is a direct result of its moat and its ability to raise prices consistently. A
price-competitive business like Ford must constantly offer special deals on its
cars in order to compete. It loses money on many of the cars that it sells
(especially during recessions), while Coke never sells its products at a loss.

Now we turn to our second rule:

A great business will show a consistent return on equity (ROE) above

20%.

Return on equity is simply earnings (also known as “net profit”) divided by

shareholder equity (also known as “book value”).

Shareholder equity is simply the total assets of the company minus its total
liabilities.

Just as you would figure out your own net worth by adding up all of your
assets (house, stocks, cash) and subtracting your debts (mortgage, credit
cards), you can figure out a company’s “net worth” (or shareholder equity) by
adding up its assets and subtracting its debts (also known as “liabilities”).

If you own a company that has a net worth of $100 million, would you be
happier if it earned $5 million per year, or $20 million?

Clearly the latter.

In the first case, the ROE is 5% ($5 million in earnings divided by

shareholder equity of $100 million).

In the second case, the ROE is 20% ($20 million in earnings divided by
shareholder equity of $100 million).

A business with a higher ROE is a business that operates more efficiently, or

is able to extract more profit from every sale. If the ROE is consistently
above 20%, it is very likely that what you are looking at is a great business
with a moat.

There is one exception to this rule. Sometimes a company will borrow lots of
money (take on debt) in order to boost its ROE. The more money a company
borrows, the riskier that company becomes.

We want to distinguish between companies that have high ROE’s because

they are great businesses, and companies that have high ROE’s simply
because they are juicing their results with lots of debt.

One way to do this is to follow our third rule:

A great business will show a consistent return on total capital greater

than 15%.

Return on total capital (ROTC) is similar to ROE, but also takes into account
the amount of long-term debt that a company carries. It is calculated as
follows:

(net income + interest expense)/(shareholder equity + long-term debt)

Fortunately, Value Line calculates both ROE and ROTC so that you don’t
have to.

If you are looking for a free source, try Morningstar:

http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?
t=KO&region=USA&culture=en_US

Let’s first take a look at ROE for Coke:

2005: 31.8%
2006: 32.9%
 2007: 27.5%
2008: 34.4%
2009: 27.5%
2010: 26.3%
2011: 28.2%
2012: 27.5%
2013: 28.3%
2014: 30.0%
2015: 34.4%

We can see that Coke has an ROE that is consistently in the high 20’s or low
30’s. Both the level of ROE and its consistency are impressive.

Now let’s turn to the ROE for Ford:

2005: 18.8%
2006: NMF (“no meaningful figure”)
2007: NMF
2008: NMF
2009: NMF
2010: NMF
2011: 52.5%
2012: 35.5%
2013: 25.0%
2014: 18.7%
 2015: 24.2%

Unlike Coke, Ford’s ROE bounces around a lot. For many of the years, the
ROE is not calculated (“no meaningful figure”) because the earnings were
negative (i.e. the company lost money). From 2011-2013, the ROE is at an
impressive level, but sharply declining.

Perhaps Ford has become a great business in the last 4 years?

One look at the ROTC for Ford will dispel any thoughts that Ford might be a
great business:

2005: 4.5%
2006: 0.5%
2007: NMF
2008: NMF
2009: 3.7%
2010: 16.5%
2011: 13.2%
2012: 7.4%
2013: 8.2%
2014: 6.1%
2015: 5.3%

Here the ROTC is either NMF or far below the level of 15% (except for
2010) that we have required.

Contrast that with the ROTC for Coke:

2005: 29.8%
 2006: 30.7%
2007: 24.2%
2008: 30.6%
2009: 23.4%
2010: 18.5%
2011: 20.2%
2012: 19.4%
2013: 18.3%
2014: 18.7%
2015: 16.5%

As required for a great business, the ROTC for Coke is consistently above
15%.

We mentioned earlier that the more debt a company takes on, the riskier it
becomes. A little debt might be useful, so how much is too much?

This leads us to our fourth rule:

Buffett typically invests in companies where the long-term debt could be

paid off using 4 years or less of net profit.

(One exception to this rule is the banks and insurance companies that Buffett
owns, but that is a discussion for another place.)

For example, Coke currently has about $28 billion in long-term debt.
Earnings for the last 3 years have averaged $9.09 billion per year. That means
that Coke could pay off all of its debt in about 3 years (28/9.09).

Contrast that with Ford. Ford currently has about $129 billion in long-term
debt. Earnings for the last 3 years have averaged $6.05 billion per year (of
course, as we have seen, Ford’s earnings are anything but dependable— next
year it could lose massive amounts of money). So it would take Ford 21 years
to pay off all of its debts (129/6.05)!

Any way you slice it, Ford is not a great business, while Coke is.

Let us conclude with our fifth rule:

A great business pays a dividend and/or buys back stock.

A young great business is often better off plowing its earnings back into the
business, in order to keep growing.

But for the kind of mature, blue-chip companies that we are discussing (and
which Buffett invests in), these great businesses will often generate more
cash than they need to maintain their market share.

If that cash cannot be reinvested back into the business at a reasonable return,
it makes much more sense to return that cash to shareholders (us!) in the form
of dividends or stock buybacks (share repurchases).

A dividend is simply a cash payment to shareholders. Most dividends are

paid 4 times a year (on a quarterly basis), and are taxed at a lower rate than
other income.

Over the last 3 years, Coke has paid a total of $16 billion in dividends to its
shareholders.

Stock buybacks are when a company uses its own money buy shares of its
own stock. This has the effect of returning cash to shareholders by increasing
their ownership in the company (by reducing the number of shares
outstanding).

Over the last 3 years, Coke has bought back $8.5 billion of its stock.
Coke is simply an amazing economic engine that churns out mountains of
cash. Free cash flow (money that can be taken out of the business, without
hurting its prospects) for the last three years has been over $24 billion.

As Charlie Munger (Buffett’s business partner at Berkshire Hathaway) is

fond of saying:

“We want to own businesses that drown us in cash.”

To summarize, a great business will show the following characteristics in its

financial statements:

1. Earnings show a smooth upward trend

2. Consistent return on equity (ROE) greater than 20%
3. Consistent return on total capital (ROTC) greater than 15%
4. Long-term debt less than 4 times earnings
5. Pays a dividend and/or buys back stock
 Chapter 5: How Much to Pay for a High-Quality
Business
back to top

Now that we have learned how to identify a great business (both qualitatively
and from its financial statements), we must answer the question:

How much should we pay for a great business?

Let’s begin by imagining a black box that consistently spits out $1,000 every
year.

How much would you pay to own this black box?

If you paid $100,000 for the black box, and it returned $1,000 to you every
year, you would have an investment that has a yield of 1% (1,000/100,000).

Is 1% a good yield?

Well, that depends. Chiefly, it depends on where interest rates are.

Right now, I can open up a 1 year CD or savings account and earn a 1%

yield. These accounts are all government-insured, so I would probably see no
reason to risk my money on a black box that also pays only 1% and might
stop working someday.

What if I pay $10,000 for the black box? In this case, I will have an
investment with a yield of 10% (1,000/10,000). Now I am certainly much
happier with this yield. It is not something that I can find anywhere else, so I
would probably be quite happy owning the black box at this level.

When you purchase a stock, you are buying partial ownership in a black box.
This black box also happens to be a public corporation that makes and sells
products to the public.
We don’t know the secret formula for Coke, but we do know that this
particular black box currently spits out roughly $1.95 per share in earnings.
Of that, $1.40 gets paid out in dividends and $0.55 is kept by the company
(“retained earnings”) to grow the business. If Coke does a good job with its
retained earnings and invests it at a higher rate than we could personally do,
we are happy to let it hold on to the $0.55. It will grow the $0.55 and
eventually pay it back to us down the line as dividends.

So how much should we pay for a share of Coke?

As I’m writing this, you can buy a share of Coke for $45.86. If that share
spits out $1.95, then my investment has a yield of 1.95/45.86 or 4.25%. This
is often referred to as the “earnings yield” of a stock.

You can calculate it in one of 2 ways:

1. Earnings per share divided by the stock’s price per share

2. Net profit divided by the market cap

If Coke were a black box, then this investment would always pay me 4.25%
every year. This is pretty good, considering that right now, I can only make
1% or less on my cash in a savings account.

But it gets even better. Coke currently pays me $1.95 per share, but if they
grow their earnings, this amount will rise.

Coke is little bit like a bond, but with a yield that should grow over time.

You probably already know about earnings yield, but in its inverse form: the
P/E, or price-to-earnings ratio. Earning yield (E/P) is simply the inverse of
the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E).

The next time you hear the P/E of a stock, try flipping it over, to see what its
earnings yield is.
So, for example, a stock with a P/E of 20 has an earnings yield of 5%. A
stock with a P/E of 50 has an earnings yield of just 2%. Obviously in the
latter case, the market believes that the earnings will grow sharply over time,
so that the earnings yield will rise over time. That is something that may or
may not happen.

In 1999, Microsoft (MSFT) earned $0.70 per share, sold for an average P/E
of 49.8 and traded between $34 and $60 per share. Ten years later, in 2009, it
earned $1.63 per share. As expected by the market, the earnings did in fact
grow sharply. In the meantime, the price that the market was willing to pay
for $1.00 of Microsoft’s earnings (i.e. the P/E) went from 49.8 down to 13.4.
In 2009, Microsoft never traded above 31.50. Microsoft started with a high
P/E, grew its earnings strongly, and yet the stock went nowhere for a decade.

The lesson? Be very wary of paying a high P/E for a stock, even if it is a high
quality company.

This makes sense, when you invert the P/E and think about it as an earnings
yield. At a P/E of 50, Microsoft had an earnings yield of 2%, which is a
pretty good approximation of the annual return (including dividends) that
Microsoft had over that lost decade.

So how much should you pay for a mature, slow-growing, high-quality

business like Coke?

That depends on what earnings yield you are content with. Personally, I
would not pay more than a P/E of 20 (earnings yield of 5%) for a company
like Coke.

Coke has been growing its sales (revenues) at about 8% annually over the
past 5 years, and its earnings at about 5.5% annually over the same period.

If you find a company that is growing its earnings faster than that, you might
be able to justify a higher P/E.

If Coke’s earnings today are $1.95/share and it is able to continue to grow

them at 5.5% annually, its earnings will be $3.33 in 10 years from now. At a
current price of $45.86, that translates to a future earnings yield of 7.26%
(3.33/45.86). If Coke grows its earnings to $3.33 and continues to pay out
roughly 65% of its earnings as dividend, the dividend in 10 years from now
will be $2.16, giving Coke a dividend yield of 4.71% on today’s price.

Of course, Coke’s growth could be faster or slower over the next decade.
Ultimately, this kind of analysis is more art than science. If you have strong
beliefs about whether soda consumption in the US and worldwide will
increase or decline, you can come up with a reasonable guess as to whether
Coke will grow more quickly or more slowly than the 5.5% annual rate that it
has averaged over the last 5 years.

If Coke will grow its earnings significantly more quickly than 5.5%, then you
might be able to justify paying a P/E of more than 20.

If Coke will grow its earnings significantly more slowly than 5.5%, then
perhaps you should pay a P/E of less than 20.

Warren Buffett bought his shares of Coke in 1988 and 1989 at a split-
adjusted average price of just $2.45 per share. In 2015, Coke paid $1.32 in
dividends. That gives Buffett a dividend yield of 53.88% on his cost. It is no
wonder that the man is a billionaire.

The good news is that you can do something like this, too. If you purchase a
great business at a good price and hold it for 25 years, the dividend yield on
your cost should also be quite high.
 Chapter 6: The Best Time to Buy Stocks
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In the previous chapter, we learned how to use the earnings yield of a stock
(and its growth rates) to think about how much to pay for a great business.

There is, fortunately, an even easier method to time your purchases of stock.

In the middle of the 2008 financial crisis, Buffett wrote:

“A simple rule dictates my buying: be fearful when others are greedy, and be
greedy when others are fearful.”

and

“Bad news is an investor’s best friend. It lets you buy a slice of America’s
future at a marked-down price.”

The easiest time to buy a great business at a great price is during a bear
market.

In 2008, Coke had earnings per share (EPS) of $1.51. In 2009, Coke traded as
low as 18.70, on a split-adjusted basis. At that price, Coke had a trailing P/E
of just 12.38, an earnings yield of 8.08%, and a dividend yield of 4.39%.

By comparison, today Coke has a P/E of 23.52, an earnings yield of 4.25%,

and a dividend yield of 3.05%. The stock has more than doubled from the
lows, all while paying a healthy dividend every year.

Anyone could have bought Coke below $20 in 2009, but very few did. It did
not require inside information, or stock tips. All that it required was nerves of
steel to buy when it appeared that the financial world was ending.

How long into a bear market should one wait to buy a great business?
One method is just to wait for the dividend yield to get to 4%, or the trailing
P/E (calculated using the company’s last 12 months of earnings) to get to 15
or lower on a stock like Coke. That is the “valuation method.”

The second method is the “market timing” method. It involves waiting a

fixed period of time into a bear market before buying- – or waiting for a large
peak to trough draw down in price.

For example, Coke peaked at 44.47 (split-adjusted) in July 1998. It fell until
March 2003, trading as low as 18.50. In other words, it fell roughly 58%
from peak to trough.

Again, Coke peaked at 32.79 in January 2008, before the financial crisis
really got started. It fell until March 2009, trading as low as 18.72. In other
words, it fell roughly 43% from peak to trough.

Using this “market timing” method, you would wait for Coke to sell off 40-
50% from its last highest price, and then buy your position.

Since Coke is a blue-chip stock that is included in indices like the Dow Jones
Industrial Average and the S&P 500, it tends to bottom at the same time that
the general stock market bottoms.

The 2000-2002 bear market lasted roughly 2 years and 7 months. The 2008-
2009 bear market lasted roughly 1 year and 4 months.

Let’s say that the stock market peaks and then falls for more than 1 year.
Further, there is plenty of pessimism on TV, in the newspapers and on the
internet, and all of your friends are selling their stocks.

That is the time you want to be loading up on businesses like Coke,

especially if it has fallen over 40% from its peak, has a P/E of 15 or less, and
has a dividend yield approaching or exceeding 4%.

A time like this will come again. I do not know if it will happen in 2016,
2017, or later, but it is certain to come. Not even the Fed can stop it from
happening.

So you want to be ready when this opportunity arrives.

It is July 2016 as I write this. The stock market has gone straight up since
March 2009. We have had more than 7 years of a strong bull market, leaving
stock valuations (P/E’s) high and investors complacent.

Now is the time, in Buffett’s words, to be fearful while others are being
greedy.

If you raise your cash levels now, you will be ready.

You will have the cash available to buy great businesses like Coke during the
next bear market.
Chapter 7: How to Get Started Today Investing like
Warren Buffett
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We’ve covered a lot of ground in this book. I hope that you are ready to take
this information and use it to make money for yourself, investing in great
businesses and great stocks.

Be sure to consult your financial advisor and tax advisor first, and if all looks
good, just get started.

The best way to learn about investing is to start doing it. Start with very small
positions, and then slowly increase them as your capital (and your
confidence!) increases.

There’s no better way to learn than simply by doing.

And I’m here to help you on your journey.

If you have questions, or just want to say hi, write to me at

[email protected]

I love to hear from my readers, and I answer every email personally.

I hope that you will find investing “the Warren Buffett way” to be as
rewarding as I have.

Before you go, I’d like to say “thank you” for purchasing Invest like Warren
Buffett and reading it all the way to the end.

If you enjoyed this book and found it useful, I’d be very grateful if you’d post
an honest review on Amazon. All you need to do is to click here and then
click on the correct book cover.
Then click the blue link next to the yellow stars that says “customer reviews.”
You’ll then see a gray button that says “Write a customer review”—click that
and you’re good to go.

If you would like to learn more ways to make money in the markets,
check out my other Kindle books on the next page.
 Keep Learning With These Trading Books
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Rocket Stocks: Learn to Profit from the Stock Market’s

Biggest Winners

Monthly Cash Machine:Powerful Strategies for Selling Options

in Bull and Bear Markets
 Covered Calls Made Easy
The Amazon #1 Bestseller for Options Trading

Trading For A Living

 Learn to Trade Momentum Stocks

Rubber Band Stocks: A Simple Strategy for Trading Stocks

 Your Free Gift
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Thanks for purchasing my book!

As a way of showing my appreciation, I’ve created a “List of 24 Warren

Buffett Stocks” for you.

After my book’s initial publication, many of my readers asked for help

finding the kind of great stocks that we discuss in this book.

So I put together a list of great businesses that are publicly traded. These are
the kinds of stocks that Buffett already owns, or would probably own if he
were investing smaller amounts of money, or if the price were right.

Download this list of stocks, and add them to your shopping list, so that you
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 About the Author
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Hi there!

My name is Matthew Kratter. I am the founder of Trader University, and the

best-selling author of multiple books on trading and investing. I have more
than 20 years of trading experience, including working at multiple hedge
funds.

Most individual traders and investors are at a huge disadvantage when it

comes to the markets. Most are unable to invest in hedge funds. Yet, when
they trade their own money, they are competing against computer algorithms,
math PhD’s, and multi-billion dollar hedge funds. I’ve been on the inside of
many hedge funds. I know how professional traders and investors think and
approach the markets. And I am committed to sharing their trading strategies
with you in my books and courses.

When I am not trading or writing new books, I enjoy bodysurfing and

otherwise hanging out at the beach with my wife, kids, and labradoodle.

If you enjoyed this book, you might also enjoy my other Kindle titles, which
are available here:

www.Trader-Books.com

Or send me an email at [email protected]. I would love to hear from

you.
 Disclaimer
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While the author has used his best efforts in preparing this book, he makes no
representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of
the contents of this book and specifically disclaims any implied warranties or
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The advice and strategies
contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult
with a legal, financial, tax, or other professional where appropriate. Neither
the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,
consequential, or other damages.

This book is for educational purposes only. The views expressed are those of
the author alone, and should not be taken as expert instruction or commands.
The reader is responsible for his or her own actions.

Adherence to all applicable laws and regulations, including international,

federal, state, and local laws, is the sole responsibility of the purchaser or
reader.

Neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility or liability
whatsoever on the behalf of the purchaser or reader of these materials.

Any perceived slight of any individual or organization is purely

unintentional.

Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Forex,

futures, stock, and options trading is not appropriate for everyone. There is a
substantial risk of loss associated with trading these markets. Losses can and
will occur. No system or methodology has ever been developed that can
guarantee profits or ensure freedom from losses. Nor will it likely ever be. No
representation or implication is being made that using the methodologies or
systems or the information contained within this book will generate profits or
ensure freedom from losses. The information contained in this book is for
educational purposes only and should NOT be taken as investment advice.
Examples presented here are not solicitations to buy or sell. The author,
publisher, and all affiliates assume no responsibility for your trading results.
There is a high risk in trading.

HYPOTHETICAL OR SIMULATED PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE

CERTAIN LIMITATIONS. UNLIKE AN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
RECORD, SIMULATED RESULTS DO NOT REPRESENT ACTUAL
TRADING. ALSO, SINCE THE TRADES HAVE NOT BEEN
EXECUTED, THE RESULTS MAY HAVE UNDER-OR-OVER
COMPENSATED FOR THE IMPACT, IF ANY, OF CERTAIN MARKET
FACTORS, SUCH AS THE LACK OF LIQUIDITY. SIMULATED
TRADING PROGRAMS IN GENERAL ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO THE
FACT THAT THEY ARE DESIGNED WITH THE BENEFIT OF
HINDSIGHT. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY
ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFIT OR LOSSES
SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN.