Engr228 Circuit Analysis: Engr228 - Chapter 10, Nilsson 9E 1
Engr228 Circuit Analysis: Engr228 - Chapter 10, Nilsson 9E 1
Engr228 Circuit Analysis: Engr228 - Chapter 10, Nilsson 9E 1
Engr228
Circuit Analysis
Dr Curtis Nelson
Chapter 10 Objectives
• Understand the following ac power concepts, their
relationships to one another, and how to calculate them in
a circuit:
• Instantaneous power;
• Average (real) power;
• Root Mean Squared (RMS) value;
• Reactive power;
• Complex power;
• Power factor; and
• Power factor correction.
• Understand the condition for maximum real power
delivered to a load in an AC circuit and be able to
calculate the load impedance required to deliver maximum
real power to the load.
v2
P = vi = i 2 R =
R
Instantaneous AC Power
p( t ) = v( t ) × i( t )
p (t ) = Vm I m cos(ωt + θ v ) cos(ωt + θ i )
Vm I m
p (t ) = {cos( θ v − θ i ) + cos( 2ω t + θ v + θ i )}
2
Average Power
To calculate average power, note that the last two terms in the
equation above will integrate to zero since the average value of
sin and cosine signals over one period is zero. Therefore average
power in AC circuits is calculated as
Vm I m
PAVG = cos(θ v − θ i )
2
Vm I m
PAVG = cos(θ v − θ i )
2
• Since the voltage and current are in phase across a resistor, the
average power absorbed by the resistor R is
1 Vm2
PR , AVG =
2 R
PC , AVG = PL , AVG = 0
2 2π 2π
A A2 1 − cos 2θ
2πR ∫0 ∫
2
= sin θ d θ = dθ
2π 0
2
θ = 2π
A2 1 sin 2θ A2
= θ− =
2πR 2 4 θ =0 2R
PR = 9.6W
PL = 0W
PSource = 9.6W
Thus,
P = (1/2)(52)8 = 100 W
1 T 2
T ∫0
X rms = x dt
1 T 2
I rms = ∫
T 0
I m cos 2 ωtdt
I 2m T 1 I
I rms =
T ∫
0 2
(1 + cos 2ωt )dt = m
2
• Average power can then be written in two ways:
Vm I m
PAVG = cos(θ v − θ i )
2
2
V I V I Veff
= (I eff ) R
2
PAVG = m m cos 0 0 = m m = Veff I eff =
2 2 R
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 t
-10
Irms = 8.165A
P = 133.3W
Reactive Power
Power Factor
Find the average power delivered to each of the two loads, the
apparent power supplied by the source, and the power factor of
the combined loads.
Pavg2 = 288 W
Pavg1 = 144 W
Papp = S = 720 VA
PF = 0.6 (lagging)
Complex Power
Complex power is the product of the rms voltage phasor and the
complex conjugate of the rms current phasor. As a complex
quantity, its real part is real power P (watts) and its imaginary
part is reactive power Q (vars).
S IZI
Q X
θ θ
P R
P R
pf = cos θ = =
S Z
Apparent power:
S = S = Vrms I rms = P 2 + Q 2 VA
Complex power:
S = P + jQ = VRMS I * RMS VA
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity power factor).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading power factor).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging power factor).
pf = 0.936 (lagging)
PAVG = 118W
S = 240 V
pf = 0.866 (leading)
C = 212.2µF
R = 26.0Ω
Complex Power
Q1 = Ptanθ1
Q2 = Ptanθ2
QC = Q1 – Q2
= P(tan θ1 – tan θ2)
P = S1cosθ1
QC P(tan θ1 − tan θ2 )
C= 2
= 2
ωVrms ωVrms
C = 310.4µF
Example: PF Correction #2
C = 30,691µF
C = 79.48µF
ZL = Zth*
| Vth |2 RL
1
2
=
(Rth + RL )2 + (X th + X L )2
Z L = R L + jX L = R Th − jX Th = Z*Th
Z L = Z*Th
V 2TH , RMS
Pmax =
4 RTh