THE COMPLEX NUMBERS " C " LEC : 25

DEF : Z is a number of the form Z=x+i y where x , y are real no. and i is another no.
such that i  1 .
When Z=x+iy , x is called the real part of Z and is denoted by Re(Z) , y is called the
imaginary part of Z and is denoted by Im(Z) .
Note : - the set of real no. is denoted by R .
the set of complex no. is denoted by C .
Basic Operations
1) ADD - SUBTRACTION
We add and subtract the complex no. by adding or subtracting their real parts and
imaginary parts :
(a+ ib)+(c+id)=(a+c)+i(b+d)
(a+ ib)-(c+id)=(a-c)+i(b-d) i  1
EXAM: i 2  1
(3+ 2i)+(4-6i)=7-4 i
(10- 2i)-(3-5i)=7+3 i i 3  i 2  i  i
i 4 1
2 ) MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION
We can multiply complex no. by : i 5  i 4 i  i
(a+ib)  (c+id)=(ac-bd)+i (ad+bc)
and to divide complex no.
i 6  1
a+ib a+ib c-id (a+ib)(c-id)
=  =
c+id c+id c-id c 2 +d 2
EXAM:
(2+ 3i) (4+5i)=(8-15) +i(10+12)=-7+22 i
2  3i 2  3i 4  5i (8  15)  (10  12)i 23 2
     i
4  5i 4  5i 4  5i 16  25 41 41

DEF : Conjugate no.

Let Z=a+ib be complex no. then the no. a-ib is called the conjugate of Z and is denoted
by Z .
EXAM:
Z  3  4i  Z  3  4i
Z  3  2i  Z  3  2i
Note : -
the relation between the complex no. and the polar coordinates are given by :
x  r cos
y  r sin 
r  x2y2
y
tan  
x

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 THE COMPLEX NUMBERS " C " LEC : 25
MODULUS & ARGUMENT

the no. Z is called the modulus of Z and is denoted by Z

Z  x2y2
and the no.  is called the argument of Z and is denoted by arg Z :
arg Z  
EXAM:
Find the modulus & argument to :
1 (1  i )
Z  11  2
y 1 
tan    1 
x 1 4

 arg Z 
4
2 (1  3i )
Z  1 3  2
y 3 
tan     3  
x 1 3

 arg Z 
3
3 (1  3i )
Z  1 3  2
y 3 
tan      3  
x 1 3
 2
 arg Z    
3 3
4 (1  i ) 2

(1  i ) 2  1  2i  1  2i
Z  04  2
y 2  
tan          arg Z 
x 0 2 2

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 THE COMPLEX NUMBERS " C " LEC : 25
THEOREM :let Z , W be complex no. then : -
1 Z W  Z W 2 ZW  ZW
3 Z W Z W ,W  0 4 Z Z
5 ZW  Z W 6 Z W  Z W ,W 0
ZZ  Z Z  Z  Z
2
7 8
9 arg ZW  arg Z  argW 10 arg Z   arg Z
11 arg Z W  arg Z  argW ,W  0 12 arg Z n  n arg Z

EULER FORMULA : -
is a relation connect the Cartesian coor. plane to the polar plane in complex no. :
e i   cos  i sin 
EXAM:
e i   cos   i sin   1
e 2 i  cos 2  i sin 2  1
i  
e 2  cos  i sin i
2 2
NOTE :
re i   r cos  r sin 
 x  iy  Z
 Z  re i 

POWER OF Z : -
i
If Z  re , then for any integer no.
Z n  (re i  ) n  r n e in
EXAM:
1 Compute (3  3i )5
r  99 3 2
y 3 
tan    1   
x 3 4

n in
i5  
 Z  (3  3i )  r e
n 5
 (3 2) e
5 4  972 2(cos5  i sin 5 )
4 4
  1 i
 972 2(cos(  )  i sin(  ))  972 2(  )  972(1  i )
4 4 2 2
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 THE COMPLEX NUMBERS " C " LEC : 25

2 Compute (4  4i )11

r  16  16  4 2
  3
tan   1         
4 4 4
3 
i 11 i
 Z  (4  4i )  (4 2) e
n 11 11 4  (4 2) e 11 4

  1 i
 (4 2)11 (cos  i sin )  (4 2)11 (  )  2 27 (1  i )
4 4 2 2

DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM : -
for any real no.  and integer n we have :
(cos  i sin  ) n  cos n  i sin n
EXAM:
Use De moivre's theorem to prove :
cos3  cos3   3cos sin 2 
sin 3  3cos 2  sin   sin 3 
Sol :
cos3  i sin 3  (cos  i sin  )3
 cos3   3i cos 2  sin   3cos sin 2   i sin 3 
 cos3  cos3   3cos sin 2 
 sin 3  3cos 2  sin   sin 3 
EXAM:
By U s e De moivre ' s theorem Find sin 5 , cos5
cos5  i sin 5  (cos  i sin  )5
 cos5   5i cos 4  sin   10cos3  sin 2   10i cos 2  sin 3   5cos sin 4   i sin 5 
 cos5  cos5   10cos3  sin 2   5cos sin 4 
 sin 5  5cos 4  sin   10cos 2  sin 3   sin 5 
EXAM:
By U s e De moivre ' s theorem Find cos 4
cos 4  i sin 4  (cos  i sin  ) 4
 cos 4   4i cos3  sin   6cos 2  sin 2   4i cos sin 3   sin 4 
 cos 4  cos 4   6cos 2  sin 2   sin 4 

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 THE COMPLEX NUMBERS " C " LEC : 25
EXAM:
Use De moivre's theorem to prove :
cos 2  cos 2   sin 2 
sin 2  2sin  cos
Sol :
cos 2  i sin 2  (cos  i sin  ) 2
 cos 2   2i sin  cos  sin 2 
 cos 2  cos 2   sin 2 
 sin 2  2sin  cos

1 Show that (a  ib )(c  id )  (a  ib )(c  id )

2 if Z  a  ib , W  c  id ,then prove that :

ZW  Z W
ZW  Z W

3 let Z 1 , Z 2 be any complex no . show that :

Z 1  Z 2  Z 1  Z 2  2( Z 1  Z 2 )
2 2 2 2

4 Find the mod ulus & arg ument of :

(1  i ) , (3  3i ) , i , 1

5 Find :
(3  3i )6 , (4  4 3i )9

6 By U s e De Moivre ' s theorem Find :

cos 6 , sin 7 , sin 9 , cos8
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