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    Notes 7 - Transmission Line Model

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    Cristele Mae Garcia
    Transmission lines can be modeled as two-port networks and represented using ABCD parameters to relate voltages and currents at the two ends, with the short line, medium line, and long line approximations providing analytical solutions depending on the line length and properties. The characteristics and performance of transmission lines are important to analyze for maintaining voltages across nodes in power systems.

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    Notes 7 - Transmission Line Model

    Uploaded by

    Cristele Mae Garcia
    109 views36 pages
    Transmission lines can be modeled as two-port networks and represented using ABCD parameters to relate voltages and currents at the two ends, with the short line, medium line, and long line approximations providing analytical solutions depending on the line length and properties. The characteristics and performance of transmission lines are important to analyze for maintaining voltages across nodes in power systems.

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    Notes-7_-Transmission-Line-Model

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    Transmission lines can be modeled as two-port networks and represented using ABCD parameters to relate voltages and currents at the two ends, with the short line, medium line, and long line approximations providing analytical solutions depending on the line length and properties. The characteristics and performance of transmission lines are important to analyze for maintaining voltages across nodes in power systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views36 pages

    Notes 7 - Transmission Line Model

    Uploaded by

    Cristele Mae Garcia
    Transmission lines can be modeled as two-port networks and represented using ABCD parameters to relate voltages and currents at the two ends, with the short line, medium line, and long line approximations providing analytical solutions depending on the line length and properties. The characteristics and performance of transmission lines are important to analyze for maintaining voltages across nodes in power systems.

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    Power System Analysis and Design

    Transmission Line Models


    Characteristics and Performance of
    Transmission Lines
     A problem of major importance in power system is the flow
    of load over transmission lines such that the voltage at
    various nodes is maintained
     Transmission lines are normally operated in balanced three
    phase load; so analysis can be done in per phase basis (single
    phase analysis)
     A transmission line on a per phase basis can be regarded as a
    two port network, where in the sending-end voltage Vs and
    current Is are related to the receiving end voltage Vr and
    current Ir through ABCD Constant
    Two Port Equivalent of Transmission
    Line and ABCD constants

    VS  AVR  BIR VS
    A  VR | IR  0 B  VS | VR  0
    IR

    IS  CVR  DIR C  VISR | IR  0 D IS


    | VR  0
    IR
    Transmission Line Nomemclature
     z = series impedance/unit length/phase
     y = shunt admittance/unit length/phase
     r = resistance/unit length/phase
     C = capacitance/unit length/phase to neutral
     l = transmission line length
     Z =zl total series impedance/phase
     Y = yl total Shunt admittance/phase
    Short Line Approximation

    Assumptions:
    1. The shunt capacitance is almost negligible
    2. The impedance is lumped as shown

    VS  VR  ZIR A  D  1,
    IS  IR B  Z;C  0
    Example
     A single phase 50Hz generator supplies inductive load of
    5000 kW at a power factor of 0.707 lagging by means of an
    overhead transmission line 20km long. The line resistance and
    inductance are 0.0195 ohm and 0.63 mH per km. The
    voltage at the receiving end is required to be kept constant at
    10kV.
     a. Find the sending end voltage and voltage regulation
     b. Find the value of the capacitors to be connected in parallel
    with the load such that the regulation is reduced to 50% of that
    obtained in (a).
    Effect of the Variation of Power Factor
    on Voltage Regulation

    Observations:
    1. The power factor of the load affects the amount of
    sending end voltage to supply the load’s voltage
    requirement.
    2. The voltage regulation is highest at lagging pf, and
    least and even negative for leading power factor.
    Medium Line Approximation: Nominal 

    Assumptions:
    1. Lumped shunt admittance (half at sending and receiving)
    2. Lumped Series impedance (in between the shunt admittance)

    IS  I 1  I 2  I 1  I 3  IR
    VS  ZI 2  VR
    Medium Line Approximation: Nominal 

    YZ
    YZ YZ A  D  (  1)
    VS  (  1)VR  Z (  1) IR 2
    2 2 BZ
    YZ
    IS  YVR  (  1) IR YZ
    C  Y (  1)
    2 4
    Medium Line Approximation: Nominal 

    Assumptions:
    1. Lumped shunt admittance (place at the middle)
    2. Lumped Series impedance (divided into 2 parts)

    VS VM  YVM  VM  VR
    Using KCL
    Z Z
    2 2
    Medium Line Approximation: Nominal 

    YZ
    YZ YZ A  D  (  1)
    VS  (  1)VR  Z (  1) IR 2
    2 2
    B Y
    YZ
    IS  YVR  (  1) IR YZ
    2 C  Z (  1)
    4
    Long Line
     This Linear differential equation whose general solution can be
    written as follows:
    V ( x)  C1ex  C 2e x
    where :   yz
     Differentiate V(x) with respect to x

    dVx
     C1ex  C 2e x  zIx
    dx
    C1ex C 2e x
    Ix   ; Zc  ( z / y )^1 / 2
    Zc Zc
     From above equation solve for c1 and C2
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)

        j Alpha- attenuation constant ( nepers per unit length)


    Beta – Phase Constant (radians/ unit length)

    •Since the propagation is complex, below are the


    methods in evaluating the hyperbolic functions of a
    complex number.
    1. Hyperbolic expansion
    cosh(l  jl )  cosh l cos l  sinh l sin l
    sinh(l  jl )  sinh l cos l  cosh l sin l
    Note : Beta (Bl) should be converted to its equivalent degree value
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)

        j Alpha- attenuation constant ( nepers per unit length)


    Beta – Phase Constant (radians/ unit length)

    •2. Maclaurian Series


     ^ 2l ^ 2  ^ 4l ^ 4  ^6l ^6
    cosh l  1     ..
    2! 4! 6!
     ^3l ^3  ^5l ^5  ^7l ^7
    sinh l  l     ..
    3! 5! 7!
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)

        j Alpha- attenuation constant ( nepers per unit length)


    Beta – Phase Constant (radians/ unit length)

    •3
    l j l l  jl
    e e e e 1 l
    cosh(l  jl )   (e l  e l   l )
    2 2
    el e jl  e l e  jl 1 l
    sinh(l  jl )   (e l  e l   l )
    2 2
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)

        j Alpha- attenuation constant ( nepers per unit length)


    Beta – Phase Constant (radians/ unit length)

    • If the line is terminated in its characteristic impedance


    (Zc)- the line is called “Flat Line” or “Infinite Line”
    – this cannot have reflected wave

    •Transmission line are not usually terminated on its


    characteristic impedance, but communication lines are
    frequently so terminated to avoid reflected wave.
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)
    • Characteristic Impedance- sometimes called “Surge
    Impedance”
    •Surge Impedance – special case of lossless lines
    z L
    Zc  ;
    y C
    •For higher frequency (like lightning)- losses are
    neglected and surge impedance becomes important

    •SIL (Surge Impedance Loading)


    •Is the power delivered by a line to a purely resistive
    load equal to its surge impedance.
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)
    •SIL (Surge Impedance Loading)
    SIL  3 xVLxIL IL 
    VL
    VL ^ 2 3x L C
    SIL  ; MW
    LC

    •A permissible loading of a transmission line may be


    expressed as a fraction of its SIL
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)
    •Wavelength
    •Distance along a line between two points of a wave which
    differ in phase by 360 degrees of 2pi radians.
    •If Beta is in radians per mile, wavelength is:
    2
     ; mile

    •Velocity
    •The product of frequency and wavelength

    V  f *
    Interpretation of Long Line Equation
    (Additional Notes)
    •Voltage Regulation

    VNL  VFL
    %VR 
    VFL
    VS
    @ VNL _ IR  0;VR 
    cosh l
    Machine Problem 1
    1. Develop a computer program that will solve for the
    inductance and capacitance of the line the following data:
    1. GMR of the conductor
    2. Radius of the Conductor
    3. Coordinates of the conductor
    Note:
    1. Your program should have an option for bundle conductor
    and parallel circuit.
    Machine Problem 2
    1. Develop a computer program that will solve for the
    following:
    1. Sending end voltage, current, power and power factor
    2. Transmission Efficiency
    3. % voltage regulation
    Note:
    1. Your program should be able to distinguish the different line
    models depending on its length.

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