Book - SFM Suggested Answers

PAPER – 2 : STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Answers all the Questions

Question 1
(a) Following information is available for X Company’s shares and Call option:
Current share price Rs.185
Option exercise price Rs.170
Risk free interest rate 7%
Time of the expiry of option 3
years Standard deviation 0.18
Calculate the value of option using Black-Scholes formula. (12 Marks)
(b) Suppose a dealer quotes ‘All-in-cost’ for a generic swap at 8% against six month libor
flat. If the notional principal amount of swap is Rs.5,00,000,
(i) Calculate semi-annual fixed payment.
(ii) Find the first floating rate payment for (i) above if the six month period from the
effective date of swap to the settlement date comprises 181 days and that the
corresponding libor was 6% on the effective date of swap.
In (ii) above, if the settlement is on ‘Net’ basis, how much the fixed rate payer would pay
to the floating rate payer?
Generic swap is based on 30/360 days basis. (3 Marks)
(c) Consider the following information on two stocks, A and B :
Year Return on A (%) Return on B (%)
2006 10 12
2007 16 18
You are required to determine:
(i) The expected return on a portfolio containing A and B in the proportion of 40% and
60% respectively.
(ii) The Standard deviation of return from each of the two stocks.
(iii) The covariance of returns from the two stocks.
(iv) Correlation coefficient between the returns of the two stocks.
(v) The risk of a portfolio containing A and B in the proportion of 40% and 60%.
(5 Marks)
PAPER – 2 : STRATEGIC FINANCIAL 23
MANAGEMENT
Answer
2
(a) d1 ln S / E  (r  2 )t
= t
0.182
ln (185/170) + (0.07 + )3
= 2
0.18 3
ln1.0882  (0.07  0.0162) 3
=
0.18 3
0.08455  0.2586
=
0.18 3
0.34315
= 0.31177
d1 = 1.1006
d2 = d1 -  t
= 1.1006 – 0.31177 = 0.7888

N(d1) = 0.8770 (from table)
N(d2) = 0.7848
Working Note
N(d2) = 0.7823 + 0.88 × (7852 – 7823)
= 0.7848
E
Value of option = Vs (Nd1) (Nd2)
rt
– e
170
= 185 (0.8770) (0.7848)
- e 0.21
170
= 162.245 - × 0.7848
1.2336
= 162.245 – 108.151
= Rs.54.094
(b) (i) Semi-annual fixed payment
= (N) (AIC) (Period)
Where N = Notional Principal amount = Rs.5,00,000
AIC = All-in-cost = 8% = 0.08
 180 
= 5,00,000 × 0.08  360 
 
= 5,00,000 × 0.08 (0.5)
= 5,00,000 × 0.04
= Rs.20,000/-
(ii) Floating Rate Payment
 dt 
= N (LIBOR) 
360
 
181
= 5,00,000 × 0.06 ×
360
= 5,00,000 × 0.06 (0.503) or 5,00,000 × 0.06 (0.502777)
= 5,00,000 × 0.03018 or 0.30166
= Rs.15090 or 15083
Both are correct
(iii) Net Amount
= (i) – (ii)
= Rs.20,000 – 15090 = 4910
or = Rs.20,000 – 15083 = 4917
(c) (i) Expected return of the portfolio A and B
E (A) = (10 + 16) / 2 = 13%
E (B) = (12 + 18) / 2 = 15%
N
Rp = X
il
i Ri  0.4(13)  0.6(15)  14.2%
(ii) Stock A:
Variance = 0.5 (10 – 13)² + 0.5 (16 – 13) ² = 9
Standard deviation = 9
= 3%
Stock B:
Variance = 0.5 (12 – 15) ² + 0.5 (18 – 15) ² = 9
Standard deviation = 3%
(iii) Covariance of stocks A and B
CovAB = 0.5 (10 – 13) (12 – 15) + 0.5 (16 – 13) (18 – 15) = 9
(iv) Correlation of coefficient
9
rAB = CovAB  1
AB 3  3
(v) Portfolio Risk
P  X 2A2A  X 2B2B  2XA XB (ABAB)
= (0.4)2 (3)2  (0.6)2 (3)2  2 (0.4) (0.6) (3) (3) (1)
= 1.44  3.24  4.32

 3%
Question 2
(a) The following is the Yield structure of AAA rated debenture:
Period Yield (%)
3 months 8.5%
6 months 9.25
1 year 10.50
2 years 11.25
3 years and above 12.00
(i) Based on the expectation theory calculate the implicit one-year forward rates in year
2 and year 3.
(ii) If the interest rate increases by 50 basis points, what will be the percentage change
in the price of the bond having a maturity of 5 years? Assume that the bond is fairly
priced at the moment at Rs.1,000. (4
Marks)
(b) RST Ltd. has a capital of Rs.10,00,000 in equity shares of Rs.100 each. The shares are
currently quoted at par. The company proposes to declare a dividend of Rs.10 per share
at the end of the current financial year. The capitalization rate for the risk class of which
the company belongs is 12%. What will be the market price of the share at the end of the
year, if
(i) a dividend is not cleared ?
(ii) a dividend is declared ?
(iii) assuming that the company pays the dividend and has net profits of Rs.5,00,000
and makes new investments of Rs.10,00,000 during the period, how many new
shares must be issued? Use the MM model. (4
Marks)
(c) Mr. X established the following spread on the Delta Corporation’s stock :
(i) Purchased one 3-month call option with a premium of Rs.30 and an exercise price
of Rs.550.
(ii) Purchased one 3-month put option with a premium of Rs.5 and an exercise price of
Rs.450.
Delta Corporation’s stock is currently selling at Rs.500. Determine profit or loss, if the
price of Delta Corporation’s :
(i) remains at Rs.500 after 3 months.
(ii) falls at Rs.350 after 3 months.
(iii) rises to Rs.600.
Assume the size option is 100 shares of Delta Corporation. (6 Marks)
(d) XL Ispat Ltd. has made an issue of 14 per cent non-convertible debentures on January 1,
2007. These debentures have a face value of Rs.100 and is currently traded in the
market at a price of Rs.90.
Interest on these NCDs will be paid through post-dated cheques dated June 30 and
December 31. Interest payments for the first 3 years will be paid in advance through post-
dated cheques while for the last 2 years post-dated cheques will be issued at the third
year. The bond is redeemable at par on December 31, 2011 at the end of 5 years.
Required :
(i) Estimate the current yield at the YTM of the bond.
(ii) Calculate the duration of the NCD.
(iii) Assuming that intermediate coupon payments are, not available for reinvestment
calculate the realised yield on the NCD. (6
Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Implicit rates for year 2 and year 3
(1 r2 )2 – 1
For year 2 f2
=
1 r1
(1.1125)2
=
(1.1050)  1  12%
For year 3 f3 = (1 r3 )3 1
(1 r1) (1 f2 )
(1.12)3  1 1.404928  1  13.52%

=

(1.1050) (1.12) 1.2376
(ii) If fairly priced at Rs.1000 and rate of interest increases to 12.5% the percentage charge
will be as follows:
1000(1.12)5 1762.34168
Price
(1.125)5  1.8020
=
= 977.99 or Rs. 987
1000  978
% charge = 100 22
100
 1000
1000
= 2.2%
(b) As per MM model, the current market price of equity share is:
1
P0 =   P1 )
1  (D
1
ke
(i) If the dividend is not declared :
1
100 = (0  P1 )
1
0.12
100 =
P1
1.12
P1 = Rs.112
The Market price of the equity share at the end of the year would be Rs.112.
(ii) If the dividend is declared :
1
100 =  (10  P1 )
1
0.12
10  P1
100 = 1.12
112 = 10 + P1
P1 = 112 – 10 = Rs.102
The market price of the equity share at the end of the year would be Rs.102.
(iii) In case the firm pays dividend of Rs.10 per share out of total profits of Rs.5,00,000
and plans to make new investment of RS.10,00,000, the number of shares to be
issued may be found as follows:
Total Earnings Rs.5,00,000
- Dividends paid 1,00,000
Retained earnings 4,00,000
Total funds required 10,00,000
Fresh funds to be raised 6,00,000
Market price of the share 102
Number of shares to be issued (Rs.6,00,000 / 102)5,882.35
or, the firm would issue 5,883 shares at the rate of Rs.102
(c) (i) Total premium paid on purchasing a call and put option
= (Rs.30 per share × 100) + (Rs.5 per share × 100).
= 3,000 + 500 = Rs.3,500
In this case, X exercises neither the call option nor the put option
as both will result in a loss for him.
Ending value = - Rs.3,500 + zero gain
= - Rs.3,500
i.e Net loss = Rs.3,500
(ii) Since the price of the stock is below the exercise price of the call, the call will not be
exercised. Only put is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = Rs.3,500
Ending value = – Rs.3,500 + Rs.[(450 – 350) × 100]
= – Rs.3,500 + Rs.10,000 = Rs.6,500
 Net gain = Rs.6,500
(iii) In this situation, the put is worthless, since the price of the stock exceeds the put’s
exercise price. Only call option is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = Rs.3,500
Ending value = -3,500 +[(600 – 550) × 100]
Net Gain = -3,500 + 5,000 = Rs.1,500
14
(d) (i) Current yield = = 0.1555 or 15.55%
90
YTM can be determined from the following equation
14 × PVIFA (YTM, 5) + 100 × PVIF (YTM, 5) = 90
YTM = 17.14%
(ii) The duration can be calculated as follows:
Year Cash PV at Proportion of NCD Proportion of NCD
Flow 17.14% value value × time
1 14 11.952 0.1328 0.1328
2 14 10.203 0.1134 0.2268
3 14 8.710 0.0968 0.2904
4 14 7.435 0.0826 0.3304
5 114 51.685 0.5744 2.8720
89.985 3.8524
Duration = 3.8524 years.
(iii) Realized Yield can be calculated as follows:
(14  5)  100
(1 R)5  90
170
(1 + R) 5 =
90
 170  1/ 5
R=   - 1 = 0.1356 or 13.56%
 90 
Question 3
(a) A company has an old machine having book value zero – which can be sold for
Rs.50,000. The company is thinking to choose one from following two alternatives:
(i) To incur additional cost of Rs.10,00,000 to upgrade the old existing machine.
(ii) To replace old machine with a new machine costing Rs.20,00,000 plus installation
cost Rs.50,000.
Both above proposals envisage useful life to be five years with salvage value to be nil. The expected
after tax profits for the above three alternatives are as under :
Year Old existing Machine (Rs.) Upgraded Machine (Rs.) New Machine (Rs.)
1. 5,00,000 5,50,000 6,00,000
2. 5,40,000 5,90,000 6,40,000
3. 5,80,000 6,10,000 6,90,000
4. 6,20,000 6,50,000 7,40,000
5. 6,60,000 7,00,000 8,00,000
The tax rate is 40 per cent.
The company follows straight line method of depreciation. Assume cost of capital to be
15 per cent.
P.V.F. of 15%, 5 = 0.870, 0756, 0.658, 0.572 and 0.497. You are required to advise the
company as to which alternative is to be adopted. (8
Marks)
(b) The data given below relates to a convertible bond :
Face value
Rs.250
Coupon rate 12%
No. of shares per bond 20
Market price of share Rs.12
Straight value of bond Rs.235
Market price of convertible bond
Rs.265 Calculate :
(i) Stock value of bond.
(ii) The percentage of downside risk.
(iii) The conversion premium
(iv) The conversion parity price of the stock. (8 Marks)
(c) What are the drawbacks of investments in Mutual Funds ? (4 Marks)
Answer
(a) (A) Cash Outflow
(i) In case machine is upgraded:
up gradation cost Rs.10,00,000
(ii) In case new machne installed:
Cost Rs.20,00,000
Add: Installation cost Rs .50,000
Total Cost Rs.20,50,000
Less: Disposal of old machine
Rs..50,000 – 40% tax Rs. 30,000
Total Cash Outflow Rs.20,20,000
Working Note:
(i) Depreciation – in case machine is upgraded
Rs.10,00,000 ÷ 5 = Rs.2,00,000
(ii) Depreciation – in case new machine is installed
Rs.20,50,000 ÷ 5 = Rs.4,10,000
(iii) Old existing machine – Book Value is zero. So no depreciation.
(B) Cash Inflows after Taxes (CFAT)
Year Old Existing Upgraded Machine
Machine
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) =
EAT/CFAT EAT DEP CFAT (iv)-(i)
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Incremental
CFAT (Rs.)
1 5,00,000 5.50.000 2,00,000 7,50,000 2,50,000
2 5,40,000 5,90,000 2,00,000 7,90,000 2,50,000
3 5,80,000 6,10,000 2,00,000 8,10,000 2,30,000
4 6,20,000 6,50,000 2,00,000 8,50,000 2,30,000
5 6,60,000 7,00,000 2,00,000 9,00,000 2,40,000
29,00,000
Cash Inflow after Taxes (CFAT)

Year New Machine
(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) = (viii) – (i)
EAT DEP CFAT Incremental CFAT
Rs. Rs. Rs. (Rs.)
1 6,00,000 4.10.000 10,10,000 5,10,000
2 6,40,000 4,10,000 10,50,000 5,10,000
3 6,90,000 4,10,000 11,00,000 5,20,000
4 7,40,000 4,10,000 11,50,000 5,30,000
5 8,00,000 4,10,000 12,10,000 5,50,000
P.V. AT 15% - 5 Years – on Incremental CFAT

Year Upgraded Machine New Machine
Incremental PVF Total Incremental PVF Total
CFAT P.V. CFAT PV
Rs. Rs. Rs.
1 2,50,000 0.870 2,17,500 5,10,000 0.870 4,43,700
2 2,50,000 0.756 1,89,000 5,10,000 0.756 3,85,560
3 2,30,000 0.658 1,51,340 5,20,000 0.658 3,42,160
4 2,30,000 0.572 1,31,560 5,30,000 0.572 3,03,160
5. 2,40,000 0.497 1,19,280 5,50,000 0.497 2,73,350
Total P.V. of CFAT 8,08,680 17,47,930
Less: Cash Outflows 10,00,000 20,20,000
N.P.V. = -1,91,320 - 2,72,070
As the NPV in both the new (alternative) proposals is negative, the company should
continue with the Existing Old Machine.
(b) (i) Stock value or conversion value of bond
12 × 20 = Rs.240
percentage of the downside risk
265  235
= 0.1277 or 12.77%
235
This ratio gives the percentage price decline experienced by the bond if the stock
becomes worthless.
Conversion Premium
Market Pr ice  Conversion Value
Conversion Value
100
265  240
100 = 10.42%
240
Conversion Parity Price
Bond Price
No. of Shares on Conversion
265
 13.25
20
This indicates that if the price of shares rises to Rs.13.25 from Rs.12 the investor
will neither gain nor lose on buying the bond and exercising it. Observe that Rs.1.25
(13.25 – 12.00) is 10.42% of Rs.12, the Conversion Premium.
(c) DRAWBACKS OF INVESTMENT IN MUTUAL FUNDS
(a) There is no guarantee of return as some Mutual Funds may under perform and
Mutual Fund Investment may depreciate in value which may even effect erosion /
Depletion of principal amount
(b) Diversification may minimize risk but does not guarantee higher return.
(c) Mutual funds performance is judged on the basis of past performance record of
various companies. But this can not take care of or guarantee future performance.
(d) Mutual Fund cost is involved like entry load, exit load, fees paid to Asset
Management Company etc.
(e) There may be unethical Practices e.g. diversion of Mutual Fund amounts by Mutual
Fund /s to their sister concerns for making gains for them.
(f) MFs, systems do not maintain the kind of transparency, they should maintain
(g) Many MF scheme are, at times, subject to lock in period, therefore, deny the
market drawn benefits
(h) At times, the investments are subject to different kind of hidden costs.
(i) Redressal of grievances, if any , is not easy
Question 4
(a) An exporter is a UK based company. Invoice amount is $3,50,000. Credit period is three
months. Exchange rates in London are :
Spot Rate ($/£) 1.5865 – 1.5905
3-month Forward Rate ($/£) 1.6100 – 1.6140
Rates of interest in Money Market :
Deposit Loan
$ 7% 9%
£ 5% 8%
Compute and show how a money market hedge can be put in place. Compare and
contrast the outcome with a forward contract. (6 Marks)
(b) An Indian exporting firm, Rohit and Bros., would be cover itself against a likely
depreciation of pound sterling. The following data is given :
Receivables of Rohit and Bros : £500,000
Spot rate : Rs.56,00/£
Payment date : 3-months
3 months interest rate : India : 12 per cent per annum
: UK : 5 per cent per annum
What should the exporter do ? (6 Marks)
(c) The closing value of Sensex for the month of October, 2007 is given below:
Date Closing Sensex Value
1.10.07 2800
3.10.07 2780
4.10.07 2795
5.10.07 2830
8.10.07 2760
9.10.07 2790
10.10.07 2880
11.10.07 2960
12.10.07 2990
15.10.07 3200
16.10.07 3300
17.10.07 3450
19.10.07 3360
22.10.07 3290
23.10.07 3360
24.10.07 3340
25.10.07 3290
29.10.07 3240
30.10.07 3140
31.10.07 3260
You are required to test the week form of efficient market hypothesis by applying the run
test at 5% and 10% level of significance.
Following value can be used :
Value of t at 5% is 2.101 at 18 degrees of freedom
Value of t at 10% is 1.734 at 18 degrees of freedom
Value of t at 5% is 2.086 at 20 degrees of freedom.
Value of t at 10% is 1.725 at 20 degrees of freedom. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Identify: Foreign currency is an asset. Amount $ 3,50,000.
Create: $ Liability.
Borrow: In $. The borrowing rate is 9% per annum or 2.25% per quarter.
Amount to be borrowed: 3,50,000 / 1.0225 = $ 3,42,298.29
Convert: Sell $ and buy £. The relevant rate is the Ask rate, namely, 1.5905 per £,
(Note: This is an indirect quote). Amount of £s received on conversion is 2,15,214.27
(3,42,298.29 / 1.5905).
Invest: £ 2,15,214.27 will be invested at 5% for 3 months to get £ 2,17,904.45
Settle: The liability of $3,42,298.29 at interest of 2.25 per cent quarter matures to
$3,50,000 receivable from customer.
Using forward rate, amount receivable is = 3,50,000 / 1.6140 = £2,16,852.54
Amount received through money market hedge = £2,17,904.45
Gain = 2,17,904.45 – 2,16,852.54 = £1,051.91
So, money market hedge is beneficial for the exporter
(b) The only thing lefts Rohit and Bros to cover the risk in the money market. The following
steps are required to be taken:
(i) Borrow pound sterling for 3- months. The borrowing has to be such that at the end
of three months, the amount becomes £ 500,000. Say, the amount borrowed is £ x.
Therefore
 3
x 1 0.05  = 500,000 or x = £493,827
 12 
 
(ii) Convert the borrowed sum into rupees at the spot rate. This gives: Rs.493,827 × 56
= Rs.27,654,312
(iii) The sum thus obtained is placed in the money market at 12 per cent to obtain at the
end of 3- months:
 3
S = 27,654,312 × 1 0.12  = Rs.28,483,941
 
12 

(iv) The sum of £500,000 received from the client at the end of 3- months is used to
refund the loan taken earlier.
From the calculations. It is clear that the money market operation has resulted into a
net gain of Rs.483,941 (= 28,483,941 – 500.000 × 56).
If pound sterling has depreciated in the meantime. The gain would be even bigger.
(c)
Date Closing Sensex Sign of Price Charge
1.10.07 2800
3.10.07 2780 -
4.10.07 2795 +
5.10.07 2830 +
8.10.07 2760 -
9.10.07 2790 +
10.10.07 2880 +
11.10.07 2960 +
12.10.07 2990 +
15.10.07 3200 +
16.10.07 3300 +
17.10.07 3450 +
19.10.07 3360 -
22.10.07 3290 -
23.10.07 3360 +
24.10.07 3340 -
25.10.07 3290 -
29.10.07 3240 -
30.10.07 3140 -
31.10.07 3260 +
Total of sign of price changes (r) = 08

No of Positive changes = n1 = 11
No. of Negative changes = n2 = 08
 r=
2n1n2
n1  n2 1
2 11 8
= 11 8  1
= 176/10 + 1 = 10.26

2n1n2 (2n1n2  n1  n2 ) (n1  n2 )2(n1  n2  1)
 =
r

(2 11 8) (2 11 8  11 8)
 =
r (11 8)2(11 8  1)
176 157
= = 4.252 = 2.06
(19)2(18)
Since too few runs in the case would indicate that the movement of prices is not random.
We employ a two- tailed test the randomness of prices.
Test at 5% level of significance at t.05 using t- table at 18 degrees of freedom
The lower limit

= –t×
r
=10.26 – 2.101 × 2.06 = 5.932

Upper limit

=+t×
r
=10.26 + 2.101 × 2.06 = 14.588

At 10% level of significance at 18 degrees of freedom
lower limit
= 10.26 – 1.734 × 2.06 = 6.688
Upper limit
= 10.26 + 1.734 × 2.06 = 13.832
As seen r lies between these limits. Hence, the market exhibits weak form of efficiency
Question 5
(a) (i) The rate of inflation in USA is likely to be 3% per annum and in India it is likely to be
6.5%. The current spot rate of US $ in India is Rs.43.40. Find the expected rate of
US $ in India after one year and 3 years from now using purchasing power parity
theory. (4
Marks)
(ii) On April 1, 3 months interest rate in the UK £ and US $ are 7.5% and 3.5% per
annum respectively. The UK £/US $ spot rate is 0.7570. What would be the forward
rate for US $ for delivery on 30th June ? (4
Marks)
(b) K. Ltd. is considering acquiring N. Ltd., the following information is available :
Company Profit after tax Number of
Market value per
Equity
share
shares
K. Ltd. 50,00,000 10,00,000 200.00
N. Ltd. 15,00,000 2,50,000 160.00
Exchange of equity shares for acquisition is based on current market value as above. There
is no synergy advantage available :
Find the earning per share for company K. Ltd. after merger.
Find the exchange ratio so that shareholders of N. Ltd. would not be at a loss. (12 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) According to Purchasing Power Parity forward rate is
1r H  t
Spot rate  r 
1 F 
So spot rate after one year
1 0.065 1
43.40  
 1 0.03 
= 43.4 (1.03399)
= 44.8751
After 3 years
1 0.065 3
43,40  
 1 0.03 
= 43.40 (1.03398)³
= 43.40 (1.10544)
= Rs.47.9762
(ii) As per interest rate parity
1 0 1 in A 
S = S 1 in B 
 
1 (0.075) 312 

S1 = 0.7570  
 1 (0.035)  312 
1.01875 
= 0.7570 
1.00875 
= 0.7570 × 1.0099 = 0.7645
S1 = UK £0.7645 / US$
(b) Earning per share for company K. Ltd. after Merger :
Exchange Ratio 160 : 200 = 4: 5
That is 4 shares of K. Ltd. for every 5 shares of N. Ltd.
Total number of shares to be issued =
4
× 2,50,000 = 2,00,000 shares
5
 Total number of shares of K. Ltd. and N .Ltd.
= 10,00,000 K. Ltd.
+ 2,00,000 N. Ltd
12,00,000
Total profit after Tax = Rs. 50,00,000 K. Ltd.
Rs. 15,00,000 N Ltd.
Rs. 65,00,000
 E.P.S. (Earning per share) of K. Ltd. after Merger
65,00,000
= Rs. = Rs.5.42 Per Share
12,00,000
(ii) To find the Exchange Ratio so that shareholders of N. Ltd. would not be at a Loss:
Present Earnings per share for company K. Ltd.
Rs.50,00,000
= Rs.10,00,000 Rs.5.00
Present Earnings Per share for company N. Ltd.
Rs.15,00,000
= Rs.2,50,000  Rs.6.00
Exchange Ratio should be 6 shares of K. Ltd. for every 5 shares of N Ltd.

Shares to be issued to N. Ltd.
2,50,000 
=
6 = 3,00,000 Shares
5
Total No. of Shares of K.Ltd. and N. Ltd.
= 10,00,000 K. Ltd.
+ 3,00,000 N. Ltd
13,00,000
E.P.S. After Merger 65,00,000 = Rs.5.00 Per Share

13,00,000
Total Earnings Available to Shareholders of N. Ltd. after Merger
= Rs.3,00,000 × Rs.5.00 = Rs.15,00,000
This is equal to Earnings prior Merger for N. Ltd.
 Exchange Ratio on the Basis of Earnings per Share is recommended.
Querstion 6
Write short notes on any four of the following :
(a) Financial restructuring
(b) Cross border leasing
(c) Embedded derivatives
(d) Arbitrage operations
(e) Rolling settlement. (4×5=20 Marks)
Answer
(a) Financial Restructuring: Financial restructuring, is carried out internally in the firm with the
consent of its various stakeholders. Financial restructuring is a suitable mode of
restructuring of corporate firms that have incurred accumulated sizable losses for / over a
number of years. As a sequel, the share capital of such firms, in many cases, gets
substantially eroded / lost; in fact, in some cases, accumulated losses over the years
may be more than share capital, causing negative net worth. Given such a dismal state
of financial affairs, a vast majority of such firms are likely to have a dubious potential for
liquidation. Can some of these Firms be revived ? Financial restructuring is one such a
measure for the revival of only those firms that hold promise/prospects for better financial
performance in the years to come. To achieve the desired objective, 'such firms warrant /
merit a restart with a fresh balance sheet, which does not contain past accumulated
losses and fictitious assets and shows share capital at its real/true worth.
(b) Cross-Border Leasing: Cross-border leasing is a leasing agreement where lessor and
lessee are situated in different countries. This raises significant additional issues relating
to tax avoidance and tax shelters. It has been widely used in some European countries,
to arbitrage the difference in the tax laws of different countries.
Cross-border leasing have been in practice as a means of financing infrastructure
development in emerging nations. Cross-border leasing may have significant applications
in financing infrastructure development in emerging nations - such as rail and air
transport equipment, telephone and telecommunications, equipment, and assets
incorporated into power generation and distribution systems and other projects that have
predictable revenue streams.
A major objective of cross-border leases is to reduce the overall cost of financing through
utilization by the lessor of tax depreciation allowances to reduce its taxable income, The tax
savings are passed through to the lessee as a lower cost of finance. The basic prerequisites
are relatively high tax rates in the lessor's country, liberal depreciation rules and either very
flexible or very formalistic rules governing tax ownership.
(c) Embedded Derivatives: An embedded derivative is a derivative instrument that is
embedded in another contract - the host contract. The host contract might be a debt or
equity instrument, a lease, an insurance contract or a sale or purchase contract.
Derivatives require being marked-to-market through the income statement, other than
qualifying hedging Instruments. This requirement on embedded derivatives is designed to
ensure that market-to-market through the income statement cannot be avoided by
including embedding - a derivative in another contract or financial instrument that is not
market-to market through the income statement.
An embedded derivative can arise from deliberate financial engineering and intentional
shifting of certain risks between parties. Many embedded derivatives, however, arise
inadvertently through market practices and common contracting arrangements. Even
purchase and sale contracts that qualify for executory contract treatment may contain
embedded derivatives. An embedded derivative causes modification to a contract's cash
flow, based on changes in a specified variable
(d) Arbitrage Operations: Arbitrage is the buying and selling of the same commodity in
different markets. A number of pricing relationships exist in the foreign exchange market,
whose violation would imply the existence of arbitrage opportunities - the opportunity to
make a profit without risk or investment. These transactions refer to advantage derived in
the transactions of foreign currencies by taking the benefits of difference in rates
between two currencies at two different centers at the same time or of difference
between cross rates and actual rates.
For example, a customer can gain from arbitrage operation by purchase of dollars in the
local market at cheaper price prevailing at a point of time and sell the same for sterling in
the London market. The Sterling will then be used for meeting his commitment to pay the
import obligation from London.
(e) Rolling Settlement : SEBI introduced a new settlement cycle known as the 'rolling
settlement cycle'. This cycle starts and ends on the same day and the settlement take
place on the 'T+5' day, which is 5 business days from the date of the transaction. Hence,
the transaction done on Monday will be settled on the following Monday and the
transaction done on Tuesday will be settled on the following -Tuesday and so on. Hence
unlike a BSE or NSE weekly settlement cycle, in the rolling settlement cycle, the decision
has to be made at the conclusion of the trading session, on the same day, Rolling
settlement cycles were introduced in both exchanges on January 12, 2000.
Internationally, most developed countries follow the rolling settlement system. For
instance both the US and the UK follow a roiling settlement (T+3) system, while the
German stock exchanges follow a (T+2) settlement cycle.
Question No. 1 is compulsory. Answer any four questions from the rest. Working notes should
form part of the answer.
Question 1
(a) Consider a two year American call option with a strike price of Rs. 50 on a stock the
current price of which is also Rs. 50. Assume that there are two time periods of one year
and in each year the stock price can move up or down by equal percentage of 20%. The
risk free interest rate is 6%. Using binominal option model, calculate the probability of
price moving up and down. Also draw a two step binomial tree showing prices and
payoffs at each node. (8
Marks)
(b) Mr. X owns a portfolio with the following characteristics:
Security A Security B Risk Free security

Factor 1 sensitivity 0.80 1.50 0
Factor 2 sensitivity 0.60 1.20 0
Expected Return 15% 20% 10%
It is assumed that security returns are generated by a two factor model.

(i) If Mr. X has Rs. 1,00,000 to invest and sells short Rs. 50,000 of security B and
purchases Rs. 1,50,000 of security A what is the sensitivity of Mr. X’s portfolio to the
two factors?
(ii) If Mr. X borrows Rs. 1,00,000 at the risk free rate and invests the amount he
borrows along with the original amount of Rs. 1,00,000 in security A and B in the
same proportion as described in part (i), what is the sensitivity of the portfolio to the
two factors?
(iii) What is the expected return premium of factor 2? (8 Marks)
(c) The share of X Ltd. is currently selling for Rs. 300. Risk free interest rate is 0.8% per
month. A three months futures contract is selling for Rs. 312. Develop an arbitrage
strategy and show what your riskless profit will be 3 month hence assuming that X Ltd.
will not pay any dividend in the next three months. (4
Marks)
FINAL EXAMINATION : JUNE, 2009
Answer
(a) Stock prices in the two step Binominal tree
Using the single period model, the probability of price increase is
R
P = d u  1.06  0.80 0.26 = 0.65
= =
d 1.20  0.80 0.40
therefore the p of price decrease = 1-0.65 = 0.35
The two step Binominal tree showing price and pay off
The value of an American call option at nodes D, E and F will be equal to the value of
European option at these nodes and accordingly the call values at nodes D, E and F will
be 22, 0 and 0 using the single period binomial model the value of call option at node B is
CupCd(1 p) 22  0.65  0 
C= R = = 13.49
0.35
1.06
At node B the payoff from early exercise will pay Rs. 10, which is less than the value
calculated using the single period binomial model. Hence at node B, early exercise is not
preferable and the value of American option at this node will be Rs. 13.49. If the value of
22
an early exercise had been higher it would have been taken as the value of option. The value
of option at node ‘A’ is
13.49  0.65  0 
0.35 = 8.272
1.06
(b) (i) Mr. X’s position in the two securities are +1.50 in security A and -0.5 in security B.
Hence the portfolio sensitivities to the two factors:-
b prop. 1 =1.50 x 0.80 + (-0.50 x 1.50) = 0.45
b prop. 2 = 1.50 x 0.60 + (-0.50 x 1.20) = 0.30
(ii) Mr. X’s current position:-
Security A Rs. 300000 / Rs. 100000 = 3
Security B -Rs. 100000 / Rs. 100000 = -1
Risk free asset -Rs. 100000 / Rs. 100000 = -1
b prop. 1 = 3.0 x 0.80 + (-1 x 1.50) + (- 1 x 0) = 0.90
b prop. 2 = 3.0 x 0.60 + (-1 x 1.20) + (-1 x 0) = 0.60
(iii) The portfolio created in part (ii) is a pure factor 2 portfolio.
Expected return on the portfolio in part (b) is:
Rp = 3 x 0.15 + (-1) x 0.20 + (-1) x 0.10
= 0.15 i.e. 15%
Expected return premium = 15% - 10%
= 5%
(c) The appropriate value of the 3 months futures contract is –
Fo = Rs. 300 (1.008) 3 = Rs. 307.26
Since the futures price exceeds its appropriate value it pays to do the following:-
Action Initial Cash flow at
Cash flow time T (3 months)
Borrow Rs. 300 now and repay with interest + Rs. 300 - Rs.300 (1.008)3
after 3 months
= - Rs. 307.26
Buy a share - Rs. 300 ST
Sell a futures contract (Fo = 312/-) 0 Rs. 312 – ST
Total Rs. 0 Rs. 4.74
Such an action would produce a risk less profit of Rs. 4.74.
Question 2
(a) An investor has two portfolios known to be on minimum variance set for a population of
three securities A, B and C having below mentioned weights:
WA WB WC
Portfolio X 0.30 0.40 0.30
Portfolio Y 0.20 0.50 0.30
It is supposed that there are no restrictions on short sales.

(i) What would be the weight for each stock for a portfolio constructed by investing Rs.
5,000 in portfolio X and Rs. 3,000 in portfolio Y?.
(ii) Suppose the investor invests Rs. 4,000 out of Rs. 8,000 in security A. How he will
allocate the balance between security B and C to ensure that his portfolio is on
minimum variance set? (6 Marks)
(b) Calculate the value of share from the following information:
Profit of the company Rs. 290 crores
Equity capital of company Rs. 1,300 crores
Par value of share Rs. 40 each
Debt ratio of company 27
Long run growth rate of the company 8%
Beta 0.1; risk free interest rate 8.7%
Market returns 10.3%
Capital expenditure per share Rs. 47
Depreciation per share Rs. 39
Change in Working capital Rs. 3.45 per share (6 Marks)
(c) The returns on stock A and market portfolio for a period of 6 years are as follows:
Year Return on A (%) Return on market portfolio (%)
1 12 8
2 15 12
3 11 11
4 2 -4
5 10 9.5
6 -12 -2
(i) Characteristic line for stock A
(ii) The systematic and unsystematic risk of stock A. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Investment committed to each security would be:-
A B C Total
Portfolio X Rs. 1,500 Rs. 2,000 Rs. 1,500 Rs. 5,000
Portfolio Y Rs. 600 Rs. 1,500 Rs. 900 Rs. 3,000
Combined Portfolio Rs. 2,100 Rs. 3,500 Rs. 2,400 Rs. 8,000
Stock weights 0.26 0.44 0.30
(ii) The equation of critical line takes the following form:-
WB = a + bWA
Substituting the values of WA & WB from portfolio X and Y in above equation, we
get
0.40 = a + 0.30b, and
0.50 = a + 0.20b
Solving above equation we obtain the slope and intercept, a = 0.70 and b= -1 and
thus, the critical line is
WB = 0.70 – WA
If half of the funds is invested in security A then,
WB = 0.70 – 0.50 = 0.20
Since WA + WB + WC = 1
WC = 1 - 0.50 – 0.20 = 0.30
Allocation of funds to security B = 0.20 x 8,000
= Rs. 1,600, and
Security C = 0.30 x 8,000
= Rs. 2,400
1300
(b) No. of Shares = = 32.5 Crores
40
PAT
EPS =
No.of shares
290
EPS = = Rs. 8.923
32.5
FCFE = Net income – [(1-b) (capex – dep) + (1-b) ( ΔWC )]
FCFE = 8.923 – [(1-0.27) (47-39) + (1-0.27) (3.45)]
= 8.923 – [5.84 + 2.5185]
= 0.5645
Cost of Equity = Rf + ß (Rm – Rf)
= 8.7 + 0.1 (10.3 – 8.7)
= 8.86%
Po = FCFE(1 g) 0.5645(1.08) 0.60966 = Rs. 70.89

= 
K e g 0.0886  .08 0.0086
(c) Characteristic line is given by
αi  βi Rm
βi = xy  n x y
x 2  n(x)2
αi = R
y β x
eturn Return xy x2 (x- x) (x- x)2 (y- y) (y- y)2
on A on
(Y) market
(X)
12 8 96 64 2.25 5.06 5.67 32.15
15 12 180 144 6.25 39.06 8.67 75.17
11 11 121 121 5.25 27.56 4.67 21.81
2 -4 -8 16 -9.75 95.06 -4.33 18.75
10 9.5 95 90.25 3.75 14.06 3.67 13.47
y= -12
38 = 6.33 -2_ 24 4 -7.75 60.06 -18.33 335.99
6
38 34.5 508 439.25 240.86 497.34
x = 34.5
6 = 5.75
βi = xy  n x = 508  6(5.75)(6.33) = 508  218.385

y
x 2  n(x)2 439.25  439.25 198.375
6(5.75)2
289.615
= 240.875
= 1.202
 = y -  x = 6.33 – 1.202 (5.75) = - 0.58

Hence the characteristic line is -0.58 + 1.202 (Rm)
Total Risk of Market = σ = (x  240.86 = 48.17(%)

x)2 =
m2
x 1 5
497.3
Total Risk of Stock =
4 = 99.47 (%)
5
Systematic Risk = βi 2 σ
m2
= (1.202)2 x 48.17 = 69.59(%)
Unsystematic Risk is = Total Risk – Systematic Risk

= 99.47-69.59 = 29.88(%)
Question 3
(a) M/s Gama & Co. is planning of installing a power saving machine and are considering
buying or leasing alternative. The machine is subject to straight-line method of
depreciation. Gama & Co. can raise debt at 14% payable in five equal annual instalments
of Rs. 1,78,858 each, at the beginning of the year. In case of leasing, the company would
be required to pay an annual end of year rent of 25% of the cost of machine for 5 years.
The Company is in 40% tax bracket. The salvage value is estimated at Rs. 24,998 at the end
of 5 years.
Evaluate the two alternatives and advise the company by considering after tax cost of
debt concept under both alternatives.
P.V. factors 0.9225, 0.8510, 0.7851, 0.7242, 0.6681 respectively for 1 to 5 years.
(12 Marks)
(b) ABC Ltd. has Rs. 300 million, 12 per cent bonds outstanding with six years remaining to
maturity. Since interest rates are falling, ABC Ltd. is contemplating of refunding these
bonds with a Rs. 300 million issue of 6 year bonds carrying a coupon rate of 10 per cent.
Issue cost of the new bond will be Rs. 6 million and the call premium is 4 per cent. Rs. 9
million being the unamortized portion of issue cost of old bonds can be written off no
sooner the old bonds are called off. Marginal tax rate of ABC Ltd. is 30 per cent. You are
required to analyse the bond refunding decision. (6 Marks)
(c) Mr. X earns 10% on his investments in equity shares. He is considering a recently floated
scheme of a Mutual Fund where the initial expenses are 6% and annual recurring
expensed are expected to be 2%. How much the Mutual Fund scheme should earn to
provide a return of 10% to Mr. X? (2 Marks)
Answer
(a)
CALCULATION OF COST OF THE MACHINE
Year Cl. Balance at the Installment Interest Principal
beginning component
5 0 1,78,858 21,965 1,56,893
4 1,56,893 1,78,858 41,233 1,37,625
3 2,94,518 1,78,858 58,134 1,20,724
2 4,15,242 1,78,858 72,960 1,05,898
1 5,21,140 1,78,858 0 1,78,858
Total 6,99,998
Cost of the machine is Rs. 6,99,998

Buying Option
Depreciation p.a. = Rs. 6,99,998- Rs. 24,998
5
Depreciation p.a. = Rs. 1,35,000
Tax Saving on interest & Depreciation

Year Interest (Rs.) Dep. (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Tax Saving (Rs.)
1 72,960 1,35,000 2,07,960 83,184
2 58,134 1,35,000 1,93,134 77,254
3 41,233 1,35,000 1,76,233 70,493
4 21,965 1,35,000 1,56,965 62,786
5 0 1,35,000 1,35,000 54,000
P.V. Out flow
Year Installment Tax Saving Net outflow (Rs.) PV @8.4% P.V. (Rs.)
(Rs.) (Rs.)
0 1,78,858 0 1,78,858 1.000 1,78,858.00
1 1,78,858 83,184 95,674 0.9225 88,259.00
2 1,78,858 77,254 1,01,604 0.851 86,465.00
3 1,78,858 70,493 1,08,365 0.7851 85,077.00
4 1,78,858 62,786 1,16,072 0.7242 84,059.00
5 54,000 -54,000 0.6681 -36,077.00
4,86,641.00
Salvage Value 24,998 0.6681 16,701.00
P.V. of Outflow 4,69,940.00
Leasing Option
Lease Rent 25% of Rs. 6,99,998 i.e. Rs. 1,74,999.50 app. Rs. 1,75,000
Lease Rent payable at the end of the year
Year Lease Rental
Tax Saving (Rs.) Net outflow (Rs.) PV @8.4% P.V. (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1-5 1,75,000 70,000 1,05,000 3.9509 4,14,844.50
Decision – The company is advised to opt for leasing as the total PV of cash outflow is lower
by Rs. 55,095.50
(b)
1. Calculation of initial outlay:-
Rs. (million)
a. Face value 300
Add:-Call premium 12
Cost of calling old bonds 312
b. Gross proceed of new issue 300
Less: Issue costs 6
Net proceeds of new issue 294
c. Tax savings on call premium
and unamortized cost 0.30 (12 + 9) 6.3
 Initial outlay = Rs. 312 million – Rs 294 million – Rs. 6.3 million
= Rs. 11.7 million
2. Calculation of net present value of refunding the bond:-
Saving in annual interest expenses Rs. (million)
[300 x (0.12 – 0.10)] 6.00
Less:- Tax saving on interest
and amortization
0.30 x [6 + (9-6)/6] 1.95
Annual net cash saving 4.05
PVIFA (7%, 6 years) 4.766
Present value of net annual cash saving = Rs. 19.30 million
Less:- Initial outlay = Rs. 11.70 million
Net present value of refunding the bond Rs. 7.60 million
Decision: The bonds should be refunded
(c) r2 =
1
x r1 + recurring exp.
1 initial
exp
The rate of return the mutual fund should earn;
1
= 1 0.06 x 0.1 + 0.02
= 0.1264 or 12.64%
Question 4
(a) Your forex dealer had entered into a cross currency deal and had sold US $ 10,00,000
against EURO at US $ 1 = EUR 1.4400 for spot delivery.
However, later during the day, the market became volatile and the dealer in compliance
with his management’s guidelines had to square – up the position when the quotations
were:
Spot US $ 1 INR 31.4300/4500

1 month margin 25/20
2 months margin 45/35
Spot US $ 1 EURO 1.4400/4450
1 month forward 1.4425/4490
2 months forward 1.4460/4530
What will be the gain or loss in the transaction? (6 Marks)

(b) On 19th April following are the spot rates
Spot EUR/USD 1.20000 USD/INR 44.8000
Following are the quotes of European Options:
Currency Pair Call/Put Strike Price Premium Expiry date
EUR/USD Call 1.2000 $ 0.035 July 19
EUR/USD Put 1.2000 $ 0.04 July 19
USD/INR Call 44.8000 Rs. 0.12 Sep. 19
USD/INR Put 44.8000 Rs. 0.04 Sep. 19
(i) A trader sells an at-the-money spot straddle expiring at three months (July 19).
Calculate gain or loss if three months later the spot rate is EUR/USD 1.2900.
(ii) Which strategy gives a profit to the dealer if five months later (Sep. 19) expected
spot rate is USD/INR 45.00. Also calculate profit for a transaction USD 1.5 million.
(8 Marks)
(c) You have following quotes from Bank A and Bank B:
Bank A Bank B
SPOT USD/CHF 1.4650/55 USD/CHF 1.4653/60
3 months 5/10
6 months 10/15
SPOT GBP/USD 1.7645/60 GBP/USD 1.7640/50
3 months 25/20
6 months 35/25
Calculate :
(i) How much minimum CHF amount you have to pay for 1 Million GBP spot?
(ii) Considering the quotes from Bank A only, for GBP/CHF what are the Implied Swap
points for Spot over 3 months? (6 Marks)
Answer
(a) 1 The amount of EUR bought by selling USD
10,00,000 * 1.4400 = EUR 14,40,000
2 The amount of EUR sold for buying USD
10,00,000 * 1.4450 = EUR 14,45,000
3 Net Loss in the Transaction = EUR 5,000
To acquire EUR 5,000 from the market @
(a) USD 1 = EUR 1.4400 &
(b) USD1 = INR 31.4500
Cross Currency buying rate of EUR/INR is
Rs. 31.4500 / 1.440 i.e. Rs. 21.8403
Loss in the Transaction Rs. 21.8403 * 5000 = Rs. 1,09,201.50
(b) (i) Straddle is a portfolio of a CALL & a PUT option with identical Strike Price. A trader
sells Straddle of At the Money Straddle will be selling a Call option & a put option with
Strike Price of USD per EUR.
He will receive premium of $ 0.035 + $ 0.040 = $ 0.075
At the expiry of three months Spot rate is 1.2900 i.e. higher than Strike Price Hence,
Buyer of the Call option will exercise the option, but buyer of Put option will allow
the option to lapse.
Profit or Loss to a trader is
Premium received $0.075
Loss on call option exercised 1.2900 – 1.2000 $0.090
Net Loss of $ 0.015 per EUR
(ii) BUY Strategy i.e. either Call or Put
Price is expected to go up then call option is beneficial.
On 19th April to pay Premium 15,00,000 @ Rs. 0.12 i.e. INR 1,80,000
On 19th September exercise call option to gain 15,00,000 @ Rs. 0.20 INR 3,00,000
Net Gain or Profit INR 1,20,000
(c) (i) To BUY 1 Million GBP Spot against CHF
1. First to BUY USD against CHF at the cheaper rate i.e. from Bank A.
1 USD = CHF 1.4655
2. Then to BUY GBP against USD at a cheaper rate i.e. from Bank B
1 GBP= USD 1.7650
By applying chain rule Buying rate would be
1 GBP = 1.7650 * 1.4655 CHF
1 GBP = CHF 2.5866
Amount payable CHF 2.5866 Million or CHF 25,86,600
(ii) Spot rate Bid rate GBP 1 = CHF 1.4650 * 1.7645 = CHF 2.5850
Offer rate GBP 1 = CHF 1.4655 * 1.7660 = CHF 2.5881
GBP / USD 3 months swap points are at discount

Outright 3 Months forward rate GBP 1 = USD 1.7620 / 1.7640
USD / CHF 3 months swap points are at premium
Outright 3 Months forward rate USD 1 = CHF 1.4655 / 1.4665
Hence
Outright 3 Months forward rate GBP 1 = CHF 2.5822 / 2.5869
Spot rate GBP 1 = CHF 2.5850 / 2.5881
Therefore 3 month swap points are at discount of 28/12.
Question 5
The following information relating to the acquiring Company Abhiman Ltd. and the target
Company Abhishek Ltd. are available. Both the Companies are promoted by Multinational
Company, Trident Ltd. The promoter’s holding is 50% and 60% respectively in Abhiman Ltd.
and Abhishek Ltd. :
Abhiman Ltd Abhishek Ltd.
Share Capital (Rs.) 200 lakh 100 lakh
Free Reserve and Surplus (Rs.) 800 lakh 500 lakh
Paid up Value per share (Rs.) 100 10
Free float Market Capitalisation (Rs.) 400 lakh 128 lakh
P/E Ratio (times) 10 4
Trident Ltd. is interested to do justice to the shareholders of both the Companies. For the
swap ratio weights are assigned to different parameters by the Board of Directors as follows:
Book Value 25%
EPS (Earning per share) 50%
Market Price 25%
(a) What is the swap ratio based on above weights?
(b) What is the Book Value, EPS and expected Market price of Abhiman Ltd. after
acquisition of Abhishek Ltd. (assuming P.E. ratio of Abhiman Ltd. remains unchanged
and all assets and liabilities of Abhishek Ltd. are taken over at book value).
(c) Calculate:
(i) Promoter’s revised holding in the Abhiman Ltd.
(ii) Free float market capitalization.
(iii) Also calculate No. of Shares, Earning per Share (EPS) and Book Value (B.V.), if after
acquisition of Abhishek Ltd., Abhiman Ltd. decided to :
(a) Issue Bonus shares in the ratio of 1 : 2; and
(b) Split the stock (share) as Rs. 5 each fully paid. (20 Marks)
Answer
(a) Swap Ratio Abhiman Ltd. Abhishek Ltd.
Share Capital 200 Lakh 100 Lakh
Free Reserves 800 Lakh 500 Lakh
Total 1000 Lakh 600 Lakh
No. of Shares 2 Lakh 10 Lakh
Book Value per share Rs. 500 Rs. 60
Promoter’s holding 50% 60%
Non promoter’s holding 50% 40%
Free Float Market Cap. i.e. 400 Lakh 128 Lakh
relating to Public’s holding
Hence Total market Cap. 800 Lakh 320 Lakh
No. of Shares 2 Lakh 10 Lakh
Market Price Rs. 400 Rs. 32
P/E Ratio 10 4
EPS 40 8
Calculation of Swap Ratio

Book Value 1 : 0.12 i.e. 0.12 x 25% 0.03
EPS 1 : 0.2 0.20 x 50% 0.10
Market Price 1 : 0.08 0.08 x 25% 0.02
Total 0.15
Swap ratio is for every one share of Abhishek Ltd., to issue 0.15 shares of Abhiman Ltd.
Hence total no. of shares to be issued
10 Lakh x 0.15 = 1.50 lakh shares
(b) Book Value , EPS & Market Price
Total No of Shares 2 Lakh + 1.5 Lakh = 3.5 Lakh
Total Capital Rs. 200 Lakh + Rs. 150 Lakh = Rs. 350 Lakh
Reserves Rs. 800 Lakh + Rs. 450 Lakh = Rs. 1,250 Lakh
Book Value Rs. 350 Lakh + Rs. 1,250 Lakh = Rs. 457.14 per share
3.5 Lakh
EPS Total Rs.80 Lakh  Rs.80 Lakh Rs.160 Lakh

Profit = =
No. of Share 3.5 3.5
Lakh
= Rs. 45.71
Expected Market Price EPS (Rs. 45.71) x P/E Ratio (10) = Rs. 457.10
(c) (1) Promoter’s holding

Promoter’s Revised Abhiman 50% i.e. 1.00 Lakh shares
Holding Abhishek 60% i.e. 0.90 Lakh shares
Total 1.90 Lakh shares
Promoter’s % = 1.90/3.5 x 100 = 54.29%
(2) Free Float Market Capitalisation
Free Float Market = (3.5 Lakh – 1.9 Lakh) x Rs. 457.10
Capitalisation = Rs. 731.36 Lakh
(3) (i) & (ii)
Revised Capital Rs. 350 Lakh + Rs. 175 Lakh = Rs. 525 Lakh
No. of shares before Split (F.V Rs. 100) 5.25 Lakh
No. of Shares after Split (F.V. Rs 5 ) 5.25 x 20 = 105 Lakh
EPS 160 Lakh / 105 Lakh = 1.523
Book Value Cap. Rs. 525 Lakh + Rs. 1075 Lakh
No. of Shares =105 Lakh
= Rs.15.238 per share
Question 6
(a) Consider two bonds, one with 5 years to maturity and the other with 20 years to maturity.
Both the bonds have a face value of Rs. 1,000 and coupon rate of 8% (with annual
interest payments) and both are selling at par. Assume that the yields of both the bonds
fall to 6%, whether the price of bond will increase or decrease? What percentage of this
increase/decrease comes from a change in the present value of bond’s principal amount
and what percentage of this increase/decrease comes from a change in the present
value of bond’s interest payments? (8
Marks)
(b) Consider a bond selling at its par value of Rs. 1,000, with 6 years to maturity and a 7%
coupon rate (with annual interest payment), what is bond’s duration? (6 Marks)
(c) If the YTM of the bond in (b) above increases to 10%, how it affects the bond’s duration?
And why? (3 Marks)
(d) Why should the duration of a coupon carrying bond always be less than the time to its
maturity? (3 Marks)
Answer
(a) If the yield of the bond falls the price will always increase. This can be shown by
following calculation.
IF YIELD FALLS TO 6%
Price of 5yr. bond
Rs. 80 (PVIFA 6%, 5yrs.) + Rs. 1000 (PVIF 6%, 5yrs.)
Rs. 80 (4.212) + Rs. 1000 (0.747)
Rs. 336.96 + Rs. 747 = Rs. 1,083.96
Increase in 5 year’s bond price = Rs. 83.96
Current price of 20 year bond
Rs. 80 (PVIFA 6%, 20) + Rs. 1,000 (PVIF 6%, 20)
Rs. 80 (11.47) + Rs. 1,000 (0.312)
Rs. 917.60 + Rs. 312.00 = Rs. 1229.60
So increase in bond price is Rs. 229.60
PRICE INCREASE DUE TO CHANGE IN PV OF PRINCIPAL
5 yrs. Bond
Rs. 1,000 (PVIF 6%, 5) – Rs. 1,000 (PVIF 8%, 5)
Rs. 1,000 (0.747) – Rs. 1,000 (0.681)
Rs. 747.00 – Rs. 681.00 = Rs. 66.00
& change in price due to change in PV of Principal
(Rs. 66/ Rs. 83.96) x 100 = 78.6%
20 yrs. Bond
Rs. 1,000 (PVIF 6%, 20) – Rs. 1,000 (PVIF 8%, 20)
Rs. 1,000 (0.312) – Rs. 1,000 (0.214)
Rs. 312.00 – Rs. 214.00 = Rs. 98.00
& change in price due to change in PV of Principal
(Rs. 98/ Rs. 229.60) x 100 = 42.68%
PRICE CHANGE DUE TO CHANGE IN PV OF INTEREST
5 yrs. Bond
Rs. 80 (PVIFA 6%, 5) – Rs. 80 (PVIFA 8%, 5)
Rs. 80 (4.212) – Rs. 80 (3.993)
Rs. 336.96 – Rs. 319.44 = Rs. 17.52
Rs.17.52
% change in price x 100 = 20.86%
Rs.83.96
20 yrs. Bond
Rs. 80 (PVIFA 6%, 20) – Rs. 80 (PVIFA 8%,20)
Rs. 80 (11.47) – Rs. 80 (9.82)
Rs. 917.60 – Rs. 785.60 = Rs. 132
Rs.132
& change in price = x 100 = 57.49%
Rs.229.60
(b) Duration in the average time taken to recollect back the investment
Years Coupon Redemption Total PVIF @ 7% (A )x(B)x (C)
(A) Payments (Rs.) (B) (Rs.) (C) (Rs.) (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1 70 - 70 0.935 65.45
2 70 - 70 0.873 122.22
3 70 - 70 0.816 171.36
4 70 - 70 0.763 213.64
5 70 - 70 0.713 249.55
6 70 1000 1070 0.666 4,275.72
 ABC 5,097.94
Duration = ΣABC
Purchase Price
Rs.5097.94
= 5.098 years
Rs.1000
(c) If YTM goes up to 10% , current price of the bond will decrease to
Rs. 70 x PVIFA (10%,6) + Rs. 1000 PVIF (10%,6)
Rs. 304.85 + Rs. 564.00 = Rs. 868.85
Year Inflow (Rs.) PVIF @ 10% (A )x(B)x (C)
(A) (B) (C) (Rs.)
1 70 0.909 63.63
2 70 0.826 115.64
3 70 0.751 157.71
4 70 0.683 191.24
5 70 0.621 217.35
6 1070 0.564 3,620.88
 ABC 4,366.45
New Duration Rs. 4,366.45/ Rs. 868.85 = 5.025 years
The duration of bond decreases, reason being the receipt of slightly higher portion of
one’s investment on the same intervals.
(d) Duration is nothing but the average time taken by an investor to collect his/her
investment. If an investor receives a part of his/her investment over the time on specific
intervals before maturity, the investment will offer him the duration which would be lesser
than the maturity of the instrument. Higher the coupon rate, lesser would be the duration.
Question No.1 is compulsory.
Attempt any five questions from the remaining six questions
Working notes should form par t of the answer
Question 1
(a) Amal Ltd. has been maintaining a growth rate of 12% in dividends. The company has
paid dividend @ ` 3 per share. The rate of return on market portfolio is 15% and the risk-
free rate of return in the market has been observed as10% . The beta co-efficient of the
company’s share is 1.2.
You are required to calculate the expected rate of return on the company’s shares as per
CAPM model and the equilibirium price per share by dividend growth model. (5 Marks)
(b) From the following particulars, calculate the effective rate of interest p.a. as well as the
total cost of funds to Bhaskar Ltd., which is planning a CP issue:
Issue Price of CP ` 97,550
Face Value ` 1,00,000
Maturity Period 3 Months
Issue Expenses:
Brokerage 0.15% for 3 months
Rating Charges 0.50% p.a.
Stamp Duty 0.175% for 3 months (5 Marks)
(c) Equity share of PQR Ltd. is presently quoted at ` 320. The Market Price of the share
after 6 months has the following probability distribution:
Market Price ` 180 260 280 320 400
Probability 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1
A put option with a strike price of ` 300 can be written.
You are required to find out expected value of option at maturity (i.e. 6 months) (5 Marks)
(d) Calculate Market Price of:
(i) 10% Government of India security currently quoted at ` 110, but interest rate is
expected to go up by 1%.
(ii) A bond with 7.5% coupon interest, Face Value ` 10,000 & term to maturity of 2
years, presently yielding 6% . Interest payable half yearly. (5
Marks)
Answer
(a) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula for calculation of expected rate of return is
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

FINAL (NEW) EXAMINATION : NOVEMBER, 2010
ER = Rf + β (Rm – Rf)
ER = Expected Return
β = Beta of Security
Rm = Market Return
Rf = Risk free Rate
= 10 + [1.2 (15 – 10)]
= 10 + 1.2 (5)
= 10 + 6 = 16% or 0.16
Applying dividend growth mode for the calculation of per share equilibrium price:-
D1
ER = P + g
0
3.36
or 0.16 = 3(1.12)  0.12 or 0.16 – 0.12 =
P0 P0
3.36
or 0.04 P0 = 3.36 or P0 =
0.04 = Rs. 84
Therefore, equilibrium price per share will be Rs. 84.
 F  P  12
(b) Effective Interest =  100
 P 
  M
Where
F= Face Vale
P= Issue Price
1,00,000- 97,550 12
= 97,550 × 3 ×100
= 0.025115  4  100
= 10.046 = 10.05% p.a.
 Effective interest rate = 10.05% p.a.
Cost of Funds to the Company
Effective Interest 10.05%
Brokerage (0.150  4) 0.60%
Rating Charge 0.50%
Stamp duty (0.175  4) 0.70%
11.85%
21
(c) Expected Value of Option
(300 – 180) X 0.1 12
(300 – 260) X 0.2 8
(300 – 280) X 0.5 10
(300 – 320) X 0.1 Not Exercised*
(300 – 400) X 0.1 Not Exercised*
30
* If the strike price goes beyond Rs. 300, option is not exercised at all.
In case of Put option, since Share price is greater than strike price Option Value would
be zero.
(d) (i) Current yield = (Coupon Interest / Market Price) X 100
(10/110) X 100 = 9.09%
If current yield go up by 1% i.e. 10.09 the market price would be
10.09 = 10 / Market Price X 100
Market Price = Rs. 99.11
(ii) Market Price of Bond = P.V. of Interest + P.V. of Principal
= Rs. 1,394 + Rs. 8,885
= Rs. 10,279
Question 2
(a) Derivative Bank entered into a plain vanilla swap through on OIS (Overnight Index Swap)
on a principal of ` 10 crores and agreed to receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a
fixed payment on the principal. The swap was entered into on Monday, 2nd August, 2010
and was to commence on 3rd August, 2010 and run for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were:
7.75%,8.15%,8.12%,7.95%,7.98%,8.15%.
If Derivative Bank received ` 317 net on settlement, calculate Fixed rate and interest
under both legs.
Notes:
(i) Sunday is Holiday.
(ii) Work in rounded rupees and avoid decimal working. (8 Marks)
(b) MK Ltd. is considering acquiring NN Ltd. The following information is available:
22

Company Earning after No. of Equity Market Value
tax(`) Shares Per Share(`)
MK Ltd. 60,00,000 12,00,000 200.00
NN Ltd. 18,00,000 3,00,000 160.00
Exchange of equity shares for acquisition is based on current market value as above.
There is no synergy advantage available.
(i) Find the earning per share for company MK Ltd. after merger, and
(ii) Find the exchange ratio so that shareholders of NN Ltd. would not be at a loss.
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Day Principal (Rs.) MIBOR (%) Interest (Rs.)
Tuesday 10,00,00,000 7.75 21,233

Wednesday 10,00,21,233 8.15 22,334
Thursday 10,00,43,567 8.12 22,256
Friday 10,00,65,823 7.95 21,795
Saturday & Sunday (*) 10,00,87,618 7.98 43,764
Monday 10,01,31,382 8.15 22,358
Total Interest @ Floating 1,53,740
Less: Net Received 317
Expected Interest @ fixed 1,53,423
Thus Fixed Rate of Interest 0.07999914%
Approx. 8%
(*) i.e. interest for two days.

Note: Alternatively, answer can also be calculated on the basis of 360days in a year.
(b) (i) Earning per share of company MK Ltd after merger:-
Exchange ratio 160 : 200 = 4 : 5.
that is 4 shares of MK Ltd. for every 5 shares of NN Ltd.
Total number of shares to be issued = 4/5  3,00,000 = 2,40,000 Shares.
Total number of shares of MK Ltd. and NN Ltd.=12,00,000 (MK Ltd.)+2,40,000 (NN Ltd.)
23
= 14,40,000 Shares
Total profit after tax = Rs. 60,00,000 MK Ltd.
= Rs. 18,00,000 NN Ltd.
= Rs. 78,00,000
 EPS. (Earning Per Share) of MK Ltd. after merger
Rs. 78,00,000/14,40,000 = Rs. 5.42 per share
(ii) To find the exchange ratio so that shareholders of NN Ltd. would not be at a Loss:
Present earning per share for company MK Ltd.
= Rs. 60,00,000/12,00,000 = Rs. 5.00
Present earning per share for company NN Ltd.
= Rs. 18,00,000/3,00,000 = Rs. 6.00
 Exchange ratio should be 6 shares of MK Ltd. for every 5 shares of NN Ltd.
 Shares to be issued to NN Ltd. = 3,00,000  6/5 = 3,60,000 shares
Now, total No. of shares of MK Ltd. and NN Ltd. =12,00,000 (MK Ltd.)+3,60,000 (NN Ltd.)
= 15,60,000 shares
 EPS after merger = Rs. 78,00,000/15,60,000 = Rs. 5.00 per share
Total earnings available to shareholders of NN Ltd. after merger = 3,60,000 shares
 Rs. 5.00 = Rs. 18,00,000.
This is equal to earnings prior merger for NN Ltd.
 Exchange ratio on the basis of earnings per share is recommended.
Question 3
(a) Delta Ltd.’s current financial year’s income statement reports its net income as
` 15,00,000. Delta’s marginal tax rate is 40% and its interest expense for the year was
` 15,00,000. The company has ` 1,00,00,000 of invested capital, of which 60% is debt.
In addition, Delta Ltd. tries to maintain a Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of
12.6%.
(i) Compute the operating income or EBIT earned by Delta Ltd. in the current year.
(ii) What is Delta Ltd.’s Economic Value Added (EVA) for the current year?
(iii) Delta Ltd. has 2,50,000 equity shares outstanding. According to the EVA you
computed in (ii), how much can Delta pay in dividend per share before the value of
the company would start to decrease? If Delta does not pay any dividends, what
would you expect to happen to the value of the company? (8 Marks)
24
(b) A Dealer quotes “All-in-Cost” for a generic swap at 8% against six months LIBOR flat. If
the notional principal amount of swap is ` 6,00,000,-
(i) Calculate semi-annual fixed payment.
(ii) Find the first floating rate payment for (i) above, if the six-month period from the
effective date of swap to the settlement date comprises 181 days and that the
corresponding LIBOR was 6% on the effective date of swap.
(iii) In (ii) above, if the settlement is on ‘NET’ basis, how much the fixed rate payer
would pay to the floating rate payer ? Generic swap is based on 30/360 days.
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Taxable income = Net Income /(1 – 0.40)
or, Taxable income = Rs. 15,00,000/(1 – 0.40) = Rs. 25,00,000
Again, taxable income = EBIT – Interest
or, EBIT = Taxable Income + Interest
= Rs. 25,00,000 + Rs. 15,00,000 = Rs. 40,00,000
(ii) EVA = EBIT (1 – T) – (WACC  Invested capital)
= Rs. 40,00,000 (1 – 0.40) – (0.126  Rs. 1,00,00,000)
= Rs. 24,00,000 – Rs. 12,60,000 = Rs. 11,40,000
(iii) EVA Dividend = Rs. 11,40,000/2,50,000 = Rs. 4.56
If Delta Ltd. does not pay a dividend, we would expect the value of the firm to increase
because it will achieve higher growth, hence a higher level of EBIT. If EBIT is higher,
then all else equal, the value of the firm will increase.
(b) (i) Semi-Annual fixed payment = (N) (AIC) (Period)
Where, N = Notional Principal Amount = Rs. 6,00,000
All-In-Cost (AIC) = 8% = 0.08
= Rs. 6,00,000  0.08  180/360
= Rs. 6,00,000  0.08  0.5
= Rs. 6,00,000  0.04 = Rs. 24,000
(ii) Floating rate payment = N(LIBOR) (dt/360)
= Rs. 6,00,000  0.06  181/360
= Rs. 6,00,000  0.06  (0.502777)
= Rs. 18,100
25
(iii) Net Amount = (i) – (ii)
or = Rs. 24,000 – Rs. 18,100 = Rs. 5,900.
Question 4
(a) A valuation done of an established company by a well-known analyst has estimated a
value of ` 500 lakhs, based on the expected free cash flow for next year of ` 20 lakhs
and an expected growth rate of 5%.
While going through the valuation procedure, you found that the analyst has made the
mistake of using the book values of debt and equity in his calculation. While you do not know
the book value weights he used, you have been provided with the following information:
(i) Company has a cost of equity of 12%,
(ii) After tax cost of debt is 6%,
(iii) The market value of equity is three times the book value of equity, while the market
value of debt is equal to the book value of debt.
You are required to estimate the correct value of the company. (8 Marks)
(b) Rahul Ltd. has surplus cash of ` 100 lakhs and wants to distribute 27% of it to the
shareholders. The company decides to buyback shares. The Finance Manager of the
company estimates that its share price after re-purchase is likely to be 10% above the
buyback price-if the buyback route is taken. The number of shares outstanding at present
is 10 lakhs and the current EPS is ` 3.
(i) The price at which the shares can be re-purchased, if the market capitalization of
the company should be ` 210 lakhs after buyback,
(ii) The number of shares that can be re-purchased, and
(iii) The impact of share re-purchase on the EPS, assuming that net income is the
same. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) Cost of capital by applying Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) Model is as follows:-
FCFF1
Value of Firm = V0 =
Kc  gn
Where –
FCFF1 = Expected FCFF in the year 1
Kc = Cost of capital
26
gn = Growth rate forever
Thus, Rs. 500 lakhs = Rs. 20 lakhs /(Kc-g)
Since g = 5%, then Kc = 9%
Now, let X be the weight of debt and given cost of equity = 12% and cost of debt = 6%,
then 12% (1 – X) + 6% X = 9%
Hence, X = 0.50, so book value weight for debt was 50%
 Correct weight should be 75% of equity and 25% of debt.
 Cost of capital = Kc = 12% (0.75) + 6% (0.25) = 10.50%
and correct firm’s value = Rs. 20 lakhs/(0.105 – 0.05) = Rs. 363.64 lakhs.
(b) (i) Let P be the buyback price decided by Rahul Ltd.
Market Capitalisation after Buyback
1.1P (Original Shares – Shares Bought Back)
 27% of 100 lakhs 
= 1.1P 10 lakhs - 
P
 
= 11 lakhs  P – 27 lakhs  1.1
= 11 lakhs P – 29.7 lakhs
Again, 11 lakhs P – 29.7 lakhs
or 11 lakhs P = 210 lakhs + 29.7 lakhs
239.7
or P = = Rs. 21.79 per share
11
(ii) Number of Shares to be Bought Back :-
Rs.27 lakhs
= 1.24 lakhs (Approx.) or 123910 share
Rs. 21.79
(iii) New Equity Shares :-
10 lakhs – 1.24 lakhs = 8.76 lakhs or 1000000 – 123910 = 876090 shares
310 lakhs
EPS = = Rs. 3.43
8.76 lakhs
Thus, EPS of Rahul Ltd., increases to Rs. 3.43.
Question 5
(a) Consider the following information on two stocks X and Y:
27
Year Return on X (%) Return on Y (%)
2008 12 10
2009 18 16
(i) The expected return on a portfolio containing X and Y in the proportion of 60% and
40% respectively.
(ii) The standard deviation of return from each of the two stocks.
(iii) The covariance of returns from the two stocks.
(iv) Correlation co-efficient between the returns of the two stocks.
(v) The risk of portfolio containing X and Y in the proportion of 60% and 40%.
(8 Marks)
(b) Shashi Co. Ltd has projected the following cash flows from a project under evaluation:
Year 0 1 2 3
` (in lakhs) (72) 30 40 30
The above cash flows have been made at expected prices after recognizing inflation. The
firm’s cost of capital is 10% . The expected annual rate of inflation is 5%. Show how the
viability of the project is to be evaluated. PVF at 10% for 1-3 years are 0.909,0.826 and
0.751. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Expected return of the portfolio X and Y
E(X) = (12 + 18)/2 = 15%
E(Y) = (10 + 16)/2 = 13%
RP = 0.6(15) + 0.4 (13) = 14.2%
(ii) Stock X
n
∑(Xt - X)2
Variance = t=1
N
Variance = 0.5(12 – 15)2 + 0.5(18 – 15)2 = 9
Standard deviation = 9 = 3%
Stock Y
28
n
∑(Yt - Y)2
Variance = t=1
N
Variance = 0.5(10 – 13)2 + 0.5(16 – 13)2 = 9
Standard deviation = 9 = 3%
(iii) Covariance of Stocks X and Y
n
∑(Xt - X)(Yt - Y)
Covariance = t =1
N
CovXY = 0.5(12 – 15) (10 – 13) + 0.5 (18 – 15) (16 – 13) = 9
(iv) Correlation of Coefficient
COVXY 9
   1
XY
 XY 3 3
(v) Portfolio Risk
P 
 0.6 2  3 2   0.4 2  3 2  2  0.6  0.4  3  3 1

3.24  1.44  4.32
= 9 = 3%
(b) Here the given cash flows have to be adjusted for inflation. Alternatively, the discount
rate can be converted into nominal rate, as follows:-
0.909
Year 1 = = 0.866; Year 2 = 0.826 or 0.826 = 0.749
1.05
1.05  1.1025
2
0.751 = 0.751 = 0.649
Year 3 =
1.05  1.1576
3
Year Nominal Cash Flows Adjusted PVF as PV of Cash Flows
(Rs. in lakhs) above (Rs. in lakhs)
1 30 0.866 25.98
2 40 0.749 29.96
3 30 0.649 19.47
Cash Inflow 75.41
Less: Cash Outflow 72.00
Net Present Value 3.41
With positive NPV, the project is financially viable.
29
Alternative Solution
Assumption: The cost of capital given in the question is “Real’.
Nominal cost of capital = (1.10)(1.05) -1 = 0.155 =15.50%
DCF Analysis of the project
(Rs. Lakhs)
Period PVF @15.50% CF PV
Investment 0 1 -72 -72.00
Operation 1 0.866 30 +25.98
---do--- 2 0.750 40 +30.00
---do--- 3 0.649 30 +19.47
NPV +3.45
The proposal may be accepted as the NPV is positive.
Question 6
(a) Given the following information:
Exchange rate-Canadian Dollar 0.666 per DM (Spot)
Canadian Dollar 0.671 per DM (3 months)
Interest rates-DM 8% p.a.
Canadian Dollar 10% p.a.
What operations would be carried out to earn the possible arbitrage gains? (8 Marks)
(b) The following information relates to Maya Ltd:
Earnings of the company ` 10,00,000
Dividend payout ratio 60%
No. of Shares outstanding 2,00,000
Rate of return on investment 15%
Equity capitalization rate 12%
(i) What would be the market value per share as per Walter’s model ?
(ii) What is the optimum dividend payout ratio according to Walter’s model and the
market value of company’s share at that payout ratio? (8 Marks)
30
Answer
(a) In this case, DM is at a premium against the Canadian $ premium = [(0.671 – 0.666)
/0.666] x 12/3 x 100 = 3.00 %.
Whereas interest rate differential = 10% – 8% = 2%
Since the interest rate differential is smaller than the premium, it will be profitable to
place money in Deutsch Marks the currency whose 3 months interest is lower.
The following operations are carried out:-
(i) Borrow CAN $ 1000 at 10% for 3 months,
(ii) Change this sum into DM at the Spot Rate to obtain DM = (CAN $1000/0.666)
= 1501.50
(iii) Place DM 1501.50 in the money market for 3 months to obtain a sum of DM-
A sum of DM –
Principal DM 1501.50
Add: interest @ 8% for 3 months DM 30.03
DM 1531.53
(iv) Sell DM at 3 months forward to obtain DM 1531.53 x 0.671 = CAN $ 1027.66
(v) Refund the debt taken in CAN $ with the interest due on it, i.e.
Principal – CAN $ 1000.00
Add: interest @ 10% for 3 months CAN $ 25.00
Total CAN $ 1025.00
 Net arbitrage gain = CAN $ 1027.66 – CAN $ 1025.00 = CAN $ 2.66.
(b) MAYA Ltd.
(i) Walter’s model is given by –
D  (E D)( / ke )
p
ke
Where, p = Market price per share,
E = Earning per share – Rs. 5
D = Dividend per share – Rs 3
 = Return earned on investment – 15%
ke = Cost of equity capital – 12%
0.15 .15
3  5  3  3  2
p= 0.12 .12 = Rs. 45.83
0.12 .12
31
(ii) According to Walter’s model when the return on investment is more than the cost of
equity capital, the price per share increases as the dividend pay-out ratio
decreases. Hence, the optimum dividend pay-out ratio in this case is Nil. So, at a
payout ratio of zero, the market value of the company’s share will be:-
.15
0  5  0
.12 = Rs. 52.08
0.12
Question 7
Answer any four from the following:
(a) (i) What is the meaning of NBFC?
(ii) What are the different categories of NBFCs?
(iii) Explain briefly the regulation of NBFCs under RBI Act. (4 Marks)
(b) Explain the concept ‘Zero date of a Project’ in project management. (4 Marks)
(c) Give the meaning of ‘Caps, Floors and Collars’ options. (4 Marks)
(d) Distinguish between Open-ended and Close-ended Schemes. (4 Marks)
(e) Explain CAMEL model in credit rating. (4 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Meaning of NBFC (Non Banking Financial Companies)
NBFC stands for Non-Banking financial institutions, and these are regulated by the
Reserve Bank of India under RBI Act, 1934. NBFC’s principal business is receiving of
deposits under any schme or arrangement or in any other manner or lending on any
other manner. They normally provide supplementary finance to the corporate sector.
(ii) Different categories of NBFC are
1. Loan companies
2. Investment Companies.
3. Hire Purchase Finance Companies.
4. Equipment Leasing Companies.
5. Mutual Benefit Finance Companies.
6. Housing Finance Companies
7. Miscellaneous Finance Companies
(iii) Regulation of NBFCs-RBI Act
RBI regulates the NBFC through the following measures:
32
(a) Mandatory Registration.
(b) Minimum owned funds.
(c) Only RBI authorized NBFCs can accept public deposits.
(d) RBI prescribes the ceiling of interest rate.
(e) RBI prescribes the period of deposit.
(f) RBI prescribes the prudential norms regarding utilization of funds.
(g) RBI directs their investment policies.
(h) RBI inspectors conduct inspections of such companies.
(i) RBI prescribes the points which should be examined and reported by the
auditors of such companies.
(j) RBI prescribes the norms for preparation of Accounts particularly provisioning
of possible losses.
(k) If any of interest or principal or both is/ are due from any customer for more
than 6 months, the amount is receivable (interest or principal or both) is termed
as non-performing asset.
(b) Zero Date of a Project means a date is fixed from which implementation of the project
begins. It i s a starting point of i ncurring cost. The project completion period is counted
from the zero date. Pre-project activities should be completed before zero date. The pre-
project activities should be completed before zero date. The pre-project activities are:
a. Identification of project/product
b. Determination of plant capacity
c. Selection of technical help/collaboration
d. Selection of site.
e. Selection of survey of soil/plot etc.
f. Manpower planning and recruiting key personnel
g. Cost and finance scheduling.
(c) ‘Cap Floors & Collars’ options
Cap: It is a series of call options on interest rate covering a medium-to-long term floating rate
liability. Purchase of a Cap enables the a borrowers to fix in advance a maximum borrowing
rate for a specified amount and for a specified duration, while allowing him to avail benefit of a
fall in rates. The buyer of Cap pays a premium to the seller of Cap.
Floor: It is a put option on interest rate. Purchase of a Floor enables a lender to fix in
advance, a minimal rate for placing a specified amount for a specified duration, while allowing
him to avail benefit of a rise in rates. The buyer of the floor pays the premium to the seller.
Collars: It is a combination of a Cap and Floor. The purchaser of a Collar buys a Cap and
simultaneously sells a Floor. A Collar has the effect of locking its purchases into a floating
rate of interest that is bounded on both high side and the low side.
33
(d) Open Ended and Close Ended Schemes
Open Ended Scheme do not have maturity period. These schemes are available for
subscription and repurchase on a continuous basis. Investor can conveniently buy and
sell unit. The price is calculated and declared on daily basis. The calculated price is
termed as NAV. The buying price and selling price is calculated with certain adjustment
to NAV. The key future of the scheme is liquidity.
Close Ended Scheme has a stipulated maturity period normally 5 to 10 years. The
Scheme is open for subscription only during the specified period at the time of launce of
the scheme. Investor can invest at the time of initial issue and there after they can buy or
sell from stock exchange where the scheme is listed. To provide an exit rout some close-
ended schemes give an option of selling bank (repurchase) on the basis of NAV. The
NAV is generally declared on weekly basis.
(e) CAMEL Model in Credit Rating
Camel stands for Capital, Assets, Management, Earnings and Liquidity. The CAMEL
model adopted by the rating agencies deserves special attention, it focuses on the
following aspects-
(i) Capital- Composition of external funds raised and retained earnings, fixed dividends
component for preference shares and fluctuating dividends component for equity
shares and adequacy of long term funds adjusted to gearing levels, ability of issuer
to raise further borrowings.
(ii) Assets- Revenue generating capacity of existing/proposed assets, fair values,
technological/physical obsolescence, linkage of asset values to turnover,
consistency, appropriation of methods of depreciation and adequacy of charge to
revenues, size, ageing and recoverability of monetary assets like receivables and its
linkage with turnover.
(iii) Management- Extent of involvement of management personnel, team-work,
authority, timeliness, effectiveness and appropriateness of de cision making along
with directing management to achieve corporate goals.
(iv) Earnings- Absolute levels, trends, stability, adaptability to cyclical fluctuations,
ability of the entity to service existing and additional debts proposed.
(v) Liquidity- Effectiveness of working capital management, corporate policies for stock
and creditors, management and the ability of the corporate to meet their
commitment in the short run.
These five aspects form the five core bases for estimating credit worthiness of an issuer
which leads to the rating of an instrument. Rating agencies determine the pre-dominance
of positive/negative aspects under each of these five categories and these are factored in
for making the overall rating decision.
34
Question No. 1 is compulsory.
Attempt any five questions from the rest.
Working notes should form part of the answer.
Question 1
(a) Mr. Tamarind intends to invest in equity shares of a company the value of which depends
upon various parameters as mentioned below:
Factor Beta Expected value Actual value in
in % %
GNP 1.20 7.70 7.70
Inflation 1.75 5.50 7.00
Interest rate 1.30 7.75 9.00
Stock market index 1.70 10.00 12.0
Industrial production 1.00 7.00 7.50
If the risk free rate of interest be 9.25%, how much is the return of the share under
Arbitrage Pricing Theory? (5
Marks)
(b) The current market price of an equity share of Penchant Ltd is ` 420. Within a period of
3 months, the maximum and minimum price of it is expected to be ` 500 and ` 400
respectively. If the risk free rate of interest be 8% p.a., what should be the value of a 3
months Call option under the “Risk Neutral” method at the strike rate of ` 450 ? Given
e0.02 = 1.0202 (5
Marks)
(c) A Mutual Fund is holding the following assets in ` Crores :
Investments in diversified equity shares 90.00
Cash and Bank Balances 10.00
100.0
0
The Beta of the portfolio is 1.1. The index future is selling at 4300 level. The Fund
Manager apprehends that the index will fall at the most by 10%. How many index futures
he should short for perfect hedging so that the portfolio beta is reduced to 1.00 ? One
index future consists of 50 units.
Substantiate your answer assuming the Fund Manager's apprehension will materialize.
(5 Marks)
(d) Mr. Tempest has the following portfolio of four shares:
Name Beta Investment ` Lac.
Oxy Rin Ltd. 0.45 0.80

Boxed Ltd. 0.35 1.50

Square Ltd. 1.15 2.25
Ellipse Ltd. 1.85 4.50
The risk free rate of return is 7% and the market rate of return is 14%.
Required.
(i) Determine the portfolio return. (ii) Calculate the portfolio Beta. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) Return of the stock under APT
Factor Actual Expected Difference Beta Diff. х
value in % value in % Beta
GNP 7.70 7.70 0.00 1.20 0.00
Inflation 7.00 5.50 1.50 1.75 2.63
Interest rate 9.00 7.75 1.25 1.30 1.63
Stock index 12.00 10.00 2.00 1.70 3.40
Ind. Production 7.50 7.00 0.50 1.00 0.50
8.16
Risk free rate in % 9.25
Return under APT 17.41
(b) Let the probability of attaining the maximum price be p

(500 - 420) х p+(400 - 420) х (1-p) = 420 х (e0.02-1)
or, 80p - 20(1 - p) = 420 х 0.0202
or, 80p – 20 + 20p = 8.48
or, 100p = 28.48
p= 0.2848
0.2848x(500  450) 0.2848x50
The value of Call Option in Rs. = = =13.96
1.0202 1.0202
(c) Number of index future to be sold by the Fund Manager is:
1.1× 90,00,00,000
4,300× = 4,605
50
Justification of the answer:
Loss in the value of the portfolio if the index falls by 10% is
26
11
` x90 Crore = ` 9.90 Crore.
100
0.1 4,300 50 4,605
Gain by short covering of index future is: = 9.90 Crore
1,00,00,000
This justifies the answer cash is not part of the portfolio.
(d) Market Risk Premium (A) = 14% – 7% = 7%
Share Beta Risk Premium Risk Free Return Return
(Beta x A) % Return % % `
Oxy Rin Ltd. 0.45 3.15 7 10.15 8,120
Boxed Ltd. 0.35 2.45 7 9.45 14,175
Square Ltd. 1.15 8.05 7 15.05 33,863
Ellipse Ltd. 1.85 12.95 7 19.95 89,775
Total Return 1,45,933
Total Investment ` 9,05,000
`1,45,933
(i) Portfolio Return = 100 = 16.13%
` 9,05,000
(ii) Portfolio Beta
Portfolio Beta = Risk Free Rate + Risk Premium х β = 16.13%
7% + 7 = 16.13%
β = 1.30
Alternative Approach
First we shall compute Portfolio Beta using the weighted average method as follows:
0.80 1.50 2.25 4.50
Beta = 0.45X + 0.35X + 1.15X + 1.85X
P
9.05 9.05 9.05 9.05
= 0.45x0.0884+ 0.35X0.1657+ 1.15X0.2486+ 1.85X0.4972 = 0.0398+ 0.058 +
0.2859 + 0.9198
= 1.3035
Accordingly,
(i) Portfolio Return using CAPM formula will be as follows:
RP= RF + BetaP(RM – RF)
= 7% + 1.3035(14% - 7%) = 7% + 1.3035(7%)
= 7% + 9.1245% = 16.1245%
27

(ii) Portfolio Beta
As calculated above 1.3035
Question 2
(a) X Ltd. had only one water pollution control machine in this type of block of asset with no book
value under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 as it was subject to rate of
depreciation of 100% in the very first year of installation.
Due to funds crunch, X Ltd. decided to sell the machine which can be sold in the market to
anyone for ` 5,00,000 easily.
Understanding this from a reliable source, Y Ltd. came forward to buy the machine for `
5,00,000 and lease it to X Ltd. for lease rental of ` 90,000 p.a. for 5 years. X Ltd. decided to
invest the net sale proceed in a risk free deposit, fetching yearly interest of 8.75% to generate
some cash flow. It also decided to relook the entire issue afresh after the said period of 5
years.
Another company, Z Ltd. also approached X Ltd. proposing to sell a similar machine for `
4,00,000 to the latter and undertook to buy it back at the end of 5 years for ` 1,00,000
provided the maintenance were entrusted to Z Ltd. for yearly charge of ` 15,000. X Ltd.
would utilise the net sale proceeds of the old machine to fund this machine also should it
accept this offer.
The marginal rate of tax of X Ltd. is 34% and its weighted average cost of capital is
12%. Which Alternative would you recommend ?
Discounting Factors @ 12%
Year 1 2 3 4 5
0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567
(8 Marks)
(b) A Inc. and B Inc. intend to borrow $200,000 and $200,000 in ¥ respectively for a time horizon
of one year. The prevalent interest rates are as follows :
Company ¥ Loan $ Loan
A Inc 5% 9%
B Inc 8% 10%
The prevalent exchange rate is $1 = ¥120.
They entered in a currency swap under which it is agreed that B Inc will pay A Inc @ 1% over
the ¥ Loan interest rate which the later will have to pay as a result of the agreed currency
swap whereas A Inc will reimburse interest to B Inc only to the extent of 9%. Keeping the
exchange rate invariant, quantify the opportunity gain or loss component of the ultimate
outcome, resulting from the designed currency swap. (8 Marks)
28
Answer
(a) First Option
`
Sale Proceeds 5,00,000
Tax @ 34% 1,70,000
Net Proceed 3,30,000
Interest @ 8.75% p.a. = ` 28,875
NPV of this Option
Y
e
a
r
0 1 2 3 4 5
Int. on Net 28,87 28,8 28,8 28,8 28,87
Proceeds (`) 5 75 75 75 5
Tax @ 34% (`) - - - - -
9,818 9,81 9,81 9,81 9,818
8 8 8
Lease Rent (`) - - - - -
90,00 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,00
0 00 00 00 0
Tax @34%(`) 30,60 30,6 30,6 30,6 30,60
0 00 00 00 0
Terminal Cash 3,30,
Flow (`) 000
Cash flow (`) - - - - 2,89,
40,34 40,3 40,3 40,3 657
3 43 43 43
PV Factor 0.893 0.79 0.71 0.63 0.567
7 2 6
PV of Cash - - - - 1,64,
Flows (`) 36,02 32,1 28,7 25,6 236
6 53 24 58
NPV = ` 41,675
Second Option
`
Cost of New Machine 4,00,000
Net sale proceeds of old machine 3,30,000
Investment in Cash 70,000
NPV of this Option
Year
0 1 2 3 4 5
Payment for new Machine (`) -70,000
Tax saving ` 4,00,000 х 34% 1,36,000
Maintenance (`) -15,000 -15,000 -15,000 -15,000 -15,000
Tax saving on above @ 34% (`) 5,100 5,100 5,100 5,100 5,100
Terminal Cash Flow (`) 1,00,000
29
Tax on above @ 34% (`) -34,000
Cash Flow (`) -70,000 1,26,100 -9,900 -9,900 -9,900 56,100
PV Factor 1 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567
PV of Cash Flows (`) -70,000 1,12,607 -7,890 -7,049 -6,296 31,809
NPV = ` 53,181
The second alternative is recommended.
(b)
Opportunity gain of A Inc under currency swap Receipt Payment Net
Interest to be remitted to B. Inc in $
2,00,000х9%=$18,000 ¥21,60,000
Converted into ($18,000х¥120)
Interest to be received from B. Inc in $ converted ¥14,40,000 -
into Y
(6%х$2,00,000 х ¥120)
Interest payable on Y loan - ¥12,00,000
¥14,40,000 ¥33,60,000
Net Payment ¥19,20,000 -
¥33,60,000 ¥33,60,000
$ equivalent paid ¥19,20,000 х(1/¥120) $16,000
Interest payable without swap in $ $18,000
Opportunity gain in $ $ 2,000
Opportunity gain of B inc under currency Receipt Payment Net

swap
Interest to be remitted to A. Inc in ($ $12,000
2,00,000 х 6%)
Interest to be received from A. Inc in Y $18,000
converted into $ =¥21,60,000/¥120
Interest payable on $ loan@10% - $20,000
$18,000 $32,000
Net Payment $14,000 -
$32,000 $32,000
Y equivalent paid $14,000 X ¥120 ¥16,80,000
Interest payable without swap in ¥19,20,000
¥ ($2,00,000X¥120X8%)
Opportunity gain in Y ¥ 2,40,000
30
Cash Flows of A Inc
(i) At the time of exchange of principal amount
Transactions Cash Flows
Borrowings $2,00,000 x ¥120 + ¥240,00,000
Swap - ¥240,00,000
Swap +$2,00,000
Net Amount +$2,00,000
(ii) At the time of exchange of principal amount
Interest to the lender ¥240,00,000X5% - ¥12,00,000
Interest Receipt from B Inc. ¥2,00,000X120X6% ¥14,40,000
Net Saving (in $) ¥2,40,000/¥120 $2,000
Interest to B Inc. $2,00,000X9% -$18,000
Net Interest Cost -$16,000
A Inc. used $2,00,000 at the net cost of borrowing of $16,000 i.e. 8%. If it had not opted
for swap agreement the borrowing cost would have been 9%. Thus there is saving of 1%.
Cash Flows of B Inc
(i) At the time of exchange of principal amount
Borrowings + $2,00,000
Swap - $2,00,000
Swap $2,00,000X¥120 +¥240,00,000
Net Amount +¥240,00,000
(ii) At the time of exchange of principal amount
Interest to the lender $2,00,000X10% - $20,000
Interest Receipt from A Inc. +$18,000
Net Saving (in ¥) -$2,000X¥120 - ¥2,40,000
Interest to A Inc. $2,00,000X6%X¥120 - ¥14,40,000
Net Interest Cost - ¥16,80,000
B Inc. used ¥240,00,000 at the net cost of borrowing of ¥16,80,000 i.e. 7%. If it had not
opted for swap agreement the borrowing cost would have been 8%. Thus there is saving
of 1%.
31
Question 3
Abhiman Ltd. is a subsidiary of Janam Ltd. and is acquiring Swabhiman Ltd. which is also a
subsidiary of Janam Ltd.
The following information is given :
Abhiman Ltd. Swabhiman Ltd.
% Shareholding of promoter 50% 60%
Share capital ` 200 lacs 100 lacs
Free Reserves and surplus ` 900 lacs 600 lacs
Paid up value per share ` 100 10
Free float market capitalization ` 500 lacs 156 lacs
Janam Ltd., is interested in doing justice to both companies. The following parameters have been
assigned by the Board of Janam Ltd., for determining the swap ratio:
Book value 25%
Earning per share 50%
Market price 25%
You are required to compute
(i) The swap ratio.
(ii) The Book Value, Earning Per Share and Expected Market Price of Swabhiman Ltd.,
(assuming P/E Ratio of Abhiman ratio remains the same and all assets and liabilities of
Swabhiman Ltd. are taken over at book value.) (8 Marks)
(b) Jumble Consultancy Group has determined relative utilities of cash flows of two
forthcoming projects of its client company as follows :
Cash
Flow in -15000 -10000 -4000 0 15000 10000 5000 1000
`
Utilities -100 -60 -3 0 40 30 20 10
The distribution of cash flows of project A and Project B are as follows :
Project A
Cash Flow -15000 - 10000 15000 10000 5000

(` ) 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.10
Probability
32
Project B
Cash Flow (`) - 10000 -4000 15000 5000 10000
Probability 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.25 0.10
Which project should be selected and why ? (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) SWAP RATIO
Abhiman Ltd. Swabhiman Ltd.
(`) (`)
Share capital 200 lacs 100 lacs
Free reserves & surplus 900 lacs 600 lacs
Total 1100 lacs 700 lacs
No. of shares 2 lacs 10 lacs
Book value for share ` 550 ` 70
Promoters Holding 50% 60%
Non promoters holding 50% 40%
Free float market capitalization (Public) 500 lacs ` 156 lacs
Total Market Cap 1000 lacs 390 lacs
No. of shares 2 lacs 10 lacs
Market Price ` 500 ` 39
P/E ratio 10 4
EPS ` 50.00 ` 9.75
Calculation of SWAP Ratio
Book Value 1:0.1273 0.1273  25% 0.031825
EPS 1:0.195 0.195  50% 0.097500
Market Price 1:0.078 0.078  25% 0.019500
Total 0.148825
(i) SWAP Ratio is 0.148825 shares of Abhiman Ltd. for every share of Swabhiman Ltd.
Total No. of shares to be issued = 10 lakh  0.148825 = 148825 shares
(ii) Book value, EPS & Market Price.
Total No. shares = 200000 +148825=348825
Total capital = `200 lakh + `148.825 lac = ` 348.825 lac
33
Reserves = ` 900 lac + ` 551.175 lac = ` 1451.175 lac
Book value = ` 348.825lac `1451.175 lac = ` 516.02


3.48825 lac
EPS = Total Pr `100 lac  ` 97.50 lac = ` 56.62

ofit =
No. of 3.48825lac
shares
Expected market price = ` 56.62  PE Ratio= ` 56.62  10 = ` 566.20
(b) Evaluation of project utilizes of Project A and Project B
Project A
Cash flow (in Probability Utility Utility value
`)
-15,000 0.10 -100 -10
10,000 0.20 -60 -12
15,000 0.40 40 16
10,000 0.20 30 6
5,000 0.10 20 2
2
Project B
Cash flow (in Probability Utility Utility value
`)
-10,000 0.10 -60 -6
-4,000 0.15 -3 -0.45
15,000 0.40 40 16
5,000 0.25 20 5
10,000 0.10 30 3
17.55
Project B should be selected as its expected utility is more
Question 4
(a) Shares of Voyage Ltd. are being quoted at a price-earning ratio of 8 times. The company
retains 45% of its earnings which are ` 5 per share.
You are required to compute
34
(1) The cost of equity to the company if the market expects a growth rate of 15% p.a.
(2) If the anticipated growth rate is 16% per annum, calculate the indicative market
price with the same cost of capital.
(3) If the company's cost of capital is 20% p.a. & the anticipated growth rate is 19%
p.a., calculate the market price per share. (3+3+2=8
Marks)
(b) An investor purchased 300 units of a Mutual Fund at ` 12.25 per unit on 31st
December, 2009. As on 31st December, 2010 he has received ` 1.25 as dividend and
` 1.00 as capital gains distribution per unit.
Required :
(i) The return on the investment if the NAV as on 31st December, 2010 is ` 13.00.
(ii) The return on the investment as on 31st December, 2010 if all dividends and capital
gains distributions are reinvested into additional units of the fund at ` 12.50 per
unit. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (1) Cost of Capital
Retained earnings (45%) ` 5 per share
Dividend (55%) ` 6.11 per share
EPS (100%) ` 11.11 per share
P/E Ratio 8 times
Market price ` 11.11  8 = ` 88.88
Cost of equity capital
 Div 100 + Growth % = `  100 +15% = 21.87%
= 6.11

 Pr ice  ` 88.88
(2) Market Price = Dividend

Cost of Capital(%) - Growth Rate(%) )
(
` 6.11
= (21.87 -16)% = ` 104.08 per share
` 6.11
(3) Market Price = = ` 611.00 per share
(20
-19)%
Alternative Solution-As in the question the sentence “The company retains 45% of its earnings
which are ` 5 per share” amenable to two interpretations i.e. one is ` 5 as retained earnings
(45%) and another is ` 5 is EPS (100%). Alternative solution is as follows:
35
(1) Cost of capital
EPS (100%) ` 5 per share
Retained earnings (45%) ` 2.25 per share
Dividend (55%) ` 2.75 per share
P/E Ratio 8 times
Market Price ` 5  8 = ` 40
Cost of equity capital

 Div 100 + Growth %
=

 Pr ice 
` 2.75  100 +15% = 21.87%
= `
40.00  Dividend 
(2) Market Price =  Cost of Capital(%) - Growth Rate(%) 
 
` 2.75 = ` 46.85 per share
=
(21.87 -16)%
` 2.75
(3) Market Price = ` 275.00 per share
= (20
-19)%
(b) Return for the year (all changes on a per year basis)
` /Unit
Change in price (` 13.00 - ` 12.25) 0.75
Dividend received 1.25
Capital gain distribution 1.00
Total Return 3.00
Return on investment = 3.00

100 = 24.49%
12.25
If all dividends and capital gain are reinvested into additional units at ` 12.50 per unit the
position would be.
Total amount reinvested = ` 2.25  300 = ` 675
Additional units added = `

= 54 units
675
12.50
Value of 354 units as on 31-12-2010 = ` 4,602
36
Price paid for 300 units on 31-12-2009 (300  ` 12.25) = ` 3,675
` 4,602 - ` 3,675 ` 927
Return = = 25.22%
= `
` 3,675 3,675
Question 5
(a) Simple Ltd. and Dimple Ltd. are planning to merge. The total value of the companies are
dependent on the fluctuating business conditions. The following information is given for
the total value (debt + equity) structure of each of the two companies.
Business Condition Probability Simple Ltd. ` Dimple Ltd. `
Lacs Lacs
High Growth 0.20 820 1050
Medium Growth 0.60 550 825
Slow Growth 0.20 410 590
The current debt of Dimple Ltd. is ` 65 lacs and of Simple Ltd. is ` 460 lacs.
Calculate the expected value of debt and equity separately for the merged entity.
(8 Marks)
(b) Tender Ltd has earned a net profit of ` 15 lacs after tax at 30%. Interest cost charged by
financial institutions was ` 10 lacs. The invested capital is ` 95 lacs of which 55% is
debt. The company maintains a weighted average cost of capital of 13%. Required,
(a) Compute the operating income.
(b) Compute the Economic Value Added (EVA).
(c) Tender Ltd. has 6 lac equity shares outstanding. How much dividend can the
company pay before the value of the entity starts declining? (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Compute Value of Equity
Simple Ltd.
` in Lacs
High Growth Medium Growth Slow Growth
Debit + Equity 820 550 410
Less: Debt 460 460 460
Equity 360 90 -50
Since the Company has limited liability the value of equity cannot be negative therefore
the value of equity under slow growth will be taken as zero because of insolvency risk
and the value of debt is taken at 410 lacs. The expected value of debt and equity can
then be calculated as:
37
Simple Ltd.
` in Lacs
High Growth Medium Growth Slow Growth Expected Value
Prob. Value Prob. Value Prob. Value
Debt 0.20 460 0.60 460 0.20 410 450
Equity 0.20 360 0.60 90 0.20 0 126
820 550 410 576
Dimple Ltd.
` in Lacs
High Growth Medium Growth Slow Growth Expected Value
Prob. Value Prob. Value Prob. Value
Equity 0.20 985 0.60 760 0.20 525 758
Debt 0.20 65 0.60 65 0.20 65 65
1050 825 590 823
Expected Values
` in Lacs
Equity Debt
Simple Ltd. 126 Simple Ltd. 450
Dimple Ltd. 758 Dimple Ltd. 65
884 515
(b) Taxable Income = ` 15 lac/(1-0.30)
= ` 21.43 lacs or ` 21,42,857
Operating Income = Taxable Income + Interest
= ` 21,42,857 + ` 10,00,000
= ` 31,42,857 or ` 31.43 lacs
EVA = EBIT (1-Tax Rate) – WACC x Invested Capital
= ` 31,42,857(1 – 0.30) – 13% x ` 95,00,000
= ` 22,00,000 – ` 12,35,000 = ` 9,65,000
EVA Dividend ` 9,65,000

6,00,000 = ` 1.6083
=
38
Question 6
(a) The following information is given for QB Ltd.
Earning per share ` 12
Dividend per share ` 3
Cost of capital 18%
Internal Rate of Return on investment 22%
Retention Ratio 40%
Calculate the market price per share using
(i) Gordons formula (ii) Walters formula (8 Marks)
(b) (i) Mention the functions of a stock exchange.
(ii) Mention the various techniques used in economic analysis. (4+4=8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Gordons Formula
E(1 b)
P0
K  br
=
P0 = Present value of Market price per share
E = Earnings per share
K = Cost of Capital
b = Retention Ratio (%)
r = IRR
br = Growth Rate
P0 `12(1- 0.40)
0.18 - (0.40  0.22)
=
` 7.20 ` 7.20
=
= 0.092
0.18 - 0.088
= ` 78.26
(ii) Walter Formula
Ra
D+ (E - D)
Rc
Vc
Rc
=
Vc = Market Price
D = Dividend per share
39
Ra = IRR
Rc = Cost of Capital
0.22
` 3 (`12 -`
= 0.18
3) 0.18
` 3 ` 11
= 0.18
= ` 77.77
Alternative Solution- As per the data provided in the question the retention ratio comes out to
be 75% (as computed below) though mentioned in the question as 40%
(i) Gordons Formula
EPS-Dividend Per Share `12-`3
Retention Ratio = EPS = = 0.75 i.e. 75%
`12
With the retention ratio of 75% market price per share using the Gordons Formula shall
be as follows
E(1 b)
P0 =
K  br
P0 = Present value of Market price per share
K = Cost of Capital
b = Retention Ratio (%)
r = IRR
br = Growth Rate
P0 = 12(1- 0.75)
0.18 - (0.75× 0.22)
3
=
0.18 - = ` 200
0.165
(ii) Walter Formula
Ra
D (E - D)
Rc
Vc =
Rc
40
Vc = Market Price
Ra = IRR
0.22
`3 (` 12 -`
= 0.18
0.18 3)
`3
= `11
0.18
= ` 77.77
(b) (i) Functions of Stock Exchange are as follows:
1. Liquidity and marketability of securities- Investors can sell their securities
whenever they require liquidity.
2. Fair price determination-The exchange assures that no investor will have an
excessive advantage over other market participants
3. Source for long term funds-The Stock Exchange provides companies with the
facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public.
4. Helps in Capital formation- Accumulation of saving and its utilization into
productive use creates helps in capital formation.
5. Creating investment opportunity of small investor- Provides a market for the
trading of securities to individuals seeking to invest their saving or excess
funds through the purchase of securities.
6. Transparency- Investor makes informed and intelligent decision about the
particular stock based on information. Listed companies must disclose
information in timely, complete and accurate manner to the Exchange and the
public on a regular basis.
(ii) Some of the techniques used for economic analysis are:
(a) Anticipatory Surveys: They help investors to form an opinion about the future
state of the economy. It incorporates expert opinion on construction activities,
expenditure on plant and machinery, levels of inventory – all having a definite
bearing on economic activities. Also future spending habits of consumers are
taken into account.
41
(b) Barometer/Indicator Approach: Various indicators are used to find out how the
economy shall perform in the future. The indicators have been classified as
under:
(1) Leading Indicators: They lead the economic activity in terms of their
outcome. They relate to the time series data of the variables that reach
high/low points in advance of economic activity.
(2) Roughly Coincidental Indicators: They reach their peaks and troughs at
approximately the same in the economy.
(3) Lagging Indicators: They are time series data of variables that lag behind
in their consequences vis-a- vis the economy. They reach their turning
points after the economy has reached its own already.
All these approaches suggest direction of change in the aggregate economic
activity but nothing about its magnitude.
(c) Economic Model Building Approach: In this approach, a precise and clear
relationship between dependent and independent variables is determined.
GNP model building or sectoral analysis is used in practice through the use of
national accounting framework.
Question 7
Answer any four from the following:
(a) Explain the significance of LIBOR in international financial transactions.
(b) Discuss how the risk associated with securities is effected by Government policy.
(c) What is the meaning of:
(i) Interest Rate Parity and
(ii) Purchasing Power Parity?
(d) What is the significance of an underlying in relation to a derivative instrument?
(e) What are the steps for simulation analysis? (4 х 4=16 Marks)
Answer
(a) LIBOR stands for London Inter Bank Offered Rate. Other features of LIBOR are as
follows:
 It is the base rate of exchange with respect to which most international financial
transactions are priced.
 It is used as the base rate for a large number of financial products such as options
and swaps.
 Banks also use the LIBOR as the base rate when setting the interest rate on loans,
savings and mortgages.
42
 It is monitored by a large number of professionals and private individuals world-
wide.
(b) The risk from Government policy to securities can be impacted by any of the following factors.
(i) Licensing Policy
(ii) Restrictions on commodity and stock trading in exchanges
(iii) Changes in FDI and FII rules.
(iv) Export and import restrictions
(v) Restrictions on shareholding in different industry sectors
(vi) Changes in tax laws and corporate and Securities laws.
(c) Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
Interest rate parity is a theory which states that ‘the size of the forward premium (or
discount) should be equal to the interest rate differential between the two countries of
concern”. When interest rate parity exists, covered interest arbitrage (means foreign
exchange risk is covered) is not feasible, because any interest rate advantage in the
foreign country will be offset by the discount on the forward rate. Thus, the act of covered
interest arbitrage would generate a return that is no higher than what would be generated
by a domestic investment.
The Covered Interest Rate Parity equation is given by:
F
1 r   1 r 
D F
S
Where (1 + rD) = Amount that an investor would get after a unit period by investing a
rupee in the domestic market at rD rate of interest and (1+ rF) F/S = is the amount that an
investor by investing in the foreign market at rF that the investment of one rupee yield
same return in the domestic as well as in the foreign market.
Thus IRP is a theory which states that the size of the forward premium or discount on a currency
should be equal to the interest rate differential between the two countries of concern.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Purchasing Power Parity theory focuses on the ‘inflation – exchange rate’ relationship. There
are two forms of PPP theory:-
The ABSOLUTE FORM, also called the ‘Law of One Price’ suggests that “prices of
similar products of two different countries should be equal when measured in a common
currency”. If a discrepancy in prices as measured by a common currency exists, the
demand should shift so that these prices should converge.
The RELATIVE FORM is an alternative version that accounts for the possibility of market
imperfections such as transportation costs, tariffs, and quotas. It suggests that ‘because of
43
these market imperfections, prices of similar products of different countries will not
necessarily be the same when measured in a common currency.’ However, it states that the
rate of change in the prices of products should be somewhat similar when measured in a
common currency, as long as the transportation costs and trade barriers are unchanged.
The formula for computing the forward rate using the inflation rates in domestic and
foreign countries is as follows:
(1+ iD )
F=S
(1+ iF )
Where F= Forward Rate of Foreign Currency and S= Spot Rate
iD = Domestic Inflation Rate and iF= Inflation Rate in foreign country
Thus PPP theory states that the exchange rate between two countries reflects the
relative purchasing power of the two countries i.e. the price at which a basket of goods
can be bought in the two countries.
(d) The underlying may be a share, a commodity or any other asset which has a marketable
value which is subject to market risks. The importance of underlying in derivative
instruments is as follows:
 All derivative instruments are dependent on an underlying to have value.
 The change in value in a forward contract is broadly equal to the change in value in
the underlying.
 In the absence of a valuable underlying asset the derivative instrument will have no value.
 On maturity, the position of profit/loss is determined by the price of underlying
instruments. If the price of the underlying is higher than the contract price the buyer
makes a profit. If the price is lower, the buyer suffers a loss.
(e) Steps for simulation analysis.
1. Modelling the project- The model shows the relationship of N.P.V. with parameters and
exogenous variables. (Parameters are input variables specified by decision maker and
held constant over all simulation runs. Exogenous variables are input variables, which
are stochastic in nature and outside the control of the decision maker).
2. Specify values of parameters and probability distributions of exogenous variables.
3. Select a value at random from probability distribution of each of the exogenous
variables.
4. Determine N.P.V. corresponding to the randomly generated value of exogenous
variables and pre-specified parameter variables.
5. Repeat steps (3) & (4) a large number of times to get a large number of simulated
N.P.V.s.
6. Plot frequency distribution of N.P.V.
44
Answer any five questions from the remaining six questions.
Question 1
(a) Orange purchased 200 units of Oxygen Mutual Fund at ` 45 per unit on 31 st December,
2009. In 2010, he received ` 1.00 as dividend per unit and a capital gains distribution of
` 2 per unit.
Required:
(i) Calculate the return for the period of one year assuming that the NAV as on 31st
December 2010 was ` 48 per unit.
(ii) Calculate the return for the period of one year assuming that the NAV as on 31st
December 2010 was` 48 per unit and all dividends and capital gains distributions
have been reinvested at an average price of ` 46.00 per unit.
Ignore taxation. (5 Marks)
(b) An importer is due to pay the exporter on 28th January 2010, Singapore Dollars of
25,00,000 under an irrevocable letter of credit. It directed the bank to pay the amount on
the due date.
Due to go-slow and strike procedures adopted by its staff, the bank was not in a position
to remit the amount due. The amount was actually remitted on 4th February 2010.
On the transaction, the bank wants to retain an exchange margin of 0.125 per cent. The
following were the rates prevalent in the exchange market on the relevant dates:
28th January 4th February
Rupee/US$1 ` 45.85/45.90 ` 45.91/45.97
London Pound/Dollars $1.7840/1.7850 $1.7765/1.775
Pound Sing $ 3.1575/3.1590 Sing $ 3.1380/3.1390
What is the effect on account of the delay in remittance? Calculate rate in multiples of
.0001. (5 Marks)
(c) A company has a book value per share of `137.80. Its return on equity is 15% and
follows a policy of retaining 60 percent of its annual earnings. If the opportunity cost of
capital is 18 percent, what is the price of its share?[adopt the perpetual growth model to
arrive at your solution]. (5
Marks)
(d) The six months forward price of a security is ` 208.18. The rate of borrowing is 8 percent
per annum payable at monthly rates. What will be the spot price? (5
Marks)

PAPER – 2 : STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 31
Answer
(a) (i) Returns for the year
(All changes on a Per -Unit Basis)
Change in Price: `48 – `45 = ` 3.00
Dividends received: ` 1.00
Capital gains distribution ` 2.00
Total reward ` 6.00
Holding period reward: ` 6.00

100 13.33%
`45
(ii) When all dividends and capital gains distributions are re-invested into additional
units of the fund @ (` 46/unit)
Dividend + Capital Gains per unit
= ` 1.00 + ` 2.00 = ` 3.00
Total received from 200 units = ` 3.00 x 200 = ` 600/-.
Additional Units Acquired
= ` 600/` 46 = 13.04 Units.
Total No.of Units = 200 units + 13.04 units
= 213.04 units.
Value of 213.04 units held at the end of the year
= 213.04 units x `48 = ` 10225.92
Price Paid for 200 Units at the beginning of the year
= 200 units x ` 45 = ` 9000.00
Holding Period Reward
` (10225.92 – 9000.00) = `1225.92
`1225.92
Holding Period Reward 100 13.62%
` 9000
=
(b) On January 28, 2010 the importer customer requested to remit SGD 25 lakhs.
To consider sell rate for the bank:
32 FINAL EXAMINATION : NOVEMBER, 2011
US $ = ` 45.90
Pound 1 = US$ 1.7850
Pound 1 = SGD 3.1575
` 45.90* 1.7850
Therefore, SGD 1
SGD 3.1575
=
SGD 1 = ` 25.9482
Add: Exchange margin (0.125%) ` 0.0324
` 25.9806
On February 4, 2010 the rates are
US $ = ` 45.97
Pound 1 = US$ 1.7775
Therefore, SGD 1 ` 45.97* 1.7775

SGD 3.1380
=
SGD 1 = ` 26.0394
` 26.0719
Thus, impact of strike on importer
= SGD 25,00,000 (`26.0719 – `25.9806)
= ` 2,28,250 (Loss)
(c) The company earnings and dividend per share after a year are expected to
be: EPS = ` 137.80  0.15 = ` 20.67
Dividend = 0.40  20.67 = ` 8.27
The growth in dividend would be:
g = 0.6  0.15 = 0.09
Dividend
Perpetual growthmodel Formula : P0 =
Ke - g
8.27
P0 =
0.18 - 0.09
P0 = ` 91.89
(d) Calculation of spot price
The formula for calculating forward price is: A
= P (1+r/n) nt
Where A = Forward price

P = Spot Price
r = rate of interest
n = no. of ompounding
t = time
Using the above formula,
208.18 = P (1 + 0.08/12) 6
Or 208.18 = P x 1.0409
P = 208.18/1.0409 = 200
Hence, the spot price should be ` 200.
Question 2
(a) Using the chop-shop approach (or Break-up value approach), assign a value for
Cranberry Ltd. whose stock is currently trading at a total market price of €4 million. For
Cranberry Ltd, the accounting data set forth three business segments: consumer
wholesale, retail and general centers. Data for the firm’s three segments are as follows:
Business Segment Segment Segment Segment Operating
Sales Assets Income
Wholesale €225,000 €600,000 €75,000
Retail €720,000 €500,000 €150,000
General € 2,500,000 €4,000,000 €700,000
Industry data for “pure-play” firms have been compiled and are summarized as follows:
Business Capitalization/Sales Capitalization/Assets Capitalization/Operating
Segment Income
Wholesale 0.85 0.7 9
Retail 1.2 0.7 8
General 0.8 0.7 4
(8 Marks)
(b) Nitrogen Ltd, a UK company is in the process of negotiating an order amounting to €4
million with a large German retailer on 6 months credit. If successful, this will be the first
time that Nitrogen Ltd has exported goods into the highly competitive German market.
The following three alternatives are being considered for managing the transaction risk
before the order is finalized.
(i) Invoice the German firm in Sterling using the current exchange rate to calculate the
invoice amount.
(ii) Alternative of invoicing the German firm in € and using a forward foreign exchange
contract to hedge the transaction risk.
(iii) Invoice the German first in € and use sufficient 6 months sterling future contracts (to
the nearly whole number) to hedge the transaction risk.
Following data is available:
Spot Rate € 1.1750 - €1.1770/£
6 months forward premium 0.60-0.55 Euro Cents
6 months further contract is currently trading at €1.1760/£
6 months future contract size is £62500
Spot rate and 6 months future rate €1.1785/£
Required:
(a) Calculate to the nearest £ the receipt for Nitrogen Ltd, under each of the three
proposals. (4
Marks)
(b) In your opinion, which alternative would you consider to be the most appropriate
and the reason thereof. (4
Marks)
Answer
(a)
Business Segment Capital-to- Sales Segment Sales Theoretical Values
Wholesale 0.85 €225000 €191250
Retail 1.2 €720000 €864000
General 0.8 €2500000 €2000000
Total value €3055250
Business Segment Capital-to- Assets Segment Assets Theoretical Values

Wholesale 0.7 €600000 €420000
Retail 0.7 €500000 €350000
General 0.7 €4000000 €2800000
Business Segment Capital-to- Operating Income Theoretical Values

Operating Income
Wholesale 9 €75000 €675000
Retail 8 €150000 €1200000
General 4 €700000 €2800000
Average theoretical value 
3055250 3570000 4675000
3  3766750
Average theoretical value of Cranberry Ltd. = €3766750
(b) (i) Receipt under three proposals
(a) Invoicing in Sterling
€4
Invoicing in £ will produce = = £3398471
million
(b) Use of Forward Contract 1.1770
Forward Rate = €1.1770+0.0055 = 1.1825
Using Forward Market hedge Sterling receipt would be € 4 million

1.1825 = £ 3382664
(c) Use of Future Contract
The equivalent sterling of the order placed based on future price (€1.1760)
€
4.00million = £ 3401360
=
1.1760
Number of Contracts = £3401360

= 54 Contracts (to the nearest whole
62,500
number)
Thus, € amount hedged by future contract will be = 54 £62,500 = £3375000
Buy Future at €1.1760
Sell Future at €1.1785
€0.0025
Total profit on Future Contracts = 54 £62,500 €0.0025 = €8438
After 6 months
Amount Received €4000000
Add: Profit on Future Contracts € 8438
€ 4008438
Sterling Receipts
€ 4008438
On sale of € at spot = = €3401305
1.1785
(ii) Proposal of option (c) is preferable because the option (a) & (b) produces least
receipts.
Alternative solution:
Assuming that 6 month forward premium is considered as discount, because generally
premium is mentioned in ascending order and discount is mentioned in descending order.
(i) Receipt under three proposals
(a) Invoicing in Sterling
€4
Invoicing in £ will produce = = £3398471
million
(b) Use of Forward Contract 1.1770
Forward Rate = €1.1770-0.0055 = 1.1715
Using Forward Market hedge Sterling receipt would be € 4 million

1.1715 = £ 3414426
(c) Use of Future Contract
The equivalent sterling of the order placed based on future price (€1.1760)
€
4.00million = £ 3401360
=
1.1760
£3401360
Number of Contracts = = 54 Contracts (to the nearest whole number)
62,500
Thus, € amount hedged by future contract will be = 54 £62,500 = £3375000
Buy Future at €1.1760
Sell Future at €1.1785
€0.0025
Total profit on Future Contracts = 54 £62,500 €0.0025 = €8438
After 6 months
Amount Received €4000000
Add: Profit on Future Contracts € 8438
€ 4008438
Sterling Receipts
€ 4008438
On sale of € at spot = = €3401305
1.1785
(ii) Proposal of option (b) is preferable because the option (a) & (c) produces least receipts.
Question 3
(a) Helium Ltd has evolved a new sales strategy for the next 4 years. The following
information is given:
Income Statement ` thousands
in
Sales 40,000
Gross Margin at 30% 12,000
Accounting, administration and distribution expense at 15% 6,000
Profit before tax 6,000
Tax at 30% 1,800
Profit after tax 4,200
Balance sheet information
Fixed Assets 10,000
Current Assets 6,000
Equity 15,000
As per the new strategy, sales will grow at 30 percent per year for the next four years.
The gross margin ratio will increase to 35 percent. The Assets turnover ratio and income
tax rate will remain unchanged.
Depreciation is to be at 15 percent on the value of the net fixed assets at the beginning of the year.
Company's target rate of return is 14%.
Determine if the strategy is financially viable giving detailed workings. (10 Marks)
(b) Pineapple Ltd has issued fully convertible 12 percent debentures of ` 5,000 face value,
convertible into 10 equity shares. The current market price of the debentures is `
5,400. The present market price of equity shares is ` 430.
Calculate:
(i) the conversion percentage premium, and (3 Marks)
(ii) the conversion value (3 Marks)
Answers
(a) Solution if candidates have assumed that if the Equity amount is 16000 instead of 15000.
Projected Balance Sheet
(In ` Thousands)
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Fixed Assets (25% of sales) 13000.00 16900.00 21970.00 28561.00 28561.00
Current Assets (12.5% of
sales) 6500.00 8450.00 10985.00 14280.50 14280.50
Total Assets 19500.00 25350.00 32955.00 42841.50 42841.50
Equity and Reserves 19500.00 25350.00 32955.00 42841.50 42841.50
Projected Cash Flows
(In ` Thousands)
Sales (30% yoy) 52000.00 67600.00 87880.00 114244.00 114244.00
PBT 15% 7800.00 10140.00 13182.00 17136.60 17136.60
PAT 70% 5460.00 7098.00 9227.40 11995.62 11995.62
Depreciation 15% 1500.00 1950.00 2535.00 3295.50 4284.15
Addition to Fixed Assets 4500.00 5850.00 7605.00 9886.50 4284.15
Increase in Current Assets 1500.00 1950.00 2535.00 3295.50 0
Operating Cash Flow 960.00 1248.00 1622.40 2109.12 11995.62
Present value factor @ 14% 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519
Present value of cash flows @
14% 841.92 959.71 1095.12 1248.60 6225.73
(In ` Thousands)
Total for first 4 years (A) 4145.35
Residual value (6225.73/0.14) 44469.50
Present value of Residual value [ 44469.50/(1.14)4] (B) 26329.51
Total Shareholders value (C) = (A) +(B) 30474.86
Pre strategy value (4200/0.14) (D) 30000.00
Value of strategy (C) – (D) 474.86
Conclusion: The strategy is financially viable
If candidates have assumed that if the Equity amount is 16000 instead of 15000.
Projected Balance Sheet
(In ` Thousands)
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Fixed Assets (25% of sales) 13000.00 16900.00 21970.00 28561.00 28561.00
Current Assets (15% of sales) 7800.00 10140.00 13182.00 17136.60 17136.60
Total Assets 20800.00 27040.00 35152.00 45697.60 45697.60
Current Liability 1300.00 1690.00 2197.00 2856.10 2856.10
Equity and Reserves 19500.00 25350.00 32955.00 42841.50 42841.50
(In ` Thousands)
Sales (30% yoy) 52000.00 67600.00 87880.00 114244.00 114244.00
PBT 15% 7800.00 10140.00 13182.00 17136.60 17136.60
PAT 70% 5460.00 7098.00 9227.40 11995.62 11995.62
Depreciation 15% 1500.00 1950.00 2535.00 3295.50 4284.15
Addition to Fixed Assets 4500.00 5850.00 7605.00 9886.50 4284.15
Increase in Current Assets 1500.00 2340.00 3042.00 3954.60 0
Operating Cash Flow 960.00 858.00 1115.40 1450.02 11995.62
Present value factor @ 14% 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519
Present value of cash flows @14% 841.92 659.80 752.90 858.41 6225.73
(In ` Thousands)
Total for first 4 years (A) 3113.03
Residual value (6225.73/0.14) 44469.50
Present value of Residual value [ 44469.50/(1.14)4] (B) 26329.51
Total Shareholders value (C) = (A) +(B) 29442.54
Pre strategy value (4200/0.14) (D) 30000.00
Value of strategy (C) – (D) -557.46
Conclusion: The strategy is financially not viable
(b) (i) As per the conversion terms 1 Debenture = 10 equity share and since face value
of one debenture is ` 5000 the value of equity share becomes ` 500 (5000/10).
The conversion terms can also be expressed as: 1 Debenture of ` 500 = 1 equity share.
The cost of buying ` 500 debenture (one equity share) is:
`500  5400  `540

5000
Market Price of share is ` 430. Hence conversion premium in percentage is:
540 - 430
×100 = 25.58%
430
(ii) The conversion value can be calculated as follows:
Conversion value = Conversion ratio X Market Price of Equity Shares
= 10 × ` 430 = ` 4300
Question 4
(a) Based on the credit rating of the bonds, A has decided to apply the following discount
rates for valuing bonds:
Credit Rating Discount Rate
AA 364-day T-bill rate+3% spread
A AAA+2% spread
AA AAA+3% spread
A
He is considering to invest in a AA rated ` 1,000 face value bond currently selling at `
1,025.86. The bond has five years to maturity and the coupon rate on the bond is 15
percent per annum payable annually. The next interest payment is due one year from
today and the bond is redeemable at par.(Assume the 364-day T-bill rate to be 9
percent).
You are required to :
(i) Calculate the intrinsic value of the bond for A. Should he invest in the bond?
(ii) Calculate the Current Yield (CY) and the Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond.
(8 Marks)
(b) XYZ Ltd. is considering to acquire an additional computer to supplement its time-share
computer services to its clients. It has two options:
(i) To purchase the computer for ` 22,00,000
(ii) To lease the computer for three years from a leasing company for ` 5,00,000 as
annual lease rent plus 10 percent of gross time-share service revenue. The
agreement also requires an additional payment of ` 6,00,000 at the end of the third
year. Lease rent is payable at the year end, and the computer reverts to the lessor
after the contract period.
The company estimates that the computer under review now will be worth ` 10,00,000 at the
end of third year. Forecast revenues are:
Year `
1 22,50,000
2 25,00,000
3 27,50,000
Annual operating costs (excluding depreciation/lease rent of computer) are estimated at
` 9,00,000 with an additional ` 1,00,000 for start-up and training cost at the beginning of
the first year. These costs are to be borne by the lessee. XYZ Ltd. will borrow at 16%
interest to finance acquisition of computer; repayments are to be made according to the
following schedule:
Year-end Principal (`) Interest (`) Total (`)
1 5,00,000 3,52,000 8,52,000
2 8,50,000 2,72,000 11,22,000
3 8,50,000 1,36,000 9,86,000
The company uses straight line method to depreciate its assets and pays 50 percent tax
on its income.
The management of XYZ Ltd. approaches you for advice. Which alternative would you
recommend and why? (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) The appropriate discount rate for valuing the bond for A is:
R = 9% + 3% + 2% = 14%
Time CF PVIF 14% PV (CF) PV (CF) (`)
1 150 0.877 131.55
2 150 0.769 115.35
3 150 0.675 101.25
4 150 0.592 88.80
5 1150 0.519 596.85
P0 = 1033.80
Since, the current market value is less than the intrinsic value; A should buy the bond.
Current yield = Annual Interest / Price = ` 150 / ` 1025.86 = 14.62%
The YTM of the bond is calculated as follows:
At 15%
P = ` 150 × PVIFA 15%, 4 + ` 1150 × PVIF 15%, 5
= ` 150 × 2.855 + ` 1150 × 0.497
= ` 428.25 + ` 571.55 = ` 999.80
At 14%
As found in sub part (a) P0 = ` 1033.80
By interpolation we can get YTM
= 14% 7.94
+ ×(15% - 14%)
7.94 - (-
26.06)
=14% + 7.94
34 %
YTM = 14.23%
(b) Working Notes:
(a) Depreciation: (` 22,00,000 – ` 10,00,000)/3 = ` 4,00,000 p.a.
(b) Effective rate of interest after tax shield : 0.16  (1 - 0.50) = 0.08 or 8%.
(c) Operating and training costs are common in both alternatives hence not considered
while calculating NPV of cash flows.
Calculation of NPV
1. Alternative I: Purchase of Computer
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
` ` `
Instalment Payment
Principal 5,00,000 8,50,000 8,50,000
Interest 3,52,000 2,72,000 1,36,000
Total (A) 8,52,000 11,22,000 9,86,000
Tax shield @ 50%;
Interest payment 1,76,000 1,36,000 68,000
Depreciation 2,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000
Total (B) 3,76,000 3,36,000 2,68,000
Net Cash outflows (A – B) 4,76,000 7,86,000 7,18,000

PV factor at 8% 0.926 0.857 0.794
PV of Cash outflows 4,40,776 6,73,602 5,70,092
Total PV of Cash outflows: 16,84,470
Less: PV of salvage value (` 10 lakhs  0.794) 7,94,000
Net PV of cash outflows 8,90,470
2. Alternative II: Lease of the Computer
` ` `
Lease rent 5,00,000 5,00,000 5,00,000
10% of gross revenue 2,25,000 2,50,000 2,75,000
Lump sum payment   6,00,000
Total Payment 7,25,000 7,50,000 13,75,000
Less: Tax shield @ 50% 3,62,500 3,75,000 6,87,500
Net Cash outflows 3,62,500 3,75,000 6,87,500
PVF @8% 0.926 0.857 0.794
PV of Cash outflows @ 8% 3,35,675 3,21,375 5,45,875
Total PV of cash outflows 12,02,925
Recommendation:
Since the Present Value (PV) of net cash outflow of Alternative I is lower, the company should
purchase the computer.
Alternative Solution- If students have taken tax effect on the salvage value of machine
Calculation of NPV
1. Alternative I: Purchase of Computer
` ` `
Instalment Payment
Principal 5,00,000 8,50,000 8,50,000
Interest 3,52,000 2,72,000 1,36,000
Total (A) 8,52,000 11,22,000 9,86,000
Tax shield @ 50%;
Interest payment 1,76,000 1,36,000 68,000
Depreciation 2,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000
Total (B) 3,76,000 3,36,000 2,68,000
Net Cash outflows (A – B) 4,76,000 7,86,000 7,18,000

PV factor at 8% 0.926 0.857 0.794
PV of Cash outflows 4,40,776 6,73,602 5,70,092
Total PV of Cash outflows: 16,84,470
Less: PV of salvage value (` 10 lakhs  0.50  0.794) 3,97,000
Net PV of cash outflows 12,87,470
2. Alternative II: Lease of the Computer
` ` `
Lease rent 5,00,000 5,00,000 5,00,000
10% of gross revenue 2,25,000 2,50,000 2,75,000
Lump sum payment   6,00,000
Total Payment 7,25,000 7,50,000 13,75,000
Less: Tax shield @ 50% 3,62,500 3,75,000 6,87,500
Net Cash outflows 3,62,500 3,75,000 6,87,500
PVF @8% 0.926 0.857 0.794
PV of Cash outflows @ 8% 3,35,675 3,21,375 5,45,875
Total PV of cash outflows 12,02,925
Recommendation:
Since the Present Value (PV) of net cash outflow of Alternative II is lower, the company
should go for leasing option.
Question 5
(a) The following is the Balance-sheet of Grape Fruit Company Ltd as at March 31st ,2011.
Liabilities (` in lakhs) Assets (` in lakhs)
Equity shares of ` 100 each 600 Land and Building 200
14% preference shares of ` 200 Plant and Machinery 300
100/- each
13% Debentures 200 Furniture and Fixtures 50
Debenture interest accrued 26 Inventory 150
and payable
Loan from bank 74 Sundry debtors 70
Trade creditors 340 Cash at bank 130
Preliminary expenses 10
Cost of issue of 5
debentures
Profit and Loss 525
account
1440 1440
The Company did not perform well and has suffered sizable losses during the last few
years. However, it is felt that the company could be nursed back to health by proper
financial restructuring. Consequently the following scheme of reconstruction has been
drawn up :
(i) Equity shares are to be reduced to ` 25/- per share, fully paid up;
(ii) Preference shares are to be reduced (with coupon rate of 10%) to equal number of
shares of ` 50 each, fully paid up.
(iii) Debenture holders have agreed to forgo the accrued interest due to them. In the
future, the rate of interest on debentures is to be reduced to 9 percent.
(iv) Trade creditors will forego 25 percent of the amount due to them.
(v) The company issues 6 lakh of equity shares at ` 25 each and the entire sum was to
be paid on application. The entire amount was fully subscribed by promoters.
(vi) Land and Building was to be revalued at ` 450 lakhs, Plant and Machinery was to
be written down by ` 120 lakhs and a provision of `15 lakhs had to be made for bad
and doubtful debts.
Required:
(i) Show the impact of financial restructuring on the company’s activities. (6 Marks)
(ii) Prepare the fresh balance sheet after the reconstructions is completed on the basis
of the above proposals. (4
Marks)
(b) An Indian importer has to settle an import bill for $ 1,30,000. The exporter has given the
Indian exporter two options:
(i) Pay immediately without any interest charges.
(ii) Pay after three months with interest at 5 percent per annum.
The importer's bank charges 15 percent per annum on overdrafts. The exchange rates in the
market are as follows:
Spot rate (` /$) : 48.35 /48.36
3-Months forward rate (`/$) : 48.81 /48.83
The importer seeks your advice. Give your advice. (6 Marks)
Answer
(a) Impact of Financial Restructuring
(i) Benefits to Grape Fruit Ltd.
(a) Reduction of liabilities payable
` in lakhs
Reduction in equity share capital (6 lakh shares x `75 per 450
share)
Reduction in preference share capital (2 lakh shares x `50 per 100
share)
Waiver of outstanding debenture Interest 26
Waiver from trade creditors (`340 lakhs x 0.25) 85
661
(b) Revaluation of Assets
Appreciation of Land and Building (`450 lakhs - `200 lakhs) 250
Total (A) 911
(ii) Amount of `911 lakhs utilized to write off losses, fictious assets and overvalued
assets.
Writing off profit and loss account 525
Cost of issue of debentures 5
Provision for bad and doubtful debts 15
Revaluation of Plant and Machinery 120
(`300 lakhs – `104 lakhs)
Total (B) 675
Capital Reserve (A) – (B) 236
(ii) Balance sheet of Grape Fruit Ltd as at 31st March 2011 (after re-construction)
(` in lakhs)
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
12 lakhs equity shares of 300 Land & Building 450
`25/- each
10% Preference shares of 100 Plant & Machinery 180
`50/- each
Capital Reserve 236 Furnitures & Fixtures 50
9% debentures 200 Inventory 150
Loan from Bank 74 Sundry debtors 70
Trade Creditors 255 -15 55
Cash-at-Bank 280
(Balancing figure)*
1165 1165
*Opening Balance of `130/- lakhs + Sale proceeds from issue of new equity shares
`150/- lakhs.
(b) If importer pays now, he will have to buy US$ in Spot Market by availing overdraft facility.
Accordingly, the outflow under this option will be
`
Amount required to purchase $130000[$130000X`48.36] 6286800
Add: Overdraft Interest for 3 months @15% p.a. 235755
6522555
If importer makes payment after 3 months then, he will have to pay interest for 3 months
@ 5% p.a. for 3 month along with the sum of import bill. Accordingly, he will have to buy
$ in forward market. The outflow under this option will be as follows:
$
Amount of Bill 130000
Add: Interest for 3 months @5% p.a. 1625
131625
Amount to be paid in Indian Rupee after 3 month under the forward purchase contract `
6427249
(US$ 131625 X ` 48.83)
Since outflow of cash is least in (ii) option, it should be opted for.
Question 6
(a) A Portfolio Manager (PM) has the following four stocks in his portfolio:
Security No. of Shares Market Price per share (`) 
VSL 10,000 50 0.9
CSL 5,000 20 1.0
SML 8,000 25 1.5
APL 2,000 200 1.2
Compute the following:
(i) Portfolio beta.
(ii) If the PM seeks to reduce the beta to 0.8, how much risk free investment should he
bring in?
(iii) If the PM seeks to increase the beta to 1.2, how much risk free investment should
he bring in? (8
Marks)
(b) ABC established the following spread on the Delta Corporation’s stock :
(i) Purchased one 3-month call option with a premium of ` 30 and an exercise price of
` 550.
(ii) Purchased one 3-month put option with a premium of ` 5 and an exercise price of
` 450.
The current price of Delta Corporation's stock is ` 500. Determine ABC's profit or loss if
the price of Delta Corporation's stock.
(a) stays at ` 500 after 3 months.
(b) falls to ` 350 after 3 months.
(c) rises to ` 600. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Security No. of Market Price (1) × (2) % to total ß (x) wx
shares of Per Share (w)
(1) (2)
VSL 10000 50 500000 0.4167 0.9 0.375
CSL 5000 20 100000 0.0833 1 0.083
SML 8000 25 200000 0.1667 1.5 0.250
APL 2000 200 400000 0.3333 1.2 0.400
1200000 1 1.108
Portfolio beta 1.108
(i) Required Beta 0.8
It should become (0.8 / 1.108) 72.2 % of present portfolio
If ` 12,00,000 is 72.20%, the total portfolio should be
` 12,00,000 × 100/72.20 or ` 16,62,050
Additional investment in zero risk should be (` 16,62,050 – ` 12,00,000) = ` 4,62,050
Revised Portfolio will be
Security No. of Market (1) × (2) % to ß (x) wx
shares Price of total
(1) Per Share (w)
(2)
VSL 10000 50 500000 0.3008 0.9 0.271
CSL 5000 20 100000 0.0602 1 0.060
SML 8000 25 200000 0.1203 1.5 0.180
APL 2000 200 400000 0.2407 1.2 0.289
Risk free asset 46205 10 462050 0.2780 0 0
1662050 1 0.800
(ii) To increase Beta to 1.2
Required beta 1.2
It should become 1.2 / 1.108 108.30% of present beta
If 1200000 is 108.30%, the total portfolio should be
1200000 × 100/108.30 or 1108033 say 1108030
Additional investment should be (-) 91967 i.e. Divest ` 91970 of Risk Free Asset
Revised Portfolio will be
Security No. of Market (1) × (2) % to ß (x) wx
shares Price of total
(1) Per (w)
Share (2)
VSL 10000 50 500000 0.4513 0.9 0.406
CSL 5000 20 100000 0.0903 1 0.090
SML 8000 25 200000 0.1805 1.5 0.271
APL 2000 200 400000 0.3610 1.2 0.433
Risk free asset -9197 10 -91970 -0.0830 0 0
1108030 1 1.20
Portfolio beta 1.20
(b) (i) Total premium paid on purchasing a call and put option
= ( ` 30 per share x 100 ) + ( ` 5 per share x 100 ).
= ` 3,000 + `500 = ` 3,500
In this case, ABC exercises neither the call option nor the put option as both will
result in a loss for him/her.
Ending value = -` 3,500 + Zero gain
= -` 3,500
i.e. Net loss = ` 3,500
(ii) Since the price of the stock is below the exercise price of the call , the call will not
be exercised. Only put is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = ` 3,500
Ending value = - ` 3,500 + ` [(450 – 350 ) x 100]
= - ` 3,500 + ` 10,000 = ` 6,500
i.e. Net gain = ` 6,500
(iii) In this situation, the put is worthless, since the price of the stock exceeds the put’s
exercise price. Only call option is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = ` 3,500
Ending value = – ` 3,500 + ` [(600-550 ) x
100] Net Gain = – ` 3,500 + ` 5,000 = ` 1,500
Question 7
Write short notes on any four of the followings:
(a) Capital Rationing
(b) Embedded derivatives
(c) Depository participant
(d) Money market mutual fund
(e) Leading and lagging
(f) Take over by reverse bid (4 × 4 Marks = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) Capital Rationing: When there is a scarcity of funds, capital rationing is resorted to. Capital
rationing means the utilization of existing funds in most profitable manner by selecting the
acceptable projects in the descending order or ranking with limited available funds. The
firm must be able to maximize the profits by combining the most profitable proposals.
Capital rationing may arise due to (i) external factors such as high borrowing rate or non-
availability of loan funds due to constraints of Debt-Equity Ratio; and (ii) Internal
Constraints Imposed by management. Project should be accepted as a whole or rejected. It
cannot be accepted and executed in piecemeal.
IRR or NPV are the best basis of evaluation even under Capital Rationing situations. The
objective is to select those projects which have maximum and positive NPV. Preference
should be given to interdependent projects. Projects are to be ranked in the order of NPV.
Where there is multi-period Capital Rationing, Linear Programming Technique should be
used to maximize NPV. In times of Capital Rationing, the investment policy of the company
may not be the optimal one.
(b) A derivative is defined as a contract that has all the following characteristics: Its value
changes in response to a specified underlying, e.g. an exchange rate, interest rate or
share price;
It requires little or no initial net investment; It
is settled at a future date;
The most common derivatives are currency forwards, futures, options, interest rate
swaps etc.
An embedded derivative is a derivative instrument that is embedded in another contract - the
host contract. The host contract might be a debt or equity instrument, a lease, an insurance
contract or a sale or purchase contract. Derivatives require to be marked-to-market through
the income statement, other than qualifying hedging instruments. This requirement on
embedded derivatives are designed to ensure that mark-to-market through the income
statement cannot be avoided by including - embedding - a derivative in another contract or
financial instrument that is not marked-to market through the income statement.
An embedded derivative can arise from deliberate financial engineering and intentional
shifting of certain risks between parties. Many embedded derivatives, however, arise
inadvertently through market practices and common contracting arrangements. Even
purchase and sale contracts that qualify for executory contract treatment may contain
embedded derivatives. An embedded derivative causes modification to a contract's cash flow,
based on changes in a specified variable.
(c) Depository Participants: Under this system, the securities (shares, debentures, bonds, Government
Securities, MF units etc.) are held in electronic form just like cash in a bank account. To speed up
the transfer mechanism of securities from sale, purchase, transmission, SEBI introduced
Depository Services also known as Dematerialization of listed securities. It is the process by which
certificates held by investors in physical form are converted to an equivalent number of securities
in electronic form. The securities are credited to the investor’s account maintained through an
intermediary called Depository Participant (DP). Shares/Securities once dematerialized lose their
independent identities. Separate numbers are allotted for such dematerialized securities.
Organization holding securities of investors in electronic form and which renders services related
to transactions in securities is called a Depository. A depository holds securities in an account,
transfers securities from one account holder to another without the investors having to handle
these in their physical form. The depository is a safe keeper of securities for and on behalf of the
investors. All corporate benefits such as Dividends, Bonus, Rights etc. are issued to security
holders as were used to be issued in case of physical form.
(d) An important part of financial market is Money market. It is a market for short-term
money. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the equilibrium between the short-term
demand and supply of money. Such schemes invest in safe highly liquid instruments
included in commercial papers certificates of deposits and government securities.
Accordingly, the Money Market Mutual Fund (MMMF) schemes generally provide high returns
and highest safety to the ordinary investors. MMMF schemes are active players of the money
market. They channallize the idle short funds, particularly of corporate world, to those who
require such funds. This process helps those who have idle funds to earn some income
without taking any risk and with surety that whenever they will need their funds, they will get
(generally in maximum three hours of time) the same. Short-term/emergency requirements of
various firms are met by such Mutual Funds. Participation of such Mutual Funds provide a
boost to money market and help in controlling the volatility.
(e) Leading means advancing a payment i.e. making a payment before it is due. Lagging
involves postponing a payment i.e. delaying payment beyond its due date.
In forex market Leading and lagging are used for two purposes:-
(1) Hedging foreign exchange risk: A company can lead payments required to be made
in a currency that is likely to appreciate. For example, a company has to pay
$100000 after one month from today. The company apprehends the USD to
appreciate. It can make the payment now. Leading involves a finance cost i.e. one
month’s interest cost of money used for purchasing $100000.
A company may lag the payment that it needs to make in a currency that it is likely
to depreciate, provided the receiving party agrees for this proposition. The receiving
party may demand interest for this delay and that would be the cost of lagging.
Decision regarding leading and lagging should be made after considering (i) likely
movement in exchange rate (ii) interest cost and (iii) discount (if any).
(2) Shifting the liquidity by modifying the credit terms between inter-group entities: For
example, A Holding Company sells goods to its 100% Subsidiary. Normal credit term is
90 days. Suppose cost of funds is 12% for Holding and 15% for Subsidiary. In this case
the Holding may grant credit for longer period to Subsidiary to get the best advantage
for the group as a whole. If cost of funds is 15% for Holding and 12% for Subsidiary, the
Subsidiary may lead the payment for the best advantage of the group as a whole. The
decision regarding leading and lagging should be taken on the basis of cost of funds to
both paying entity and receiving entity. If paying and receiving entities have different
home currencies, likely movements in exchange rate should also be considered.
(f) Generally, a big company takes over a small company. When the smaller company gains
control of a larger one then it is called “Take-over by reverse bid”. In case of reverse take-
over, a small company takes over a big company. This concept has been successfully
followed for revival of sick industries.
The acquired company is said to be big if any one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(i) The assets of the transferor company are greater than the transferee company;
(ii) Equity capital to be issued by the transferee company pursuant to the acquisition
exceeds its original issued capital, and
(iii) The change of control in the transferee company will be through the introduction of
minority holder or group of holders.
Reverse takeover takes place in the following cases:
(1) When the acquired company (big company ) is a financially weak company
(2) When the acquirer (the small company) already holds a significant proportion of
shares of the acquired company (small company)
(3) When the people holding top management positions in the acquirer company want
to be relived off of their responsibilities.
The concept of take-over by reverse bid, or of reverse merger, is thus not the usual case
of amalgamation of a sick unit which is non-viable with a healthy or prosperous unit but is
a case whereby the entire undertaking of the healthy and prosperous company is to be
merged and vested in the sick company which is non-viable.
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Question 1
(a) LMN & Co. plans to issue Commercial Paper (CP) of ` 1,00,000 at a price of ` 98,000.
Maturity Period: 4 Months
Expenses for issue of CP are :
(i) Brokerage 0.10%
(ii) Rating Charges 0.60% and
(iii) Stamp Duty 0.15%
Find the effective interest rate per annum and the cost of Fund. (5 Marks)
(b) On 31-8-2011, the value of stock index was ` 2,200. The risk free rate of return has
been 8% per annum. The dividend yield on this Stock Index is as under:
Month Dividend Paid
January 3%
February 4%
March 3%
April 3%
May 4%
June 3%
July 3%
August 4%
September 3%
October 3%
November 4%
December 3%
Assuming that interest is continuously compounded daily, find out the future price of contract
deliverable on 31-12-2011.
Given: e0.01583 = 1.01593 (5 Marks)
(c) The price of a bond just before a year of maturity is $ 5,000. Its redemption value is $
5,250 at the end of the said period. Interest is $ 350 p.a. The Dollar appreciates by 2%
during the said period. Calculate the rate of return. (5 Marks)
(d) A company is long on 10 MT of copper @ ` 474 per kg (spot) and intends to remain so
for the ensuing quarter. The standard deviation of changes of its spot and future prices
are 4% and 6% respectively, having correlation coefficient of 0.75.
What is its hedge ratio? What is the amount of the copper future it should short to
achieve a perfect hedge?
(5 Marks)
Answer
 F  P  12
(a) Effective Interest Rate=  100
 P  m

1,00,000- 98,000 12
= 98,000 × 4 ×100
= 0.02041 x 3 x 100
= 6.123% say 6.12%
Effective Interest Rate = 6.12% p.a
Cost of Funds to the Company
Effective Interest 6.12%
Brokerage 0.10%
Rating Charges 0.60%
Stamp Duty 0.15%
Cost of funds 6.97%
Note: In the question it has not been clearly mentioned whether issue expenses pertain to
a year or 4 months. Although above solution is based on the assumption that these
expenses pertains to a year, but students can also consider them as expenses for 4
months and solve the question accordingly.
(b) The duration of future contract is 4 months. The average yield during this period will be:
3%  3%  4%  3%
4 = 3.25%
As per Cost to Carry model the future price will be
F = Se rf D t

Where S = Spot Price
rf = Risk Free interest
D = Dividend Yield
t = Time Period
Accordingly, future price will be
= ` 2,200 e(0.08- 0.0325)4 /12

= ` 2,200 e0.01583
= ` 2,200 х 1.01593
= ` 2235.05
(c) Here we can assume two cases (i) If investor is US investor then there will be no impact
of appreciation in $. (ii) If investor is from any other nation other than US say Indian then
there will be impact of $ appreciation on his returns.
First we shall compute return on bond which will be common for both investors.
(Pr ice at end - Pr ice at begining) Interest
Return =
Pr ice at begining
(5250  5000)  350

= 5000
250  350
= =0.12 say 12%
5000
(i) For US investor the return shall be 12% and there will be no impact of appreciation
in $.
(ii) If $ appreciate by 2% then return for non-US investor shall be:
Return x 1.02 = 0.12 x 1.02=0.1224 i.e. 12.24%
Alternatively it can also be considered that $ appreciation will be applicable to the
amount of principal as well. The answer therefore could also be
(1+0.12)(1+0.02) -1 =1.12X1.02 - 1 = 0.1424 i.e. 14.24%
(d) The optional hedge ratio to minimize the variance of Hedger’s position is given by:
S
H= 
F
Where
σS= Standard deviation of ΔS
σF=Standard deviation of ΔF
ρ= coefficient of correlation between ΔS and ΔF
H= Hedge Ratio
ΔS = change in Spot price.
ΔF= change in Future price.
Accordingly
0.04
H = 0.75 x = 0.5
0.06
No. of contract to be short = 10 x 0.5 = 5
Amount = 5000 x ` 474 = ` 23,70,000
Question 2
(a) A machine used on a production line must be replaced at least every four years.
Costs incurred to run the machine according to its age are :
Age of the Machine (years)
0 1 2 3 4
Purchase price (in ` ) 60,000
Maintenance (in` ) 16,000 18,000 20,000 20,000
Repair (in ` ) 0 4,000 8,000 16,000
Scrap Value (in ` ) 32,000 24,000 16,000 8,000
Future replacement will be with identical machine with same cost. Revenue is unaffected
by the age of the machine. Ignoring inflation and tax, determine the optimum replacement
cycle. PV factors of the cost of capital of 15% for the respective four years are 0.8696,
0.7561, 0.6575 and 0.5718. (10
Marks)
(b) In December, 2011 AB Co.'s share was sold for ` 146 per share. A long term earnings
growth rate of 7.5% is anticipated. AB Co. is expected to pay dividend of ` 3.36 per
share.
(i) What rate of return an investor can expect to earn assummg that dividends are
expected to grow along with earnings at 7.5% per year in perpetuity?
(ii) It is expected that AB Co. will earn about 10% on book Equity and shall retain 60%
of earnings. In this case, whether, there would be any change in growth rate and
cost of Equity? (6
Marks)
Answer
(a) Working Notes
First of all we shall calculate cash flows for each replacement cycle as follows:
One Year Replacement Cycle `
Year Replacement Maintenance & Residual Net cash
Cost Repair Value Flow
0 (60,000) - - (60,000)
1 - (16,000) 32,000 16,000
Two Years Replacement Cycle `
0 (60,000) - - (60,000)
1 - (16,000) - (16,000)
2 - (22,000) 24,000 2,000
Three Years Replacement Cycle `
0 (60,000) - - (60,000)
1 - (16,000) - (16,000)
2 - (22,000) - (22,000)
3 - (28,000) 16,000 (12,000)
Four Years Replacement Cycle `
0 (60,000) - - (60,000)
1 - (16,000) - (16,000)
2 - (22,000) - (22,000)
3 - (28,000) - (28,000)
4 - (36,000) 8,000 (28,000)
Now we shall calculate NPV for each replacement cycles
1 Year 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years

Year PVF@ Cash PV Cash PV Cash PV Cash PV
Flows Flows
15% Flows Flows
0 1 -60,000 -60,000 -60,000 -60,000 -60,000 -60,000 -60,000 -60,000
1 0.8696 16,000 13,914 -16,000 -13,914 -16,000 -13,914 -16,000 -13,914
2 0.7561 - - 2,000 1,512 -22,000 -16,634 -22,000 -16,634
3 0.6575 - - - 0 -12,000 -7,890 -28,000 -18,410
4 0.5718 - - - 0 0 -28,000 -16,010
-46,086 -72,402 -98,438 -1,24,968
Now we shall calculate Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) per annuam using Capital
Recovery Factor
Replacement Cycles EAC (`)
1 Year 46,086 52,997
0.8696
2 Years 72,402 44,536
1.6257
3 Years 98,438 43,114
2.2832
4 Years 1,24,968 43,772
2.855
Since EAC is least in case of replacement cycle of 3 years hence machine should be
replaced after every three years.
(b) (i) According to Dividend Discount Model approach the firm’s expected or required
return on equity is computed as follows:
D
 1g
P0
Where,
Ke = Cost of equity share capital
D1 = Expected dividend at the end of year 1
P0 = Current market price of the share.
g = Expected growth rate of dividend.
Therefore, Ke  3.36
 7.5%
146
= 0.0230 +0.075 = 0.098
Or, Ke = 9.80%
(ii) With rate of return on retained earnings (r) 10% and retention ratio (b) 60%, new
growth rate will be as follows:
g= br i.e.
= 0.10 X 0.60 = 0.06
Accordingly dividend will also get changed and to calculate this, first we shall
calculate previous retention ratio (b 1) and then EPS assuming that rate of return on
retained earnings (r) is same.
With previous Growth Rate of 7.5% and r =10% the retention ratio comes out to be:
0.075 =b1 X 0.10
b1 = 0.75 and payout ratio = 0.25
With 0.25 payout ratio the EPS will be as follows:
3.36
= 13.44
0.25
With new 0.40 (1 – 0.60) payout ratio the new dividend will be D1
= 13.44 X 0.40 = 5.376
Accordingly new Ke will be
Ke  5.376
 6.0%
146
or, Ke = 9.68%
Question 3
(a) LMN Ltd is considering merger with XYZ Ltd. LMN Ltd's shares are currently traded at
` 30.00 per share. It has 3,00,000 shares outstanding. Its earnings after taxes (EAT)
amount to ` 6,00,000. XYZ Ltd has 1,60,000 shares outstanding and its current market
price is ` 15.00 per share and its earnings after taxes (EAT) amount to ` 1,60,000. The
merger is decided to be effected by means of a stock swap (exchange). XYZ Ltd has
agreed to a proposal by which LMN Ltd will offer the current market value of XYZ Ltd's
shares.
Find out:
(i) The pre-merger earnings per share (EPS) and price/earnings (P/E) ratios of both
the companies.
(ii) If XYZ Ltd's P/E Ratio is 9.6, what is its current Market Price? What is the Exchange
Ratio? What will LMN Ltd's post-merger EPS be?
(iii) What should be the exchange ratio, if LMN Ltd's pre-merger and post- merger EPS
are to be the same? (8 Marks)
(b) DEF Ltd has been regularly paying a dividend of ` 19,20,000 per annum for several
years and it is expected that same dividend would continue at this level in near future.
There are 12,00,000 equity shares of ` 10 each and the share is traded at par.
The company has an opportunity to invest ` 8,00,000 in one year's time as well as
further ` 8,00,000 in two year's time in a project as it is estimated that the project will
generate cash inflow of ` 3,60,000 per annum in three year's time which will continue for
ever. This investment is possible if dividend is reduced for next two years.
Whether the company should accept the project? Also analyze the effect on the market
price of the share, if the company decides to accept the project. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Pre-merger EPS and P/E ratios of LMN Ltd. and XYZ Ltd.
Particulars LMN Ltd. XYZ Ltd.
Earnings after taxes 6,00,000 1,60,000
Number of shares outstanding 3,00,000 1,60,000
EPS 2 1
Market Price per share 30 15
(ii) Current Market Price of XYZ Ltd. if P/E ratio is 9.6 = ` 1 × 9.6 = ` 9.60
30
Exchange ratio =
9.60 = 3.125
Post merger EPS of LMN Ltd.
6,00,000 + 1,60,000
= 3,00,000 + (1,60,000/3.125)
7,60,000
= 3,51,200
= 2.16
(iii) Desired Exchange Ratio
Total number of shares in post-merged company
Post - merger earnings 7,60,000
= Pr e - merger EPS of LMN Ltd. = = 3,80,000
2
Number of shares required to be issued to XYZ Ltd.
= 3,80,000 – 3,00,000 = 80,000
Therefore, the exchange ratio should be
80,000 : 1,60,000
80,000
= 1,60,000 = 0.50
(b) First we calculate cost of Equity (Ke)/PE Ratio

1 19,20,000
D = 12,00,000 = 1.6
P0 = 10
Ke = D  ` 1.6  16%
P 10
10
P/E =  6.25
1.6
Now we shall compute NPV of the project
- 800000 - 800000 360000 1

NPV = +
+ 2 × 3
(1+ 0.16)
(1+ 0.16) 0.16 (1+ 0.16)
= -6,89,655 – 5,94,530 + 14,41,480

= 1,57,295
As NPV of the project is positive, the value of the firm will increase by ` 1,57,295 and
spread over the number of shares e.g. 12,00,000, the market price per share will
increase by 13 paisa.
Question 4
(a) Indira has a fund of ` 3 lacs which she wants to invest in share market with rebalancing
target after every 10 days to start with for a period of one month from now. The present
NIFTY is 5326. The minimum NIFTY within a month can at most be 4793.4. She wants to
know as to how she should rebalance her portfolio under the following situations,
according to the theory of Constant Proportion Portfolio Insurance Policy, using "2" as
the multiplier:
(1) Immediately to start with.
(2) 10 days later-being the 1st day of rebalancing if NIFTY falls to 5122.96.
(3) 10 days further from the above date if the NIFTY touches 5539.04.
For the sake of simplicity, assume that the value of her equity component will change in
tandem with that of the NIFTY and the risk free securities in which she is going to invest
will have no Beta. (8
Marks)
(b) X Ltd has an internal rate of return @ 20%. It has declared dividend @ 18% on its equity
shares, having face value of ` 10 each. The payout ratio is 36% and Price Earning Ratio
is 7.25. Find the cost of equity according to Walter's Model and hence determine the
limiting value of its shares in case the payout ratio is varied as per the said model.
(8 Marks)
Answer
5326  4793.40
(a) Maximum decline in one month = 100 = 10%
5326
(1) Immediately to start with
Investment in equity = Multiplier x (Portfolio value – Floor value)
= 2 (3,00,000 – 2,70,000) = ` 60,000
Indira may invest ` 60,000 in equity and balance in risk free securities.
(2) After 10 days
Value of equity = 60,000 x 5122.96/5326 = ` 57,713
Value of risk free investment ` 2,40,000
Total value of portfolio = ` 2,97,713
= 2 (2,97,713 – 2,70,000) = ` 55,426
Revised Portfolio:
Equity = ` 55,426
Risk free Securities = ` 2,97,713 – ` 55,426 = ` 2,42,287
(3) After another 10 days
Value of equity = 55,426 x 5539.04/5122.96 = ` 59,928
Value of risk free investment = ` 2,42,287
Total value of portfolio = ` 3,02,215
= 2 (3,02,215 – 2,70,000) = ` 64,430
Revised Portfolio:
Equity = ` 64,430
Risk Free Securities = ` 3,02,215 – ` 64,430 = ` 2,37,785
The investor should off -load ` 4502 of risk free securities and divert to Eq uity.
(b) Internal Rate of Return (r) = 0.20
Dividend (D) = 1.80
Earnings Per share (E) 1.80

0.36 = 5
=
Price of share (P) = 5 x 7.25 = 36.25
r
D
ke (E  D)
P=
Ke
0.20(5 1.80)
1.80  ke
36.25 =
ke
0.20(3.20)
36.25 Ke = 1.80 +
Ke
0.64
36.25 Ke = 1.80 +
Ke
36.25 Ke2 = 1.80 Ke + 0.64
Ke= b  b2  4ac
2a
-1.80  (1.80)2 - 4 (-36.25) 0.64
=
2(-36.25)
1.80  3.24  92.80
=
72.50
Ke = 16%
Since the firm is a growing firm, then 100% payout ratio will give limiting value of
share
0.20(5  5)
1.80  0.16
P=
0.16
1.80
= 0.16
= ` 11.25
Thus limiting value is ` 11.25
Question 5
(a) NP and Co. has imported goods for US $ 7,00,000. The amount is payable after three
months. The company has also exported goods for US $ 4,50,000 and this amount is
receivable in two months. For receivable amount a forward contract is already taken at `
48.90.
The market rates for ` and Dollar are as under:
Spot ` 48.50/70
Two months 25/30 points
Three months 40/45 points
The company wants to cover the risk and it has two options as under :
(A) To cover payables in the forward market and
(B) To lag the receivables by one month and cover the risk only for the net amount. No
interest for delaying the receivables is earned. Evaluate both the options if the cost
of Rupee Funds is 12%. Which option is preferable? (8 Marks)
(b) A has portfolio having following features:
Security β Random Error σei Weight
L 1.60 7 0.25
M 1.15 11 0.30
N 1.40 3 0.25
K 1.00 9 0.20
You are required to find out the risk of the portfolio if the standard deviation of the market
index (m) is 18%. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) To cover payable and receivable in forward Market
Amount payable after 3 months $7,00,000
Forward Rate ` 48.45
Thus Payable Amount (`) (A) ` 3,39,15,000
Amount receivable after 2 months $ 4,50,000
Forward Rate ` 48.40
Thus Receivable Amount (`) (B) ` 2,17,80,000
Interest @ 12% p.a. for 1 month (C) `2,17,800
Net Amount Payable in (`) (A) – (B) – (C) ` 1,19,17,200
(ii) Assuming that since the forward contract for receivable was already booked it shall
be cancelled if we lag the receivables. Accordingly any profit/ loss on cancellation of
contract shall also be calculated and shall be adjusted as follows:
Amount Payable ($) $7,00,000
Amount receivable after 3 months $ 4,50,000
Net Amount payable $2,50,000
Applicable Rate ` 48.45
Amount payable in (`) (A) ` 1,21,12,500
Profit on cancellation of Forward cost ` 2,70,000
(48.90 – 48.30) × 4,50,000 (B)
Thus net amount payable in (`) (A) + (B) ` 1,18,42,500
Since net payable amount is least in case of second option, hence the company should
lag receivables.
Note: In the question it has not been clearly mentioned that whether quotes given for
2 and 3 months (in points terms) are premium points or direct quotes. Although above
solution is based on the assumption that these are direct quotes, but students can
also consider them as premium points and solve the question accordingly.
4
(b) βp = xiβi
i1
= 1.60 x 0.25 + 1.15 x 0.30 + 1.40 x 0.25 + 1.00 x 0.20

= 0.4 + 0.345 + 0.35 + 0.20 = 1.295
The Standard Deviation (Risk) of the portfolio is
= [(1.295)2(18)2+(0.25)2(7)2+(0.30)2(11)2+(0.25)2(3)2+(0.20)2(9)2)]
= [543.36 + 3.0625 + 10.89 + 0.5625 + 3.24] = [561.115]½ = 23.69%
Alternative Answer
The variance of Security’s Return
2 = i2 2m + 2εi
Accordingly variance of various securities
2 Weight(w) 2Xw
L (1.60)2 (18)2 + 72 = 878.44 0.25 219.61
M (1.15)2 (18)2 + 112 = 549.49 0.30 164.85
N (1.40)2 (18)2 + 32 = 644.04 0.25 161.01
K (1.00)2 (18)2 + 92 = 405.00 0.20 81
Variance 626.47
SD = 626.47 = 25.03
Question 6
(a) Sumana wanted to buy shares of ElL which has a range of ` 411 to ` 592 a month later.
The present price per share is ` 421. Her broker informs her that the price of this share
can sore up to ` 522 within a month or so, so that she should buy a one month CALL of
ElL. In order to be prudent in buying the call, the share price should be more than or at
least ` 522 the assurance of which could not be given by her broker.
Though she understands the uncertainty of the market, she wants to know the probability
of attaining the share price ` 592 so that buying of a one month CALL of EIL at the
execution price of ` 522 is justified. Advice her. Take the risk free interest to be 3.60%
and e0.036 = 1.037. (8 Marks)
(b) A Mutual Fund Co. has the following assets under it on the close of business as on:
1st February 2012 2nd February 2012
Company No. of Shares Market price per share Market price per share
` `
L Ltd 20,000 20.00 20.50
M Ltd 30,000 312.40 360.00
N Ltd 20,000 361.20 383.10
P Ltd 60,000 505.10 503.90
Total No. of Units 6,00,000
(i) Calculate Net Assets Value (NAV) of the Fund.
(ii) Following information is given:
Assuming one Mr. A, submits a cheque of ` 30,00,000 to the Mutual Fund and the Fund
manager of this company purchases 8,000 shares of M Ltd; and the balance amount is
held in Bank. In such a case, what would be the position of the Fund?
(iii) Find new NAV of the Fund as on 2nd February 2012. (8 Marks)
Answer
ert  d
(a) p =
u d
ert = e0.036
d = 411/421 = 0.976
u = 592/421 = 1.406
e0.036  0.976 1.037  0.976

p = 1.406  = 0.43
0.976
0.061
= 0.1418
0.43
Thus probability of rise in price 0.1418
(b) (i) NAV of the Fund.
` 4,00,000  ` 93,72,000  ` 72,24,000 ` 3,03,06,000
= 6,00,000
` 4,73,02,000
= =` 78.8366 rounded to ` 78.84
6,00,000
(ii) The revised position of fund shall be as follows:
Shares No. of shares Price Amount (`)
L Ltd. 20,000 20.00 4,00,000
M Ltd. 38,000 312.40 1,18,71,200
N Ltd. 20,000 361.20 72,24,000
P Ltd. 60,000 505.10 3,03,06,000
Cash 5,00,800
5,03,02,000
30,00,000
No. of units of fund = 6,00,000  = 6,38,053
78.8366
(iii) On 2nd February 2012, the NAV of fund will be as follows:
L Ltd. 20,000 20.50 4,10,000
M Ltd. 38,000 360.00 1,36,80,000
N Ltd. 20,000 383.10 76,62,000
P Ltd. 60,000 503.90 3,02,34,000
Cash 5,00,800
5,24,86,800
` 5,24,86,800
NAV as on 2nd February 2012 = = ` 82.26 per unit
6,38,053
Question 7
Write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) Zero coupon bonds
(b) Interest swap
(c) Inter-Bank Participation Certificate
(d) Meaning and Advantages of Netting
(e) Nostro, Vostro and Loro Accounts (4 × 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) As name indicates these bonds do not pay interest during the life of the bonds. Instead,
zero coupon bonds are issued at discounted price to their face value, which is the
amount a bond will be worth when it matures or comes due. When a zero coupon bond
matures, the investor will receive one lump sum (face value) equal to the initial
investment plus interest that has been accrued on the investment made. The maturity
dates on zero coupon bonds are usually long term. These maturity dates allow an
investor for a long range planning. Zero coupon bonds issued by banks, government and
private sector companies. However, bonds issued by corporate sector carry a potentially
higher degree of risk, depending on the financial strength of the issuer and longer
maturity period, but they also provide an opportunity to achieve a higher return.
(b) A swap is a contractual agreement between two parties to exchange, or "swap," future
payment streams based on differences in the returns to different securities or changes in
the price of some underlying item. Interest rate swaps constitute the most common type
of swap agreement. In an interest rate swap, the parties to the agreement, termed the
swap counterparties, agree to exchange payments indexed to two different interest rates.
Total payments are determined by the specified notional principal amount of the swap,
which is never actually exchanged. Financial intermediaries, such as banks, pension
funds, and insurance companies, as well as non-financial firms use interest rate swaps to
effectively change the maturity of outstanding debt or that of an interest-bearing asset.
Swaps grew out of parallel loan agreements in which firms exchanged loans
denominated in different currencies.
(c) The IBPCs are short-term instruments to even-out the short-term liquidity within the
banking system. The primary objective is to provide some degree of flexibility in the
credit portfolio of banks and to smoothen the consortium arrangements. The IBPC can be
issued by scheduled commercial bank and can be subscribed to by any commercial
bank. The IBPC is issued against an underlying advance, classified standard and the
aggregate amount of participation in any account time issue. During the currency of the
participation, the aggregate amount of participation should be covered by the outstanding
balance in account.
The participation can be issued in two types, viz. with and without risk to the lender.
While the participation without it can be issued for a period not exceeding 90 days.
Participation is now with risk for a period between 91 days and 180 days.
The interest rate on IBPC is freely determined in the market. The certificates are neither
transferable nor prematurely redeemable by the issuing bank. In the case of the bank issuing
IBPC with risk, the aggregate amount of participation would be reduced from the aggregate
advance outstanding.
The scheme is beneficial both to the issuing and participating banks. The issuing bank
can secure funds against advances without actually diluting its asset-mix. A bank having
the highest loans to total asset ratio and liquidity bind can square the situation by issuing
IBPCs. To the lender, it provides an opportunity to deploy the short-term surplus funds in
a secured and profitable manner.
(d) It is a technique of optimising cash flow movements with the combined efforts of the
subsidiaries thereby reducing administrative and transaction costs resulting from
currency conversion. There is a co-ordinated international interchange of materials,
finished products and parts among the different units of MNC with many subsidiaries
buying /selling from/to each other. Netting helps in minimising the total volume of inter-
company fund flow.
Advantages derived from netting system includes:
1) Reduces the number of cross-border transactions between subsidiaries thereby
decreasing the overall administrative costs of such cash transfers
2) Reduces the need for foreign exchange conversion and hence decreases
transaction costs associated with foreign exchange conversion.
3) Improves cash flow forecasting since net cash transfers are made at the end of
each period
4) Gives an accurate report and settles accounts through co-ordinated efforts among
all subsidiaries.
(e) In interbank transactions, foreign exchange is transferred from one account to another
account and from one centre to another centre. Therefore, the banks maintain three
types of current accounts in order to facilitate quick transfer of funds in different
currencies. These accounts are Nostro, Vostro and Loro accounts meaning “our”, “your”
and “their”. A bank’s foreign currency account maintained by the bank in a foreign
country and in the home currency of that country is known as Nostro Account or “our
account with you”. For example, An Indian bank’s Swiss franc account with a bank in
Switzerland. Vostro account is the local currency account maintained by a foreign
bank/branch. It is also called “your account with us”. For example, Indian rupee account
maintained by a bank in Switzerland with a bank in India. The Loro account is an account
wherein a bank remits funds in foreign currency to another bank for credit to an account
of a third bank.
DISCLAIMER
The Suggested Answers hosted in the website do not constitute the basis for evaluation of the
students’ answers in the examination. The answers are prepared by the Faculty of the Board
of Studies with a view to assist the students in their education. While due care is taken in
preparation of the answers, if any errors or omissions are noticed, the same may be brought to
the attention of the Director of Studies. The Council of the Institute is not in anyway

Candidates are also required to answer any five questions from the remaining six questions.
Wherever necessary suitable assumptions may be made and disclosed by way of note.
Question 1
(a) X Ltd. earns ` 6 per share having a capitalization rate of 10 percent and has a return on
investment of 20%. According to Walter's model, what should be the price of the share at
25% dividend payout?
(b) Calculate the Current price and the Bond equivalent yield (using simple compounding) of
a money market instrument with face value of ` 100 and discount yield of 8% in 90 days.
Take 1 year 360 days.
(c) The following information is extracted from Steady Mutual Fund’s Scheme:
- Asset Value at the beginning of the month - ` 65.78
- Annualised return -15 %
- Distributions made in the nature of Income - ` 0.50 and `
0.32 & Capital gain (per unit respectively).
You are required to:
(1) Calculate the month end net asset value of the mutual fund scheme (limit your answers
to two decimals).
(2) Provide a brief comment on the month end NAV.
(d) The US dollar is selling in India at `55.50. If the interest rate for a 6 months borrowing in
India is 10% per annum and the corresponding rate in USA is 4%.
(i) Do you expect that US dollar will be at a premium or at discount in the Indian Forex
Market?
(ii) What will be the expected 6-months forward rate for US dollar in India? and
(iii) What will be the rate of forward premium or discount? (4 x 5 Marks=20 Marks)
Answer
(a) Walter Model is as follows:-
R
D+ a (E-D)
Rc
Ve =
Rc
Ve = Market value of the share

Ra = Return on retained earnings
Re = Capitalisation rate
E= Earnings per share
D= Dividend per share
Hence, if Walter model is applied-
0.20
` 1.50 +  ` 6.00 ` 1.50 
Market value of the share 0.10
VC =
0.10
or
0.20
4.50 
` 1.50  `
VC 0.10
0.10
or
` 1.50 ` 9.00 ` 10.50

VC  0.10  0.10 ` 105
(b) Let Current Price of Bond is V then
` 100 = V (1+r)t
`100 = V (1+0.08)
`100 = V (1.08)
V= `92.59
Bond Equivalent Yield
` 100 V 360
BEY  V 
Days to Maturity
` 100 ` 92.59 360

 ` 92.59 90
= 0.32 i.e. 32%
Alternative Solution if students have assumed 8% discount yield as annual yield
` 100 = V (1+r)t
`100 = V (1+0.02)
`100 = V (1.02)

V= `98.04
Bond Equivalent Yield
` 100 V 360
BEY  Days to Maturity
V
` 100 ` 98.04 360

 ` 98.04 90
= 0.07997 i.e. 8%
(c) (1) Calculation of NAV at the end of month:
Given Annual Return = 15%
Hence Monthly Return = 1.25% (r)
(NAV t - NAVt-1 )  It Gt
r
NAVt-1
NAVt  ` 65.78 ` 0.50 ` 0.32
0.0125 =
` 65.78
0.82 = NAVt - `64.96
NAVt = `65.78
(2) There is no change in NAV.
(d) (i) Under the given circumstances, the USD is expected to quote at a premium in India
as the interest rate is higher in India.
(ii) Calculation of the forward rate:
1 R h F1

1 R f Eo
Where: Rh is home currency interest rate, Rf is foreign currency interest rate, F1 is
end of the period forward rate, and Eo is the spot rate.
1  0.10/2
Therefore F1
1  0.04 /  55.50
2
1  0.05 F1
1  0.02  55.50
1.05
or 1.02  55.50  F1
58.275
or 1.02  F1
or F1 = `57.13
(iii) Rate of premium:

57.13 - 55.50 12
  100  5.87%
55.50 6
Question 2
(a) H Ltd. agrees to buy over the business of B Ltd. effective 1st April, 2012.The summarized
Balance Sheets of H Ltd. and B Ltd. as on 31st March 2012 are as follows:
Balance sheet as at 31st March, 2012 (In Crores of Rupees)
Liabilities: H. Ltd B. Ltd.
Paid up Share Capital
-Equity Shares of `100 each 350.00
-Equity Shares of `100 each 6.50
Reserve & Surplus 950.00 25.00
Total 1,300.00 31.50
Assets:
Net Fixed Assets 220.00 0.50
Net Current Assets 1,020.00 29.00
Deferred Tax Assets 60.00 2.00
Total 1,300.00 31.50
H Ltd. proposes to buy out B Ltd. and the following information is provided to you as part
of the scheme of buying:
(1) The weighted average post tax maintainable profits of H Ltd. and B Ltd. for the
last 4 years are ` 300 crores and ` 10 crores respectively.
(2) Both the companies envisage a capitalization rate of 8%.
(3) H Ltd. has a contingent liability of ` 300 crores as on 31st March, 2012.
(4) H Ltd. to issue shares of `100 each to the shareholders of B Ltd. in terms of the
exchange ratio as arrived on a Fair Value basis. (Please consider weights of 1 and
3 for the value of shares arrived on Net Asset basis and Earnings capitalization
method respectively for both H Ltd. and B Ltd.)
You are required to arrive at the value of the shares of both H Ltd. and B Ltd. under:
(i) Net Asset Value Method
(ii) Earnings Capitalisation Method
(iii) Exchange ratio of shares of H Ltd. to be issued to the shareholders of B Ltd. on a
Fair value basis (taking into consideration the assumption mentioned in point 4
above.) (12 Marks)
(b) With the help of the following information of Jatayu Limited compute the Economic Value
Added:
Capital Structure Equity capital ` 160 Lakhs
Reserves and Surplus ` 140
lakhs 10% Debentures ` 400
lakhs
Cost of equity 14%
Financial Leverage 1.5 times
Income Tax Rate 30%
(4 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Net asset value
H Ltd. ` 1300 Crores  ` 300 Crores
=`
285.71
3.50 Crores
B Ltd. ` 31.50 Crores
0.65 Crores = ` 48.46
(ii) Earning capitalization value
H Ltd. ` 300 Crores / 0.08
3.50 Crores = ` 1071.43
B Ltd. ` 10 Crores / 0.08

0.65 Crores = ` 192.31
(iii) Fair value
H Ltd. ` 285.711 ` 1071.43 3
4 = ` 875
B Ltd. ` 48.461 ` 192.31 3

4 = ` 156.3475
Exchange ratio `156.3475/ `875 = 0.1787

H Ltd should issue its 0.1787 share for each share of B Ltd.
Note: In above solution it has been assumed that the contingent liability will materialize
at its full amount.
(b) Financial Leverage = PBIT/PBT
1.5 = PBIT / (PBIT – Interest)
1.5 = PBIT / (PBIT – 40)
1.5 (PBIT – 40) = PBIT
1.5 PBIT – 60 = PBIT
1.5 PBIT – PBIT = 60
0.5 PBIT = 60
or PBIT  60
= `120 lakhs
0.5
NOPAT = PBIT – Tax = `120 lakhs (1 – 0.30) = `84 lakhs.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
= 14%  (300 / 700) + (1 – 0.30)  (10%)  (400 / 700) = 10%
EVA = NOPAT – (WACC  Total Capital)
EVA = `120 lakhs – 0.10  ` 700 lakhs
EVA = ` 50 lakhs
Question 3
(a) You as an investor had purchased a 4 month call option on the equity shares of X Ltd. of
` 10, of which the current market price is ` 132 and the exercise price `150. You
expect the price to range between ` 120 to ` 190. The expected share price of X Ltd.
and related probability is given below:
Expected Price (`) 120 140 160 180 190
Probability .05 .20 .50 .10 .15
Compute the following:
(1) Expected Share price at the end of 4 months.
(2) Value of Call Option at the end of 4 months, if the exercise price prevails.
(3) In case the option is held to its maturity, what will be the expected value of the call
option?
(b) Z Ltd. importing goods worth USD 2 million, requires 90 days to make the payment. The
overseas supplier has offered a 60 days interest free credit period and for additional
credit for 30 days an interest of 8% per annum.
The bankers of Z Ltd offer a 30 days loan at 10% per annum and their quote for foreign
exchange is as follows:
`
Spot 1 USD 56.50
60 days forward for 1 USD 57.10
90 days forward for 1 USD 57.50
You are required to evaluate the following options:
(I) Pay the supplier in 60 days, or
(II) Avail the supplier's offer of 90 days credit. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (1) Expected Share Price
= `120X 0.05 + `140X 0.20 + `160X 0.50 + `180X 0.10 + `190X 0.15
= `6 + `28 + `80 + `18 + `28.50 = `160.50
(2) Value of Call Option
= `150 - `150 = Nil
(3) If the option is held till maturity the expected Value of Call Option
Expected price (X) Value of call (C) Probability (P) CP
`120 0 0.05 0
`140 0 0.20 0
`160 `10 0.50 `5
`180 `30 0.10 `3
`190 `40 0.15 `6
Total `14
(b) (i) Pay the supplier in 60 days
If the payment is made to supplier in 60 days the applicable ` 57.10
forward rate for 1 USD
Payment Due USD 2,000,000
Outflow in Rupees (USD 2000000 × `57.10) `114,200,000
Add: Interest on loan for 30 days@10% p.a. ` 951,667
Total Outflow in ` `115,151,667
(ii) Availing supplier’s offer of 90 days credit
Amount Payable USD 2,000,000
Add: Interest on credit period for 30 days@8% p.a. Total Outflow USD
in USD
13,333
USD 2,013,333
Applicable forward rate for 1 USD `57.50
Total Outflow in ` (USD 2,013,333 ×`57.50) `115,766,648
Alternative 1 is better as it entails lower cash outflow.
Question 4
(a) Eagle Ltd. reported a profit of ` 77 lakhs after 30% tax for the financial year 2011-12. An
analysis of the accounts revealed that the income included extraordinary items of ` 8
lakhs and an extraordinary loss of `10 lakhs. The existing operations, except for the
extraordinary items, are expected to continue in the future. In addition, the results of the
launch of a new product are expected to be as follows:
` In lakhs
Sales 70
Material costs 20
Labour costs 12
Fixed costs 10
(i) Calculate the value of the business, given that the capitalization rate is 14%.
(ii) Determine the market price per equity share, with Eagle Ltd.‘s share capital being
comprised of 1,00,000 13% preference shares of `100 each and 50,00,000 equity
shares of `10 each and the P/E ratio being 10 times. (8
Marks)
(b) Mr. FedUp wants to invest an amount of ` 520 lakhs and had approached his Portfolio
Manager. The Portfolio Manager had advised Mr. FedUp to invest in the following
manner:
Security Moderate Better Good Very Good Best
Amount (in ` Lakhs) 60 80 100 120 160
Beta 0.5 1.00 0.80 1.20 1.50
You are required to advise Mr. FedUp in regard to the following, using Capital Asset
Pricing Methodology:
(i) Expected return on the portfolio, if the Government Securities are at 8% and the
NIFTY is yielding 10%.
(ii) Advisability of replacing Security 'Better' with NIFTY. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Computation of Business Value
(` Lakhs)
77 110
Profit before tax
1 0.30
Less: Extraordinary income (8)
Add: Extraordinary losses 10
112
Profit from new product (` Lakhs)
Sales 70
Less: Material costs 20
Labour costs 12
Fixed costs 10 (42) 28
140.00
Less: Taxes @30% 42.00
Future Maintainable Profit after taxes 98.00
Relevant Capitalisation Factor 0.14
Value of Business (`98/0.14) 700
(ii) Determination of Market Price of Equity Share
Future maintainable profits (After Tax) ` 98,00,000
Less: Preference share dividends 1,00,000 shares of ` 100 @ 13% ` 13,00,000
Earnings available for Equity Shareholders ` 85,00,000
No. of Equity Shares 50,00,000
`
Earning per share = ` 1.70
85,00,000 =
50,00,000
PE ratio 10
Market price per share ` 17
(b) (i) Computation of Expected Return from Portfolio
Security Beta Expected Return (r) Amount Weights wr
(β) as per CAPM (` Lakhs) (w)
Moderate 0.50 8%+0.50(10% - 8%) = 9% 60 0.115 1.035
Better 1.00 8%+1.00(10% - 8%) = 10% 80 0.154 1.540
Good 0.80 8%+0.80(10% - 8%) = 9.60% 100 0.192 1.843
Very Good 1.20 8%+1.20(10% - 8%) = 10.40% 120 0.231 2.402
Best 1.50 8%+1.50(10% - 8%) = 11% 160 0.308 3.388
Total 520 1 10.208
Thus Expected Return from Portfolio 10.208% say 10.21%
(ii) As computed above the expected return from Better is 10% same as from Nifty,
hence there will be no difference even if the replacement of security is made. The
main logic behind this neutrality is that the beta of security ‘Better’ is 1 which clearly
indicates that this security shall yield same return as market return.
Question 5
(a) Following Financial Data for Platinum Ltd. are available:
For the year 2011: (` In lakhs)
Equity Shares (` 10 each) 100
8% Debentures 125
10% Bonds 50
Reserve and Surplus 200
Total Assets 500
Assets Turnover Ratio 1.1
Effective Tax Rate 30%
Operating Margin 10%
Required rate of return of investors 15%
Dividend payout ratio 20%
Current market price of shares `13
(i) Draw income statement for the year
(ii) Calculate the sustainable growth rate
(iii) Compute the fair price of the company's share using dividend discount model, and
(iv) Draw your opinion on investment in the company's share at current price. (8 Marks)
(b) Tiger Ltd. is presently working with an Earning Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) of `90
lakhs. Its present borrowings are as follows:
` In lakhs
12% term loan 300
Working capital borrowings:
From Bank at 15% 200
Public Deposit at 11 % 100
The sales of the company are growing and to support this, the company proposes to
obtain additional borrowing of `100 lakhs expected to cost 16%.The increase in EBIT is
expected to be 15%.
Calculate the change in interest coverage ratio after the additional borrowing is effected
and comment on the arrangement made. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Workings:
Asset turnover ratio = 1.1
Total Assets = `500 lakhs
Turnover ` 500 lakhs × 1.1 = `550 lakhs
Interest = `125 lakhs×0.08 + `50 lakhs×0.10 = `15 lakh
Operating Margin = 10%
Hence operating cost = (1 - 0.10) `550 lakhs = `495 lakh
Dividend Payout = 20%
Tax rate = 30%
(i) Income statement
(` Lakhs)
Sale 550.00
Operating Exp 495.00
EBIT 55.00
Interest 15.00
EBT 40.00
Tax @ 30% 12.00
EAT 28.00
Dividend @ 20% 5.60
Retained Earnings 22.40
(ii) SGR = G = ROE (1-b)
PAT
ROE = and NW = `100 lakhs + `200 lakhs = `300 lakhs
NW
` 28 lakhs
ROE =` 300 lakhs х 100 = 9.33%
SGR = 0.0933(1 - 0.20) = 7.47%

(iii) Calculation of fair price of share using dividend discount model
Po =
D0 (1 g)
ke  g
Dividends = ` lakhs = `0.56

5.6
10 lakhs
Growth Rate = 7.47%
` 0.561 ` 0.6018
Hence Po = = = `7.99 say `8.00
0.0747 0.0753
0.15 - 0.0747
(iv) Since the current market price of share is `13.00, the share is overvalued.
Hence the investor should not invest in the company.
(b) Calculation of Present Interest Coverage Ratio
Present EBIT = ` 90 lakhs
Interest charges (Present) `lakhs
Term loan @ 12% 36.00
Bank Borrowings @ 15% 30.00
Public Deposit @ 11% 11.00
77.00
Present Interest Coverage Ratio EBIT

Interest Ch arges
=
` 90 lakhs
= ` 77  1.169
lakhs
Calculation of Revised Interest Coverage Ratio
Revised EBIT (115% of ` 90 lakhs) `103.50 lakhs
Proposed interest charges
Existing charges ` 77.00 lakhs
Add: Additional charges (16% of additional Borrowings i.e. `100 lakhs) ` 16.00
lakhs Total ` 93.00
lakhs
Revised Interest Coverage Ratio = ` 103.50

 1.113
lakhs
` 93.00
lakhs
Analysis: With the proposed increase in the sales the burden of interest on additional
borrowings of `100 lakhs will adversely affect the interest coverage ratio which has been
reduced. (i.e. from 1.169 to 1.113).
Question 6
(a) Yes Ltd. wants to acquire No Ltd. and the cash flows of Yes Ltd. and the merged entity
are given below:
(` In lakhs)
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Yes Ltd. 175 200 320 340 350
Merged Entity 400 450 525 590 620
Earnings would have witnessed 5% constant growth rate without merger and 6% with merger
on account of economies of operations after 5 years in each case. The cost of capital is 15%.
The number of shares outstanding in both the companies before the merger is the same
and the companies agree to an exchange ratio of 0.5 shares of Yes Ltd. for each share of
No Ltd.
PV factor at 15% for years 1-5 are 0.870, 0.756; 0.658, 0.572, 0.497 respectively.
(i) Compute the Value of Yes Ltd. before and after merger.
(ii) Value of Acquisition and
(iii) Gain to shareholders of Yes Ltd. (8 Marks)
(b) Given the following information:
Current Dividend ` 5.00
Discount Rate 10%
Growth rate 2%
(i) Calculate the present value of the stock.
(ii) Is the stock over valued if the price is `40, ROE = 8% and EPS = `3.00. Show your
calculations under the PE Multiple approach and Earnings Growth model. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Working Notes:
Present Value of Cash Flows (CF) upto 5 years
Year CF of Yes Ltd. PVF PV of CF CF of Merged PV of CF of
End (` lakhs) @15% (` lakhs) Entity Merged
(` lakhs) Entity (`
lakhs)
1 175 0.870 152.25 400 348.00
2 200 0.756 151.20 450 340.20
3 320 0.658 210.56 525 345.45
4 340 0.572 194.48 590 337.48
5 350 0.497 173.95 620 308.14
882.44 1679.27
PV of Cash Flows of Yes Ltd. after the forecast period
TV5 = CF5 (1 g) = 350(1 0.05) = 367.50 = `3675 lakhs
Ke g 0.15  0.05 0.10
PV of TV5 = `3675 lakhs x 0.497 = `1826.475 lakhs
PV of Cash Flows of Merged Entity after the forecast period
TV5 = CF5 (1 g) = 620(1 0.06) = 657.20 = `7302.22 lakhs
Ke g 0.15  0.06 0.09
PV of TV5 = `7302.22 lakhs x 0.497 = `3629.20 lakhs
Value of Yes Ltd.
Before merger (`lakhs) After merger (`lakhs)
PV of CF (1-5 years) 882.440 1679.27
Add: PV of TV5 1826.475 3629.20
2708.915 5308.47
(ii) Value of Acquisition
= Value of Merged Entity – Value of Yes Ltd.
= `5308.47 lakhs – `2708.915 lakhs = `2599.555 lakhs
(iii) Gain to Shareholders of Yes Ltd.
1
Share of Yes Ltd. in merged entity = `5308.47 lakhs x = `3538.98 lakhs
1.5
Gain to shareholder = Share of Yes Ltd. in merged entity – Value of Yes Ltd. before
merger
= `3538.98 lakhs - `2708.915 = `830.065 lakhs
(b) (i) Present Value of the stock:-
5.00(1.02)
Vo = = `63.75/-.
0.10  0.02
(ii) Value of stock under the PE Multiple Approach
Particulars
Actual Stock Price ` 40.00
Return on equity 8%
EPS ` 3.00
PE Multiple (1/Return on Equity) = 1/8% 12.50%
Market Price per Share ` 37.50
Since, Actual Stock Price is higher, hence it is overvalued.

(iii) Value of the Stock under the Earnings Growth Model
Particulars
Actual Stock Price ` 40.00
Return on equity 8%
EPS ` 3.00
Growth Rate 2%
Market Price per Share [EPS ×(1+g)]/(Ke – g) ` 51.00
= ` 3.00 × 1.02/0.06
Since, Actual Stock Price is lower, hence it is undervalued.

Question 7
Answer any four from the following- :
(a) Interface of Financial Policy and Strategic Management
(b) Commercial Paper
(c) American Depository Receipt
(c) Advantages of holding securities in 'Demat' form
(e) Synergy in the context of Mergers and Acquisitions (4 x 4 Marks =16 Marks)
Answer
(a) The interface of strategic management and financial policy will be clearly understood if
we appreciate the fact that the starting point of an organization is money and the end
point of that organization is also money. No organization can run an existing business
and promote a new expansion project without a suitable internally mobilized financial
base or both internally and externally mobilized financial base.
Sources of finance and capital structure are the most important dimensions of a strategic
plan. The generation of funds may arise out of ownership capital and or borrowed capital.
A company may issue equity shares and / or preference shares for mobilizing ownership
capital.
Along with the mobilization of funds, policy makers should decide on the capital structure
to indicate the desired mix of equity capital and debt capital. There are some norms for
debt equity ratio. However this ratio in its ideal form varies from industry to industry. It
also depends on the planning mode of the organization under study.
Another important dimension of strategic management and financial policy interface is
the investment and fund allocation decisions. A planner has to frame policies for
regulating investments in fixed assets and for restraining of current assets. Investment
proposals mooted by different business units may be addition of a new product,
increasing the level of operation of an existing product and cost reduction and efficient
utilization of resources through a new approach and or closer monitoring of the different
critical activities.
Now, given these three types of proposals a planner should evaluate each one of them
by making within group comparison in the light of capital budgeting exercise.
Dividend policy is yet another area for making financial policy decisions affecting the
strategic performance of the company. A close interface is needed to frame the policy to
be beneficial for all. Dividend policy decision deals with the extent of earnings to be
distributed as dividend and the extent of earnings to be retained for future expansion
scheme of the firm.
It may be noted from the above discussions that financial policy of a company cannot be
worked out in isolation of other functional policies. It has a wider appeal and closer link
with the overall organizational performance and direction of growth. These policies being
related to external awareness about the firm, specially the awareness of the investors
about the firm, in respect of its internal performance. There is always a process of
evaluation active in the minds of the current and future stake holders of the company. As
a result preference and patronage for the company depends significantly on the financial
policy framework. And hence attention of the corporate planners must be drawn while
framing the financial policies not at a later stage but during the stage of corporate
planning itself.
(b) A commercial paper is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a
promissory note. Since the CP represents an unsecured borrowing in the money market,
the regulation of CP comes under the purview of the Reserve Bank of India which issued
guidelines in 1990 on the basis of the recommendations of the Vaghul Working Group.
These guidelines were aimed at:
(i) Enabling the highly rated corporate borrowers to diversify their sources of short term
borrowings, and
(ii) To provide an additional instrument to the short term investors.
It can be issued for maturities between 7 days and a maximum upto one year from the
date of issue. These can be issued in denominations of Rs. 5 lakh or multiples therefore.
All eligible issuers are required to get the credit rating from credit rating agencies.
Eligibility criteria for issuer of commercial paper
The companies satisfying the following conditions are eligible to issue commercial paper.
 The tangible net worth of the company is Rs. 5 crores or more as per audited
balance sheet of the company.
 The fund base working capital limit is not less than Rs. 5 crores.
 The company is required to obtain the necessary credit rating from the rating
agencies such as CRISIL, ICRA etc.
 The issuers should ensure that the credit rating at the time of applying to RBI should
not be more than two months old.
 The minimum current ratio should be 1.33:1 based on classification of current
assets and liabilities.
 For public sector companies there are no listing requirement but for companies
other than public sector, the same should be listed on one or more stock
exchanges.
 All issue expenses shall be borne by the company issuing commercial paper.
(c) A depository receipt is basically a negotiable certificate denominated in US dollars that
represent a non- US Company’s publicly traded local currency (INR) equity
shares/securities. While the term refer to them is global depository receipts however,
when such receipts are issued outside the US, but issued for trading in the US they are
called ADRs.
An ADR is generally created by depositing the securities of an Indian company with a
custodian bank. In arrangement with the custodian bank, a depository in the US issues
the ADRs. The ADR subscriber/holder in the US is entitled to trade the ADR and
generally enjoy rights as owner of the underlying Indian security. ADRs with
special/unique features have been developed over a period of time and the practice of
issuing ADRs by Indian Companies is catching up.
Only such Indian companies that can stake a claim for international recognition can avail
the opportunity to issue ADRs. The listing requirements in US and the US GAAP
requirements are fairly severe and will have to be adhered. However if such conditions
are met ADR becomes an excellent sources of capital bringing in foreign exchange.
These are depository receipts issued by a company in USA and are governed by the
provisions of Securities and Exchange Commission of USA. As the regulations are
severe, Indian companies tap the American market through private debt placement of
GDRS listed in London and Luxemburg stock exchanges.
Apart from legal impediments, ADRS are costlier than Global Depository Receipts
(GDRS). Legal fees are considerably high for US listing. Registration fee in USA is also
substantial. Hence, ADRS are less popular than GDRS.
(d) From an individual investor point of view, the following are important advantages of
holding securities in demat form:
 It is speedier and avoids delay in transfers.
 It avoids lot of paper work.
 It saves on stamp duty.
From the issuer-company point of view also, there are significant advantages due to
dematting, some of which are:
 Savings in printing certificates, postage expenses.
 Stamp duty waiver.
 Easy monitoring of buying/selling patterns in securities, increasing ability to spot
takeover attempts and attempts at price rigging.
(e) Synergy May be defined as follows:
V (AB) > V(A) + V (B).
In other words the combined value of two firms or companies shall be more than their
individual value. This may be result of complimentary services economics of scale or both.
A good example of complimentary activities can a company may have a good networking
of branches and other company may have efficient production system. Thus the merged
companies will be more efficient than individual companies.
On Similar lines, economics of large scale is also one of the reason for synergy benefits. The main
reason is that, the large scale production results in lower average cost of production e.g. reduction
in overhead costs on account of sharing of central services such as accounting and finances,
Office executives, top level management, legal, sales promotion and advertisement etc.
These economics can be “real” arising out of reduction in factor input per unit of output,
whereas pecuniary economics are realized from paying lower prices for factor inputs to
bulk transactions.
DISCLAIMER

Question 1
(a) A Bank sold Hong Kong Dollars 40,00,000 value spot to its customer at ` 7.15 and
covered itself in London Market on the same day, when the exchange rates were:
US$ = HK$ 7.9250 7.9290
Local interbank market rates for US$
were Spot US$ 1 = ` 55.00 55.20
You are required to calculate rate and ascertain the gain or loss in the transaction.
Ignore brokerage.
You have to show the calculations for exchange rate up to four decimal points. (5 Marks)
(b) ABC Limited is considering acquisition of DEF Ltd., which has 3.10 crore shares
issued and outstanding. The market price per share is ` 440.00 at present. ABC
Ltd.'s average cost of capital is 12%. The cash inflows of DEF Ltd. for the next three
years are as under:
Year ` in crores
1 460.00
2 600.00
3 740.00
You are required to calculate the range of valuation that ABC Ltd. has to consider.
Take P.V.F. (12%, 3) = 0.893, 0.797, 0.712 (5
Marks)
(c) Ramesh owns a plot of land on which he intends to construct apartment units for sale.
No. of apartment units to be constructed may be either 10 or 15. Total construction
costs for these alternatives are estimated to be ` 600 lakhs or ` 1025 lakhs
respectively. Current market price for each apartment unit is ` 80 lakhs. The market
price after a year for apartment units will depend upon the conditions of market. If the
market is buoyant, each apartment unit will be sold for ` 91 lakhs, if it is sluggish, the
sale price for the same will be ` 75 lakhs. Determine the current value of vacant
plot of land. Should Ramesh start construction now or keep the land vacant? The
yearly rental per apartment unit is ` 7 lakhs and the risk free interest rate is 10% p.a.
Assume that the construction cost will remain unchanged. (5 Marks)
30 FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2013
(d) XYZ Limited borrows £ 15 Million of six months LIBOR + 10.00% for a period of 24
months. The company anticipates a rise in LIBOR, hence it proposes to buy a Cap
Option from its Bankers at the strike rate of 8.00%. The lump sum premium is 1.00%
for the entire reset periods and the fixed rate of interest is 7.00% per annum. The
actual position of LIBOR during the forthcoming reset period is as under:
Reset Period LIBOR
1 9.00%
2 9.50%
3 10.00%
You are required to show how far interest rate risk is hedged through Cap Option.
For calculation, work out figures at each stage up to four decimal points and amount
nearest to £. It should be part of working notes. (5
Marks)
Answer
(a) The bank (Dealer) covered itself by buying from the London market at market selling rate.
Rupee – US Dollar selling rate = ` 55.20
US Dollar – Hong Kong Dollar = HK $ 7.9250
Rupee – Hong Kong cross rate (` 55.20 / 7.9250) = ` 6.9653
Gain / Loss to the Bank
Amount received from customer (HK$ 40,00,000)  ` 7.15 ` 2,86,00,000
Amount paid on cover deal (HK$ 40,00,000  ` 6.9653) ` 2,78,61,200
Gain to Bank ` 7,38,800
Alternative Calculation
Gain to bank = 40,00,000 (` 7.15 – ` 6.9653) = `
7,38,800
(b) Valuation based on Market Price
Market Price per share ` 440.00
Thus value of total business is (3.10 crore x ` 440) ` 1,364.00 Crore
Valuation based on Discounted Cash Flow
Present Value of cash flows
(` 460 Crore x 0.893) + (` 600 Crore X 0.797) +
(` 740 Crore X 0.712 ) = ` 1,415.86 Crore
Value of per share (` 1415.86 Crore / 3.10 Crore) ` 456.73 per share

Range of valuation
Per Share (`) Total (` Crore)
Minimum 440.00 1364.00
Maximum 456.73 1415.86
(c) Presently 10 units apartments shall yield a profit of ` 200 lakh (` 800 lakhs – ` 600
lakhs) and 15 unit apartment will yield a profit of ` 175 lakh (` 1200 lakhs – ` 1025
lakhs). Thus 10 units apartment is the best alternative if Ramesh has to construct now.
However, Ramesh waits for 1 year his pay-off will be as follows:
Market Conditions
Buoyant Market Sluggish Market
10 units apartments ` 91 lakhs X 10 – ` 600 lakhs ` 75 lakhs X 10 – ` 600
= ` 310 lakhs lakhs = ` 150 lakhs
15 units apartments ` 91 lakhs X 15 – ` 1025 lakhs ` 75 lakhs X 15 – ` 1025
= ` 340 lakhs lakhs = ` 100 lakhs
Thus if market conditions turnout to be buoyant the best alternative is 15 units
apartments and net pay-off will be ` 340 lakhs and if market turnout to be sluggish the
best alternative is the 10 units apartments and net pay-off shall be ` 150 lakhs.
To determine the value of vacant plot we shall use Binomial Model (Risk Neutral Method)
of option valuation as follows:
` 91 lakhs + ` 7 lakhs = ` 98 lakhs
` 80 Lakhs
1–p
` 75 lakhs + ` 7 lakhs = ` 82 lakhs
Alternatively student can calculate these values as follows (Sale Value + Rent):
If market is buoyant then possible outcome = ` 91 lakh + ` 7 lakh = ` 98 lakhs
If market is sluggish then possible outcome = ` 75 lakh + ` 7 lakh = ` 82 lakhs
Let p be the probability of buoyant condition then with the given risk-free rate of interest
of 10% the following condition should be satisfied:
[(p ` 98lakhs)  (1-p) ` 82lakhs]
` 80 lakhs = 1.10
3
p=
8 i.e. 0.375
Thus 1-p = 0.625
Expected cash flow next year
0.375 × ` 340 lakhs + 0.625 X ` 150 lakhs = ` 221.25 lakhs
Present Value of expected cash flow:
` 221.25 lakhs (0.909) = ` 201.12 lakhs
Thus the value of vacant plot is ` 201.12 lakhs
Since the current value of vacant land is more than profit from 10 units apartments now
the land should be kept vacant.
(d) First of all we shall calculate premium payable to bank as follows:
rp
P =  1 XA
(1 i) -i (1 i)t 
 
Where
P = Premium
A = Principal Amount
rp = Rate of Premium
i = Fixed Rate of Interest
t = Time
=  0.01
(1/ 0.035) × £15,000,000
- 1 
 0.0351.0354 

 0.01
= (28.5714) - × £15,000,000
1 
 0.04016 
0.01 × £15,000,000
=
3.671
= £ 40,861
Please note above solution has been worked out on the basis of four decimal points at
each stage.
Now we see the net payment received from bank
Reset Additional interest Amount Premium Net Amt. received
Period due to rise in received paid to bank from bank
interest rate from bank
1 £ 75,000 £ 75,000 £ 40,861 £34,139
2 £ 112,500 £ 112,500 £ 40,861 £71,639
3 £ 150,000 £ 150,000 £ 40,861 £109,139
TOTAL £ 337,500 £ 337,500 £122,583 £ 214,917
Thus, from above it can be seen that interest rate risk amount of £ 337,500 reduced by £
214,917 by using of Cap option.
Note: It may be possible that student may compute upto three decimal points or may use
different basis. In such case their answer is likely to be different.
Question 2
(a) XYZ Ltd. is planning to procure a machine at an investment of ` 40 lakhs. The
expected cash flow after tax for next three years is as follows :
` (in lakh)
Year – 1 Year – 2 Year - 3
CFAT Probability CFAT Probability CFAT Probability
12 .1 12 .1 18 .2
15 .2 18 .3 20 .5
18 .4 30 .4 32 .2
32 .3 40 .2 45 .1
The Company wishes to consider all possible risks factors relating to the machine.
The Company wants to know:
(i) the expected NPV of this proposal assuming independent probability distribution
with 7% risk free rate of interest.
(ii) the possible deviations on expected values. (8 Marks)
(b) On January 1, 2013 an investor has a portfolio of 5 shares as given below:
Security Price No. of Shares Beta
A 349.30 5,000 1.15
B 480.50 7,000 0.40
C 593.52 8,000 0.90
D 734.70 10,000 0.95
E 824.85 2,000 0.85
The cost of capital to the investor is 10.5% per annum.
You are required to calculate:
(i) The beta of his portfolio.
(ii) The theoretical value of the NIFTY futures for February 2013.
(iii) The number of contracts of NIFTY the investor needs to sell to get a full hedge until
February for his portfolio if the current value of NIFTY is 5900 and NIFTY futures
have a minimum trade lot requirement of 200 units. Assume that the futures are
trading at their fair value.
(iv) The number of future contracts the investor should trade if he desires to reduce
the beta of his portfolios to 0.6.
No. of days in a year be treated as 365.
Given: In (1.105) = 0.0998
e(0.015858) = 1.01598 (8 Marks)
Answer
(i) Expected NPV
(` in lakhs)
Year I Year II Year III
CFAT P CF×P CFAT P CF×P CFAT P CF×P
12 0.1 1.2 12 0.1 1.2 18 0.2 3.6
15 0.2 3.0 18 0.3 5.4 20 0.5 10
18 0.4 7.2 30 0.4 12 32 0.2 6.4
32 0.3 9.6 40 0.2 8 45 0.1 4.5
x or CF 21. x or CF 26.60 x or CF 24.50
NPV (` in lakhs) PV factor @ 7% Total PV (` in lakhs)

21 0.935 19.635
26.60 0.873 23.222
24.50 0.816 19.992
PV of cash inflow 62.849
Less: Cash outflow 40.000
NPV 22.849
(ii) Possible deviation in the expected value

Year I
X-X X-X (X - X )2 P1 (X - X )2 P1
12 – 21 -9 81 0.1 8.10
15 – 21 -6 36 0.2 7.2
18 – 21 -3 9 0.4 3.6
32 – 21 11 121 0.3 36.30
55.20
1  55.20 = 7.43
Year II
X-X X-X (X - X )2 P2 (X - X )2
×P2
12-26.60 -14.60 213.16 0.1 21.32
18-26.60 -8.60 73.96 0.3 22.19
30-26.60 3.40 11.56 0.4 4.62
40-26.60 13.40 179.56 0.2 35.91
84.04
2  84.04 9.17

Year III
X-X X-X (X - X )2 P3 (X - X )2 × P3
18-24.50 -6.50 42.25 0.2 8.45
20-24.50 -4.50 20.25 0.5 10.13
32-24.50 7.50 56.25 0.2 11.25
45-24.50 20.50 420.25 0.1 42.03
71.86
σ3 = 71.86 = 8.48
Standard deviation about the expected value:
55.20  84.04  71.86

= 12.6574
1.07 21.07 41.07 6
(b) (i) Calculation of Portfolio Beta
Security Price of No. of Value Weightage Beta Weighted
the shares wi Βi Beta
Stock
A 349.30 5,000 17,46,500 0.093 1.15 0.107
B 480.50 7,000 33,63,500 0.178 0.40 0.071
C 593.52 8,000 47,48,160 0.252 0.90 0.227
D 734.70 10,000 73,47,000 0.390 0.95 0.370
E 824.85 2,000 16,49,700 0.087 0.85 0.074
1,88,54,860 0.849
Portfolio Beta = 0.849
(ii) Calculation of Theoretical Value of Future Contract
Cost of Capital = 10.5% p.a. Accordingly, the Continuously Compounded Rate of
Interest ln(1.105) = 0.0998
For February 2013 contract, t= 58/365= 0.1589
Further F= Sert
F= ` 5,900e(0.0998)(0.1589)
F= ` 5,900e0.015858
F= ` 5,900X1.01598 = ` 5,994.28
(iii) When total portfolio is to be hedged:
Value of Spot Position requiring hedging

= Value of Future Contract Portfolio Beta
1,88,54,860
= 5994.28   0.849 = 13.35 contracts say 13 or 14 contracts
200
(iv) When total portfolio beta is to be reduced to 0.6:
P(P  βP' )
Number of Contracts to be sold =
F
1,88,54,860 (0.849 -
=
0.600)
5994.28  200 = 3.92 contracts say 4 contracts
Question 3
(a) Mr. Suhail has invested in three Mutual Fund Schemes as given below:
Particulars Scheme A Scheme B Scheme C
Date of investment 1-4-2011 1-5-2011 1-7-2011
Amount of Investment (`) 12,00,000 4,00,000 2,50,000
Net Asset Value (NAV) at entry date (`) 10.25 10.15 10.00
Dividendreceived up to 31-7-2011 (`) 23,000 6,000 Nil
NAV as at 31-7-2011 (`) 10.20 10.25 9.90
You are required to calculate the effective yield on per annum basis in respect of each of the
three Schemes to Mr. Suhail up to 31-7-2011.
Take one year = 365 days.
Show calculations up to two decimal points. (10 Marks)
(b) ABC Limited has a capital of ` 10 lakhs in equity shares of ` 100 each. The shares
are currently quoted at par. The company proposes to declare a dividend of ` 15 per
share at the end of the current financial year. The capitalisation rate for the risk
class of which the company belongs is 10%.
What will be the market price of share at the end of the year, if
(i) a dividend is declared ?
(ii) a dividend is not declared ?
(iii) assuming that the company pays the dividend and has net profits of
` 6,00,000 and makes new investment of ` 12,00,000 during the period, how
many new shares should be issued? Use the MM model. (6
Marks)
Answer (a)
Scheme Investment Unit Nos. Unit NAV Total NAV 31.7.2011

(Investment/NAV at 31.7.2011 (Unit Nos. X Unit NAV
entry date) as on 31.7.2011)
` ` `
MF A 12,00,000 1,17,073.17 10.20 11,94,146.33
MF B 4,00,000 39,408.87 10.25 4,03,940.92
MF C 2,50,000 25,000 9.90 2,47,500.00
Scheme NAV (+) / (–) Dividend Total Yield Number Effective Yield (%
(NAV as on Received Change in of days p.a.)
31.7.2011 – NAV (Total Yield/
Investment) +Dividend Investment) X
(365/No. of days) X
100
` ` `
MF A (–)5,853.67 23,000 17,146.33 122 4.275%
MF B (+)3,940.92 6,000 9,940.92 92 9.86%
MF C (–)2,500 Nil (–)2,500 31 (–)11.77%
(b) As per MM model, the current market price of equity share is:
1
P0 =   P1 )
1  (D
1
ke
(i) If the dividend is declared:
1
100 =  (15  P1)
1
0.10
15  P1
100 =
1.10
110 = 15 + P1
P1 = 110 – 15 = ` 95
The market price of the equity share at the end of the year would be ` 95
(ii) If the dividend is not declared:
1
100 = (0  P1)
1
0.10
100 =
P1
1.10
P1 = ` 110
The Market price of the equity share at the end of the year would be ` 110.
(iii) In case the firm pays dividend of ` 15 per share out of total profits of ` 6,00,000
and plans to make new investment of ` 12,00,000, the number of shares to be
issued may be found as follows:
Total Earnings ` 6,00,000
- Dividends paid ` 1,50,000
Retained earnings ` 4,50,000
Total funds required ` 12,00,000
Fresh funds to be raised ` 7,50,000
Market price of the share ` 95
Number of shares to be issued (` 7,50,000 / Rs.95) 7,894.74
or, the firm would issue 7895 shares at the rate of ` 95
Question 4
(a) X Limited, just declared a dividend of ` 14.00 per share. Mr. B is planning to purchase
the share of X Limited, anticipating increase in growth rate from 8% to 9%, which will
continue for three years. He also expects the market price of this share to be ` 360.00
after three years.
(i) the maximum amount Mr. B should pay for shares, if he requires a rate of return of
13% per annum. (4
Marks)
(ii) the maximum price Mr. B will be willing to pay for share, if he is of the opinion that
the 9% growth can be maintained indefinitely and require 13% rate of return per
annum. (2 Marks)
(iii) the price of share at the end of three years, if 9% growth rate is achieved and
assuming other conditions remaining same as in (ii) above.
Calculate rupee amount up to two decimal points.
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
FVIF @ 9% 1.090 1.188 1.295
FVIF @ 13% 1.130 1.277 1.443
PVIF @ 13% 0.885 0.783 0.693 (2 Marks)
(b) On 1-4-2012 ABC Mutual Fund issued 20 lakh units at ` 10 per unit. Relevant initial
expenses involved were ` 12 lakhs. It invested the fund so raised in capital market
instruments to build a portfolio of ` 185 lakhs. During the month of April 2012 it
disposed off some of the instruments costing ` 60 lakhs for ` 63 lakhs and used the
proceeds in purchasing securities for ` 56 lakhs. Fund management expenses for the
month of April 2012 was ` 8 lakhs of which 10% was in arrears. In April 2012 the fund
earned dividends amounting to ` 2 lakhs and it distributed 80% of the realized
earnings. On 30-4-2012 the market value of the portfolio was ` 198 lakhs.
Mr. Akash, an investor, subscribed to 100 units on 1-4-2012 and disposed off the same
at closing NAV on 30-4-2012. What was his annual rate of earning? (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Expected dividend for next 3 years. Year
1 (D1) ` 14.00 (1.09) = ` 15.26
Year 2 (D2) ` 14.00 (1.09)2 = ` 16.63
Year 3 (D3) ` 14.00 (1.09)3 = ` 18.13
Required rate of return = 13% (Ke)
Market price of share after 3 years = (P3) = ` 360
The present value of share
D1
P0 =
   D2 2  D3 3  P3 3
1  ke 1  ke 1  ke 1  ke
0 15.26 16.63 18.13 360

P =  2  3  3
1  0.13 1  0.13 1  0.13 1  0.13
P0 = 15.26(0.885) + 16.63(0.783)+18.13(0.693)+360(0.693)
P0 = 13.50 + 13.02 + 12.56 + 249.48
P0 = ` 288.56
(ii) If growth rate 9% is achieved for indefinite period, then maximum price of share
should Mr. A willing be to pay is
D1 `15.26
P0 = ` 15.26 = ` 381.50
ke  g 0.13-0.09 = 0.04
=
(iii) Assuming that conditions mentioned above remain same, the price expected after 3
years will be:
D4 D3 (1.09) 18.13  1.09 19.76
P3 = = =
ke  g 0.13  0.09 = 0.04 = ` 494
0.04
(b)
Amount in Amount in Amount in
` lakhs ` lakhs ` lakhs
Opening Bank (200 - 185 -12) 3.00
Add: Proceeds from sale of securities 63.00
Add: Dividend received 2.00 68.00
Deduct:
Cost of securities purchased 56.00
Fund management expenses paid (90% of 8) 7.20
Capital gains distributed = 80% of (63 – 60) 2.40
Dividend distributed =80% of 2.00 1.60 67.20
Closing Bank 0.80
Closing market value of portfolio 198.00
198.80
Less: Arrears of expenses 0.80
Closing Net Assets 198.00
Number of units (Lakhs) 20
Closing NAV per unit 9.90
Rate of Earning (Per Unit)
Amount
Income received (` 2.40 + ` 1.60)/20 ` 0.20
Loss: Loss on disposal (` 200 - Rs.198)/20 ` 0.10
Net earning ` 0.10
Initial investment ` 10.00
Rate of earning (monthly) 1%
Rate of earning (Annual) 12%
Question 5
(a) M/s. Earth Limited has 11% bond worth of ` 2 crores outstanding with 10 years
remaining to maturity.
The company is contemplating the issue of a ` 2 crores 10 year bond carring the coupon rate
of 9% and use the proceeds to liquidate the old bonds.
The unamortized portion of issue cost on the old bonds is ` 3 lakhs which can be written
off no sooner the old bonds are called. The company is paying 30% tax and it's after tax
cost of debt is 7%. Should Earth Limited liquidate the old bonds?
You may assume that the issue cost of the new bonds will be ` 2.5 lakhs and the call
premium is 5%. (6 Marks)
(b) XY Limited is engaged in large retail business in India. It is contemplating for
expansion into a country of Africa by acquiring a group of stores having the same line
of operation as that of India.
The exchange rate for the currency of the proposed African country is extremely volatile.
Rate of inflation is presently 40% a year. Inflation in India is currently 10% a year.
Management of XY Limited expects these rates likely to continue for the foreseeable
future.
Estimated projected cash flows, in real terms, in India as well as African country for
the first three years of the project are as follows:
Year – 0 Year – 1 Year – 2 Year - 3
Cashflowsin Indian -50,000 -1,500 -2,000 -2,500
` (000)
Cash flows in African -2,00,000 +50,000 +70,000 +90,000
Rands (000)
XY Ltd. assumes the year 3 nominal cash flows will continue to be earned each year
indefinitely. It evaluates all investments using nominal cash flows and a nominal
discounting rate. The present exchange rate is African Rand 6 to ` 1.
You are required to calculate the net present value of the proposed investment
considering the following:
(i) African Rand cash flows are converted into rupees and discounted at a risk
adjusted rate.
(ii) All cash flows for these projects will be discounted at a rate of 20% to reflect it’s
high risk.
(iii) Ignore taxation.
Year - 1 Year - 2 Year - 3
PVIF @ 20% .833 .694 .579 (10 Marks)
Answer
(a) 1. Calculation of initial outlay:- ` (lakhs)
a. Face value 200.00
Add:-Call premium 10.00
Cost of calling old bonds 210.00
b. Gross proceed of new issue 200.00
Less: Issue costs 2.50
Net proceeds of new issue 197.50
c. Tax savings on call premium
and unamortized cost 0.30 (10 + 3) ` 3.90 lakhs
 Initial outlay = ` 210 lakhs – ` 197.50 lakhs – ` 3.90 lakhs = ` 8.60 lakhs
2. Calculation of net present value of refunding the bond:-
Saving in annual interest expenses ` (lakhs)
[` 200 x (0.11 – 0.09)] 4.000
Less:-Tax saving on interest and amortization 0.30 x [4+(3-2.5)/10] 1.215
Annual net cash saving 2.785
PVIFA (7%, 10 years) 7.024
Present value of net annual cash saving ` 19.56 lakhs
Less:- Initial outlay ` 8.60 lakhs
Net present value of refunding the bond ` 10.96 lakhs
Decision: The bonds should be refunded
(b) Calculation of NPV
Year 0 1 2 3
Inflation factor in India 1.00 1.10 1.21 1.331
Inflation factor in Africa 1.00 1.40 1.96 2.744
Exchange Rate (as per IRP) 6.00 7.6364 9.7190 12.3696
Cash Flows in `’000
Real -50000 -1500 -2000 -2500
Nominal (1) -50000 -1650 -2420 -3327.50
Cash Flows in African Rand ’000
Real -200000 50000 70000 90000
Nominal -200000 70000 137200 246960
In Indian `’000 (2) -33333 9167 14117 19965
Net Cash Flow in ` ‘000 (1)+(2) -83333 7517 11697 16637
PVF@20% 1 0.833 0.694 0.579
PV -83333 6262 8118 9633
NPV of 3 years = -59320 (` ‘000)
16637
NPV of Terminal Value = × 0.579 = 48164 ( `’000)
0.20
Total NPV of the Project = -59320 (` ‘000) + 48164 ( `’000) = -11156 ( `’000)
Question 6
(a) Longitude Limited is in the process of acquiring Latitude Limited on a share exchange
basis. Following relevant data are available:
Longitude Limited Latitude Limited
Profit after Tax (PAT) ` in Lakhs 140 60
Number of Shares Lakhs 15 16
Earning per Share (EPS) ` 8 5
Price Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) 15 10
(Ignore Synergy)

(i) Pre-merger Market Value per Share, and
(ii) The maximum exchange ratio Longitude Limited can offer without the dilution of
(1) EPS and
(2) Market Value per Share
Calculate Ratio/s up to four decimal points and amounts and number of shares up to
two decimal points. (8
Marks)
(b) M/s. Parker & Co. is contemplating to borrow an amount of ` 60 crores for a period of
3 months in the coming 6 month's time from now. The current rate of interest is 9%
p.a., but it may go up in 6 month’s time. The company wants to hedge itself against the
likely increase in interest rate.
The Company's Bankers quoted an FRA (Forward Rate Agreement) at 9.30% p.a.
What will be the effect of FRA and actual rate of interest cost to the company, if the
actual rate of interest after 6 months happens to be (i) 9.60% p.a. and (ii) 8.80% p.a.?
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Pre Merger Market Value of Per Share
P/E Ratio X EPS
Longitude Ltd. ` 8 X 15 = ` 120.00
Latitude Ltd. ` 5 X 10 = ` 50.00
(ii) (1) Maximum exchange ratio without dilution of EPS
Pre Merger PAT of Longitude Ltd. ` 140 Lakhs
Pre Merger PAT of Latitude Ltd. ` 60 Lakhs
Combined PAT ` 200 Lakhs
Longitude Ltd. ’s EPS `8
Maximum number of shares of Longitude after 25 Lakhs
merger (` 200 lakhs/` 8)
Existing number of shares 15 Lakhs
Maximum number of shares to be exchanged 10 Lakhs
Maximum share exchange ratio 10:16 or 5:8
(2) Maximum exchange ratio without dilution of Market Price Per Share
Pre Merger Market Capitalization of Longitude Ltd. ` 1800 Lakhs
(` 120 × 15 Lakhs)
Pre Merger Market Capitalization of Latitude Ltd. ` 800 Lakhs
(` 50 × 16 Lakhs)
Combined Market Capitalization ` 2600 Lakhs
Current Market Price of share of Longitude Ltd. ` 120
Maximum number of shares to be exchanged of Longitude 21.67 Lakhs
(surviving company )(` 2600 Lakhs/` 120)
Current Number of Shares of Longitude Ltd. 15.00 Lakhs
Maximum number of shares to be exchanged (Lakhs) 6.67 Lakhs
Maximum share exchange ratio 6.67:16 or 0.4169:1
Note: Since in the question figures given of PAT of both companies are not matching
with figures of EPS X Number of Shares. Hence, if students computed PAT by using
this formula then alternative answer shall be as follows:
(1) Maximum exchange ratio without dilution of EPS
Pre Merger PAT of Longitude Ltd. ` 120 Lakhs
Pre Merger PAT of Latitude Ltd. ` 80 Lakhs
Combined PAT ` 200 Lakhs
Longitude Ltd. ’s EPS `8
Maximum number of shares of Longitude after merger 25 Lakhs
(` 200 lakhs/` 8)
Existing number of shares 15 Lakhs
Maximum number of shares to be exchanged 10 Lakhs
Maximum share exchange ratio 10:16 or 5:8
(2) Maximum exchange ratio without dilution of Market Price Per Share
Pre Merger Market Capitalization of Longitude Ltd. ` 1800 Lakhs
(` 120 × 15 Lakhs)
Pre Merger Market Capitalization of Latitude Ltd. ` 800 Lakhs
(` 50 × 16 Lakhs)
Combined Market Capitalization ` 2600 Lakhs
Current Market Price of share of Longitude Ltd. ` 120
Maximum number of shares to be exchanged of 21.67 Lakhs
Longitude (surviving company )(` 2600 Lakhs/` 120)
Current Number of Shares of Longitude Ltd. 15.00 Lakhs
Maximum number of shares to be exchanged (Lakhs) 6.67 Lakhs
Maximum share exchange ratio 6.67:16 or 0.4169:1
(b) Final settlement amount shall be computed by using formula:
(N)(RR - FR)(dtm/DY)
= [1+ RR(dtm/DY)]
Where,
N = the notional principal amount of the agreement;
RR = Reference Rate for the maturity specified by the contract prevailing on the contract
settlement date;
FR = Agreed-upon Forward Rate; and
dtm = maturity of the forward rate, specified in days (FRA Days)
DY = Day count basis applicable to money market transactions which could be 360or 365
days.
Accordingly,
If actual rate of interest after 6 months happens to be 9.60%
(`60 crore)(0.096- 0.093)(3/12)
= [1 + 0.096(3/12)]
(`60 crore)(0.00075)
= 1.024 = ` 4,39,453
Thus banker will pay Parker & Co. a sum of ` 4,39,453
If actual rate of interest after 6 months happens to be 8.80%
(`60 crore)(0.088- 0.093)(3/12)
= [1 + 0.088(3/12)]
(`60 crore)(-0.00125)
= 1.022 = - ` 7,33,855
Thus Parker & Co. will pay banker a sum of ` 7,33,855
Note: It might be possible that students may solve the question on basis of days instead of
months (as considered in above calculations). Further there may be also possibility that
the FRA days and Day Count convention may be taken in various plausible combinations
such as 90 days/360 days, 90 days/ 365 days, 91 days/360 days or 91 days/365days.
Question 7
(a) Credit Rating
(b) Asset Securitization
(c) Call Money
(d) Euro Convertible Bonds
(e) Financial Restructuring (4 x 4 =16 Marks)
Answer
(a) Credit rating: Credit rating is a symbolic indication of the current opinion regarding the
relative capability of a corporate entity to service its debt obligations in time with
reference to the instrument being rated. It enables the investor to differentiate between
instruments on the basis of their underlying credit quality. To facilitate simple and easy
understanding, credit rating is expressed in alphabetical or alphanumerical symbols.
Thus Credit Rating is:
1) An expression of opinion of a rating agency.
2) The opinion is in regard to a debt instrument.
3) The opinion is as on a specific date.
4) The opinion is dependent on risk evaluation.
5) The opinion depends on the probability of interest and principal obligations being
met timely.
Credit rating aims to
(i) provide superior information to the investors at a low cost;
(ii) provide a sound basis for proper risk-return structure;
(iii) subject borrowers to a healthy discipline and
(iv) assist in the framing of public policy guidelines on institutional investment.
In India the rating coverage is of fairly recent origin, beginning 1988 when the first rating
agency CRISIL was established. At present there are few other rating agencies like:
(i) Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. (CRISIL).
(ii) Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India (ICRA).
(iii) Credit Analysis and Research Limited (CARE).
(iv) Duff & Phelps Credit Rating India Pvt. Ltd. (DCRI)
(v) ONICRA Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd.
(vi) Fitch Ratings India (P) Ltd.
(b) Asset Securitisation: It is a method of recycling of funds. It is especially beneficial to
financial intermediaries to support the lending volumes. Assets generating steady cash
flows are packaged together and against this assets pool market securities can be
issued. The process can be classified in the following three functions.
1. The origination function : A borrower seeks a loan from finance company, bank or
housing company. On the basis of credit worthiness repayment schedule is
structured over the life of the loan.
2. The pooling function: Similar loans or receivables are clubbed together to create an
underlying pool of assets. This pool is transferred in favour of a SPV (Special
Purpose Vehicle), which acts as a trustee for the investor. Once, the assets are
transferred they are held in the organizers portfolios.
3. The securitisation function : It is the SPV’s job to structure and issue the securities
on the basis of asset pool. The securities carry coupon and an expected maturity,
which can be asset based or mortgage based. These are generally sold to investors
through merchant bankers. The investors interested in this type of securities are
generally institutional investors like mutual fund, insurance companies etc. The
originator usually keeps the spread.
Generally, the process of securitisation is without recourse i.e. the investor bears the
credit risk of default and the issuer is under an obligation to pay to investors only if the
cash flows are received by issuer from the collateral.
(c) Call Money: The Call Money is a part of the money market where, day to day surplus
funds, mostly of banks, are traded. Moreover, the call money market is most liquid of all
short-term money market segments.
The maturity period of call loans vary from 1 to 14 days. The money that is lent for one
day in call money market is also known as ‘overnight money’. The interest paid on call
loans are known as the call rates. The call rate is expected to freely reflect the day-to-
day lack of funds. These rates vary from day-to-day and within the day, often from hour- to-
hour. High rates indicate the tightness of liquidity in the financial system while low rates
indicate an easy liquidity position in the market.
In India, call money is lent mainly to even out the short-term mismatches of assets and
liabilities and to meet CRR requirement of banks. The short-term mismatches arise due
to variation in maturities i.e. the deposits mobilized are deployed by the bank at a longer
maturity to earn more returns and duration of withdrawal of deposits by customers vary.
Thus, the banks borrow from call money markets to meet short-term maturity
mismatches.
Moreover, the banks borrow from call money market to meet the cash Reserve Ratio
(CRR) requirements that they should maintain with RBI every fortnight and is computed
as a percentage of Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
(d) Euro Convertible Bonds: They are bonds issued by Indian companies in foreign market
with the option to convert them into pre-determined number of equity shares of the
company. Usually price of equity shares at the time of conversion will fetch premium. The
Bonds carry fixed rate of interest.
The issue of bonds may carry two options:
Call option: Under this the issuer can call the bonds for redemption before the date of
maturity. Where the issuer’s share price has appreciated substantially, i.e., far in excess
of the redemption value of bonds, the issuer company can exercise the option. This call
option forces the investors to convert the bonds into equity. Usually, such a case arises
when the share prices reach a stage near 130% to 150% of the conversion price.
Put option: It enables the buyer of the bond a right to sell his bonds to the issuer
company at a pre-determined price and date. The payment of interest and the
redemption of the bonds will be made by the issuer-company in US dollars.
(e) Financial restructuring: It is carried out internally in the firm with the consent of its various
stakeholders. Financial restructuring is a suitable mode of restructuring of corporate firms
that have incurred accumulated sizable losses for / over a number of years. As a sequel,
the share capital of such firms, in many cases, gets substantially eroded / lost; in fact, in
some cases, accumulated losses over the years may be more than share capital, causing
negative net worth. Given such a dismal state of financial affairs, a vast majority of such
firms are likely to have a dubious potential for liquidation. Can some of these Firms be
revived? Financial restructuring is one such a measure for the revival of only those firms
that hold promise/prospects for better financial performance in the years to come. To
achieve the desired objective, 'such firms warrant / merit a restart with a fresh balance
sheet, which does not contain past accumulated losses and fictitious assets and shows
share capital at its real/true worth.
DISCLAIMER

Question 1
(a) ABC Ltd. issued 9%, 5 year bonds of ` 1,000/- each having a maturity of 3 years. The
present rate of interest is 12% for one year tenure. It is expected that Forward rate of
interest for one year tenure is going to fall by 75 basis points and further by 50 basis
points for every next year in further for the same tenure. This bond has a beta value of
1.02 and is more popular in the market due to less credit risk.
Calculate
(i) Intrinsic value of bond
(ii) Expected price of bond in the market (5 Marks)
(b) A trader is having in its portfolio shares worth ` 85 lakhs at current price and cash ` 15
lakhs. The beta of share portfolio is 1.6. After 3 months the price of shares dropped by
3.2%.
Determine:
(i) Current portfolio beta
(ii) Portfolio beta after 3 months if the trader on current date goes for long position on
` 100 lakhs Nifty futures. (5 Marks)
(c) You, a foreign exchange dealer of your bank, are informed that your bank has sold a T.T.
on Copenhagen for Danish Kroner 10,00,000 at the rate of Danish Kroner 1 = ` 6.5150.
You are required to cover the transaction either in London or New York market. The rates
on that date are as under:
Mumbai-London ` 74.3000 ` 74.3200
London-New York ` 49.2500 ` 49.2625
London-Copenhagen DKK 11.4200 DKK 11.4350
New York-Copenhagen DKK 07.5670 DKK 07.5840
In which market will you cover the transaction, London or New York, and what will be the
exchange profit or loss on the transaction? Ignore brokerages. (5 Marks)
(d) On 01-07-2010, Mr. X Invested ` 50,000/- at initial offer in Mutual Funds at a face value
of ` 10 each per unit. On 31-03-2011, a dividend was paid @ 10% and annualized yield
was 120%. On 31-03-2012, 20% dividend and capital gain of ` 0.60 per unit was given.
Mr. X redeemed all his 6271.98 units when his annualized yield was 71.50% over the
period of holding.
Calculate NAV as on 31-03-2011, 31-03-2012 and 31-03-2013.
For calculations consider a year of 12 months. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Intrinsic value of Bond
PV of Interest + PV of Maturity Value of Bond
Forward rate of interests
1st Year 12%
2nd Year 11.25%
3rd Year 10.75%
` 90 ` 90 ` 90
PV of interest =
 
(1 0.12) (1 0.12)(1 0.1125) (1 0.12)(1 0.1125)(1 0.1075)
= ` 217.81
`1000
PV of Maturity Value of Bond = = ` 724.67
(1+ 0.12)(1+ 0.1125)(1+
0.1075)
Intrinsic value of Bond = ` 217.81 + ` 724.67 = ` 942.48

(ii) Expected Price = Intrinsic Value x Beta Value
= ` 948.48 x 1.02 = ` 961.33
(b) Current portfolio
Current Beta for share = 1.6
Beta for cash =0
Current portfolio beta = 0.85 x 1.6 + 0 x 0.15 = 1.36
Portfolio beta after 3 months:
Beta for portfolio of shares = Change in value of portfolio of share

Change in value of market portfolio
1.6= (Index)
0.032
Change in value of market portfolio
(Index)
Change in value of market portfolio (Index) = (0.032 / 1.6) x 100 = 2%

Position taken on 100 lakh Nifty futures : Long
Value of index after 3 months = ` 100 lakh x (100 - 0.02)
= ` 98 lakh
Mark-to-market paid = ` 2 lakh
Cash balance after payment of mark-to-market = ` 13
lakh
Value of portfolio after 3 months = `85 lakh x (1 - 0.032) + `13 lakh
= `95.28 lakh
`100 lakh - `95.28 lakh
Change in value of portfolio = 4.72%
`100 lakh
=
Portfolio beta = 0.0472/0.02 = 2.36
(c) Amount realized on selling Danish Kroner 10,00,000 at ` 6.5150 per Kroner
= ` 65,15,000.
Cover at London:
Bank buys Danish Kroner at London at the market selling rate.
Pound sterling required for the purchase (DKK 10,00,000 ÷ DKK 11.4200) = GBP 87,565.67
Bank buys locally GBP 87,565.67 for the above purchase at the market selling rate of
` 74.3200.
The rupee cost will be = ` 65,07,88
Profit (` 65,15,000 - ` 65,07,881) = ` 7,119
Cover at New York:
Bank buys Kroners at New York at the market selling rate.
Dollars required for the purchase of Danish Kroner (DKK10,00,000 ÷ 7.5670)
= USD 1,32,152.77
Bank buys locally USD 1,32,152.77 for the above purchase at the market selling rate of
` 49.2625.
The rupee cost will be = ` 65,10,176.
Profit (` 65,15,000 - ` 65,10,176) = ` 4,824
The transaction would be covered through London which gets the maximum profit of
` 7,119 or lower cover cost at London Market by (`65,10,176 - `65,07,881) = `2,295
(d) Yield for 9 months (120% x 9/12) = 90%
Market value of Investments as on 31.03.2011= ` 50,000/- + (` 50,000x 90%)
= ` 95,000/
Therefore, NAV as on 31.03.2011 = (` 95,000 - ` 5,000)/5,000 = ` 18.00
` 5,000
Since dividend was reinvested by Mr. X, additional units acquired = 277.78 unit
=
`18
Therefore, units as on 31.03.2011 = 5,000 + 277.78 = 5,277.78

Alternatively, units as on 31.03.2011 = (` 95,000/`18) = 5,277.78
Dividend as on 31.03.2012 = 5,277.78 x ` 10 x 0.2 =
`10,555.56
Let X be the NAV on 31.03.2012, then number of new units reinvested will be
`10,555.56/X.
Accordingly 6,271.98 units shall consist of reinvested units and 5277.78 (as on
31.03.2011).
Thus, by way of equation it can be shown as follows:
`10,555.56
6271.98 = + 5277.78
X
Therefore, NAV as on 31.03.2012 = ` 10,555.56/(6,271.98 – 5,277.78) = ` 10.62
NAV as on 31.03.2013 = ` 50,000 (1+0.715x33/12)/6,271.98 = ` 23.65
Question 2
(a) Mr. Ram is holding the following securities:
Particulars of Cost ` Dividends Market Price Beta
Securities
Equity Shares:
Gold Ltd. 11,000 1,800 12,000 0.6
Silver Ltd. 16,000 1,000 17,200 0.8
Bronze Ltd. 12,000 800 18,000 0.6
GOI Bonds 40,000 4,000 37,500 1.0
Calculate:
(i) Expected rate of return in each case, using the Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM).
(ii) Average rate of return, if risk free rate of return is 14%. (8 Marks)
(b) An American firm is under obligation to pay interests of Can$ 1010000 and Can$ 705000
on 31st July and 30th September respectively. The Firm is risk averse and its policy is to
hedge the risks involved in all foreign currency transactions. The Finance Manager of the
firm is thinking of hedging the risk considering two methods i.e. fixed forward or option
contracts.
It is now June 30. Following quotations regarding rates of exchange, US$ per Can$, from the
firm’s bank were obtained:
Spot 1 Month Forward 3 Months Forward
0.9284-0.9288 0.9301 0.9356
Price for a Can$ /US$ option on a U.S. stock exchange (cents per Can$, payable on
purchase of the option, contract size Can$ 50000) are as follows:
Strike Price Calls Puts
(US$/Can$) July Sept. July Sept.
0.93 1.56 2.56 0.88 1.75
0.94 1.02 NA NA NA
0.95 0.65 1.64 1.92 2.34
According to the suggestion of finance manager if options are to be used, one month
option should be bought at a strike price of 94 cents and three month option at a strike
price of 95 cents and for the remainder uncovered by the options the firm would bear the
risk itself. For this, it would use forward rate as the best estimate of spot. Transaction
costs are ignored.
Recommend, which of the above two methods would be appropriate for the American
firm to hedge its foreign exchange risk on the two interest payments. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Expected rate of return
Total Investments Dividends Capital Gains
Gold Ltd. 11,000 1,800 1,000
Silver Ltd. 16,000 1,000 1,200
Bronze Ltd. 12,000 800 6,000
GOI Bonds 40,000 4,000 _(2,500)
79,000 7,600 5,700
Expected Return on market portfolio= 7,600 + 5,700

79,000 = 16.84%
CAPM E(Rp) = RF + β [E(RM) – RF]
Gold Ltd. 14+0.6 [16.84 - 14] = 14 + 1.70 = 15.70%
Silver Ltd. 14+0.8 [16.84 - 14] = 14 + 2.27 = 16.27%
Bronze Ltd. 14+0.6 [16.84 - 14] = 14 + 1.70 = 15.70%
GOI Bonds 14+1 [16.84 - 14] = 14 + 2.84 = 16.84%
(ii) Average Return of Portfolio
15.70 + 16.27 + 15.70 + 16.84 64.51
4 =4 =16.13%
0.6 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 1
Alternatively =
3 = 0.75
4 4
14% + 0.75(16.84% – 14%) = 14% + 2.13% = 16.13%
(b) Forward Market Cover
Hedge the risk by buying Can$ in 1 and 3 months time will be:
July - 1010000 X 0.9301 = US $ 939401
Sept. - 705000 X 0.9356 = US $ 659598
Option Contracts
July Payment = 1010000/ 50,000 = 20.20
September Payment = 705000/ 50,000 = 14.10
Company would like to take out 20 contracts for July and 14 contracts for September
respectively. Therefore costs, if the options were exercised, will be:-
July Sept.
Can $ US $ Can $ US $
Covered by Contracts 1000000 940000 700000 665000
Balance bought at spot rate 10000 9301 5000 4678
Option Costs:
Can $ 50000 x 20 x 0.0102 10200 ---
Can $ 50000 x 14 x 0.0164 --- 11480
Total cost in US $ of using Option Contract 959501 681158
Decision: As the firm is stated as risk averse and the money due to be paid is certain, a fixed
forward contract, being the cheapest alternative in the both the cases, would be
recommended.
Question 3
(a) ABC Ltd. is contemplating have an access to a machine for a period of 5 years. The
company can have use of the machine for the stipulated period through leasing
arrangement or the requisite amount can be borrowed to buy the machine. In case of
leasing, the company received a proposal to pay annual end of year rent of ` 2.4 lakhs
for a period of 5 years.
In case of purchase (which costs `10,00,000/-) the company would have a 12%, 5 years
loan to be paid in equated installments, each installment becoming due to the beginning
of each years. It is estimated that the machine can be sold for `2,00,000/- at the end of
5th year. The company uses straight line method of depreciation. Corporate tax rate is
30%. Post tax cost of capital of ABC Ltd. is 10%.
You are required to advice
(i) Whether the machine should be bought or taken on lease.
(ii) Analyse the financial viability from the point of view of the lessor assuming 12%
post tax cost of capital.
PV of ` 1@10% for 5 years PV of ` 1 @ 12% for 5 years
1 .909 .893
2 .826 .797
3 .751 .712
4 .683 .636
5 .621 .567
(10 Marks)
(b) M/s Atlantic Company Limited with a turnover of ` 4.80 crores is expecting growth of
25% for forthcoming year. Average credit period is 90 days. The past experience shows
that bad debt losses are 1.75% on sales. The Company’s administering cost for
collecting receivable is ` 6,00,000/-.
It has decided to take factoring services of Pacific Factors on terms that factor will by
receivable by charging 2% commission and 20% risk with recourse. The Factor will pay
advance on receivables to the firm at 16% interest rate per annum after withholding 10%
as reserve.
Calculate the effective cost of factoring to the firm. (Assume 360 days in a year). (6 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Calculation of loan installment:
`10,00,000 / (1+ PVIFA 12%, 4)
`10,00,000 / (1 + 3.038) = ` 2,47,647
Debt Alternative: Calculation of Present Value of Outflows
(Amount in `)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
End Deb Interest Dep. Tax Shield Cas PV factors PV
of t [(3)+(4)]x0. h @ 10%
year Paymen 3 outflows
t (2) – (5)
0 2,47,647 0 0 0 2,47,647 1.000 2,47,647
1 2,47,647 90,282 1,60,000 75,085 1,72,562 0.909 1,56,859
2 2,47,647 71,398 1,60,000 69,419 1,78,228 0.826 1,47,216
3 2,47,647 50,249 1,60,000 63,075 1,84,572 0.751 1,38,614
4 2,47,647 26,305* 1,60,000 55,892 1,91,755 0.683 1,30,969
5 0 0 1,60,000 48,000 (48,000) 0.621 (29,808)
7,91,497
Less: Salvage Value ` 2,00,000 x 0.621 1,24,200
Total Present Value of Outflow 6,67,297
*balancing figure
Leasing Decision: Calculation of Present Value of Outflows
Yrs. 1-5 `2,40,000 x (1 - 0.30) x 3.790 = `6,36,720
Decision: Leasing option is viable.
(ii) From Lessor’s Point of View
(`)
Cost of Machine (-) 10,00,000
PV of Post tax lease Rental (`2,40,000 x 0.7 x 3.605) 6,05,640
PV of Depreciation tax shield (`1,60,000 x 0.3 x 3.605) 1,73,040
PV of salvage value (`2,00,000 x 0.567) 1,13,400 8,92,080
NPV (-) 1,07,920
Decision – Leasing proposal is not viable.
(b) Expected Turnover = ` 4.80 crore + 25% i.e. ` 1.20 crore = ` 6.00 crore
` in Lacs ` in Lacs
Advance to be given:
Debtors `6.00 crore x 90/360 150.00
Less: 10% withholding 15.00 135.00
Less: Commission 2% 3.00
Net payment 132.00
Less: Interest @16% for 90 days on `132 lacs 5.28
126.72
Calculation of Average Cost:
Total Commission `6.00 crore x 2% 12.00
Total Interest ` 5.28 lacs x 360/90 21.12
33.12
Less: Admin. Cost 6.00
Saving in Bad Debts (`600 lacs x 1.75% x 80%) 8.40 14.40
18.72
`18.72 lacs 14.77%
Effective Cost of Factoring ×100
`126.72 lacs
Question 4
(a) Trupti Co. Ltd. promoted by a Multinational group “INTERNATIONAL INC” is listed on
stock exchange holding 84% i.e. 63 lakhs shares.
Profit after Tax is ` 4.80 crores.
Free Float Market Capitalisation is ` 19.20 crores.
As per the SEBI guidelines promoters have to restrict their holding to 75% to avoid
delisting from the stock exchange. Board of Directors has decided not to delist the share
but to comply with the SEBI guidelines by issuing Bonus shares to minority shareholders
while maintaining the same P/E ratio.
Calculate
(i) P/E Ratio
(ii) Bonus Ratio
(iii) Market price of share before and after the issue of bonus shares
(iv) Free Float Market capitalization of the company after the bonus shares. (8 Marks)
(b) The Easygoing Company Limited is considering a new project with initial investment, for
a product “Survival”. It is estimated that IRR of the project is 16% having an estimated
life of 5 years.
Financial Manager has studied that project with sensitivity analysis and informed that
annual fixed cost sensitivity is 7.8416%, whereas cost of capital (discount rate) sensitivity
is 60%.
Other information available are:
Profit Volume Ratio (P/V) is 70%,
Variable cost ` 60/- per unit
Annual Cash Flow ` 57,500/-
Ignore Depreciation on initial investment and impact of taxation.
Calculate
(i) Initial Investment of the Project
(ii) Net Present Value of the Project
(iii) Annual Fixed Cost
(iv) Estimated annual unit of sales
(v) Break Even Units
Cumulative Discounting Factor for 5 years
8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18%
3.993 3.890 3.791 3.696 3.605 3.517 3.433 3.352 3.274 3.199 3.127
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a) 1. P/E Ratio:
% of holding No. of Shares
Promoter’s Holding 84% 63 Lacs
Minority Holding 16% 12 Lacs
Total Shares 100% 75 Lacs
Free Float Market Capitalization = ` 19.20 crores
`19.20
Hence Market price crores = `160 per share
12.0 lacs
EPS (PAT/No. of Shares) (` 4.80 crores /75 lac) = ` 6.40 per
share P/E Ratio (` 160/ ` 6.40) = 25
2. No. of Bonus Shares to be issued:
Promoters holding 84%, = 63 lacs shares
Shares remains the same, but holding % to be taken as 75%
63 lacs
Hence Total shares = = 84 lacs
75%
Shares of Minority = 84 lacs – 63 lacs = 21 lacs
Bonus 9 lacs for 12 lacs i.e. 3 bonus for 4 held
3. Market price before & after Bonus:
Before Bonus = `160 per share
After Bonus
` 4.80
New EPS crores = ` 5.71
84 lacs
New Market Price (25 x ` 5.71) = ` 142.75
4. Free Float Capitalization is
` 142.75 x 21 lacs = `29.9775 crores
(b) (i) Initial Investment
IRR = 16% (Given)
At IRR, NPV shall be zero, therefore
Initial Cost of Investment = PVAF (16%,5) x Cash Flow (Annual)
= 3.274 x ` 57,500
= ` 1,88,255
(ii) Net Present Value (NPV)
Let Cost of Capital be X, then 16 - X

X =60%
X = 10%
Thus NPV of the project
= Annual Cash Flow x PVAF (10%, 5) – Initial Investment
= ` 57,500 x 3.791 – ` 1,88,255
= ` 2,17,982.50 – ` 1,88,255 = ` 29,727.50
(iii) Annual Fixed Cost
Let change in the Fixed Cost which makes NPV zero is X. Then,
` 29,727.50 – 3.791X = 0
Thus X = ` 7,841.60
Let original Fixed Cost be Y then,
Y × 7.8416% = ` 7,841.60
Y = ` 1,00,000
Thus Fixed Cost is equal to ` 1,00,000
(iv) Estimated Annual Units of Sales
` 60
Selling Price per unit = ` 200
= 100% -
70%
Annual Cash Flow + Fixed Cost

P/VRatio =Sales
Value
`57,500 + `1,00,000
0.70 =`2,25,000
`2,25,000
Sales in Units = = 1,125 units
`200
(v) Break Even Units
Fixed Cost 1,00,000 = 714.285 units
=
ContributionPer Unit 140
Question 5
(a) M/s Tiger Ltd. wants to acquire M/s. Leopard Ltd. The balance sheet of Leopard Ltd. as
on 31st March, 2012 is as follows:
Liabilities ` Assets `
Equity Capital(70,000 shares) Cash 50,000
Retained earnings 3,00,000 Debtors 70,000
12% Debentures 3,00,000 Inventories 2,00,000
Creditors and other liabilities 3,20,000 Plants & Eqpt. 13,00,000
16,20,000 16,20,000
Additional Information:
(i) Shareholders of Leopard Ltd. will get one share in Tiger Ltd. for every two shares.
External liabilities are expected to be settled at ` 5,00,000. Shares of Tiger Ltd.
would be issued at its current price of ` 15 per share. Debentureholders will get
13% convertible debentures in the purchasing company for the same amount.
Debtors and inventories are expected to realize ` 2,00,000.
(ii) Tiger Ltd. has decided to operate the business of Leopard Ltd. as a separate
division. The division is likely to give cash flows (after tax) to the extent of
` 5,00,000 per year for 6 years. Tiger Ltd. has planned that, after 6 years, this
division would be demerged and disposed of for ` 2,00,000.
(iii) The company’s cost of capital is 16%.
Make a report to the Board of the company advising them about the financial
feasibility of this acquisition.
Net present values for 16% for ` 1 are as follows:
Years 1 2 3 4 5 6
PV .862 .743 .641 .552 .476 .410
(10 Marks)
(b) Ram buys 10,000 shares of X Ltd. at a price of ` 22 per share whose beta value is 1.5
and sells 5,000 shares of A Ltd. at a price of ` 40 per share having a beta value of 2. He
obtains a complete hedge by Nifty futures at ` 1,000 each. He closes out his position at
the closing price of the next day when the share of X Ltd. dropped by 2%, share of A Ltd.
appreciated by 3% and Nifty futures dropped by 1.5%.
What is the overall profit/loss to Ram? (6 Marks)
Answer
(a) Calculation of Purchase Consideration
`
Issue of Share 35000 x `15 5,25,000
External Liabilities settled 5,00,000
13% Debentures 3,00,000
13,25,000
Less: Realization of Debtors and Inventories 2,00,000
Cash 50,000
10,75,000
Net Present Value = PV of Cash Inflow + PV of Demerger of Leopard Ltd. – Cash
Outflow
= ` 5,00,000 PVAF(16%,6) + ` 2,00,000 PVF(16%, 6) – ` 10,75,000
= ` 5,00,000 x 3.684 + ` 2,00,000 x 0.410 – ` 10,75,000
= ` 18,42,000 + ` 82,000 – ` 10,75,000
= ` 8,49,000
Since NPV of the decision is positive it is advantageous to acquire Leopard Ltd.
(b) No. of the Future Contract to be obtained to get a complete hedge
10000 ×`22 ×1.5 - 5000 × `40 × 2
= `1000
`3,30,000 - `4,00,000
= = 70 contracts
`1000
Thus, by purchasing 70 Nifty future contracts to be long to obtain a complete hedge.
Cash Outlay
= 10000 x ` 22 – 5000 x ` 40 + 70 x ` 1,000
= ` 2,20,000 – ` 2,00,000 + ` 70,000
= ` 90,000
Cash Inflow at Close Out
= 10000 x ` 22 x 0.98 – 5000 x ` 40 x 1.03 + 70 x ` 1,000 x 0.985
= ` 2,15,600 – ` 2,06,000 + ` 68,950
= ` 78,550
Gain/ Loss
= ` 78,550 – ` 90,000 = - ` 11,450 (Loss)
Question 6
(a) A share of Tension-free Economy Ltd. is currently quoted at a price earnings ratio of 7.5
times. The retained earning being 37.5% is ` 3 per share.
Calculate
(i) The company’s cost of equity, if investors’ expected rate of return is 12%.
(ii) Market price of share, if anticipated growth rate is 13% per annum with same cost of
capital.
(iii) Market price per share, if the company’s cost of capital is 18% and anticipated
growth rate is 15% per annum, assuming other conditions remaining the same.
(8 Marks)
(b) Your bank’s London office has surplus funds to the extent of USD 5,00,000/- for a period
of 3 months. The cost of the funds to the bank is 4% p.a. It proposes to invest these
funds in London, New York or Frankfurt and obtain the best yield, without any exchange
risk to the bank. The following rates of interest are available at the three centres for
investment of domestic funds there at for a period of 3 months.
London 5 % p.a.
New York 8% p.a.
Frankfurt 3% p.a.
The market rates in London for US dollars and Euro are as under:
London on New York
Spot 1.5350/90
1 month 15/18
2 month 30/35
3 months 80/85
London on Frankfurt
Spot 1.8260/90
1 month 60/55
2 month 95/90
3 month 145/140 (8 Marks)
At which centre, will be investment be made & what will be the net gain (to the nearest
pound) to the bank on the invested funds?
Answer
(a) (i) Calculation of cost of capital – In the question investor’s expected rate of return can
be assumed as rate of return on retained earnings and thus cost of equity shall be
computed as follows:
g=bxr
g = 0.375 x 12% = 4.5%
Retained earnings 37.5% ` 3 per share
Dividend* 62.5% ` 5 per share
EPS 100.0% ` 8 per share
P/E Ratio 7.5 times
Market price is ` 7.5  8 = ` 60 per share
Cost of equity capital = (Dividend/price  100) + growth %
= (5/60  100) + 4.5% = 12.83%.
 ` 3 
*  37.5 × 62.5  ` 5
 
(ii) With the growth rate given (13%) the Market price of share shall become negative,
which is not possible.
(iii) Market price = Dividend/(cost of equity capital %  growth rate %) = 5/(18%  15%)
= 5/3% = ` 166.66 per share.
(b) (i) If investment is made at London
Convert US$ 5,00,000 at Spot Rate (5,00,000/1.5390) = £ 3,24,886
Add: £ Interest for 3 months on £ 324,886 @ 5% =£ 4,061
= £ 3,28,947
Less: Amount Invested $ 5,00,000
Interest accrued thereon $ 5,000
= $ 5,05,000
Equivalent amount of £ required to pay the
above sum ($ 5,05,000/1.5430) = £ 3,27,285
Arbitrage Profit =£ 1,662
(ii) If investment is made at New York
Gain $ 5,00,000 (8% - 4%) x 3/12 = $ 5,000
Equivalent amount in £ 3 months ($ 5,000/ 1.5475) £ 3,231
(iii) If investment is made at Frankfurt
Convert US$ 500,000 at Spot Rate (Cross Rate) 1.8260/1.5390 = € 1.1865
Euro equivalent US$ 500,000 = € 5,93,250
Add: Interest for 3 months @ 3% =€ 4,449
= € 5,97,699
3 month Forward Rate of selling € (1/1.8150) = £ 0.5510
Sell € in Forward Market € 5,97,699 x £ 0.5510 = £ 3,29,332
Less: Amounted invested and interest thereon = £ 3,27,285
Arbitrage Profit = £ 2,047
Since out of three options the maximum profit is in case investment is made in New York.
Hence it should be opted.
Question 7
Write notes on any four of the following:
(a) Explain the concept, ‘Zero date of a Project’ in project management.
(b) XYZ Bank, Amsterdam, wants to purchase ` 25 million against £ for funding their Nostro
account and they have credited LORO account with Bank of London, London.
Calculate the amount of £’s credited. Ongoing inter-bank rates are per $, ` 61.3625/3700
& per £, $ 1.5260/70.
(c) What is an Exchange Traded Fund? What are its key features?
(d) What is an equity curve out? How does it differ from a spin off?
(e) What is money market? What are its features? What kind of inefficiencies it is suffering
from? (4 x 4 =16
Marks)
Answer
(a) Zero Date of a Project means a date is fixed from which implementation of the project
begins. It is a starting point of incurring cost. The project completion period is counted
from the zero date. Pre-project activities should be completed before zero date. The pre-
project activities should be completed before zero date. The pre-project activities are:
(1) Identification of project/product
(2) Determination of plant capacity
(3) Selection of technical help/collaboration
(4) Selection of site.
(5) Selection of survey of soil/plot etc.
(6) Manpower planning and recruiting key personnel
(7) Cost and finance scheduling.
(b) To purchase Rupee, XYZ Bank shall first sell £ and purchase $ and then sell $ to
purchase Rupee. Accordingly, following rate shall be used:
(£/`)ask
The available rates are as follows:
($/£)bid = $1.5260
($/£)ask = $1.5270
(`/$)bid = `
61.3625 (`/$)ask =
` 61.3700
From above available rates we can compute required rate as follows:
(£/`)ask = (£/$)ask x ($/`)ask
= (1/1.5260) x (1/61.3625)
= £ 0.01068 or £ 0.0107
Thus amount of £ to be credited
= ` 25,000,000 x £ 0.0107
= £ 267,500
(c) Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) were introduced in US in 1993 and came to India around
2002. ETF is a hybrid product that combines the features of an index mutual fund and
stock and hence, is also called index shares. These funds are listed on the stock
exchanges and their prices are linked to the underlying index. The authorized
participants act as market makers for ETFs.
ETF can be bought and sold like any other stock on stock exchange. In other words, they
can be bought or sold any time during the market hours at prices that are expected to be
closer to the NAV at the end of the day. NAV of an ETF is the value of the underlying
component of the benchmark index held by the ETF plus all accrued dividends less
accrued management fees.
There is no paper work involved for investing in an ETF. These can be bought like any
other stock by just placing an order with a broker.
Some other important features of ETF are as follows:
1. It gives an investor the benefit of investing in a commodity without physically
purchasing the commodity like gold, silver, sugar etc.
2. It is launched by an asset management company or other entity.
3. The investor does not need to physically store the commodity or bear the costs of
upkeep which is part of the administrative costs of the fund.
4. An ETF combines the valuation feature of a mutual fund or unit investment trust,
which can be bought or sold at the end of each trading day for its net asset value,
with the tradability feature of a closed-end fund, which trades throughout the trading
day at prices that may be more or less than its net asset value.
(d) Equity Curve out can be defined as partial spin off in which a company creates its own
new subsidiary and subsequently bring out its IPO. It should be however noted that
parent company retains its control and only a part of new shares are issued to public.
On the other hand in Spin off parent company does not receive any cash as shares of
subsidiary company are issued to existing shareholder in the form of dividend. Thus,
shareholders in new company remain the same but not in case of Equity curve out.
(e) In a wider spectrum, a money market can be defined as a market for short-term money
and financial assets that are near substitutes for money with minimum transaction cost.
Features:
 The term short-term means generally a period upto one year and near substitutes to
money is used to denote any financial asset which can be quickly converted into
money.
 Low cost.
 It provides an avenue for equilibrating the short-term surplus funds of lenders and
the requirements of borrowers.
 It, thus, provides a reasonable access to the users of short term money to meet
their requirements at realistic prices.
 The money market can also be defined as a centre in which financial institutions
congregate for the purpose of dealing impersonally in monetary assets.
Inefficiencies:
(i) Markets not integrated,
(ii) High volatility,
(iii) Interest rates not properly aligned,
(iv) Players restricted,
(v) Supply based-sources influence uses,
(vi) Not many instruments,
(vii) Players do not alternate between borrowing and lending,
(viii) Reserve requirements,
(ix) Lack of transparency,
(x) Inefficient Payment Systems,
(xi) Seasonal shortage of funds,
(xii) Commercial transactions are mainly in cash, and
(xiii) Heavy Stamp duty limiting use of exchange bills
DISCLAIMER

Question 1
(a) MNP Ltd. has declared and paid annual dividend of ` 4 per share. It is expected to grow
@ 20% for the next two years and 10% thereafter. The required rate of return of equity
investors is 15%. Compute the current price at which equity shares should sell.
Note: Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF) @ 15%:
For year 1 = 0.8696;
For year 2 = 0.7561 (5 Marks)
(b) ABC Chemicals is evaluating two alternative systems for waste disposal, System A and
System B, which have lives of 6 years and 4 years respectively. The initial investment
outlay and annual operating costs for the two systems are expected to be as follows:
System A System B
Initial Investment Outlay ` 5 million ` 4 million
Annual Operating Costs ` 1.5 million ` 1.6 million
Salvage value ` 1 million ` 0.5 million
If the hurdle rate is 15%, which system should ABC Chemicals choose?
The PVIF @ 15% for the six years are as below:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
PVIF 0.8696 0.7561 0.6575 0.5718 0.4972 0.4323
(5 Marks)
(c) AXY Ltd. is able to issue commercial paper of ` 50,00,000 every 4 months at a rate of
12.5% p.a. The cost of placement of commercial paper issue is ` 2,500 per issue. AXY
Ltd. is required to maintain line of credit ` 1,50,000 in bank balance. The applicable
income tax rate for AXY Ltd. is 30%. What is the cost of funds (after taxes) to AXY Ltd.
for commercial paper issue? The maturity of commercial paper is four months. (5 Marks)
(d) The Bank sold Hong Kong Dollar 1,00,000 spot to its customer at ` 7.5681 and covered
itself in London market on the same day, when the exchange rates were
US $1 = HK$ 8.4409 HK $ 8.4500
Local inter-bank market rates for US$ were:
Spot US$1 = ` 62.7128 ` 62.9624

Calculate the cover rate and ascertain the profit or loss in the transaction.
Ignore brokerage. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) D0 = ` 4
D1 = ` 4 (1.20) = ` 4.80
D2 = ` 4 (1.20)2 = ` 5.76
D3 = ` 4 (1.20)2 (1.10) = ` 6.336
D D 6.336
1
P=
(1 ke )  (1  (1
22 2
ke ) ke )
TV = = = 126.72
ke - 0.15 - 0.10
g
4.80
P= 5.76 126.72
+ +
(1+ 0.15) (1+ 0.15)2 2
(1+ 0.15)
= 4.80 x 0.8696 + 5.76 x 0.7561 + 126.72 x 0.7561 = 104.34
(b) PV of Total Cash Outflow under System A
`
Initial Outlay 50,00,000
PV of Annual Operating Cost (1-6 years) 15,00,000 x 3.7845 56,76,750
Less: PV of Salvage Value ` 10,00,000 x 0.4323 (4,32,300)
1,02,44,450
PVAF (15%, 6) 3.7845
Equivalent Annual Cost (1,02,44,450/3.7845) 27,06,949
PV of Total Cash Outflow under System B

Initial Outlay 40,00,000
PV of Annual Operating Cost (1-4 years) 16,00,000 x 2.855 45,68,000
Less: PV of Salvage Value ` 5,00,000 x 0.5718 (2,85,900)
82,82,100

PVAF (15%, 4) 2.855
Equivalent Annual Cost (82,82,100/2.855) 29,00,911
Since Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) is least in case of system A hence same should be
opted.
(c)
`
Issue Price 50,00,000
Less: Interest @ 12.5% for 4 months 2,08,333
Issue Expenses 2,500
Minimum Balance 1,50,000
46,39,167
2,10,833(1- 0.30) 12
Cost of Funds = 46,39,167 × × 4100 = 9.54%
(d) The bank (Dealer) covers itself by buying from the market at market selling rate.
Rupee – Dollar selling rate = ` 62.9624
Dollar – Hong Kong Dollar = HK $ 8.4409
Rupee – Hong Kong cross rate = ` 62.9624/ 8.4409
Cover Rate = ` 7.4592
Profit / Loss to the Bank
Amount received from customer (1 lakh  7.5681) ` 7,56,810
Amount paid on cover deal (1 lakh  7.4592) ` 7,45,920
Profit to Bank ` 10,890
Question 2
(a) A multinational company is planning to set up a subsidiary company in India (where
hitherto it was exporting) in view of growing demand for its product and competition from
other MNCs. The initial project cost (consisting of Plant and Machinery including
installation) is estimated to be US$ 500 million. The net working capital requirements are
estimated at US$ 50 million. The company follows straight line method of depreciation.
Presently, the company is exporting two million units every year at a unit price of US$ 80,
its variable cost per unit being US$ 40.
The Chief Financial Officer has estimated the following operating cost and other data in
respect of proposed project:
(i) Variable operating cost will be US $ 20 per unit of production;
(ii) Additional cash fixed cost will be US $ 30 million p.a. and project's share of
allocated fixed cost will be US $ 3 million p.a. based on principle of ability to share;
(iii) Production capacity of the proposed project in India will be 5 million units;
(iv) Expected useful life of the proposed plant is five years with no salvage value;
(v) Existing working capital investment for production & sale of two million units through
exports was US $ 15 million;
(vi) Export of the product in the coming year will decrease to 1.5 million units in case
the company does not open subsidiary company in India, in view of the presence of
competing MNCs that are in the process of setting up their subsidiaries in India;
(vii) Applicable Corporate Income Tax rate is 35%, and
(viii) Required rate of return for such project is 12%.
Assuming that there will be no variation in the exchange rate of two currencies and all profits
will be repatriated, as there will be no withholding tax, estimate Net Present Value (NPV) of
the proposed project in India.
Present Value Interest Factors (PVIF) @ 12% for five years are as below:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
PVIF 0.8929 0.7972 0.7118 0.6355 0.5674
(10 Marks)
(b) The equity shares of XYZ Ltd. are currently being traded at ` 24 per share in the market.
XYZ Ltd. has total 10,00,000 equity shares outstanding in number; and promoters' equity
holding in the company is 40%.
PQR Ltd. wishes to acquire XYZ Ltd. because of likely synergies. The estimated present
value of these synergies is ` 80,00,000.
Further PQR feels that management of XYZ Ltd. has been over paid. With better
motivation, lower salaries and fewer perks for the top management, will lead to savings
of ` 4,00,000 p.a. Top management with their families are promoters of XYZ Ltd. Present
value of these savings would add ` 30,00,000 in value to the acquisition.
Following additional information is available regarding PQR Ltd.:
Earnings per share :` 4
Total number of equity shares outstanding : 15,00,000
Market price of equity share : ` 40
Required:
(i). What is the maximum price per equity share which PQR Ltd. can offer to pay for
XYZ Ltd.?
(ii) What is the minimum price per equity share at which the management of XYZ Ltd.
will be willing to offer their controlling interest? (4 + 2 = 6 Marks)
Answer
(a) Financial Analysis whether to set up the manufacturing units in India or not may be
carried using NPV technique as follows:
I. Incremental Cash Outflows
$ Million
Cost of Plant and Machinery 500.00
Working Capital 50.00
Release of existing Working Capital (15.00)
535.00
II. Incremental Cash Inflow after Tax (CFAT)
(a) Generated by investment in India for 5 years
$ Million
Sales Revenue (5 Million x $80) 400.00
Less: Costs
Variable Cost (5 Million x $20) 100.00
Fixed Cost 30.00
Depreciation ($500Million/5) 100.00
EBIT 170.00
Taxes@35% 59.50
EAT 110.50
Add: Depreciation 100.00
CFAT (1-5 years) 210.50
Cash flow at the end of the 5 years (Release of Working 35.00

Capital)
(b) Cash generation by exports
$ Million
Sales Revenue (1.5 Million x $80) Less: 120.00
Variable Cost (1.5 Million x $40) 60.00
Contribution before tax 60.00
Tax@35% 21.00
CFAT (1-5 years) 39.00
(c) Additional CFAT attributable to Foreign Investment
$ Million
Through setting up subsidiary in India 210.50
Through Exports in India 39.00
CFAT (1-5 years) 171.50
III. Determination of NPV

Year CFAT ($ Million) PVF@12% PV($ Million)
1-5 171.50 3.6048 618.2232
5 35 0.5674 19.8590
638.0822
Less: Initial Outflow 535.0000
103.0822
Since NPV is positive the proposal should be accepted.

(b) (a) Calculation of maximum price per share at which PQR Ltd. can offer to pay for XYZ
Ltd.’s share
Market Value (10,00,000 x ` 24) ` 2,40,00,000
Synergy Gain ` 80,00,000
Saving of Overpayment ` 30,00,000
` 3,50,00,000
Maximum Price (` 3,50,00,000/10,00,000) ` 35
(b) Calculation of minimum price per share at which the management of XYZ Ltd.’s will
be willing to offer their controlling interest
Value of XYZ Ltd.’s Management Holding ` 96,00,000
(40% of 10,00,000 x ` 24)
Add: PV of loss of remuneration to top management ` 30,00,000
` 1,26,00,000
No. of Shares 4,00,000
Minimum Price (` 1,26,00,000/4,00,000) ` 31.50
Question 3
(a) Based on the following data, estimate the Net Asset Value (NAV) on per unit basis of a
Regular Income Scheme of a Mutual Fund:
` (in lakhs)
Listed Equity shares at cost (ex-dividend) 40.00
Cash in hand 2.76
Bonds & Debentures at cost of these, Bonds not listed 8.96
& not quoted 2.50
Other fixed interest securities at cost 9.75
Dividend accrued 1.95
Amount payable on shares 13.54
Expenditure accrued 1.76
Current realizable value of fixed income securities of face value of `100 is ` 96.50.
Number of Units (` 10 face value each): 275000
All the listed equity shares were purchased at a time when market portfolio index was 12,500.
On NAV date, the market portfolio index is at 19,975.
There has been a diminution of 15% in unlisted bonds and debentures valuation.
Listed bonds and debentures carry a market value of ` 7.5 lakhs, on NAV date.
Operating expenses paid during the year amounted to ` 2.24 lakhs. (8 Marks)
(b) JKL Ltd., an Indian company has an export exposure of JPY 10,000,000 payable August
31, 2014. Japanese Yen (JPY) is not directly quoted against Indian Rupee.
The current spot rates are:
INR/US $ = ` 62.22
JPY/US$ = JPY 102.34
It is estimated that Japanese Yen will depreciate to 124 level and Indian Rupee to depreciate
against US $ to ` 65.
Forward rates for August 2014 are
INR/US $ = ` 66.50
Required:
(i) Calculate the expected loss, if the hedging is not done. How the position will
change, if the firm takes forward cover?
(ii) If the spot rates on August 31, 2014 are:
INR/US $= `
66.25
Is the decision to take forward cover justified? (5 + 3 = 8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Particulars Adjustment Value
` lakhs
Equity Shares 63.920
Cash in hand 2.760
Bonds and debentures not listed 2.125
Bonds and debentures listed 7.500
Dividends accrued 1.950
Fixed income securities 9.409
Sub total assets (A) 87.664
Less: Liabilities
Sub total liabilities (B) 15.30
Net Assets Value (A) – (B) 72.364
No. of units 2,75,000
Net Assets Value per unit (` 72.364 lakhs / 2,75,000) ` 26.3142
(b) Since the direct quote for ¥ and ` is not available it will be calculated by cross exchange
rate as follows:
`/$ x $/¥ = `/¥
62.22/102.34 = 0.6080
Spot rate on date of export 1¥ = ` 0.6080
Expected Rate of ¥ for August 2014 = ` 0.5242 (` 65/¥124)
Forward Rate of ¥ for August 2014 = ` 0.6026 (` 66.50/¥110.35)
(i) Calculation of expected loss without hedging
Value of export at the time of export (` 0.6080 x ` 60,80,000
¥10,000,000)
Estimated payment to be received on Aug. 2014 (` ` 52,42,000
0.5242 x ¥10,000,000)
Loss ` 8,38,000
Hedging of loss under Forward Cover
` Value of export at the time of export (` 0.6080 x ` 60,80,000
¥10,000,000)
Payment to be received under Forward Cover (` 0.6026 x ` 60,26,000
¥10,000,000)
Loss ` 54,000
By taking forward cover loss is reduced to ` 54,000.
(ii) Actual Rate of ¥ on August 2014 = ` 0.5977 (` 66.25/¥110.85)
Value of export at the time of export (` 0.6080 x ` 60,80,000
¥10,000,000)
Estimated payment to be received on Aug. 2014 (` ` 59,77,000
0.5977 x ¥10,000,000)
Loss ` 1,03,000
The decision to take forward cover is still justified.
Question 4
(a) RST Ltd.’s current financial year's income statement reported its net income as
`25,00,000. The applicable corporate income tax rate is 30%.
Following is the capital structure of RST Ltd. at the end of current financial year:
`
Debt (Coupon rate = 11%) 40 lakhs
Equity (Share Capital + Reserves & Surplus) 125 lakhs
Invested Capital 165 lakhs
Following data is given to estimate cost of equity capital:
`
Beta of RST Ltd. 1.36
Risk –free rate i.e. current yield on Govt. bonds 8.5%
Average market risk premium (i.e. Excess of return on market portfolio 9%
over risk-free rate)
Required:
(i) Estimate Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of RST Ltd.; and
(ii) Estimate Economic Value Added (EVA) of RST Ltd. (4 + 4 = 8 Marks)
(b) Following information is given in respect of WXY Ltd., which is expected to grow at a rate
of 20% p.a. for the next three years, after which the growth rate will stabilize at 8% p.a.
normal level, in perpetuity.
For the year ended
March 31, 2014
Revenues ` 7,500 Crores
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) ` 3,000 Crores
Operating Expenses ` 2,250 Crores
Capital Expenditure ` 750 Crores
Depreciation (included in COGS & Operating Expenses) ` 600 Crores
During high growth period, revenues & Earnings before Interest & Tax (EBIT) will grow at
20% p.a. and capital expenditure net of depreciation will grow at 15% p.a. From year 4
onwards, i.e. normal growth period revenues and EBIT will grow at 8% p.a. and
incremental capital expenditure will be offset by the depreciation. During both high
growth & normal growth period, net working capital requirement will be 25% of revenues.
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of WXY Ltd. is 15%.
Corporate Income Tax rate will be 30%.
Required:
Estimate the value of WXY Ltd. using Free Cash Flows to Firm (FCFF) & WACC
methodology.
The PVIF @ 15 % for the three years are as below:
Year t1 t2 t3
PVIF 0.8696 0.7561 0.6575
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Cost of Equity as per CAPM
ke = Rf + β x Market Risk Premium
= 8.5% + 1.36 x 9%
= 8.5% + 12.24% = 20.74%
Cost of Debt kd = 11%(1 – 0.30) = 7.70%
E D
WACC (ko) = ke x + kd x
E E
+D +D
125 40
= 20.74 x + 7.70 x
165 165
= 15.71 + 1.87 = 17.58%
Taxable Income = ` 25,00,000/(1 - 0.30)
= ` 35,71,429 or ` 35.71 lakhs
Operating Income = Taxable Income + Interest
= ` 35,71,429 + ` 4,40,000
= ` 40,11,429 or ` 40.11 lacs
EVA = EBIT (1-Tax Rate) – WACC x Invested Capital
= ` 40,11,429 (1 – 0.30) – 17.58% x ` 1,65,00,000
= ` 28,08,000 – ` 29,00,700 = - ` 92,700
(b) Determination of forecasted Free Cash Flow of the Firm (FCFF)
(` in crores)
Yr. 1 Yr. 2 Yr 3 Terminal Year
Revenue 9000.00 10800.00 12960.00 13996.80
COGS 3600.00 4320.00 5184.00 5598.72
Operating Expenses 1980.00 2376.00 2851.20 3079.30
Depreciation 720.00 864.00 1036.80 1119.74
EBIT 2700.00 3240.00 3888.00 4199.04
Tax @30% 810.00 972.00 1166.40 1259.71
EAT 1890.00 2268.00 2721.60 2939.33
Capital Exp. – Dep. 172.50 198.38 228.13 -
∆ Working Capital 375.00 450.00 540.00 259.20
Free Cash Flow (FCF) 1342.50 1619.62 1953.47 2680.13
Present Value (PV) of FCFF during the explicit forecast period is:
FCFF (` in crores) PVF @ 15% PV (` in crores)
1342.50 0.8696 1167.44
1619.62 0.7561 1224.59
1953.47 0.6575 1284.41
3676.44
PV of the terminal, value is:

2680.13
x1 = 38287.57 Crore x 0.6575 = 25174.08 Crore
3 ` `
0.15 - 0.08 (1.15)
The value of the firm is :
` 3676.44 Crores + ` 25174.08 Crores = ` 28,850.52 Crores
Question 5
(a) The credit sales and receivables of DEF Ltd. at the end of year are estimated at ` 561
lakhs and ` 69 lakhs respectively.
The average variable overdraft interest rate is 5% p.a.
DEF Ltd. is considering a factoring proposal for its receivables on a non-recourse basis
at an annual fee of 1.25% of credit sales.
As a result, DEF Ltd. will save ` 1.5 lakhs p.a. in administrative cost and ` 5.25 lakhs
p.a. as bad debts.
The factor will maintain a receivables collection period of 30 days and will provide 80% of
receivables as advance at an interest rate of 7% p.a. You may take 365 days in a year
for the purpose of calculation of receivables.
Required:
Evaluate the viability of factoring proposal. (8 Marks)
(b) On January 28, 2013 an importer customer requested a Bank to remit Singapore Dollar
(SGD) 2,500,000 under an irrevocable Letter of Credit (LC). However, due to unavoidable
factors, the Bank could effect the remittances only on February 4, 2013. The inter-bank
market rates were as follows:
January 28, 2013 February 4, 2013
US$ 1= ` 45.85/45.90 ` 45.91/45.97
GBP £ 1= US$ 1.7840/1.7850 US$ 1.7765/1.7775
GBP £ 1= SGD 3.1575/3.1590 SGD 3. 1380/3.1390
The Bank wishes to retain an exchange margin of 0.125%
Required:
How much does the customer stand to gain or lose due to the delay?
(Note: Calculate the rate in multiples of 0.0001) (8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Particulars `
Estimated Receivables 69,00,000
⎛ 30 ⎞
Estimated Receivables under Factor ⎜ 5,61,00,000  ⎟
365 46,10,959
⎝ ⎠
Reduction in Receivables (` 69,00,000 – ` 46,10,959) 22,89,041
Total Savings (A)
Reduction in finance costs ` 22,89,041 @ 5% 1,14,452
Saving of Administration costs 1,50,000
Saving of Bad debts 5,25,000
Total 7,89,452
Total Cost of Factoring (B)
Interest on advances by Factor
Advances 46,10,959 @ 80% ` 36,88,767
Interest on ` 36,88,767 @ 7% ` 2,58,214
Overdraft Interest rate 5% (` 1,84,438) 73,776
Charges payable to Factor (` 5,61,00,000 @ 1.25%) 7,01,250
Total 7,75,026
Net Saving (A) – (B) 14,426
Since Net Saving is positive the proposal is viable and can be accepted.
(b) On January 28, 2013 the importer customer requested to remit SGD 25 lakhs.
To consider sell rate for the bank:
US $ = ` 45.90
Pound 1 = US$ 1.7850
` 45.90 * 1.7850
Therefore, SGD 1 =
SGD 3.1575
SGD 1 = ` 25.9482
` 25.9806
On February 4, 2013 the rates are
US $ = ` 45.97
Pound 1 = US$ 1.7775
` 45.97 * 1.7775
Therefore, SGD 1 =
SGD 3.1380
SGD 1 = ` 26.0394
` 26.0719
Hence, loss to the importer
= SGD 25,00,000 (` 26.0719 – ` 25.9806)= ` 2,28,250
Question 6
(a) GHI Ltd., AAA rated company has issued, fully convertible bonds on the following terms,
a year ago:
Face value of bond ` 1000
Coupon (interest rate) 8.5%
Time to Maturity (remaining) 3 years
Interest Payment Annual, at the end of year
Principal Repayment At the end of bond maturity
Conversion ratio (Number of shares per bond) 25
Current market price per share ` 45
Market price of convertible bond ` 1175
AAA rated company can issue plain vanilla bonds without conversion option at an interest
rate of 9.5%.
Required: Calculate as of today:
(i) Straight Value of bond.
(ii) Conversion Value of the bond.
(iii) Conversion Premium.
(iv) Percentage of downside risk.
(v) Conversion Parity Price.
t 1 2 3
PVIF0.095, t 0.9132 0.8340 0.7617
(4 +1+1+1++1= 8 Marks)
(b) GKL Ltd. is considering installment sale of LCD TV as a sales promotion strategy.
In a deal of LCD TV, with selling price of ` 50,000, a customer can purchase it for cash down
payment of ` 10,000 and balance amount by adopting any of the following options:
Tenure of Monthly Equated Monthly
installments installment
12 ` 3800
24 ` 2140
Required:
Estimate the flat and effective rate of interest for each alternative.
PVIFA 2.05%, 12 =10.5429 PVIFA2.10%, 12 =10.5107
PVIFA2.10%, 24 =18.7014 PVIFA2.12%, 24 =18.6593 (4 Marks)
(c) Explain in brief the contents of a Project Report. (4 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Straight Value of Bond
` 85 x 0.9132 + ` 85 x 0.8340 + ` 1085 x 0.7617 = ` 974.96
(ii) Conversion Value
Conversion Ration x Market Price of Equity Share
= ` 45 x 25 = ` 1,125
(iii) Conversion Premium
Conversion Premium = Market Conversion Price - Market Price of Equity Share
` 1,175
= - ` 45 = ` 2
25
(iv) Percentage of Downside Risk
` 1,175 ` 974.96
= ` 974.96 ×100 = 20.52%
(v) Conversion Parity Price
Bond Price
No. of Share on Conversion
` 1,175
= = ` 47
25
(b)
12 Months 24 Months
1. Total Annual ` 3,800 X 12 – (` 2,140X24 – ` 40,000)/2 =
Charges for Loan `40,000 = ` 5,600 ` 5,680
2. Flat Rate of Interest `5, 600 ` 5,680
(F)  100 14% 100 14.20%
`40, 000 ` 40, 000
3. Effective Interest Rate n 12 n 24
 2F =  28 =  2F =  28.40 =
n1 13 n1 25
25.85% 27.26%
(c) The following aspects need to be taken into account for a Project Report -
1. Promoters: Their experience, past records of performance form the key to their
selection for the project under study.
2. Industry Analysis: The environment outside and within the country is vital for
determining the type of project one should opt for.
3. Economic Analysis: The demand and supply position of a particular type of product
under consideration, competitor’s share of the market along with their marketing
strategies, export potential of the product, consumer preferences are matters
requiring proper attention in such type of analysis.
4. Cost of Project: Cost of land, site development, buildings, plant and machinery,
utilities e.g. power, fuel, water, vehicles, technical know how together with working
capital margins, preliminary/pre-operative expenses, provision for contingencies
determine the total value of the project.
5. Inputs: Availability of raw materials within and outside the home country, reliability
of suppliers cost escalations, transportation charges, manpower requirements
together with effluent disposal mechanisms are points to be noted.
6. Technical Analysis: Technical know-how, plant layout, production process, installed
and operating capacity of plant and machinery form the core of such analysis.
7. Financial Analysis: Estimates of production costs, revenue, tax liabilities profitability
and sensitivity of profits to different elements of costs and revenue, financial
position and cash flows, working capital requirements, return on investment,
promoters contribution together with debt and equity financing are items which need
to be looked into for financial viability.
8. Social Cost Benefit Analysis: Ecological matters, value additions, technology
absorptions, level of import substitution form the basis of such analysis.
9. SWOT Analysis: Liquidity/Fund constraints in capital market, limit of resources
available with promoters, business/financial risks, micro/macro economic
considerations subject to government restrictions, role of Banks/Financial
Institutions in project assistance, cost of equity and debt capital in the financial plan
for the project are factors which require careful examinations while carrying out
SWOT analysis.
10. Project Implementation Schedule: Date of commencement, duration of the project,
trial runs, cushion for cost and time over runs and date of completion of the project
through Network Analysis have all to be properly adhered to in order to make the
project feasible.
Question 7
(a) Traditional & Walter Approach to Dividend Policy
(b) Factors affecting value of an option
(c) Forward Rate Agreements
(d) American Depository Receipts
(e) Balancing Financial Goals vis-a-vis Sustainable Growth (4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) According to the traditional position expounded by Graham and Dodd, the stock market
places considerably more weight on dividends than on retained earnings. For them, the
stock market is overwhelmingly in favour of liberal dividends as against niggardly
dividends. Their view is expressed quantitatively in the following valuation model:
P = m (D + E/3)
Where,
P = Market Price per share
m = a Multiplier.
As per this model, in the valuation of shares the weight attached to dividends is equal to
four times the weight attached to retained earnings. In the model prescribed, E is
replaced by (D+R) so that
P = m {D + (D+R)/3}
= m (4D/3) + m (R/3)
The weights provided by Graham and Dodd are based on their subjective judgments and
not derived from objective empirical analysis. Notwithstanding the subjectivity of these
weights, the major contention of the traditional position is that a liberal payout policy has
a favourable impact on stock prices.
The formula given by Prof. James E. Walter shows how dividend can be used to
maximise the wealth position of equity holders. He argues that in the long run, share
prices reflect only the present value of expected dividends. Retentions influence stock
prices only through their effect on further dividends. It can envisage different possible
market prices in different situations and considers internal rate of return, market
capitalisation rate and dividend payout ratio in the determination of market value of
shares.
Walter Model focuses on two factors which influences Market Price
(i) Dividend Per Share.
(ii) Relationship between Internal Rate of Return (IRR) on retained earnings and
market expectations (cost of capital).
If IRR > Cost of Capital, Share price can be even higher in spite of low dividend. The
relationship between dividend and share price on the basis of Walter’s formula is shown
below:
Ra
D (E-D)
 R c
Vc = Rc
Where,
Vc = Market value of the ordinary shares of the company
Ra =Return on internal retention, i.e., the rate company earns on retained profits
D = Dividend per share.
(b) There are a number of different mathematical formulae, or models, that are designed to
compute the fair value of an option. You simply input all the variables (stock price, time,
interest rates, dividends and future volatility), and you get an answer that tells you what
an option should be worth. Here are the general effects the variables have on an option's
price:
(a) Price of the Underlying: The value of calls and puts are affected by changes in the
underlying stock price in a relatively straightforward manner. When the stock price
goes up, calls should gain in value and puts should decrease. Put options should
increase in value and calls should drop as the stock price falls.
(b) Time: The option's future expiry, at which time it may become worthless, is an
important and key factor of every option strategy. Ultimately, time can determine
whether your option trading decisions are profitable. To make money in options over
the long term, you need to understand the impact of time on stock and option
positions.
With stocks, time is a trader's ally as the stocks of quality companies tend to rise
over long periods of time. But time is the enemy of the options buyer. If days pass
without any significant change in the stock price, there is a decline in the value of
the option. Also, the value of an option declines more rapidly as the option
approaches the expiration day. That is good news for the option seller, who tries to
benefit from time decay, especially during that final month when it occurs most
rapidly.
(c) Volatility: The beginning point of understanding volatility is a measure called
statistical (sometimes called historical) volatility, or SV for short. SV is a statistical
measure of the past price movements of the stock; it tells you how volatile the stock
has actually been over a given period of time.
(d) Interest Rate- Another feature which affects the value of an Option is the time value
of money. The greater the interest rates, the present value of the future exercise
price is less.
(c) A Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) is an agreement between two parties through which a
borrower/ lender protects itself from the unfavourable changes to the interest rate. Unlike
futures FRAs are not traded on an exchange thus are called OTC product.
Following are main features of FRA.
 Normally it is used by banks to fix interest costs on anticipated future deposits or
interest revenues on variable-rate loans indexed to LIBOR.
 It is an off Balance Sheet instrument.
 It does not involve any transfer of principal. The principal amount of the agreement
is termed "notional" because, while it determines the amount of the payment, actual
exchange of the principal never takes place.
 It is settled at maturity in cash representing the profit or loss. A bank that sells an
FRA agrees to pay the buyer the increased interest cost on some "notional"
principal amount if some specified maturity of LIBOR is above a stipulated "forward
rate" on the contract maturity or settlement date. Conversely, the buyer agrees to
pay the seller any decrease in interest cost if market interest rates fall below the
forward rate.
 Final settlement of the amounts owed by the parties to an FRA is determined by the
formula
(N)(RR - FR)
Payment = 100
(dtm/DY) [1+
Where, RR(dtm/DY)]
N = the notional principal amount of the agreement;
RR = Reference Rate for the maturity specified by the contract prevailing
on the contract settlement date; typically LIBOR or MIBOR
FR = Agreed-upon Forward Rate; and
dtm = maturity of the forward rate, specified in days (FRA Days)
DY = Day count basis applicable to money market transactions which could be 360
or 365 days.
If LIBOR > FR the seller owes the payment to the buyer, and if LIBOR < FR the buyer
owes the seller the absolute value of the payment amount determined by the above
formula.
 The differential amount is discounted at post change (actual) interest rate as it is
settled in the beginning of the period not at the end.
Thus, buying an FRA is comparable to selling, or going short, a Eurodollar or LIBOR
futures contract.
(d) American Depository Receipts (ADRs): A depository receipt is basically a negotiable
certificate denominated in US dollars that represent a non- US Company’s publicly traded
local currency (INR) equity shares/securities. While the term refer to them is global
depository receipts however, when such receipts are issued outside the US, but issued
for trading in the US they are called ADRs.
An ADR is generally created by depositing the securities of an Indian company with a
custodian bank. In arrangement with the custodian bank, a depository in the US issues
the ADRs. The ADR subscriber/holder in the US is entitled to trade the ADR and
generally enjoy rights as owner of the underlying Indian security. ADRs with
special/unique features have been developed over a period of time and the practice of
issuing ADRs by Indian Companies is catching up.
Only such Indian companies that can stake a claim for international recognition can avail
the opportunity to issue ADRs. The listing requirements in US and the US GAAP
requirements are fairly severe and will have to be adhered. However if such conditions
are met ADR becomes an excellent sources of capital bringing in foreign exchange.
These are depository receipts issued by a company in USA and are governed by the
provisions of Securities and Exchange Commission of USA. As the regulations are
severe, Indian companies tap the American market through private debt placement of
GDRs listed in London and Luxemburg stock exchanges.
Apart from legal impediments, ADRs are costlier than Global Depository Receipts
(GDRs). Legal fees are considerably high for US listing. Registration fee in USA is also
substantial. Hence, ADRs are less popular than GDRs.
(e) The concept of sustainable growth can be helpful for planning healthy corporate growth.
This concept forces managers to consider the financial consequences of sales increases
and to set sales growth goals that are consistent with the operating and financial policies
of the firm. Often, a conflict can arise if growth objectives are not consistent with the
value of the organization's sustainable growth. Question concerning right distribution of
resources may take a difficult shape if we take into consideration the rightness not for the
current stakeholders but for the future stakeholders also. To take an illustration, let us
refer to fuel industry where resources are limited in quantity and a judicial use of
resources is needed to cater to the need of the future customers along with the need of
the present customers. One may have noticed the save fuel campaign, a demarketing
campaign that deviates from the usual approach of sales growth strategy and preaches
for conservation of fuel for their use across generation. This is an example of stable
growth strategy adopted by the oil industry as a whole under resource constraints and
the long run objective of survival over years. Incremental growth strategy, profit strategy
and pause strategy are other variants of stable growth strategy.
Sustainable growth is important to enterprise long-term development. Too fast or too
slow growth will go against enterprise growth and development, so financial should play
important role in enterprise development, adopt suitable financial policy initiative to make
sure enterprise growth speed close to sustainable growth ratio and have sustainable
healthy development.
The sustainable growth rate (SGR), concept by Robert C. Higgins, of a firm is the
maximum rate of growth in sales that can be achieved, given the firm's profitability, asset
utilization, and desired dividend payout and debt (financial leverage) ratios. The
sustainable growth rate is a measure of how much a firm can grow without borrowing
more money. After the firm has passed this rate, it must borrow funds from another
source to facilitate growth. Variables typically include the net profit margin on new and
existing revenues; the asset turnover ratio, which is the ratio of sales revenues to total
assets; the assets to beginning of period equity ratio; and the retention rate, which is
defined as the fraction of earnings retained in the business.
SGR = ROE x (1- Dividend payment ratio)
Sustainable growth models assume that the business wants to: 1) maintain a target
capital structure without issuing new equity; 2) maintain a target dividend payment ratio;
and 3) increase sales as rapidly as market conditions allow. Since the asset to beginning
of period equity ratio is constant and the firm's only source of new equity is retained
earnings, sales and assets cannot grow any faster than the retained earnings plus the
additional debt that the retained earnings can support. The sustainable growth rate is
consistent with the observed evidence that most corporations are reluctant to issue new
equity. If, however, the firm is willing to issue additional equity, there is in principle no
financial constraint on its growth rate.
DISCLAIMER

Question 1
(a) Edelweiss Bank Ltd. sold Hong Kong dollar 2 crores value spot to its customer at
` 8.025 and covered itself in the London market on the same day, when the exchange
rates were
US$ 1 =HK $ 7.5880- 7.5920
Local interbank market rates for US $ were
Spot US $ 1 – ` 60.70-61.00
Calculate the cover rate and ascertain the profit or loss on the transaction. Ignore
brokerage. (5 Marks)
(b) Wonderland Limited has excess cash of ` 20 lakhs, which it wants to invest in short
term marketable securities. Expenses relating to investment will be ` 50,000.
The securities invested will have an annual yield of 9%.
The company seeks your advice
(i) as to the period of investment so as to earn a pre-tax income of 5%.
(ii) the minimum period for the company to break even its investment expenditure
over time value of money. (5 Marks)
(c) Elrond Limited plans to acquire Doom Limited. The relevant financial details of the
two firms prior to the merger announcement are:
Elrond Limited Doom Limited
Market price per share ` 50 ` 25
Number of outstanding shares 20 lakhs 10 Lakhs
The merger is expected to generate gains, which have a present value of ` 200 lakhs.
The exchange ratio agreed to is 0.5.
What is the true cost of the merger from the point of view of Elrond Limited?
(5 Marks)
(d) Goldilocks Ltd. was started a year back with equity capital of ` 40 lakhs. The other
details are as under:
28 FINAL EXAMINATION: NOVEMBER, 2014
Earnings of the company ` 4,00,000

Price Earnings ratio 12.5
Dividend paid ` 3,20,000
Number of Shares 40,000
Find the current market price of the share. Use Walter's Model.
Find whether the company's D/ P ratio is optimal, use Walter's formula. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) The bank (Dealer) covers itself by buying from the market at market selling rate.
Rupee – Dollar selling rate = `61.00
Dollar – Hong Kong Dollar = HK $ 7.5880
Rupee – Hong Kong cross rate = `61.00 / 7.5880
= `8.039
Profit / Loss to the Bank
Amount received from customer (2 crore  8.025) `16,05,00,000
Amount paid on cover deal (2 crore  8.039) `16,07,80,000
Loss to Bank ` 2,80,000
(b) (i) Pre-tax Income required on investment of `20,00,000
Let the period of Investment be ‘P’ and return required on investment `1,00,000
(`20,00,000 x 5%)
Accordingly,
9 P
(`20,00,000 x x ) – `50,000 = `1,00,000
100 12
P = 10 months
(ii) Break-Even its investment expenditure
9 P
(`20,00,000 x x ) – `50,000 = 0
100 12
P = 3.33 months
(c) Shareholders of Doom Ltd. will get 5 lakh share of Elrond Limited, so they will get:
5 lakh
= = 20% of shares Elrond Limited
20 lakh + 5 lakh
The value of Elrond Ltd. after merger will be:

= `50 x 20 lakh + `25 x 10 lakh + `200 lakh
= `1000 lakh + `250 lakh + `200 lakh = `1450 lakh
True Cost of Merger will be:
(`1450 x 20%) `290 lakhs – `250 lakhs = `40 lakhs
(d) Goldilocks Ltd.
(i) Walter’s model is given by
D+(E-D)(r / Ke )
P= Ke
Where,
P = Market price per share.
E = Earnings per share = `10
D = Dividend per share = `8
r = Return earned on investment = 10%
Ke = Cost of equity capital = 1/12.5 = 8%
0.10
8+ (10- 8)× 0.10
0.08 8+ 2× 0.08
P = =
0.0 0.08
8
= `131.25
(ii) According to Walter’s model when the return on investment is more than the cost of
equity capital, the price per share increases as the dividend pay-out ratio
decreases. Hence, the optimum dividend pay-out ratio in this case is nil.
So, at a pay-out ratio of zero, the market value of the company’s share will be:
0.10
0+ (10- 0)
0.08
=`156.25 0.08
Question 2
(a) The valuation of Hansel Limited has been done by an investment analyst. Based on an
expected free cash flow of ` 54 lakhs for the following year and an expected growth rate
of 9 percent, the analyst has estimated the value of Hansel Limited to be ` 1800 lakhs.
However, he committed a mistake of using the book values of debt and equity.
The book value weights employed by the analyst are not known, but you know that
Hansel Limited has a cost of equity of 20 percent and post tax cost of debt of 10 percent.
The value of equity is thrice its book value, whereas the market value of its debt is nine-
tenths of its book value. What is the correct value of Hansel Ltd? (6 Marks)
(b) Gretel Limited is setting up a project for manufacture of boats at a cost of ` 300 lakhs. It
has to decide whether to locate the plant in next to the sea shore (Area A) or in a inland
area with no access to any waterway (Area B). If the project is located in Area B then
Gretel Limited receives a cash subsidy of ` 20 lakhs from the Central Government.
Besides, the taxable profits to the extent of 20% is exempt for 10 years in Area B. The
project envisages a borrowing of ` 200 lakhs in either case. The rate of Interest per
annum is 12% in Area A and 10% in Area B.
The borrowing of principal has to be repaid in 4 equal installments beginning from the
end of the 4th year.
With the help of the following information, you are required to suggest the proper location for
the project to the CEO of Gretel Limited. Assume straight line depreciation with no residual
value, income tax 50% and required rate of return 15%.
Year Earnings before Depreciation, Interest and Tax (EBDIT) (` In lakhs)
Area A Area B
1 (6) (50)
2 34 (50)
3 54 10
4 74 20
5 108 45
6 142 100
7 156 155
8 230 190
9 330 230
10 430 330
The PVIF @ 15% for 10 years are as below:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PVIF 0.87 0.76 0.66 0.57 0.50 0.43 0.38 0.33 0.28 0.25
(10 Marks)
Answer
(a) Cost of capital by applying Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) Model is as follows:-
FCFF1
Value of Firm = V0 =
Kc  gn
Where –
FCFF1 = Expected FCFF in the year 1
Kc = Cost of capital
gn = Growth rate forever
Thus, `1800 lakhs = `54 lakhs /(Kc-g)
Since g = 9%, then Kc = 12%
Now, let X be the weight of debt and given cost of equity = 20% and cost of debt = 10%, then
20% (1 – X) + 10% X = 12%
Hence, X = 0.80, so book value weight for debt was 80%
 Correct weight should be 60 of equity and 72 of debt.
 Cost of capital = Kc = 20% (60/132) + 10% (72/132) = 14.5455%
and correct firm’s value = ` 54 lakhs/(0.1454 – 0.09) = ` 974.73 lakhs.
(b) On next page.
©
T
he
In
sti Statement Showing the Net Present Values of the Project at 15%
tu 32
Area A :
te
of (` in lakhs)
C
ha Year Profit (Loss) Depre-* Interest PBT Income Profit Cash Cash Net Present PV
rt Before ciation Tax After Inflows outflows Cas Value
er Interest & @ 50% Tax h Factor of Cash
ed Depreciation Flow (at 15%) Flows FI
Ac NA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 L
co
un ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` EX
ta 0 – – – – – – – 100 (100) 1.00 (100) AM
nt IN
s 1 (6.00) 30 24 (60) – (60) – 30 (30) 0.87 (26.10) AT
2 34 30 24 (20) – (20) 10 – 10 0.76 7.60 IO
N:
3 54 30 24 – – – 30 – 30 0.66 19.80 NO
4 74 30 24 20 – 20 50 50 – 0.57 – VE
MB
5 108 30 18 60 – 60 90 50 40 0.50 20.00 ER
6 142 30 12 100 50 50 80 50 30 0.43 12.90 ,
20
7 156 30 6 120 60 60 90 50 40 0.38 15.20
8 230 30 – 200 100 100 130 – 130 0.33 42.90
9 330 30 – 300 150 150 180 – 180 0.28 50.40
10 430 30 – 400 200 200 230 – 230 0.25 57.50
Net present value 100.20
©
T
he
In PAPER – 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 33
sti Area B:
tu
te (` in lakhs)
of
C Year Profit (Loss) Depre-* Interest PBT Income Profit Cash Cash Net Cash Present PV of
ha Before ciation Tax After Inflows outflows Flow Value Cash
rt Interest & @ 50% Tax Factor Flows
PA
er Depreciation (at 15%) PE
ed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R
Ac –
co
` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
2:
un 0 – – – – – – – 80 (80) 1.00 (80.00) ST
ta 1 (50) 30 20 (100) – (100) – 70 (70) 0.87 (60.90) RA
nt TE
s 2 (50) 30 20 (100) – (100) – 70 (70) 0.76 (53.20)
GI
3 10 30 20 (40) – (40) – 10 (10) 0.66 (6.60) C
4 20 30 20 (30) – (30) – 50 (50) 0.57 (28.50) FI
NA
5 45 30 15 – – – 30 50 (20) 0.50 (10.00)
NC
6 100 30 10 60 – 60 90 50 40 0.43 17.20 IAL
7 155 30 5 120 – 120 150 50 100 0.38 38.00 MA
NA
8 190 30 – 160 28 132 162 – 162 0.33 53.46
GE
9 230 30 – 200 80 120 150 – 150 0.28 42.00 ME
10 330 30 – 300 120 180 210 – 210 0.25 52.50 NT
Net present value (36.04)
Advice: Gretel Ltd. should go for Area ‘A’ for location of new plant
33
Question 3
(a) Gibralater Limited has imported 5000 bottles of shampoo at landed cost in Mumbai, of
US $ 20 each. The company has the choice for paying for the goods immediately or in 3
months time. It has a clean overdraft limited where 14% p.a. rate of interest is charged.
Calculate which of the following method would be cheaper to Gibralter Limited.
(i) Pay in 3 months time with interest @ 10% and cover risk forward for 3 months.
(ii) Settle now at a current spot rate and pay interest of the overdraft for 3 months.
The rates are as follow :
Mumbai ` /$ spot : 60.25-60.55
3 months swap : 35/25
(8 Marks)
(b) The risk free rate of return Rf is 9 percent. The expected rate of return on the market
portfolio Rm is 13 percent. The expected rate of growth for the dividend of Platinum Ltd.
is 7 percent. The last dividend paid on the equity stock of firm A was ` 2.00. The beta of
Platinum Ltd. equity stock is 1.2.
(i) What is the equilibrium price of the equity stock of Platinum Ltd.?
(ii) How would the equilibrium price change when
 The inflation premium increases by 2 percent?
 The expected growth rate increases by 3 percent?
 The beta of Platinum Ltd. equity rises to 1.3? (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Option - I
$20 x 5000 = $ 1,00,000
Repayment in 3 months time = $1,00,000 x (1 + 0.10/4) = $ 1,02,500
3-months outright forward rate = ` 59.90/ ` 60.30
Repayment obligation in ` ($1,02,500 X ` 60.30) = ` 61,80,750
Option -II
Overdraft ($1,00,000 x `60.55) ` 60,55,000
Interest on Overdraft (`60,55,000 x 0.14/4) ` 2,11,925
` 62,66,925
Option I should be preferred as it has lower outflow.

(b) (i) Equilibrium price of Equity using CAPM
= 9% + 1.2(13% - 9%)
= 9% + 4.8%= 13.8%
D1
P= 2.00(1.07) 2.14
= = = ` 31.47
ke - g 0.138- 0.07 0.068
(ii) New Equilibrium price of Equity using CAPM
= 9.18% + 1.3(13% - 9.18%)
= 9.18% + 4.966%= 14.146%
D1
P= 2.00(1.10) 2.20
= = = ` 53.06
ke - g 0.14146- 0.10 0.04146
Question 4
(a) Beanstalk Ltd. manages its accounts receivable internally by its sales and credit
department. The cost of sales ledger administration stands at ` 10 crores annually. The
company has a credit policy of 2/10, net 30. Past experience of the company has been
that on an average 40 percent of the customers avail of the discount by paying within 10
days while the balance of the receivables are collected on average 90 days after the
invoice date. Bad debts of the company are currently 1.5 percent of total sales. The
projected sales for the next year are ` 1,000 crores.
Beanstalk Ltd. finances its investment in debtors through a mix of bank credit and own
long term funds in the ratio of 70:30. The current cost of bank credit and long term funds
are 13 percent and 15 percent respectively.
With escalating cost associated with the in house management of debtors coupled with
the need to unburden the management with the task so as to focus on sales
promotion, the Company is examining the possibility of outsourcing its factoring service
for managing its receivable and has two proposals on hand with a guaranteed
payment within 30 days.
The main elements of the Proposal Ifrom Finebank Factors Ltd. are:
 Advance, 88 percent and 84 percent for the recourse and non recourse
arrangements.
 Discount charge in advance, 21 percent for with recourse and 22 percent without
recourse.
 Commission, 4.5 percent without recourse and 2.5 percent with recourse.
The main elements of the Proposal II from Roughbank Factors Ltd. are:
 Advance, 84 percent with recourse and 80 percent without recourse respectively.
 Discount charge upfront without recourse 21 percent and with recourse 20 percent.
 Commission upfront, without recourse 3.6 percent and with recourse 1.8 percent.
The opinion of the Chief Marketing Manager is that in the context of the factoring
arrangement, his staff would be able exclusively focus on sales promotion which would
result in additional sales of 10% of projected sales. Kindly advice as a financial
consultant on the alternative proposals. What advice would you give? Why? (12 Marks)
(b) Cinderella Mutual Fund has the following assets in Scheme Rudolf at the close of
business on 31 st March, 2014.
Company No. of Shares Market Price Per Share
Nairobi Ltd. 25000 ` 20
Dakar Ltd. 35000 ` 300
Senegal Ltd. 29000 ` 380
Cairo Ltd. 40000 ` 500
The total number of units of Scheme Rudolf are 10 lacs. The Scheme Rudolf has
accrued expenses of ` 2,50,000 and other liabilities of ` 2,00,000. Calculate the NAV
per unit of the Scheme Rudolf. (4 Marks)
Answer
(a) Financial Analysis of Receivable Management Alternatives
(A) In-House Management
(`Crores)
Cash Discount (`1000 crore x 40% x 2%) 8.00
Bad Debt (`1000 crore x 1.50%) 15.00
Avoidable Administrative and Selling Cost 10.00
Cost of Investment in Receivable* 21.61
54.61
* Cost of Investment in Receivable
Average Collection Period (0.40 x 10 + 0.60 x 90) 58 days
Investment in Debtors (` 1000 crores x 58/365) ` 158.90
crores
Cost of Investment (0.70 x 13 + 0.30 x 15) 13.60%
Cost of Investment in Receivable (` 158.90 crores x 13.60%) ` 21.61 crores
(B) Finebank Proposal
With Without
Recourse Recourse
Factoring Commission
(`1100 crores x 2.5%) and (`1100 crores x 4.5%) 27.50 49.50
Discount Charges
(`1100 crores – `27.50 crores) 0.88 x 21% x 30/365 16.29 -
(`1100 crores – `49.50 crores) 0.84 x 22% x 30/365 - 15.96
Cost of Long Term Funds Invested in Debtors
(`1100 crores – `943.80 crores) 0.15 x 30/365 1.93 -
(`1100 crores – `882.42 crores) 0.15 x 30/365 - 2.68
45.72 68.14
(C) Roughbank Proposal
With Without
Recourse Recourse
(`1100 crores x 1.8%) and (`1100 crores x 3.6%) 19.80 39.60
Discount Charges
(`1100 crores – `19.80 crores) 0.84 x 20% x 30/365 14.92 -
(`1100 crores – `39.60 crores) 0.80 x 21% x 30/365 - 14.64
(`1100 crores – `907.37 crores) 0.15 x 30/365 2.37 -
(`1100 crores – `848.32 crores) 0.15 x 30/365 - 3.10
37.09 57.34
Decision Analysis: With Recourse
Fine bank Rough bank
Benefits (`54.61 crore – `15 crore†) 39.61 39.61
Costs 45.72 37.09
(6.11) 2.52
† Bad Debts
Decision Analysis: Without Recourse
Fine bank Rough bank
Benefits 54.61 54.61
Costs 68.14 57.34
(13.53) (2.73)
Advice: The proposal of Roughbank with recourse should be accepted.
(b)
Nairobi Ltd. 25,000 20.00 5,00,000
Dakar Ltd. 35,000 300.00 1,05,00,000
Senegal Ltd. 29,000 380.00 1,10,20,000
Cairo Ltd. 40,000 500.00 2,00,00,000
4,20,20,000
Less: Accrued Expenses 2,50,000
Other Liabilities 2,00,000
Total Value 4,15,70,000
No. of Units 10,00,000
NAV per Unit (4,15,70,000/10,00,000) 41.57
Question 5
(a) Buenos Aires Limited has 10 lakh equity shares outstanding at the beginning of the year
2013. The current market price per share is ` 150. The current market price per share is
` 150. The company is contemplating a dividend of ` 9 per share. The rate of
capitalization, appropriate to its risk class, is 10%.
(i) Based on MM approach, calculate the market price of the share of the company
when:
(1) Dividend is declared
(2) Dividend is not declared
(ii) How many new shares are to be issued by the company, under both the above
options, if the Company is planning to invest ` 500 lakhs assuming a net income
of ` 200 lakhs by the end of the year? (8 Marks)
(b) Odessa Limited has proposed to expand its operations for which it requires funds of
$ 15 million, net of issue expenses which amount to 2% of the issue size. It proposed to raise
the funds though a GDR issue. It considers the following factors in pricing the issue:
(i) The expected domestic market price of the share is ` 300
(ii) 3 shares underly each GDR
(iii) Underlying shares are priced at 10% discount to the market price
(iv) Expected exchange rate is ` 60/$
You are required to compute the number of GDR's to be issued and cost of GDR to
Odessa Limited, if 20% dividend is expected to be paid with a growth rate of 20%. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) As per MM model, the current market price of equity share is:
P0 = 1
× + P1 )
1+ ke (D
1
(a) If the dividend is declared:

150 = 1
×(9+P )
1+0.10 1
9 + P1
150 =
1.10
165 = 9 + P1
P1 = 165 – 9 = `156
The market price of the equity share at the end of the year would be `156.
(b) If the dividend is not declared:
1
150 = × (0 + P )
1+ 0.10 1
P1
150 =
1.10
P1 = `165
The Market price of the equity share at the end of the year would be `165.
(ii) Number of new shares to be issued
(a) If the dividend is declared: In case the firm pays dividend of ` 9 per share out
of total profits of `2,00,00,000 and plans to make new investment of
`500,00,000, the number of shares to be issued may be found as
follows: Total Earnings ` 2,00,00,000
- Dividends paid 90,00,000
Retained earnings 1,10,00,000
Total funds required 5,00,00,000
Fresh funds to be raised 3,90,00,000
Number of shares to be issued (` 3,90,00,000/156) 2,50,000
(b) If the dividend is not declared: In case the firm pays no dividend out of total
profits of `2,00,00,000 and plans to make new investment of `5,00,00,000, the
number of shares to be issued may be found as follows:
Total Earnings ` 2,00,00,000
- Dividends paid 0
Retained earnings 2,00,00,000
Total funds required 5,00,00,000
Fresh funds to be raised 3,00,00,000
Number of shares to be issued (`3,00,00,000/165) 1,81,818
(b) Net Issue Size = $15 million
$15 million
Gross Issue = = $15.306 million
0.98
Issue Price per GDR in `(300 x 3 x 90%) `810
Issue Price per GDR in $ (`810/ `60) $13.50
Dividend Per GDR (D1) = `2* x 3 = `6
* Assumed to be on based on Face Value of `10 each share.
Net Proceeds Per GDR = `810 x 0.98 = `793.80
(a) Number of GDR to be issued
$15.306 million
$13.50 = 1.1338 million
(b) Cost of GDR to Odessa Ltd.
ke = 6.00 + 0.20 = 20.76%

793.80
Question 6
(a) Cauliflower Limited is contemplating acquisition of Cabbage Limited. Cauliflower Limited
has 5 lakh shares having market value of ` 40 per share while Cabbage Limited has 3
lakh shares having market value of ` 25 per share. The EPS for Cabbage Limited and
Cauliflower Limited are ` 3 per share and ` 5 per share respectively. The managements
of both the companies are discussing two alternatives for exchange of shares as follows:
(i) In proportion to relative earnings per share of the two companies.
(ii) 1 share of Cauliflower Limited for two shares of Cabbage Limited.
Required:
(i) Calculate the EPS after merger under both the alternatives.
(ii) Show the impact on EPS for the shareholders of the two companies under both the
alternatives. (10 Marks)
(b) An investor is holding 5,000 shares of X Ltd. Current year dividend rate is ` 3/share.
Market price of the share is ` 40 each. The investor is concerned about several
factors which are likely to change during the next financial year as indicated below:
Current Year Next Year
Dividend paid/anticipated per share (`) 3 2.5
Risk free rate 12% 10%
Market Risk Premium 5% 4%
Beta Value 1.3 1.4
Expected growth 9% 7%
In view of the above, advise whether the investor should buy, hold or sell the shares.
(6 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Exchange ratio in proportion to relative EPS
(in `)
Company Existing No. of shares EPS Total earnings
Cauliflower Ltd. 5,00,000 5.00 25,00,000
Cabbage Ltd. 3,00,000 3.00 9,00,000
Total earnings 34,00,000
No. of shares after merger 5,00,000 + 1,80,000 = 6,80,000
Note: 1,80,000 may be calculated as ⎛ 3.00 ⎞
= ⎜ 3, 00 , 000 × ⎟
5.00
⎝ ⎠
34,00,000
EPS for Cauliflower Ltd. after merger = = ` 5.00
6,80,000
Impact on EPS
Cauliflower Ltd. shareholders `
EPS before merger 5.00
EPS after merger 5.00
Increase/ Decrease in EPS 0.00
Cabbage Ltd.' Shareholders
EPS after the merger 5.00 x 3/5 3.00
Increase/ Decrease in EPS 0.00
(ii) Merger effect on EPS with share exchange ratio of 1 : 2
Total earnings after merger ` 34,00,000
No. of shares post merger 5,00,000 + 1,50,000 (0.5 × 3,00,000) 6,50,000
EPS 34,00,000 ÷ 6,50,000 5.23
Impact on EPS
Cauliflower Ltd. shareholders `
EPS after merger 5.23
Increase in EPS 0.23
Cabbage Ltd. shareholders `
EPS after the merger 5.23 x 0.5 2.615
Decrease in EPS 0.385
(b) On the basis of existing and revised factors, rate of return and price of share is to be
calculated.
Existing rate of return
= Rf + Beta (Rm – Rf)
= 12% + 1.3 (5%) = 18.5%
Revised rate of return
= 10% + 1.4 (4%) = 15.60%
Price of share (original)
D (1 + g) 3 (1.09) 3.27
P = = = = ` 34.42
o K -g 0 .185 - 0.09 0.095
e
Price of share (Revised)
2.50 (1.07)
P = = 2.675 = ` 31.10
o 0.156 - 0.07 0.086
Market price of share of `40 is higher in comparison to current equilibrium price of
` 34.42 and revised equity price of `31.10. Under this situation investor should sell the
share.
Question 7
(a) What are the signals that indicate that is time for an investor to exit a mutual fund
scheme?
(b) What is cross border leasing? State its objectives.
(c) Explain Takeover by reverse bid.
(d) What are the risks to which foreign exchange transactions are exposed?
(e) Explain the term "Insider Trading" and why Insider Trading is punishable?
(4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) (1) When the mutual fund consistently under performs the broad based index, it is high
time that it should get out of the scheme.
(2) When the mutual fund consistently under performs its peer group instead of it being
at the top. In such a case, it would have to pay to get out of the scheme and then
invest in the winning schemes.
(3) When the mutual fund changes its objectives e.g. instead of providing a regular
income to the investor, the composition of the portfolio has changed to a growth
fund mode which is not in tune with the investor’s risk preferences.
(4) When the investor changes his objective of investing in a mutual fund which no
longer is beneficial to him.
(5) When the fund manager, handling the mutual fund schemes, has been replaced by
a new entrant whose image is not known.
(b) Cross-border leasing is a leasing agreement where lessor and lessee are situated in
different countries. This raises significant additional issues relating to tax avoidance and
tax shelters.
Objectives of Cross Border Leasing
 Reduce the overall cost of financing through utilization by the lessor of tax
depreciation allowances to reduce its taxable income.
 The lessor is often able to utilize nonrecourse debt to finance a substantial portion
of the equipment cost. The debt is secured by among other things, a mortgage on
the equipment and by an assignment of the right to receive payments under the
lease.
 Also, depending on the structure, in some countries the lessor can utilize very
favourable “leveraged lease” financial accounting treatment for the overall
transaction.
 In some countries, it is easier for a lessor to repossess the leased equipment
following a lessee default because the lessor is an owner and not a mere secured
lender.
 Leasing provides the lessee with 100% financing.
(c) Generally, a big company takes over a small company. When the smaller company gains
control of a larger one then it is called “Take-over by reverse bid”. In case of reverse take-
over, a small company takes over a big company. This concept has been successfully
followed for revival of sick industries.
The acquired company is said to be big if any one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(i) The assets of the transferor company are greater than the transferee company;
(ii) Equity capital to be issued by the transferee company pursuant to the acquisition
exceeds its original issued capital, and
(iii) The change of control in the transferee company will be through the introduction of
minority holder or group of holders.
Reverse takeover takes place in the following cases:
(1) When the acquired company (big company) is a financially weak company
(2) When the acquirer (the small company) already holds a significant proportion of
shares of the acquired company (small company)
(3) When the people holding top management positions in the acquirer company want
to be relived off of their responsibilities.
The concept of take-over by reverse bid, or of reverse merger, is thus not the usual case
of amalgamation of a sick unit which is non-viable with a healthy or prosperous unit but is
a case whereby the entire undertaking of the healthy and prosperous company is to be
merged and vested in the sick company which is non-viable.
(d) A firm dealing with foreign exchange may be exposed to the following types of risks:
(i) Transaction Exposure: A firm may have some contractually fixed payments and
receipts in foreign currency, such as, import payables, export receivables, interest
payable on foreign currency loans etc. All such items are to be settled in a foreign
currency. Unexpected fluctuation in exchange rate will have favourable or adverse
impact on its cash flows. Such exposures are termed as transactions exposures.
(ii) Translation Exposure: The translation exposure is also called accounting exposure
or balance sheet exposure. It is basically the exposure on the assets and liabilities
shown in the balance sheet and which are not going to be liquidated in the near
future. It refers to the probability of loss that the firm may have to face because of
decrease in value of assets due to devaluation of a foreign currency despite the fact
that there was no foreign exchange transaction during the year.
(iii) Economic Exposure: Economic exposure measures the probability that fluctuations
in foreign exchange rate will affect the value of the firm. The intrinsic value of a firm is
calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows with appropriate discounting
rate. The risk involved in economic exposure requires measurement of the effect of
fluctuations in exchange rate on different future cash flows.
(e)  The insider is any person who accesses the price sensitive information of a
company before it is published to the general public. Insider includes corporate
officers, directors, owners of firm etc. who have substantial interest in the company.
Even, persons who have access to non-public information due to their relationship
with the company such as internal or statutory auditor, agent, advisor, analyst
consultant etc. who have knowledge of material, ‘inside’ information not available to
general public. Insider trading practice is the act of buying or selling or dealing in
securities by as a person having unpublished inside information with the intention of
making abnormal profit’s and avoiding losses. This inside information includes dividend
declaration, issue or buy back of securities, amalgamation, mergers or take over, major
expansion plans etc.
 The word insider has wide connotation. An outsider may be held to be an insider by
virtue of his engaging himself in this practice on the strength of inside information.
Insider trading practices are lawfully prohibited. The regulatory bodies in general
are imposing different fines and penalties for those who indulge in such practices.
Based on the recommendation of Sachar Committee and Patel Committee, SEBI
has framed various regulations and implemented the same to prevent the insider
trading practices. Recently SEBI has made several changes to strengthen the
existing insider Trading Regulation, 1992 and new Regulation as SEBI (Prohibition
of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2002 has been introduced. Insider trading which is
an unethical practice resorted by those in power in corporates has manifested not only
in India but elsewhere in the world causing huge losses to common investors thus
driving them away from capital market. Therefore, it is punishable.
Attempt any five out of the remaining six questions.
Wherever appropriate, suitable assumptions should be made and
indicated in the answer by the candidate.
Question 1
(a) EFD Ltd. is an export business house. The company prepares invoice in customers'
currency. Its debtors of US$. 10,000,000 is due on April 1, 2015.
Market information as at January 1, 2015 is:
Exchange rates US$/INR Currency Futures US$/INR
Spot 0.016667 Contract size: ` 24,816,975
1-month forward 0.016529 1-month 0.016519
3-months forward 0.016129 3-month 0.016118
Initial Margin Interest rates in India

1-Month ` 17,500 6.5%
3-Months ` 22,500 7%
On April 1, 2015 the spot rate US$/INR is 0.016136 and currency future rate is 0.016134.
Which of the following methods would be most advantageous to EFD Ltd?
(i) Using forward contract
(ii) Using currency futures
(iii) Not hedging the currency risk (6 Marks)
(b) TUV Ltd. has invested in three Mutual Fund schemes as per the details given below:
Scheme X Scheme Y Scheme Z
Date of Investment 1-10-2014 1-1-2015 1-3-2015
Amount of Investment (`) 15,00,000 7,50,000 2,50,000
Net Asset value at entry date `12.50 ` 36.25 ` 27.75
Dividend received upto March 31, 2015 ` 45,000 ` 12,500 Nil
Net Asset value as at March 31, 2015 `12.25 ` 36.45 ` 27.55
What will be the effective yield (per annum basis) for each of the above three schemes
upto 31st March 2015? (4
Marks)

(c) PQR Ltd. has credit sales of ` 165 crores during the financial year 2014-15 and its
average collection period is 65 days. The past experience suggests that bad debt losses
are 4.28% of credit sales.
Administration cost incurred in collection of its receivables is ` 12,35,000 p.a. A factor is
prepared to buy the company's receivables by charging 1.95% commission. The factor
will pay advance on receivables to the company at an interest rate of 16% p.a. after
withholding 15% as reserve.
Estimate the effective cost of factoring to the company assuming 360 days in a year.
(6 Marks)
(d) The following information is collected from the annual reports of J Ltd:
Profit before tax ` 2.50 crore
Tax rate 40 percent
Retention ratio 40 percent
Number of outstanding shares 50,00,000
Equity capitalization rate 12 percent
Rate of return on investment 15 percent
What should be the market price per share according to Gordon's model of dividend
policy? (4
Marks)
Answer
(a) Receipts using a forward contract = $10,000,000/0.016129 = ` 620,001,240
Receipts using currency futures
The number of contracts needed is ($10,000,000/0.016118)/24,816,975 = 25
Initial margin payable is 25 contracts x` 22,500 = ` 5,62,500
On April 1,2015Close at 0.016134
Receipts = US$10,000,000/0.016136 = ` 619,732,276
Variation Margin =
[(0.016134 – 0.016118) x 25 x 24,816,975/-]/0.016136
OR (0.000016x25x24,816,975)/.016136= 9926.79/0.016136= ` 615,195
Less: Interest Cost – ` 5,62,500x 0.07 x 3/12 = ` 9,844
Net Receipts ` 620,337,627
Receipts under different methods of hedging
Forward contract ` 620,001,240
Futures ` 620,337,627
No hedge (US$ 10,000,000/0.016136) ` 619,732,276
The most advantageous option would have been to hedge with futures.
(b) Calculation of effective yield on per annum basis in respect of three mutual fund schemes
to TUV Ltd. up to 31-03-2015:
PARTICULARS MFX MFY MFZ
(a) Investments ` 15,00,000 ` 7,50,000 ` 2,50,000
(b) Opening NAV ` 12.50 ` 36.25 ` 27.75
(c) No. of units (a/b) 1,20,000 20,689.66 9,009
(d) Unit NAV ON 31-3-2015 ` 12.25 ` 36.45 ` 27.55
(e) Total NAV on 31-3-2015 (c x d) ` 14,70,000 ` 7,54,138 ` 2,48,198
(f) Increase / Decrease of NAV ( a – e) (` 30,000) ` 4,138 (` 1,802)
(g) Dividend Received ` 45,000 ` 12,500 Nil
(h) Total yield (f + g) ` 15,000 ` 16,638 (` 1,802)
(i) Number of Days 182 90 31
(j) Effective yield p.a. ( h/a x 365/i x 100) 2.00% 9.00% (-) 8.49%
(c)
Particulars ` crore
Average level of Receivables = 165 crore 65/360 29.7916
Factoring commission = 29.7916crore1.95/100 0.5809
Factoring reserve = 29.7916crore 15/100 4.4687
Amount available for advance = ` 29.7916 – (0.5809 + 4.4687) 24.742
Factor will deduct his interest @ 16%:-
16 65
24.742  `0.7148
100 360
Advance to be paid = (` 24.742` 0.7148) 24.0272
Annual Cost of Factoring to the Firm: ` crore
Factoring commission (` 0.5809 crore 360/65) 3.2173

Interest charges (` 0.7148 crore 360/65) 3.9589
Total 7.1760
Firm’s Savings on taking Factoring Service: `
Cost of credit administration saved 0.1235

Cost of Bad Debts (` 165 crore 4.28/100) avoided 7.0620
Total 7.1855
Net cost to the Firm (` 7.1760 – ` 7.1855) -0.0095
-0.0095100
-0.0395%
Effective cost of factoring to the firm =
24.0272
(d) Gordon’s Formula
0 E(1b)
P = K br
P0 = Market price per share
E = Earnings per share (` 1.50 crore/ 50,00,000) = ` 3
K = Cost of Capital = 12%
b = Retention Ratio (%) = 40%
r = IRR = 15%
br = Growth Rate (0.40X15%) = 6%
0 3(1-0.40)
P = 0.12-0.06
1.80 Rs. 1.80
= 0.12-0.06 = 0.06
= ` 30.00
Question 2
(a) Mr. Shyam is holding the following securities:
Particulars of Securities Cost ` Dividend Interest Market Price Beta
` `
Equity shares:
Gold Ltd. 10,000 1,725 9,800 0.6
Silver Ltd. 15,000 1,000 16,200 0.8
Bronze Ltd. 14,000 700 20,000 0.6
GOI Bonds 36,000 3,600 34,500 1.0
Average return of the portfolio is 15.7%.

Using Average Beta, Calculate:
(i) Expected rate of return in each case, using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
(ii) Risk free rate of return (8 Marks)
(b) On 31st March, 2013, the following information about Bonds is available:
Name of Security Face Maturity Date Coupon Coupon
Value ` Rate Date(s)
Zero coupon 10,000 31st March, 2023 N.A. N.A.
T-Bill 1,00,000 20th June, 2013 N.A. N.A.
10.71% GOI 2023 100 31st March, 2023 10.71 31 March
st
10 % GOI 2018 100 31st March, 2018 10.00 31st March &
31st October
Calculate:
(i) If 10 years yield is 7.5% p.a. what price the Zero Coupon Bond would fetch on
31st March, 2013?
(ii) What will be the annualized yield if the T-Bill is traded @ 98500?
(iii) If 10.71% GOI 2023 Bond having yield to maturity is 8%, what price would it fetch
on April 1, 2013 (after coupon payment on 31 st March)?
(iv) If 10% GOI 2018 Bond having yield to maturity is 8%, what price would it fetch on
April 1, 2013 (after coupon payment on 31st March)? (8
Marks)
Answer
(a)
Particulars of Securities Cost (`) Dividend (`) Capital gain (`)
Gold Ltd. 10,000 1,725 200
Silver Ltd. 15,000 1,000 1,200
Bronze Ltd. 14,000 700 6,000
GOI Bonds 36,000 3,600 1,500
Total 75,000 7,025 5,500
Expected rate of return on market portfolio
Dividend Earned  Capital appreciation
Initial investment  100
` 7,025  ` 5,500
  100  16.7%
` 75,000
Risk free return
0.6  0.8  0.6  1.0
Average of Betas 
4
Average of Betas = 0.75
Average return = Risk free return + Average Betas (Expected return – Risk free return)
15.7 = Risk free return + 0.75 (16.7 – Risk free return)
Risk free return = 12.7%
Expected Rate of Return for each security is
Rate of Return = Rf + β (Rm – Rf)
Gold Ltd. = 12.7 + 0.6 (16.7 – 12.7) = 15.10%
Silver Ltd. = 12.7 + 0.8 (16.7 – 12.7) = 15.90%
Bronz Ltd. = 12.7+ 0.6 (16.7 – 12.7) = 15.10%
GOI Bonds = 12.7 + 1.0 (16.7 – 12.7) = 16.70%
Alternatively by using Market Risk Premium
Gold Ltd. = 12.7 + 0.6 x 4% = 15.10%
Silver Ltd. = 12.7 + 0.8 x 4% = 15.90%
Bronz Ltd. = 12.7+ 0.6 x 4% = 15.10%
GOI Bonds = 12.7 + 1.0x 4% = 16.70%
(b) (i) Rate used for discounting shall be yield. Accordingly ZCB shall fetch:
10000
= (1 0.075)10 = ` 4,852
(ii) The day count basis is actual number days / 365. Accordingly annualized yield shall
be:
FV-Price 365
Yield  100000-98500  365= 6.86%
Price  No. of =
days 98500 81
Note: Alternatively, it can also computed on 360 days a year.

(iii) Price GOI 2023 would fetch
= ` 10.71 PVAF(8%, 10) + ` 100 PVF (8%, 10)
= ` 10.71 x 6.71 + ` 100 x 0.4632
= ` 71.86 + ` 46.32 = ` 118.18
(iv) Price GOI 2018 Bond would fetch:
= ` 5 PVAF(4%, 10) + ` 100 PVF (4%, 10)
= ` 5 x 8.11 + ` 100 x 0.6756
= 40.55 + 67.56 = 108.11
Question 3
(a) R Ltd. and S Ltd. are companies that operate in the same industry. The financial
statements of both the companies for the current financial year are as follows:
Balance Sheet
Particulars R. Ltd. (` ) S. Ltd (` )
Equity & Liabilities
Shareholders Fund
Equity Capital (` 10 each) 20,00,000 16,00,000
Retained earnings 4,00,000 -
Non-current Liabilities
16% Long term Debt 10,00,000 6,00,000
Current Liabilities 14,00,000 8,00,000
Total 48,00,000 30,00,000
Assets
Non-current Assets 20,00,000 10,00,000
Current Assets 28,00,000 20,00,000
Total 48,00,000 30,00,000
Income Statement
Particulars R. Ltd. (` ) S. Ltd. (` )
A. Net Sales 69,00,000 34,00,000
B. Cost of Goods sold 55,20,000 27,20,000
C. Gross Profit (A-B) 13,80,000 6,80,00
D. Operating Expenses 4,00,000 2,00,000
E. Interest 1,60,000 96,000
F. Earnings before taxes [C-(D+E)] 8,20,000 3,84,000
G. Taxes @ 35% 2,87,000 1,34,400
H. Earnings After Tax (EAT) 5,33,000 2,49,600
Additional Information:
No. of equity shares 2,00,000 1,60,000
Dividend payment Ratio (D/P) 20% 30%
Assume that both companies are in the process of negotiating a merger through
exchange of Equity shares:
(i) Decompose the share price of both the companies into EPS & P/E components.
Also segregate their EPS figures into Return On Equity (ROE) and Book
Value/Intrinsic Value per share components.
(ii) Estimate future EPS growth rates for both the companies.
(iii) Based on expected operating synergies, R Ltd. estimated that the intrinsic value of
S Ltd. Equity share would be ` 25 per share on its acquisition. You are required to
develop a range of justifiable Equity Share Exchange ratios that can be offered by R
Ltd. to the shareholders of S Ltd. Based on your analysis on parts (i) and (ii), would
you expect the negotiated terms to be closer to the upper or the lower exchange
ratio limits and why? (8
Marks)
(b) Following are the details of a portfolio consisting of three shares:
Share Portfolio weight Beta Expected return in % Total variance
A 0.20 0.40 14 0.015
B 0.50 0.50 15 0.025
C 0.30 1.10 21 0.100
Standard Deviation of Market Portfolio Returns = 10%
You are given the following additional data:
Covariance (A, B) = 0.030
Covariance (A, C) = 0.020
Covariance (B, C) = 0.040
Calculate the following:
(i) The Portfolio Beta
(ii) Residual variance of each of the three shares
(iii) Portfolio variance using Sharpe Index Model
(iv) Portfolio variance (on the basis of modern portfolio theory given by Markowitz) (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Determination of EPS, P/E Ratio, ROE and BVPS of R Ltd.& S Ltd.
R Ltd. S Ltd.
EAT (`) 5,33,000 2,49,600
N 200000 160000
EPS (EAT÷N) 2.665 1.56
Market Price Per Share 50 20
PE Ratio (MPS/EPS) 18.76 12.82
Equity Fund (Equity Value) 2400000 1600000
BVPS (Equity Value÷N) 12 10
ROE (EAT÷EF) or 0.2221 0.156
ROE (EAT÷EF) 22.21% 15.60%
(ii) Determination of Growth Rate of EPS of R Ltd.& S Ltd.
R Ltd. S Ltd.
Retention Ratio (1-D/P Ratio) 0.80 0.70
Growth Rate (ROE x Retention Ratio) or 0.1777 0.1092
Growth Rate (ROE x Retention Ratio) 17.77% 10.92%
(iii) Justifiable equity share exchange ratio
(a) Market Price Based = MPSS/MPSR = ` 20/ ` 50 = 0.40:1 (lower limit)
(b) Intrinsic Value Based = ` 25/ ` 50 = 0.50:1 (max. limit)
Since R Ltd. has higher EPS, PE, ROE and higher growth expectations the
negotiated term would be expected to be closer to the lower limit, based on existing
share price.
(b) (i) Portfolio Beta
0.20 x 0.40 + 0.50 x 0.50 + 0.30 x 1.10 = 0.66
(ii) Residual Variance
To determine Residual Variance first of all we shall compute the Systematic Risk as
follows:
β2 σ2 = (0.40)2(0.01) = 0.0016
A M
β2 σ2 = (0.50)2(0.01) = 0.0025
B M
β2 σ2 = (1.10)2(0.01) = 0.0121
C M
Residual Variance
A 0.015 – 0.0016 = 0.0134
B 0.025 – 0.0025 = 0.0225
C 0.100 – 0.0121 = 0.0879
(iii) Portfolio variance using Sharpe Index Model
Systematic Variance of Portfolio = (0.10)2 x (0.66)2 = 0.004356
Unsystematic Variance of Portfolio = 0.0134 x (0.20)2 + 0.0225 x (0.50)2 + 0.0879 x
(0.30)2 = 0.014072
Total Variance = 0.004356 + 0.014072 = 0.018428
(iii) Portfolio variance on the basis of Markowitz Theory
2
= (wA x wAx σ A) + (wA x wBxCovAB) + (wA x wCxCovAC) + (wB x wAxCovAB) + (wB x
2 2
wBx σB ) + (wB x wCxCovBC) + (wC x wAxCovCA) + (wC x wBxCovCB) + (wC x wCx σ c
)
= (0.20 x 0.20 x 0.015) + (0.20 x 0.50 x 0.030) + (0.20 x 0.30 x 0.020) + (0.20 x 0.50
x 0.030) + (0.50 x 0.50 x 0.025) + (0.50 x 0.30 x 0.040) + (0.30 x 0.20 x 0.020) +
(0.30 x 0.50 x 0.040) + (0.30 x 0.30 x 0.10)
= 0.0006 + 0.0030 + 0.0012 + 0.0030 + 0.00625 + 0.0060 + 0.0012 + 0.0060 +
0.0090
= 0.0363
Question 4
(a) A manufacturing unit engaged in the production of automobile parts is considering a
proposal of purchasing one of the two plants, details of which are given below:
Particulars Plant A Plant B
Cost ` 20,00,000 ` 38,00,000
Installation charges ` 4,00,000 ` 2,00,000
Life 20 years 15 years
Scrap value after full life ` 4,00,000 ` 4,00,000
Output per minute (units) 200 400
The annual costs of the two plants are as follows:
Particulars Plant A Plant B
Running hours per annum 2,500 2,500
Costs: (In ` ) (In ` )
Wages 1,00,000 1,40,000
Indirect materials 4,80,000 6,00,000
Repairs 80,000 1,00,000
Power 2,40,000 2,80,000
Fixed Costs 60,000 80,000
Will it be advantageous to buy Plant A or Plant B? Substantiate your answer with the help
of comparative unit cost of the plants. Assume interest on capital at 10 percent. Make
other relevant assumptions:
Note: 10 percent interest tables
20 Years 15 Years
Present value of ` 1 0.1486 0.2394
Annuity of `1 (capital recovery factor with 10% interest) 0.1175 0.1315
(7 Marks)
(b) An importer booked a forward contract with his bank on 10th April for USD 2,00,000 due
on 10th June @ ` 64.4000. The bank covered its position in the market at ` 64.2800.
The exchange rates for dollar in the interbank market on 10 th June and 20th June were:
10th June 20th June
Spot USD 1= ` 63.8000/8200 ` 63.6800/7200
Sport/June ` 63.9200/9500 ` 63.8000/8500
July ` 64.0500/0900 ` 63.9300/9900
August ` 64.3000/3500 ` 64.1800/2500
September ` 64.6000/6600 ` 64.4800/5600
Exchange Margin 0.10% and interest on outlay of funds @ 12%. The importer requested
on 20th June for extension of contract with due date on 10th August.
Rates rounded to 4 decimal in multiples of 0.0025.
On 10th June, Bank Swaps by selling spot and buying one month forward.
Calculate:
(i) Cancellation rate
(ii) Amount payable on $ 2,00,000
(iii) Swap loss
(iv) Interest on outlay of funds, if any
(v) New contract rate
(vi) Total Cost (9 Marks)
Answer
(a) Working Notes:
Calculation of Equivalent Annual Cost
Machine A Machine B
Cash Outlay ` 24,00,000 ` 40,00,000
Less:PV of Salvage Value
4,00,000 x 0.1486 ` 59,440
4,00,000 x 0.2394 ` 95,760
Annuity Factor 0.1175 0.1315
` 2,75,016 ` 5,13,408
Computation of Cost Per Unit
Machine A Machine B
Annual Output (a) 2500 x 60 x 200 2500 x 60 x 400
= 3,00,00,000 = 6,00,00,000
Annual Cost (b) ` `
Wages 1,00,000 1,40,000
Indirect Material 4,80,000 6,00,000
Repairs 80,000 1,00,000
Powers 2,40,000 2,80,000
Fixed Cost 60,000 80,000
Equivalent Annual Cost 2,75,016 5,13,408
Total 12,35,016 17,13,408
Cost Per Unit (b)/(a) 0.041167 0.02860
Decision: As the unit cost is less in proposed Plant B, it may be recommended that it is
advantageous to acquire Plant B.
(b) (i) Cancellation Rate:
The forward sale contract shall be cancelled at Spot TT Purchase for $ prevailing on the
date of cancellation as follows:
$/ ` Market Buying Rate ` 63.6800
Less: Exchange Margin @ 0.10% ` 0.0636
` 63.6163
Rounded off to ` 63.6175
(ii) Amount payable on $ 2,00,000
Bank sells $2,00,000 @ ` 64.4000 ` 1,28,80,000
Bank buys $2,00,000 @ ` 63.6163 ` 1,27,23,260
Amount payable by customer ` 1,56,740
(iii) Swap Loss
On 10th June the bank does a swap sale of $ at market buying rate of ` 63.8300 and
forward purchase for June at market selling rate of ` 63.9500.
Bank buys at Bank sells at ` 63.9500
Amount payable by customer ` 63.8000
` 0.1500
Swap Loss for $ 2,00,000 in ` = ` 30,000
(iv) Interest on Outlay of Funds
On 10thApril, the bank receives delivery under cover contract at ` 64.2800 and sell spot at ` 63.8000.
Bank buys at ` 64.2800

Bank sells at ` 63.8000
Outlay for $ 2,00,000 in ` 96,000
I
nterest on ` 96,000 @ 12% for 10 days ` 320
Question 5
(a) Bank 'R' was established in 2005 and doing banking in India. The bank is facing DO OR
DIE situation. There are problems of Gross NPA (Non Performing Assets) at 40% &
CAR/CRAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio/ Capital Risk Weight Asset Ratio) at 4%. The net
worth of the bank is not good. Shares are not traded regularly. Last week, it was traded
@` 8 per share.
RBI Audit suggested that bank has either to liquidate or to merge with other bank.
Bank 'P' is professionally managed bank with low gross NPA of 5%.It has Net NPA as 0%
and CAR at 16%. Its share is quoted in the market @ `128 per share. The board of
directors of bank 'P' has submitted a proposal to RBI for take over of bank 'R' on the
basis of share exchange ratio.
The Balance Sheet details of both the banks are as follows:
Bank ‘R’ Bank ‘P’
Amt. in ` lacs Amt. In `lacs
Paid up share capital 140 500
Reserves & Surplus 70 5,500
Deposits 4,000 40,000
Other liabilities 890 2,500
Total Liabilities 5,100 48,500
Cash in hand & with RBI 400 2,500
Balance with other banks - 2,000
Investments 1,100 15,000
Advances 3,500 27,000
Other Assets 100 2,000
Total Assets 5,100 48,500
It was decided to issue shares at Book Value of Bank 'P' to the shareholders of Bank 'R'.
All assets and liabilities are to be taken over at Book Value.
For the swap ratio, weights assigned to different parameters are as follows:
Gross NPA 30%
CAR 20%
Market price 40%
Book value 10%
(a) What is the swap ratio based on above weights?
(b) How many shares are to be issued?
(c) Prepare Balance Sheet after merger.
(d) Calculate CAR & Gross NPA % of Bank 'P' after merger. (11 Marks)
(b) DEF Ltd. has imported goods to the extent of US$ 1 crore. The payment terms are 60
days interest-free credit. For additional credit of 30 days, interest at the rate of 7.75%
p.a. will be charged.
The banker of DEF Ltd. has offered a 30 days loan at the rate of 9.5% p.a. Their quote
for the foreign exchange is as follows:
Spot rate INR/US$ 62.50
60 days forward rate INR/US$ 63.15
90 days forward rate INR/US$ 63.45
Which one of the following options would be better?
(i) Pay the supplier on 60th day and avail bank loan for 30 days.
(ii) Avail the supplier's offer of 90 days credit. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) (a) Swap Ratio
Gross NPA 5 : 40 i.e. 5/40 x 30% = 0.0375
CAR 4 : 16 i.e. 4/16 x 20% = 0.0500
Market Price 8 : 128 i.e. 8/128 x 40% = 0.025
Book Value 15 : 120 i.e. 15/120 x 10% = 0.0125
0.125
Thus for every share of Bank ‘R’ 0.125 share of Bank ‘P’ shall be issued.
(b) No. of equity shares to be issued:
` 140 lac
×0.125  1.75 lac shares
` 10
(c) Balance Sheet after Merger
Calculation of Capital Reserve
Book Value of Shares Value of Shares issued ` 210.00 lac
Capital Reserve ` 17.50 lac
` 192.50 lac
Balance Sheet
` lac ` lac
Paid up Share Capital 517.50 Cash in Hand & RBI 2900.00
Reserves & Surplus 5500.00 Balance with other banks 2000.00
Capital Reserve 192.50 Investment 16100.00
Deposits 44000.00 Advances 30500.00
Other Liabilities 3390.00 Other Assets 2100.00
53600.00 53600.00
(d) Calculation CAR & Gross NPA % of Bank ‘P’ after merger
CAR/CRWAR Total Capital


Risky Weighted Assets
Bank ‘R’ Bank ‘P’ Merged

4% 16%
Total Capital ` 210 lac ` 6000 lac ` 6210 lac
Risky Weighted Assets ` 5250 lac ` 37500 lac ` 42750 lac
CAR  ` 6210 lac

 14.53%
` 42750 lac
Gross NPA
GNPA Ratio 100
 Gross
Deposits
Bank ‘R’ Bank ‘P’ Merged
GNPA (Given) 0.40 0.05
GNPAR GNPAS ` 6210 lac
0.40  0.05 
Rs. 3500 lac Rs. 27000 lac
Gross NPA ` 1400 lac ` 1350 lac ` 2750 lac
(b) (I) Pay the supplier in 60 days

If the payment is made to supplier in 60 days the applicable ` 63.15
forward rate for 1 USD
Payment Due USD 1 crore
Outflow in Rupees (USD 1 crore × ` 63.15) ` 63.15 crore
Add: Interest on loan for 30 [email protected]% p.a. ` 0.50 crore
Total Outflow in ` ` 63.65 crore
(II) Availing supplier’s offer of 90 days credit

Amount Payable USD 1.00000crore
Add: Interest on credit period for 30 [email protected]% p.a. USD 0.00646 crore
Total Outflow in USD USD 1.00646 crore
Applicable forward rate for 1 USD ` 63.45
Total Outflow in ` (USD 1.00646 crore ×` 63.45) ` 63.86 crore
Alternative 1 is better as it entails lower cash outflow.

Question 6
(a) R Ltd., requires a machine for 5 years. There are two alternatives either to take it on
lease or buy. The company is reluctant to invest initial amount for the project and
approaches their bankers. Bankers are ready to finance 100% of its initial required
amount at 15% rate of interest for any of the alternatives.
Under lease option, upfront Security deposit of `5,00,000/- is payable to lessor which is
equal to cost of machine. Out of which, 40% shall be adjusted equally against annual
lease rent. At the end of life of the machine, expected scrap value will be at book value
after providing, depreciation @ 20% on written down value basis.
Under buying option, loan repayment is in equal annual installments of principal amount,
which is equal to annual lease rent charges. However in case of bank finance for lease
option, repayment of principal amount equal to lease rent is adjusted every year, and the
balance at the end of 5thyear.
Assume Income tax rate is 30%, interest is payable at the end of everyyear and discount rate
is @ 15% p.a. The following discounting factors are given:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Factor 0.8696 0.7562 0.6576 0.5718 0.4972
Which option would you suggest on the basis of net present values? (8 Marks)
(b) There are two Mutual Funds viz. D Mutual Fund Ltd. and K Mutual Fund Ltd. Each having
close ended equity schemes.
NAV as on 31-12-2014 of equity schemes of D Mutual Fund Ltd. is `70.71 (consisting
99% equity and remaining cash balance) and that of K Mutual Fund Ltd. is 62.50
(consisting 96% equity and balance in cash).
Following is the other information:

Equity Schemes
Particular
D Mutual Fund Ltd. K Mutual Fund Ltd.
Sharpe Ratio 2 3.3
Treynor Ratio 15 15
Standard deviation 11.25 5
There is no change in portfolios during the next month and annual average cost is `3 per
unit for the schemes of both the Mutual Funds.
If Share Market goes down by 5% within a month, calculate expected NAV after a month
for the schemes of both the Mutual Funds.
For calculation, consider 12 months in a year and ignore number of days for particular
month. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) Cash outflow under borrow and buy option
Working Notes:
1. Calculation of Interest Amount
Year Repayment of Principal Interest (`) Closing
Principal Outstanding Balance (`)
(` ) (` )
1 1,00,000 5,00,000 75,000 4,00,000
2 1,00,000 4,00,000 60,000 3,00,000
3 1,00,000 3,00,000 45,000 2,00,000
4 1,00,000 2,00,000 30,000 1,00,000
5 1,00,000 1,00,000 15,000 -
2. Depreciation Schedule
Year Opening Balance Depreciation (`) Closing Balance (`)
(` )
1 5,00,000 1,00,000 4,00,000
2 4,00,000 80,000 3,20,000
3 3,20,000 64,000 2,56,000
4 2,56,000 51,200 2,04,800
5 2,04,800 40,960 1,63,840
3. Tax Benefit on Depreciation and Interest
Year Interest (`) Depreciation (`) Total (`) Tax Benefit @
30% (`)
1 75,000 1,00,000 1,75,000 52,500
2 60,000 80,000 1,40,000 42,000
3 45,000 64,000 1,09,000 32,700
4 30,000 51,200 81,200 24,360
5 15,000 40,960 55,960 16,788
PV of Cash Outflow in Borrow and Buying Option
Year Cash outflow Tax Net Cash PVF@15% PV (`)
(` ) Benefit Outflow
(` ) (` )
1 1,75,000 52,500 1,22,500 0.8696 1,06,526
2 1,60,000 42,000 1,18,000 0.7562 89,232
3 1,45,000 32,700 1,12,300 0.6576 73,848
4 1,30,000 24,360 1,05,640 0.5718 60,405
5 1,15,000 16,788 98,212 0.4972 48,831
5 (1,63,840) (1,63,840) 0.4972 (81,461)
2,97,381
Cash outflow under borrow and lease option
Cash payment to Lessor/ Tax Benefits on Lease Payment (Annual Lease Rent
= `1,00,000)
Year Net Lease Security Deposit Tax Benefit Net Cash
Rent(`) (` ) on Gross Outflow (RS.)
Lease
Rent (`)
1 60,000* 30,000 30,000
2 60,000 30,000 30,000
3 60,000 30,000 30,000
4 60,000 30,000 30,000
5 60,000 (3,00,000) 30,000 (2,70,000)
* ` 1,00,000 – ` 40,000 = ` 60,000
Cash payment to Bank/ Tax Benefits on Interest Payment
Year Principal Interest (`) Total (`) Tax Benefit Net Outflow
Payment on (` )
(` ) Interest
(` )
1 40,000 75,000 1,15,000 22,500 92,500
2 40,000 69,000 1,09,000 20,700 88,300
3 40,000 63,000 1,03,000 18,900 84,100
4 40,000 57,000 97,000 17,100 79,900
5 3,40,000 51,000 3,91,000 15,300 3,75,700
PV of Cash Outflow in Borrow and Leasing Option
Year Cas Cash Outflow Total (`) PVF@15% PV (`)
h outflow under
to Lease
Bank(`) (` )
1 92,500 30,000 1,22,500 0.8696 1,06,526
2 88,300 30,000 1,18,300 0.7562 89,458
3 84,100 30,000 1,14,100 0.6576 75,032
4 79,900 30,000 1,09,900 0.5718 62,841
5 3,75,700 (2,70,000) 1,05,700 0.4972 52,554
3,86,411
Since PV of cash outflow is least in case of borrow and buying option it should be opted
for.
(b) Working Notes:
(i) Decomposition of Funds in Equity and Cash Components
NAV on 31.12.14 ` 70.71 ` 62.50
% of Equity 99% 96%
Equity element in NAV ` 70 ` 60
Cash element in NAV ` 0.71 ` 2.50
(ii) Calculation of Beta
(a) D Mutual Fund Ltd.
E(R) - Rf
Sharpe Ratio = 2 = E(R) - Rf =
σD 11.25
E(R) - Rf = 22.50
22.50
Treynor Ratio = 15 = E(R) - Rf =
βD βD
βD = 22.50/15= 1.50
(b) K Mutual Fund Ltd.
E(R) - Rf
Sharpe Ratio = 3.3 = E(R) - Rf =
σK 5
E(R) - Rf = 16.50
E(R) - Rf 22.50
Treynor Ratio = 15 = =
βK βK
βK = 16.50/15= 1.10
(iii) Decrease in the Value of Equity
Market goes down by 5.00% 5.00%
Beta 1.50 1.10
Equity component goes down 7.50% 5.50%
(iv) Balance of Cash after 1 month
Cash in Hand on 31.12.14 ` 0.71 ` 2.50
Less: Exp. Per month ` 0.25 ` 0.25
Balance after 1 month ` 0.46 ` 2.25
NAV after 1 month
Value of Equity after 1 month
70 x (1 - 0.075) ` 64.75 -
60 x (1 - 0.055) - ` 56.70
Cash Balance 0.46 2.25
65.21 58.95
Question 7
(a) Explain the meaning of the following relating to Swap transactions:
(i) Plain Vanila Swaps
(ii) Basis Rate Swaps
(iii) Asset Swaps
(iv) Amortising Swaps
(b) Distinction between Open ended schemes and Closed ended schemes
(c) State any four assumptions of Black Scholes Model
(d) Give the meaning of Caps, Floors and Collar options with respect to Interest.
(e) Global depository receipts (4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Plain Vanilla Swap: Also called generic swap andit involves the exchange of a fixed
rate loan to a floating rate loan. Floating rate basis can be LIBOR, MIBOR, Prime
Lending Rate etc.
(ii) Basis Rate Swap: Similar to plain vanilla swap with the difference payments based
on the difference between two different variable rates. For example one rate may be
1 month LIBOR and other may be 3-month LIBOR. In other words two legs of swap
are floating but measured against different benchmarks.
(iii) Asset Swap: Similar to plain vanilla swaps with the difference that it is the exchange
fixed rate investments such as bonds which pay a guaranteed coupon rate with
floating rate investments such as an index.
(iv) Amortising Swap: An interest rate swap in which the notional principal for the
interest payments declines during the life of the swap. They are particularly useful
for borrowers who have issued redeemable bonds or debentures. It enables them to
interest rate hedging with redemption profile of bonds or debentures.
(b) Open Ended Scheme do not have maturity period. These schemes are available for
subscription and repurchase on a continuous basis. Investor can conveniently buy and
sell unit. The price is calculated and declared on daily basis. The calculated price is
termed as NAV. The buying price and selling price is calculated with certain adjustment
to NAV. The key future of the scheme is liquidity.
Close Ended Scheme has a stipulated maturity period normally 5 to 10 years. The
Scheme is open for subscription only during the specified period at the time of launch of
the scheme. Investor can invest at the time of initial issue and thereafter they can buy or
sell from stock exchange where the scheme is listed. To provide an exit rout some close-
ended schemes give an option of selling bank (repurchase) on the basis of NAV. The
NAV is generally declared on weekly basis.
(c) The model is based on a normal distribution of underlying asset returns. The following
assumptions accompany the model:
1. European Options are considered,
2. No transaction costs,
3. Short term interest rates are known and are constant,
4. Stocks do not pay dividend,
5. Stock price movement is similar to a random walk,
6. Stock returns are normally distributed over a period of time, and
7. The variance of the return is constant over the life of an Option.
(d) Cap Option: It is a series of call options on interest rate covering a medium-to-long term
floating rate liability. Purchase of a Cap enables the a borrowers to fix in advance a
maximum borrowing rate for a specified amount and for a specified duration, while
allowing him to avail benefit of a fall in rates. The buyer of Cap pays a premium to the
seller of Cap.
Floor Option: It is a put option on interest rate. Purchase of a Floor enables a lender to fix
in advance, a minimal rate for placing a specified amount for a specified duration, while
allowing him to avail benefit of a rise in rates. The buyer of the floor pays the premium to
the seller.
Collars Option: It is a combination of a Cap and Floor. The purchaser of a Collar buys a
Cap and simultaneously sells a Floor. A Collar has the effect of locking its purchases into
a floating rate of interest that is bound on both high side and the low side.
(e) Global Depository Receipt: It is an instrument in the form of a depository receipt or
certificate created by the Overseas Depository Bank outside India denominated in dollar
and issued to non-resident investors against the issue of ordinary shares or FCCBs of
the issuing company. It is traded in stock exchange in Europe or USA or both. A GDR
usually represents one or more shares or convertible bonds of the issuing company.
A holder of a GDR is given an option to convert it into number of shares/bonds that it
represents after 45 days from the date of allotment. The shares or bonds which a holder
of GDR is entitled to get are traded in Indian Stock Exchanges. Till conversion, the GDR
does not carry any voting right. There is no lock-in-period for GDR.
Question 1
(a) A bank enters into a forward purchase TT covering an export bill for Swiss Francs
1,00,000 at ` 32.4000 due 25th April and covered itself for same delivery in the local inter
bank market at ` 32.4200. However, on 25th March, exporter sought for cancellation of
the contract as the tenor of the bill is changed.
In Singapore market, Swiss Francs were quoted against dollars as under:
Spot USD 1 = Sw. Fcs. 1.5076/1.5120
One month forward 1.5150/ 1.5160
Two months forward 1.5250 / 1.5270
Three months forward 1.5415/ 1.5445
and in the interbank ma rket US dollars were quoted as r:
Spot unde USD 1 = ` 49.4302/.4455
Spot / April .4100/.4200
Spot/May .4300/.4400
Spot/June .4500/.4600
Calculate the cancellation charges, payable by the customer if exchange margin required
by the bank is 0.10% on buying and selling. (5 Marks)
(b) The following data is available for a bond:
Face Value ` 1,000
Coupon Rate 11%
Years to Maturity 6
Redemption Value ` 1,000
Yield to Maturity 15%
(Round-off your answers to 3 decimals)
Calculate the following in respect of the bond:
(i) Current Market Price.
(ii) Duration of the Bond.
(iii) Volatility of the Bond.

(iv) Expected market price if increase in required yield is by 100 basis points.
(v) Expected market price if decrease in required yield is by 75 basis points. (5 Marks)
(c) Mr. Dayal is interested in purchasing equity shares of ABC Ltd. which are currently
selling at ` 600 each. He expects that price of share may go upto ` 780 or may go down
to ` 480 in three months. The chances of occurring such variations are 60% and 40%
respectively. A call option on the shares of ABC Ltd. can be exercised at the end of three
months with a strike price of ` 630.
(i) What combination of share and option should Mr. Dayal select if he wants a perfect
hedge?
(ii) What should be the value of option today (the risk free rate is 10% p.a.)?
(iii) What is the expected rate of return on the option? (5 Marks)
(d) XYZ, an Indian firm, will need to pay JAPANESE YEN (JY) 5,00,000 on 30th June. In
order to hedge the risk involved in foreign currency transaction, the firm is considering
two alternative methods i.e. forward market cover and currency option contract.
On 1st April, following quotations (JY/INR) are made available:
Spot 3 months forward
1.9516/1.9711. 1.9726./1.9923
The prices for forex currency option on purchase are as follows:
Strike Price JY 2.125
Call option (June) JY 0.047
Put option (June) JY
0.098
For excess or balance of JY covered, the firm would use forward rate as future spot rate.
You are required to recommend cheaper hedging alternative for XYZ. (5
Marks)
Answer
1. (a) First the contract will be cancelled at TT Selling Rate
USD/ Rupee Spot Selling Rate ` 49.4455
Add: Premium for April ` 0.4200
` 49.8655
Add: Exchange Margin @ 0.10% ` 0.04987
` 49.91537 Or 49.9154
USD/ Sw. Fcs One Month Buying Rate Sw. Fcs.
1.5150 Sw. Fcs. Spot Selling Rate (`49.91537/1.5150)
` 32.9474
Rounded Off ` 32.9475
Bank buys Sw. Fcs. Under original contract ` 32.4000
Bank Sells under Cancellation ` 32.9475
Difference payable by customer ` 00.5475

Exchange difference of Sw. Fcs. 1,00,000 payable by customer ` 54,750
(Sw. Fcs. 1,00,000 x ` 0.5475)
(b) (i) Calculation of Market price:
 Discount or premium
Years left

Coupon int erest 
TM   
Face Value  Market value
2
Discount or premium – YTM is more than coupon rate, market price is less
than Face Value i.e. at discount.
Let x be the market price
110  (1,000 - x) 
 
6
0.15   
1,000  x
2
x=`
834.48
(ii) Duration
Year Cash flow P.V. @ 15% Proportion Proportion of bond
of bond value x time
value (years)
1 110 .870 95.70 0.113 0.113
2 110 .756 83.16 0.098 0.196
3 110 .658 72.38 0.085 0.255
4 110 .572 62.92 0.074 0.296
5 110 .497 54.67 0.064 0.320
6 1110 .432 479.52 0.565 3.39
848.35 1.000 4.570
Duration of the Bond is 4.570 years

(iii) Volatility
Volatility of the bond  Duration 4.570 = 3.974


(1  yields) 1.15
(iv) The expected market price if increase in required yield is by 100 basis points.
= ` 834.48 1.00 (3.974/100) = ` 33.162
Hence expected market price is ` 834.48 – ` 33.162 = ` 801.318
Hence, the market price will decrease
(v) The expected market price if decrease in required yield is by 75 basis points.
= ` 834.48 0.75 (3.974/100) = ` 24.87
Hence expected market price is ` 834.48 + ` 24.87 = ` 859.35
Hence, the market price will increase
(c) (i) To compute perfect hedge we shall compute Hedge Ratio (Δ) as follows:
C1 C2 150
Δ  150    0.50
0
S1 S2 780  480 300
Mr. Dayal should purchase 0.50 share for every 1 call option.
(ii) Value of Option today
If price of share comes out to be `780 then value of purchased share will be:
Sale Proceeds of Investment (0.50 x ` 780) ` 390
Loss on account of Short Position (` 780 – ` 630) ` 150
` 240
If price of share comes out to be ` 480 then value of purchased share will
be: Sale Proceeds of Investment (0.50 x ` 480) ` 240
Accordingly Premium say P shall be computed as follows:
(` 300 – P) 1.025 = ` 240
P = `65.85
(iii) Expected Return on the Option
Expected Option Value = (` 780 – ` 630) × 0.60 + ` 0 × 0.40 = ` 90
90  65.85
Expected Rate of Return = 100 = 36.67%
65.85
(d) (i) Forward Cover
1
3 month Forward Rate = = ` 0.5070/JY
1.9726
Accordingly INR required for JY 5,00,000 (5,00,000 X ` 0.5070) ` 2,53,500
(ii) Option Cover
To purchase JY 5,00,000, XYZ shall enter into a Put Option @ JY 2.125/INR
 JY 5,00,000
Accordingly,
 outflow in INR
  ` 2,35,294
2.125
 
 INR 2,35,294  0.098 ` 11,815
Premium  1.9516
 
` 2,47,109
Since outflow of cash is least in case of Option same should be opted for.
Further if price of INR goes above JY 2.125/INR the outflow shall further be
reduced.
Question 2
(a) The following information is provided relating to the acquiring company E Ltd., and the
target company H Ltd:
E H Ltd.
Particulars
Ltd. (`)
(`)
Number of shares (Face value ` 10 each) 20 Lakhs 15 Lakhs
Market Capitalization 1000 Lakhs 1500 Lakhs
P/E Ratio (times) 10.00 5.00
Reserves and surplus in ` 600.00 Lakhs 330.00 Lakhs
Promoter's Holding (No. of shares) 9.50 Lakhs 10.00 Lakhs
The Board of Directors of both the companies have decided to give a fair deal to the
shareholders. Accordingly, the weights are decided as 40%, 25% and 35% respectively
for earnings, book value and market price of share of each company for swap ratio.
Calculate the following:
(i) Market price per share, earnings per share and Book Value per share;
(ii) Swap ratio;
(iii) Promoter's holding percentage after acquisition;
(iv) EPS of E Ltd. after acquisitions of H Ltd;
(v) Expected market price per share and market capitalization of E Ltd.; after
acquisition, assuming P/E ratio of E Ltd. remains unchanged; and
(vi) Free float market capitalization of the merged firm. (10 Marks)
(b) Mr. A will need ` 1,00,000 after two years for which he wants to make one time
necessary investment now. He has a choice of two types of bonds. Their details are as
below:
Bond X Bond Y
Face value ` 1,000 ` 1,000
Coupon 7% payable annually 8% payable annually
Years to maturity 1 4
Current price ` 972.73 ` 936.52
Current yield 10% 10%
Advice Mr. A whether he should invest all his money in one type of bond or he should
buy both the bonds and, if so, in which quantity? Assume that there will not be any call
risk or default risk. (6 Marks)
Answer
2. (a)
(i) E Ltd. H Ltd.
Market capitalisation 1000 lakhs 1500 lakhs
No. of shares 20 lakhs 15 lakhs
Market Price per share ` 50 ` 100
P/E ratio 10 5
EPS `5 ` 20
Profit ` 100 lakh ` 300 lakh
Share capital ` 200 lakh ` 150 lakh
Reserves and surplus ` 600 lakh ` 330 lakh
Total ` 800 lakh ` 480 lakh
Book Value per share ` 40 ` 32
(ii) Calculation of Swap Ratio
EPS 1 : 4 i.e. 4.0  40% 1.6
Book value 1 : 0.8 i.e. 0.8  25% 0.2
Market price 1 : 2 i.e. 2.0  35% 0.7
Total 2.5
Swap ratio is for every one share of H Ltd., to issue 2.5 shares of E Ltd.
Hence, total no. of shares to be issued 15 lakh  2.5 = 37.50 lakh shares
(iii) Promoter’s holding = 9.50 lakh shares + (10 2.5 = 25 lakh shares) = 34.50
lakh i.e. Promoter’s holding % is (34.50 lakh/57.50 lakh)  100 = 60%.
(iv) Calculation of EPS after merger
Total No. of shares 20 lakh + 37.50 lakh = 57.50 lakh
Total profit
EPS 100 lakh  300 lakh 400 = ` 6.956

No. of shares  57.50 lakh 57.50
(v) Calculation of Market price and Market capitalization after merger
Expected market price EPS 6.956  P/E 10 = ` 69.56
Market capitalization = ` 69.56 per share 57.50 lakh shares
= ` 3,999.70 lakh or ` 4,000 lakh
(vi) Free float of market capitalization = ` 69.56 per share  (57.50 lakh  40%)
= ` 1599.88 lakh
(b) Duration of Bond X
Year Cash flow P.V. @ 10% Proportion of Proportion of bond
bond value value x time (years)
1 1070 .909 972.63 1.000 1.000
Duration of the Bond is 1 year

Duration of Bond Y
1 80 .909 72.72 0.077 0.077
2 80 .826 66.08 0.071 0.142
3 80 .751 60.08 0.064 0.192
4 1080 .683 737.64 0.788 3.152
936.52 1.000 3.563
Duration of the Bond is 3.563 years
Let x1 be the investment in Bond X and therefore investment in Bond Y shall be (1 -
x1). Since the required duration is 2 year the proportion of investment in each of
these two securities shall be computed as follows:
2 = x1 + (1 - x1) 3.563
x1 = 0.61
Accordingly, the proportion of investment shall be 61% in Bond X and 39% in Bond
Y respectively.
Amount of investment
Bond X Bond Y
PV of ` 1,00,000 for 2 years @ 10% x PV of ` 1,00,000 for 2 years @ 10%
61%
x 39%
= ` 1,00,000 (0.826) x 61% = ` 1,00,000 (0.826) x 39%
= ` 50,386 = ` 32,214
No. of Bonds to be purchased No. of Bonds to be purchased
= ` 50,386/` 972.73 = 51.79 i.e. approx. = ` 32,214/` 936.52 = 34.40 i.e.
52 bonds approx. 34 bonds
Note : The investor has to keep the money invested for two years. Therefore, the
investor can invest in both the bonds with the assumption that Bond X will be reinvested
for another one year on same returns.
Question 3
(a) On April 1, 2015, an investor has a portfolio consisting of eight securities as shown
below:
Security Market Price No. of Shares Value
A 29.40 400 0.59
B 318.70 800 1.32
C 660.20 150 0.87
D 5.20 300 0.35
E 281.90 400 1.16
F 275.40 750 1.24
G 514.60 300 1.05
H 170.50 900 0.76
The cost of capital for the investor is 20% p.a. continuously compounded. The investor
fears a fall in the prices of the shares in the near future. Accordingly, he approaches you
for the advice to protect the interest of his portfolio.
You can make use of the following information:
(i) The current NIFTY value is 8500.
(ii) NIFTY futures can be traded in units of 25 only.
(iii) Futures for May are currently quoted at 8700 and Futures for June are being quoted
at 8850.
(i) the beta of his portfolio.
(ii) the theoretical value of the futures contract for contracts expiring in May and June.
Given (e0.03 =1.03045, e0.04 = 1.04081, e0.05 =1.05127)
(iii) the number of NIFTY contracts that he would have to sell if he desires to hedge until
June in each of the following cases:
(A) His total portfolio
(B) 50% of his portfolio
(C) 120% of his portfolio (8 Marks)
(b) The Finance manager of ABC Corporation is analyzing firms policy regarding computers
which are now being leased on yearly basis on rental amounting to ` 1,00,000 per year.
The computers can be bought for ` 5,00,000. The purchase would be financed by 16%
and the loan is repayable in 4 equal annual installments.
On account of rapid technological progress in the computer industry, it is suggested that
a 4-year economic life should be used instead of a 10-year physical life. It is estimated
that the computers would be sold for ` 2,00,000 at the end of 4 years.
The company uses the straight line method of depreciation. Corporate tax rate is 35%.
(i) Whether the equipment be bought or be taken on lease?
(ii) Analyze the financial viability from the point of view of the lessor, assuming 14%
cost of capital.
(iii) Determine the minimum lease rent at which lessor would break even. (8 Marks)
Answer
3. (a) (i) Beta of the Portfolio
Security Market No. of Value β Value x β
Price Shares
A 29.40 400 11760 0.59 6938.40
B 318.70 800 254960 1.32 336547.20
C 660.20 150 99030 0.87 86156.10
D 5.20 300 1560 0.35 546.00
E 281.90 400 112760 1.16 130801.60
F 275.40 750 206550 1.24 256122.00
G 514.60 300 154380 1.05 162099.00
H 170.50 900 153450 0.76 116622.00
994450 1095832.30
10,95,832.30
Portfolio Beta = = 1.102
9,94,450
(ii) Theoretical Value of Future Contract Expiring in May and June
F = Sert
FMay= 8500 x e0.20 x (2/12) = 8500 x e0.0333
e0.0333 shall be computed using Interpolation Formula as follows:
e0.03 = 1.03045
e0.04 = 1.04081
e0.01 = 0.01036
e0.0033 = 0.00342
e0.0067 = 0.00694
e0.0333 = 1.03045 + 0.00342 = 1.03387 or 1.04081 – 0.00694 = 1.03387

According the price of the May
Contract 8500 X 1.03387 = ` 8788
Price of the June Contract
FMay= 8500 x e0.20 x (3/12) = 8500 x e0.05= 8500 x 1.05127 = 8935.80
(iii) No. of NIFTY Contracts required to sell to hedge until June
Value of Position to be hedged

= Value of Future Contract 
(A) Total portfolio
994450
8850  25 1.102 = 4.953 say 5 contracts
(B) 50% of Portfolio
994450  0.50
1.102 = 2.47 say 3 contracts
8850  25
(C) 120% of Portfolio
994450 1.20
1.102 = 5.94 say 6 contracts
8850  25
(b) (i) The loan amount is repayable together with the interest at the rate of 16% on loan
amount and is repayable in equal installments at the end of each year. The PVAF
at the rate of 16% for 4 years is 2.798, the amount payable will be
`
Annual Payment = = ` 1,78,699 (rounded)
5,00,000
2.798
Schedule of Debt Repayment

End of Total Interest Principal Principal Amount
Year Principal ` ` Outstanding
` `
1 5,00,000 80,000 98,699 4,01,301
2 4,01,301 64,208 1,14,491 2,86,810
3 2,86,810 45,890 1,32,809 1,54,001
4 1,54,001 24,698* 1,54,001 ------
* Balancing Figure
Tax Benefit on Interest and Depreciation
Year Interest Depreciation Total Tax Benefit
1 80,000 75,000 1,55,000 54,250
2 64,208 75,000 1,39,208 48,723
3 45,890 75,000 1,20,890 42,312
4 24,698 75,000 99,698 34,894
Present Value of Cash Flows under Borrow and Buying proposal
Year Installment Salvage Tax Net PVF PV
` Value (`) Benefit Flow @ (`)
(`) (`) 10.4%
1 1,78,699 54,250 1,24,449 0.906 1,12,751
2 1,78,699 48,723 1,29,976 0.820 1,06,580
3 1,78,699 42,312 1,36,387 0.743 1,01,336
4 1,78,699 (2,00,000) 34,894 -56,195 0.673 -37,819
3.142 2,82,848
Present Value of Cash Flows under Leasing Option
` 1,00,000 (1- 0.35) x 3.142 = ` 2,04,230
Hence leasing should be preferred as cash flow is least in this option.
(ii) Analyzing financial viability from Lessor’s point of view
(a) Determination of Cash Flow after Tax
`
Annual Rent 1,00,000
Less: Depreciation 75,000
EBT 25,000
Less: Tax @ 35% 8,750
Profit after Tax 16,250
Add: Depreciation 75,000
91,250
(b) Computation of Net Present Value
`
Present Value of Cash inflow (` 91,250 x 2.914) 2,65,903
Add: PV of Salvage Value (` 2,00,000 x 0.592) 1,18,400
3,84,303
Purchase Price (5,00,000)
NPV (1,15,697)
Thus proposal is not financially viable from lessor’s point of view.
(iii) Break Even Lease Rent
`
Cost of Computer 5,00,000
Less: PV of Salvage Value (` 2,00,000 x 0.592) 1,18,400
3,81,600
PVIAF (14%,4) 2.914
CFAT Desired 1,30,954
Less: Depreciation 75,000
EAT 55,954
Add: Taxes 30,129
EBT 86,083
Add: Depreciation 75,000
Lease Rental (Desired) 1,61,083
Question 4
(a) XYZ Ltd., a company based in India, manufactures very high quality modem furniture and
sells to a small number of retail outlets in India and Nepal. It is facing tough competition.
Recent studies on marketability of products have clearly indicated that the customer is
now more interested in variety and choice rather than exclusivity and exceptional quality.
Since the cost of quality wood in India is very high, the company is reviewing the
proposal for import of woods in bulk from Nepalese supplier.
The estimate of net Indian (`) and Nepalese Currency (NC) cash flows for this proposal
is shown below:
Net Cash Flow (in millions)
Year 0 1 2 3
NC -25.000 2.600 3.800 4.100
Indian (`) 0 2.869 4.200 4.600
The following information is relevant:
(i) XYZ Ltd. evaluates all investments by using a discount rate of 9% p.a. All Nepalese
customers are invoiced in NC. NC cash flows are converted to Indian (`) at the
forward rate and discounted at the Indian rate.
(ii) Inflation rates in Nepal and India are expected to be 9% and 8% p.a. respectively.
The current exchange rate is ` 1= NC 1.6
Assuming that you are the finance manager of XYZ Ltd., calculate the net present value
(NPV) and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) of the proposal.
You may use following values with respect to discount factor for ` 1 @9%.
Present Value Future Value
Year 1 0.917 1.188
Year 2 0.842 1.090
Year 3 0.772 1
(8 Marks)
(b) Mr. X on 1.7.2012, during the initial public offer of a Mutual Fund (MF) invested
` 1,00,000 at Face Value of ` 10. On 31.3.2013, the MF declared a dividend of 10%
when Mr. X calculated that his holding period return was 115%. On 31.3.2014, MF again
declared a dividend of 20%. On 31.3.2015, Mr. X redeemed all his investment which had
accumulated to 11,296.11 units when his holding period return was 202.17%.
Calculate the NAVs as on 31.03.2013, 31.03.2014 and 31.03.2015. (8 Marks)
Answer
4. (a) Working Notes:
(i) Computation of Forward Rates
End of Year NC NC/`
1  1 0.09 
NC1.60 x  1 0.08  1.615
 
 1 0.09 
2 NC1.615 x
 1 0.08  1.630
 
 1 0.09 
3 NC1.630 x
 1 0.08  1.645
 
(ii) NC Cash Flows converted in Indian Rupees

Year NC (Million) Conversion Rate ` (Million)
0 -25.00 1.600 -15.625
1 2.60 1.615 1.61
2 3.80 1.630 2.33
3 4.10 1.645 2.49
Net Present Value
(` Million)
Year Cash Cash Flow Total PVF PV
Flow in in Nepal @ 9%
India
0 --- -15.625 -15.625 1.000 -15.625
1 2.869 1.61 4.479 0.917 4.107
2 4.200 2.33 6.53 0.842 5.498
3 4.600 2.49 7.09 0.772 5.473
-0.547
Modified Internal Rate of Return
Year
0 1 2 3
Cash Flow (` Million) -15.625 4.479 6.53 7.09
Year 1 Cash Inflow 5.32
reinvested for 2 years
(1.188 x 4.479)
Year 2 Cash Inflow 7.12
reinvested for 1 years
(1.090 x 6.53)
19.53
MIRR = TerminalCashFlow 19.53

n 1= 3  1 = 0.0772 say 7.72%
InitialOutlay 15.625
(b) Yield for 9 months = 115%
Market value of Investments as on 31.03.2013= 1,00,000/- + (1,00,000x 115%)
= ` 2,15,000/-
Therefore, NAV as on 31.03.2013 = (2,15,000-10,000)/10,000 = ` 20.50
(NAV would stand reduced to the extent of dividend payout, being (`100,000 x 10%)
= ` 10,000)
Since dividend was reinvested by Mr. X, additional units acquired
`
=
10,000 = 487.80 units
` 20.50
Therefore, units as on 31.03.2013 = 10,000+ 487.80 = 10,487.80
[Alternately, units as on 31.03.2013 = (2,15,000/20.50) = 10,487.80]
Dividend as on 31.03.2014 = 10,487.80 x 10 x 0.2 = ` 20,975.60
` 20,975.60/X. Accordingly 11296.11 units shall consist of reinvested units and
10487.80 (as on 31.03.2013). Thus, by way of equation it can be shown as follows:
20975.60
11296.11 =
X + 10487.80
Therefore, NAV as on 31.03.2014 = 20,975.60/(11,296.11- 10,487.80)
= ` 25.95
NAV as on 31.03.2015 = ` 1,00,000 (1+2.0217)/11296.11
= ` 26.75
Question 5
(a) ABC Ltd., a US Firm, will need £ 5,00,000 in 180 days. In this connection, the following
information is available:
Spot Rate 1£ = $ 2.00
180 days forward rate of £ as of today is $ 1.96
Interest rates are as follows: US UK
180 days deposit rate 5.0% 4.5%
180 days borrowing rate 5.5% 5.0%
A call option on £ that expires in 180 days has an exercise price of $ 1.97 and a premium
of $ 0.04.
ABC Ltd. has forecasted the spot rates for 180 days as below:
Future rate Probability
$ 1.91 30%
$ 1.95 50%
$ 2.05 20%
Which of the following strategies would be cheaper to ABC Ltd.?
(i) Forward Contract;
(ii) A money market hedge;
(iii) A call option contract; and
(iv) No hedging option (8 Marks)
(b) On 1st April, an open ended scheme of mutual fund had 300 lakh units outstanding with
Net Assets Value (NAV) of ` 18.75. At the end of April, it issued 6 lakh units at opening
NAV plus 2% load, adjusted for dividend equalization. At the end of May, 3 Lakh units
were repurchased at opening NAV less 2% exit load adjusted for dividend equalization.
At the end of June, 70% of its available income was distributed.
In respect of April-June quarter, the following additional information are available:
` in lakh
Portfolio value appreciation 425.47
Income of April 22.950
Income for May 34.425
Income for June 45.450
You are required to calculate
(i) Income available for distribution;
(ii) Issue price at the end of April;
(iii) repurchase price at the end of May; and
(iv) net asset value (NAV) as on 30th June. (8 Marks)
Answer
5. (a) (i) Forward contract: Dollar needed in 180 days = £5,00,000 x $ 1.96 = $9,80,000/-
(ii) Money market hedge: Borrow $, convert to £, invest £, repay $ loan in 180
days
Amount in £ to be invested = 5,00,000/1.045 = £4,78,469
Amount of $ needed to convert into £ = £4,78,469 x $2 = $9,56,938
Interest and principal on $ loan after 180 days = $9,56,938 x 1.055 =
$10,09,570
(iii) Call option:
Expected Prem. Exercise Total Total price Prob. pixi
Spot rate /unit Option price per for Pi
in 180 unit £5,00,000
days xi
1.91 0.04 No 1.95 9,75,000 0.30 2,92,500
1.95 0.04 No 1.99 9,95,000 0.50 4,97,500
2.05 0.04 Yes 2.01* 10,05,000 0.20 2,01,000
9,91,000
* ($1.97 + $0.04)
Alternatively it can also be computed also
Expected Prem. Exercise Total Total price Prob. Pi pixi
Spot rate /unit Option price for
in 180 per unit £5,00,000
days xi
1.91 0.04 No 1.95 9,75,000 0.30 2,92,500
1.95 0.04 No 1.99 9,95,000 0.50 4,97,500
2.05 0.04 Yes 2.01* 10,05,000 0.20 2,01,000
9,91,000
1,100
Add: Interest on Premium ($20,000 x 5.5%)
9,92,100
(iv) No hedge option:
Expected Future Dollar needed Prob. Pi Pi xi
spot rate Xi
1.91 9,55,000 0.30 2,86,500
1.95 9,75,000 0.50 4,87,500
2.05 10,25,000 0.20 2,05,000
9,79,000
The probability distribution of outcomes for no hedge strategy appears to be
most preferable because least number of $ are needed under this option to
arrange £5,00,000.
(b) Calculation of Income available for Distribution
Units Per Unit (`) Total
(Lakh) (` In lakh)
Income from April 300 0.0765 22.9500
Add: Dividend equalization 6 0.0765 0.4590
collected on issue
306 0.0765 23.4090
Add: Income from May 0.1125 34.4250
306 0.1890 57.8340
Less: Dividend equalization paid 3 0.1890 (0.5670)
on repurchase
303 0.1890 57.2670
Add: Income from June 0.1500 45.4500
303 0.3390 102.7170
Less: Dividend Paid 0.2373 (71.9019)
303 0.1017 30.8151
Calculation of Issue Price at the end of April
`
Opening NAV 18.750
Add: Entry Load 2% of ` 18.750 (0.375)
19.125
Add: Dividend Equalization paid on Issue Price 0.0765
19.2015
Calculation of Repurchase Price at the end of May
`
Opening NAV 18.750
Less: Exit Load 2% of ` 18.750 (0.375)
18.375
Add: Dividend Equalization paid on Issue Price 0.1890
18.564
Closing NAV
` (Lakh)
Opening Net Asset Value (` 18.75 × 300) 5625.0000
Portfolio Value Appreciation 425.4700
Issue of Fresh Units (6 × 19.2015) 115.2090
Income Received 102.8250
(22.950 + 34.425 + 45.450)
6268.504
Less: Units repurchased (3 × 18.564) -55.692
Income Distributed -71.9019 (-127.5939)
Closing Net Asset Value 6140.9101
Closing Units (300 + 6 – 3) lakh 303 lakh
Closing NAV as on 30th June ` 20.2670
Question 6
(a) XYZ Ltd. wants to purchase ABC Ltd. by exchanging 0.7 of its share for each share of
ABC Ltd. Relevant financial data are as follows:
Equity shares outstanding 10,00,000 4,00,000
EPS (`) 40 28
Market price per share (`) 250 160
(i) Illustrate the impact of merger on EPS of both the companies.
(ii) The management of ABC Ltd. has quoted a share exchange ratio of 1:1 for the
merger. Assuming that P/E ratio of XYZ Ltd. will remain unchanged after the
merger, what will be the gain from merger for ABC Ltd.?
(iii) What will be the gain/loss to shareholders of XYZ Ltd.?
(iv) Determine the maximum exchange ratio acceptable to shareholders of XYZ Ltd.
(10 Marks)
(b) X Ltd. is a Shoes manufacturing company. It is all equity financed and has a paid-tip
Capital of ` 10,00,000 (` 10 per share)
X Ltd. has hired Swastika consultants to analyse the future earnings. The report of
Swastika consultants states as follows:
(i) The earnings and dividend will grow at 25% for the next two years.
(ii) Earnings are likely to grow at the rate of 10% from 3rd year and onwards.
(iii) Further, if there is reduction in earnings growth, dividend payout ratio will increase
to 50%.
The other data related to the company are as follows:
Year EPS (`) Net Dividend per share (`) Share Price (`)
2010 6.30 2.52 63.00
2011 7.00 2.80 46.00
2012 7.70 3.08 63.75
2013 8.40 3.36 68.75
2014 9.60 3.84 93.00
You may assume that the tax rate is 30% (not expected to change in future) and post tax cost
of capital is 15%.
By using the Dividend Valuation Model, calculate
(i) Expected Market Price per share
(ii) P/E Ratio. (6 Marks)
Answer
(a) Working Notes
(a)
XYZ Ltd. ABC Ltd.
Equity shares outstanding (Nos.) 10,00,000 4,00,000
EPS ` 40 ` 28
Profit ` 400,00,000 ` 112,00,000
PE Ratio 6.25 5.71
(b) EPS after merger
No. of shares to be issued (4,00,000 x 0.70) 2,80,000
Exiting Equity shares outstanding 10,00,000
Equity shares outstanding after merger 12,80,000
Total Profit (` 400,00,000 + ` 112,00,000) ` 512,00,000
EPS ` 40
(i) Impact of merger on EPS of both the companies
XYZ Ltd. ABC Ltd.
EPS after Merger ` 40 ` 28
EPS before Merger ` 40 ` 28*
Nil Nil
* ` 40 x 0.70
(ii) Gain from the Merger if exchange ratio is 1: 1
No. of shares to be issued 4,00,000
Exiting Equity shares outstanding 10,00,000
Equity shares outstanding after merger 14,00,000
Total Profit (` 400,00,000 + ` 112,00,000) ` 512,00,000
EPS ` 36.57
Market Price of Share (` 36.57 x 6.25) ` 228.56
Market Price of Share before Merger ` 160.00
Impact (Increase/ Gain) ` 68.56
(iii) Gain/ loss from the Merger to the shareholders of XYZ Ltd.
Market Price of Share ` 228.56
` 250.00
Market Price of Share before Merger Loss from the merger (per share)
` 21.44
(iv) Maximum Exchange Ratio acceptable to XYZ Ltd. shareholders
` Lakhs
Market Value of Merged Entity (` 228.57 x 1400000) 3199.98
Less: Value acceptable to shareholders of XYZ Ltd. 2500.00
Value of merged entity available to shareholders of ABC Ltd. 699.98
Market Price Per Share 250
No. of shares to be issued to the shareholders of ABC Ltd. (lakhs) 2.80
Thus maximum ratio of issue shall be 2.80 : 4.00 or 0.70 share of XYZ Ltd. for one
share of ABC Ltd.
(b) (a) The formula for the Dividend valuation Model is
D
P 1
0 K g
e
Ke = Cost of Capital
g = Growth rate
D1= Dividend at the end of year 1
On the basis of the information given, the following projection can be made:
Year EPS (`) DPS (`) PVF @15% PV of DPS (`)
2015 12.00 4.80 0.870 4.176
(9.60 x 125%) (3.84 x 125%)
2016 15.00 6.00 0.756 4.536
(12.00 x 125%) (4.80 x 125%)
2017 16.50 8.25* 0.658 5.429
(15.00 x 110%) (50% of
`16.50)
14.141
*Payout Ratio changed to 50%.

After 2017, the perpetuity value assuming 10% constant annual growth is:
D1= ` 8.25 × 110% = ` 9.075
Therefore Po from the end of 2017
` 9.075
0.15  0.10  ` 181.50
This must be discounted back to the present value, using the 3 year discount
factor after 15%.
`
Present Value of P0 (` 181.50 × 0.658) 119.43
Add: PV of Dividends 2015 to 2017 14.14
Expected Market Price of Share 133.57
Question 7
(a) Assumptions of Modigliani & Miller Hypothesis.
(b) Define the following Greeks with respect to options:
(i) Delta
(ii) Gamma
(iii) Vega
(iv) Rho
(c) Money Market Mutual Funds
(d) Instruments of international finance
(e) Forfaiting Vs Export factoring (4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) The Modigliani & Miller hypothesis is based on the following assumptions:
(i) The firm operates in perfect capital markets in which all investors are rational and
information is freely available to all.
(ii) There are no taxes. Alternatively, there are no differences in the tax rates
applicable to capital gains and dividends.
(iii) The firm has a fixed investment policy.
(iv) There are no floatation or transaction costs.
(v) Risk of uncertainty does not exist. Investors are able to forecast future prices and
dividends with certainty, and
(vi) one discount rate is appropriate for all securities and all time periods. Thus, r = k =
kt for all t.
(b) (i) Delta: It is the degree to which an option price will move given a small change in the
underlying stock price. For example, an option with a delta of 0.5 will move half a rupee
for every full rupee movement in the underlying stock.
The delta is often called the hedge ratio i.e. if you have a portfolio short ‘n’ options (e.g.
you have written n calls) then n multiplied by the delta gives you the number of shares
(i.e. units of the underlying) you would need to create a riskless position -
i.e. a portfolio which would be worth the same whether the stock price rose by a
very small amount or fell by a very small amount.
(ii) Gamma: It measures how fast the delta changes for small changes in the underlying
stock price i.e. the delta of the delta. If you are hedging a portfolio using the delta-
hedge technique described under "Delta", then you will want to keep gamma as small
as possible, the smaller it is the less often you will have to adjust the hedge to
maintain a delta neutral position. If gamma is too large, a small change in stock
price could wreck your hedge. Adjusting gamma, however, can be tricky and is
generally done using options.
(iii) Vega: Sensitivity of option value to change in volatility. Vega indicates an absolute
change in option value for a one percentage change in volatility.
(iv) Rho: The change in option price given a one percentage point change in the risk- free
interest rate. It is sensitivity of option value to change in interest rate. Rho indicates
the absolute change in option value for a one percent change in the interest rate.
(c) An important part of financial market is Money market. It is a market for short-term
money. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the equilibrium between the short-term
demand and supply of money. Such schemes invest in safe highly liquid instruments
included in commercial papers certificates of deposits and government securities.
Accordingly, the Money Market Mutual Fund (MMMF) schemes generally provide high
returns and highest safety to the ordinary investors. MMMF schemes are active players
of the money market. They channelize the idle short funds, particularly of corporate
world, to those who require such funds. This process helps those who have idle funds to
earn some income without taking any risk and with surety that whenever they will need
their funds, they will get (generally in maximum three hours of time) the same. Short-
term/emergency requirements of various firms are met by such Mutual Funds.
Participation of such Mutual Funds provides a boost to money market and help in
controlling the volatility.
(d) The various financial instruments dealt with in the international market are briefly
described below:
1. Euro Bonds: A Eurobond is an international bond that is denominated in a currency not
native to the country where it is issued. Also called external bond e.g. A Yen floated in
Germany; a yen bond issued in France.
2. Foreign Bonds: These are debt instruments denominated in a currency which is
foreign to the borrower and is denominated in a currency that is native to the
country where it is issued. A British firm placing $ denominated bonds in USA is
said to be selling foreign bonds.
3. Fully Hedged Bonds: In foreign bonds, the risk of currency fluctuations exists. Fully
hedged bonds eliminate that risk by selling in forward markets the entire stream of
interest and principal payments.
4. Floating Rate Notes: These are debt instruments issued upto 7 years maturity.
Interest rates are adjusted to reflect the prevailing exchange rates. They provide
cheaper money than fixed rate debt instruments; however, they suffer from inherent
interest rate volatility risk.
5. Euro Commercial Papers: Euro Commercial Papers (ECPs) are short-term money
market instruments. They are for maturities for less than a year. They are usually
designated in US dollars.
(e) Major differences between Forfaiting and Factoring are as follows:
Factoring Forfaiting
This may be with recourse or without This is without recourse to the exporter.
recourse to the supplier. The risks are borne by the forfeiter.
It usually involves trade receivables of It usually deals in trade receivables of
short maturities. medium and long term maturities.
It does not involve dealing in negotiable It involves dealing in negotiable
instruments. instrument like bill of exchange and
promissory note.
The seller (client) bears the cost of The overseas buyer bears the cost of
factoring. forfaiting
Usually it involves purchase of all book Forfaiting is generally transaction or
debts or all classes of book debts. project based. Its structuring and costing
is case to case basis.
Factoring tends to be a ‘case of’ sell of There exists a secondary market in
debt obligation to the factor, with no forfeiting. This adds depth and liquidity to
secondary market. forfaiting.
Question 1
(a) The following are the data on five mutual funds:
Fund Return Standard Deviation Beta
A 15 7 1.25
B 18 10 0.75
C 14 5 1.40
D 12 6 0.98
E 16 9 1.50
You are required to compute Reward to Volatility Ratio and rank these portfolio using:
 Sharpe method and
 Treynor's method
assuming the risk free rate is 6%. (5 Marks)
(b) Bright Computers Limited is planning to issue a debenture series with a face value of
` 1,000 each for a term of 10 years with the following coupon rates:
Years Rates
1-4 8%
5-8 9%
9-10 13%
The current market rate on similar debenture is 15% p.a. The company proposes to price
the issue in such a way that a yield of 16% compounded rate of return is received by the
investors. The redeemable price of the debenture will be at 10% premium on maturity.
What should be the issue price of debenture?
Pv @ 16% for 1 to 10 years are: .862, .743, .641, .552, .476, .410, .354, .305, .263, .227
respectively. (5 Marks)

(c) Calculate the value of share of Avenger Ltd. from the following information:
Equity capital of company ` 1,200 crores
Profit of the company ` 300 crores
Par value of share ` 40 each
Debt ratio of company 25
Long run growth rate of the company 8%
Beta 0.1; risk free interest rate 8.7%
Market returns 10.3%
Change in working capital per share `4
Depreciation per share ` 40
Capital expenditure per share ` 48
(5 Marks)
(d) Fresh Bakery Ltd.' s share price has suddenly started moving both upward and
downward on a rumour that the company is going to have a collaboration agreement with
a multinational company in bakery business. If the rumour turns to be true, then the stock
price will go up but if the rumour turns to be false, then the market price of the share will
crash. To protect from this an investor has purchased the following call and put option:
(i) One 3 months call with a striking price of ` 52 for ` 2 premium per share.
(ii) One 3 months put with a striking price of ` 50 for ` 1 premium per
share. Assuming a lot size of 50 shares, determine the followings:
(1) The investor's position, if the collaboration agreement push the share price to ` 53
in 3 months.
(2) The investor's ending position, if the collaboration agreement fails and the price
crashes to ` 46 in 3 months time. (5
Marks)
Answer
(a) Sharpe Ratio S = (Rp – Rf)/σp
Treynor Ratio T = (Rp – Rf)/βp
Where,
Rp = Return on Fund
Rf = Risk-free rate
σp = Standard deviation of Fund
βp = Beta of Fund
Reward to Variability (Sharpe Ratio)
Mutual Rp Rf Rp – Rf σp Reward to Ranking
Fund Variability
A 15 6 9 7 1.285 2
B 18 6 12 10 1.20 3
C 14 6 8 5 1.60 1
D 12 6 6 6 1.00 5
E 16 6 10 9 1.11 4
Reward to Volatility (Treynor Ratio)
Mutual Rp Rf Rp – Rf βp Reward to Ranking
Fund Volatility
A 15 6 9 1.25 7.2 2
B 18 6 12 0.75 16 1
C 14 6 8 1.40 5.71 5
D 12 6 6 0.98 6.12 4
E 16 6 10 1.50 6.67 3
(b) Present Value of Debenture
Year Cash Outflow (`) PVF@16% Present Value (`)
1-4 80 2.798 223.84
5-8 90 1.545 139.05
9-10 130 0.490 63.70
10 1100 0.227 249.70
676.29
`1200crore
(c) No. of Shares = = 30 Crores
` 40
PAT
EPS =
No.of shares
`
EPS =
300crore =` 10.00
30crore
FCFE = Net income – [(1-b) (capex – dep) + (1-b) ( ΔWC )]
FCFE = 10.00 – [(1- 0.25) (48 - 40) + (1 - 0.25) (4)]

= 10.00 – [6.00 + 3.00] = 1.00
Cost of Equity = Rf + ß (Rm – Rf)
= 8.7 + 0.1 (10.3 – 8.7) = 8.86%
FCFE(1 g) 1.00(1.08) 1.08
Po =  = ` 125.58
K e g 0.0886  0.08 0.0086
=
(d) Cost of Call and Put Options
= (` 2 per share) x (50 share call) + (` 1 per share) x (50 share put)
= ` 2 x 50 + 1 x 50
= ` 150
(i) Price increases to `53. Since the market price is higher than the strike price of the
call, the investor will exercise it.
Ending position = (- ` 150 cost of 2 option)+ (` 1 per share gain on call) x 50
= - ` 150 + 50
Net Loss = - ` 100
(ii) The price of the stock falls to `46. Since the market price is lower than the strike
price, the investor may not exercise the call option.
Ending Position = (- `150 cost of 2 options) + (`4 per stock gain on put) x 50
= - `150 + 200
Gain = `50
Question 2
(a) MNL Ltd. is considering investment in one of three mutually exclusive projects: AB, BC,
CD. The company's cost of capital is 15% and the risk-free interest rate is 10%. The
income-tax rate for the company is 34%. MNL has gathered the following basic cash
flows and risk index data for each project:
Projects AB BC CD
Initial Investment 12,00,000 10,00,000 15,00,000
Cash Inflows – Year
1 5,00,000 5,00,000 4,00,000
2 5,00,000 4,00,000 5,00,000
3 5,00,000 5,00,000 6,00,000
4 5,00,000 3,00,000 10,00,000
Risk Index 1.80 1.00 0.60
Using the Risk Adjusted Discount Rate, determine the risk adjusted NPV for each of the
project. Which project should be accepted by the company? (10
Marks)
(b) Calculate the NAV of a regular income scheme on per unit basis of Red Bull mutual fund
from the following information:
Particulars ` in crores
Listed shares at cost (ex-dividend) 30
Cash in hand 0.75
Bonds & Debentures at cost (ex-interest) 2.30
Of these, bonds not listed & not quoted 1.0
Other fixed interest securities at cost 2.50
Dividend accrued 0.8
Value of listed bonds & debentures at NAV date 10
Number of units (`10 face value) 30 lakhs
Current realizable value of fixed income securities of face value of ` 100 is 106.50
The listed shares were purchased when index was 7100
and the Present index is 9000
Unlisted bonds and debentures are at cost. Other fixed interest securities are also at
cost. (6
Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) The risk free rate of interest and risk factor for each of the projects are given. The
risk adjusted discount rate (RADR) for different projects can be found on the basis
of CAPM as follows:
Required Rate of Return = IRf + (ke - IRF) Risk Factor
For AB : RADR = 0.10 + (0.15 – 0.10 )1.80 = 0.19 or 19%
For BC : RADR = 0.10 + (0.15 – 0.10 ) 1.00 = 0.15 or 15 %
For CD : RADR = 0.10 + (0.15 – 0.10) 0.60 = 0.13 or 13 %
(ii) The three projects can now be evaluated at 19%, 15% and 13% discount rate as
follows:
Project AB
Annual Inflows ` 5,00,000
PVAF (19 %, 4) 2.639
PV of Inflows (` 5,00,000 x 2.639 ) ` 13,19,500
Less: Cost of Investment ` 12,00,000
Net Present Value ` 1,19,500
Project BC
Year Cash Inflow (`) PVF (15%,n) PV (`)
1 5,00,000 0.870 4,35,000
2 4,00,000 0.756 3,02,400
3 5,00,000 0.658 3,29,000
4 3,00,000 0.572 1,71,600
Total Present Value 12,38,000
Less: Cost of Investment 10,00,000
Net Present Value 2,38,000
Project CD
Year Cash Inflow PVF (13%,n) PV (`)
(`)
1 4,00,000 0.885 3,54,000
2 5,00,000 0.783 3,91,500
3 6,00,000 0.693 4,15,800
4 10,00,000 0.613 6,13,000
Total Present Value 17,74,300
Less: Cost of Investment 15,00,000
Net Present Value 2,74,300
Project CD has highest NPV. So, it should be accepted by the firm.
(b)
Particulars Adjusted Value
` crores
Equity Shares (30 x 9000/ 7100) 38.028
Cash in hand 0.75
Bonds and debentures not listed 1.00
Bonds and debentures listed 10.00
Dividends accrued 0.80
Fixed income securities 2.50
Sub total assets (A) 53.078
Less: Liabilities
Sub total liabilities (B) 9.32
Net Assets Value (A) – (B) 43.758
No. of units 30,00,000
Net Assets Value per unit (` 43.758 crore / 30,00,000) ` 145.86
Question 3
(a) Hi-tech Software Ltd. (HSL) has a complete "Software Developing Unit" costing ` 70
lakhs. It is this type of block of assets that have no book value as at 31st March, 2016 as
it entitled to 100% rate of depreciation under Income Tax Act, 1961. The company is
facing acute fund crunch as it lacks order from Middle East and was toying with the idea
of taking term loan. Eastern Financier (EF), a reputed finance company, gave the idea of
"buy & lease back" to tide over the fund crunch. EF agreed to buy the software
developing unit at ` 50 lakhs and lease it back to HSL for lease rental of ` 9 lakhs p.a.
for a period of 5 years. HSL decides to put the entire net proceeds in a fixed deposit at a
nationalized bank at yearly interest of 8.75% for 5 years to generate cash flow much
needed for day to day operation.
Central Financier (CF) another financier, gave a proposal of selling a similar software
developing unit at ` 30 lakhs to HSL and they will buy back after 5 years at a price of ` 5
lakhs provided the Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) @ ` 1.50 lakhs per annum is
entrusted to them. The new machine is also entitled to 100% rate of depreciation under
Income Tax Act, 1961. CF also agreed to buy the existing software developing unit at
` 50 lakhs. HSL would utilize the net sale proceeds to finance this machine.
The marginal rate of tax of HSL is 34% and its weighted average cost of capital is 12%.
Which offer HSL should accept?
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Discounting factor @ 12% .893 .797 .712 .636 .567
(8 Marks)
(b) SAM Ltd. has just paid a dividend of ` 2 per share and it is expected to grow @ 6% p.a.
After paying dividend, the Board declared to take up a project by retaining the next three
annual dividends. It is expected that this project is of same risk as the existing projects.
The results of this project will start coming from the 4th year onward from now. The
dividends will then be ` 2.50 per share and will grow @ 7% p.a.
An investor has 1,000 shares in SAM Ltd. and wants a receipt of atleast ` 2,000 p.a.
from this investment.
Show that the market value of the share is affected by the decision of the Board. Also
show as to how the investor can maintain his target receipt from the investment for first 3
years and improved income thereafter, given that the cost of capital of the firm is 8%.
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Eastern Financier (EF) Proposal
Working Notes:
(i) Interest on Fixed Deposit
`
Sale Price 50,00,000
Less: Tax @ 34% 17,00,000
Net Proceeds 33,00,000
Interest on sale proceeds = ` 33,00,000 x 8.75% 2,88,750
(ii) Calculation of Yearly Net Cash Outflow
`
Payment of Lease Rent 9,00,000
Interest on FD @ 8.75% 2,88,750
6,11,250
Less: Tax @ 34% 2,07,825
Yearly Net Outflow 4,03,425
Present Value of Cash flows
Year Particulars Amount (`) PVF (12%,n) Present
Value (`)
0 Sale of Software 50,00,000 1.00 50,00,000
0 Investing in FD - 33,00,000 1.00 - 33,00,000
0 Tax on STCG - 17,00,000 1.00 - 17,00,000
1-5 Annual Net Outflow - 4,03,425 3.605 - 14,54,347
5 Release of FD 33,00,000 0.567 18,71,100
4,16,753
Central Financier (CF) Proposal Working
Notes:
(i) Sale Price net of Tax Loss on Short term Capital Gain
`
Sale Price 50,00,000
Less: Tax @ 34% 17,00,000
Net Proceeds 33,00,000
Cost of new machine 30,00,000
Net Inflow 3,00,000
(ii) Calculation of Yearly Net Cash Outflow
`
Maintenance Cost 1,50,000
Less: Tax @ 34% 51,000
Yearly Net Outflow 99,000
(iii) Terminal Year Cash Flow
`
Buyback price of Software 5,00,000
Less: Tax @ 34% 1,70,000
Yearly Net Outflow 3,30,000
Present Value of Cash flows
Year Particulars Amount (`) PVF Present Value
(12%,n) (`)
0 Sale of Software 33,00,000 1.00 33,00,000
0 Purchase of Software - 30,00,000 1.00 - 30,00,000
1 Tax on Depreciation 10,20,000 0.893 9,10,860
1-5 Annual Net Outflow - 99,000 3.605 - 3,56,895
5 Terminal Year Cash flow 3,30,000 0.567 1,87,110
10,41,075
Decision: Since NPV is higher in case of proposal from CF same should be
accepted.
D1
(b) Value of share at present =
ke 
g
= 2(1.06)
= ` 106
0.08  0.06
However, if the Board implement its decision, no dividend would be payable for 3 years
and the dividend for year 4 would be ` 2.50 and growing at 7% p.a. The price of the
share, in this case, now would be:
2.50 1
P0 = = ` 198.46
(1
 0.08)3
0.08  0.07
So, the price of the share is expected to increase from ` 106 to ` 198.45 after the
announcement of the project. The investor can take up this situation as follows:
Expected market price after 3 years 2.50 ` 250.00
= 0.08  0.07
Expected market price after 2 years ` 231.48

2.50 1
0.08  0.07 (1
0.08)
Expected market price after 1 years 2.50 1 ` 214.33
0.08  0.07  (1 0.08)2
In order to maintain his receipt at ` 2,000 for first 3 year, he would sell
10 shares in first year @ ` 214.33 for ` 2,143.30
9 shares in second year @ ` 231.48 for ` 2,083.32
8 shares in third year @ ` 250 for ` 2,000.00
At the end of 3rd year, he would be having 973 shares valued @ ` 250 each i.e.
` 2,43,250. On these 973 shares, his dividend income for year 4 would be @ ` 2.50 i.e.
` 2,432.50.
So, if the project is taken up by the company, the investor would be able to maintain his
receipt of at least ` 2,000 for first three years and would be getting increased income
thereafter.
Question 4
(a) XYZ Ltd. paid a dividend of ` 2 for the current year. The dividend is expected to grow at
40% for the next 5 years and at 15% per annum thereafter. The return on 182 days T-
bills is 11% per annum and the market return is expected to be around 18% with a
variance of 24%.
The co-variance of XYZ's return with that of the market is 30%. You are required to
calculate the required rate of return and intrinsic value of the stock. (8
Marks)
(b) Abinash is holding 5,000 shares of Future Group Limited. Presently the rate of dividend
being paid by the company is ` 5 per share and the share is being sold at ` 50 per share
in the market. However, several factors are likely to change during the course of the year
as indicated below:
Existing Revised
Risk free rate 12.5% 10%
Market risk premium 6% 4.8%
Expected growth rate 5% 8%
Beta value 1.5 1.25
In view of the above factors whether Abinash should buy, hold or sell the shares? Narrate
the reason for the decision to be taken. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Covariance of Market Return and Security Return

β Variance of Market Return
30%
β = 1.25
24%
Expected Return = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
= 11% + 1.25(18% - 11%)
= 11% + 8.75% = 19.75%
Intrinsic Value
Year Dividend (`) PVF (19.75%,n) Present Value (`)
1 2.80 0.835 2.34
2 3.92 0.697 2.73
3 5.49 0.582 3.19
4 7.68 0.486 3.73
5 10.76 0.406 4.37
16.36
10.76(1.15)
PV of Terminal Value = =  0.406 = ` 105.77
0.1975 
0.15
Intrinsic Value = ` 16.36 + ` 105.77 = ` 122.13
(b) Cost of Equity as per CAPM
= Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
Exiting rate of return 12.5% + 1.5 x 6% = 21.5%
Revised rate of return 10.0% + 1.25 x 4.80% = 16.00%
Price of share (Original)
D1
P = D (1 g)
0 or 0
ke g ke g
5(1.05) 5.25
= = ` 31.82
 0.165
0.215  0.05
Price of share (Revised)
5(1.08) 5.40
= 
0.16  0.08 0.08 = ` 67.50
In case of existing market price of ` 50 per share, rate of return (21.5%) and possible
equilibrium price of share at ` 31.82, this share needs to be sold because the share is
overpriced (50 – 31.82) by ` 18.18. However, under the changed scenario where growth
of dividend has been revised at 8% and the return though decreased at 16% but the
possible price of share is to be at ` 67.50 and therefore, in order to expect price
appreciation to ` 67.50 the investor should hold / buy the share, assuming other things
remaining the same.
Question 5
(a) Following information is given:
Exchange rate-
Canadian dollar 0.666 per DM (spot)
Canadian Dollar 0.671 per DM (3 months)
Interest rate –
DM 7.5% p.a.
Canadian Dollar - 9.5% p.a.
To take the possible arbitrage gains, what operations would be carried out? (8 Marks)
(b) ABC Ltd. of UK has exported goods worth Can $ 5,00,000 receivable in 6 months. The
exporter wants to hedge the receipt in the forward market. The following information is
available:
Spot Exchange Rate Can $ 2.5/£
Interest Rate in UK 12%
Interest Rate In Canada 15%
The forward rates truly reflect the interest rates differential. Find out the gain/loss to UK
exporter if Can $ spot rates (i) declines 2%, (ii) gains 4% or (iii) remains unchanged over
next 6 months. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) In this case, DM is at a premium against the Can$.
Premium = [(0.671 – 0.666) /0.666] x (12/3) x 100 = 3.003 per cent
Interest rate differential = 9.50% - 7.50% = 2 per cent.
Since the interest rate differential is smaller than the premium, it will be profitable to
place money in Deutschmarks the currency whose 3-months interest is lower.
The following operations are carried out:
(i) Borrow Can$ 1000 at 9.5 per cent for 3- months;
(ii) Change this sum into DM at the spot rate to obtain DM
= (1000/0.666) = 1501.50
(iii) Place DM 1501.50 in the money market for 3 months to obtain a sum of DM
Principal: 1501.50
Add: Interest @ 7.50% for 3 months = 28.15
Total 1529.65
(iv) Sell DM at 3-months forward to obtain Can$= (1529.65 x 0.671) = 1026.39
(v) Refund the debt taken in Can$ with the interest due on it, i.e.,
Can$
Principal 1000.00
Add: Interest @9.5% for 3 months 23.75
Total 1023.75
Net arbitrage gain = 1026.39 – 1023.75 = Can$ 2.64
(b) Forward Rate =

2.50 (1 0.075)
(1 0.060) = Can$ 2.535/£
(i) If spot rate decline by 2%
Spot Rate = Can$ 2.50 x 1.02 = Can$ 2.55/£
£
£ receipt as per Forward Rate (Can $ 5,00,000/ Can$ 2.535) 1,97,239
£ receipt as per Spot Rate (Can $ 5,00,000/ Can$ 2.55) 1,96,078
Gain due to forward contract 1,161
(ii) If spot rate gains by 4%
Spot Rate = Can$ 2.50 x 0.96 = Can$ 2.40/£
£
Loss due to forward contract 11,094
(iii) If spot rate remains unchanged
£
Loss due to forward contract 2,761
Question 6
(a) Kanpur Shoe Ltd. is having sluggish sales during the last few years resulting in drastic
fall in market share and profit. The marketing consultant has drawn out a new marketing
strategy that will be valid for next four years. If the new strategy is adopted, it is expected
that sales will grow @ 20% per year over the previous year for the coming two years and
@ 30% from the third year. Other parameters like gross profit margin, asset turnover
ratio, the capital structure and the rate of Income tax @ 30% will remain unchanged.
Depreciation would be 10% of the net fixed assets at the beginning of the year. The
targeted return of the company is 15%.
The financials of the company for the just concluded financial year 2015-16 are given
below:
Income Statement Amount (`)
Turnover 2,00,000
Gross margin (20%) 40,000
Admin, selling & distribution exp (10%) 20,000
PBT 20,000
Tax (30%) 6,000
PAT 14,000
Balance Sheet Information
Fixed Assets 80,000
Current Assets 40,000
Equity share capital 1,20,000
You are required to assess the incremental value that will accrue subsequent to the adoption
of the new marketing strategy and advise the Board accordingly.
Pv @ 15% for 1, 2 & 3 years are: 0.870, 0.756, 0.658 respectively. (8 Marks)
(b) The CEO of a company thinks that shareholders always look for EPS. Therefore he
considers maximization of EPS as his company's objective. His company's current Net
Profits are ` 80.00 lakhs and P/E multiple is 10.5. He wants to buy another firm which
has current income of ` 15.75 lakhs & P/E multiple of 10.
What is the maximum exchange ratio which the CEO should offer so that he could keep
EPS at the current level, given that the current market price of both the acquirer and the
target company are ` 42 and ` 105 respectively?
If the CEO borrows funds at 15% and buys out Target Company by paying cash, how
much should he offer to maintain his EPS? Assume tax rate of 30%. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a)
Projected Balance Sheet Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Fixed Assets (40%) of Sales 96,000 1,15,200 1,49,760 1,94,688
Current Assets (20%) of Sales 48,000 57,600 74,880 97,344
Total Assets 1,44,000 1,72,800 2,24,640 2,92,032
Equity 1,44,000 1,72,800 2,24,640 2,92,032
Projected Cash Flows:-
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Sales 2,40,000 2,88,000 3,74,400 4,86,720
PBT (10%) of sale 24,000 28,800 37,440 48,672
PAT (70%) 16,800 20,160 26,208 34,070
Depreciation 8,000 9,600 11,520 14,976
Addition to Fixed Assets 24,000 28,800 46,080 59,904
Increase in Current Assets 8,000 9,600 17,280 22,464
Operating cash flow (7,200) (8,640) (25,632) (33,322)
P V of Projected Cash Flows:-
Present value of Projected Cash Flows:-
Cash Flows PV at 15% PV
-7,200 0.870 -6,264.00
-8,640 0.756 -6,531.84
-25,632 0.658 -16,865.86
-29,661.70
Residual Value - 33,322/0.15 = -2,22,147

Present value of Residual value = -2,22,147/(1.15)3
= -2,22,147/1.521 = -1,46,065
Total shareholders’ value = -29,661.70 - 1,46,065 = -1,75,726.70
Pre strategy value = 14,000 / 0.15 = 93,333.33
 Value of strategy = -1,75,726.70 + 93,333.33 = – 82,393.37
Conclusion: The strategy is not financially viable

(b) (i)
Acquirer Company Target Company
Net Profit ` 80 lakhs ` 15.75 lakhs
PE Multiple 10.50 10.00
Market Capitalization ` 840 lakhs ` 157.50 lakhs
Market Price ` 42 ` 105
No. of Shares 20 lakhs 1.50 lakhs
EPS `4 ` 10.50
Maximum Exchange Ratio 4 : 10.50 or 1 : 2.625
Thus, for every one share of Target Company 2.625 shares of Acquirer Company.
(ii) Let x lakhs be the amount paid by Acquirer company to Target Company. Then to
maintain same EPS i.e. ` 4 the number of shares to be issued will be:
(80 lakhs15.75 lakhs) - 0.7015%  x

20 lakhs 4
95.75 - 0.105 x
20 4
x = ` 150 lakhs
Thus, ` 150 lakhs shall be offered in cash to Target Company to maintain same EPS.
Question 7
(a) Distinguish between Investment Bank and Commercial Bank.
(b) Horizontal merger and Vertical merger.
(c) Distinguish between Money market and Capital market.
(d) Operations in foreign exchange market are exposed to number of risks.
(e) Interface of financial policy and strategic management. (4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) The fundamental differences between an investment bank and a commercial bank can be
outlined as follows:
Investment Banks Commercial Banks
1. Investment Banks help their clients 1. Commercial Banks are engaged in
in raising capital by acting as an the business of accepting deposits
intermediary between the buyers from customers and lending money
and the sellers of securities (stocks to individuals and corporate
or bonds)
2. Investment Banks do not take 2. Commercial banks can legally take
deposits from customers deposits from customers.
3. The Investment Banks do not own 3. Commercial Banks own the loans
the securities and only act as an granted to their customers.
intermediary for smooth transaction
of buying and selling securities.
4. Investment Banks earn 4. Commercial banks earn interest on
underwriting commission loans granted to their customers.
(b) (i) Horizontal Merger: The two companies which have merged are in the same industry,
normally the market share of the new consolidated company would be larger and it is
possible that it may move closer to being a monopoly or a near monopoly to avoid
competition.
(ii) Vertical Merger: This merger happens when two companies that have ‘buyer-seller’
relationship (or potential buyer-seller relationship) come together.
(c) The capital market deals in financial assets. Financial assets comprises of shares,
debentures, mutual funds etc. The capital market is also known as stock market.
Stock market and money market are two basic components of Indian financial system.
Capital market deals with long and medium term instruments of financing while money market
deals with short term instruments.
Some of the points of distinction between capital market and money market are as
follows:
Money Market Capital Market
(i) There is no classification between There is a classification between
primary market and secondary market primary market and secondary
market.
(ii) It deals for funds of short-term It deals with funds of long-term
requirement (less than a year). requirement (more than 1 year).
(iii) Money market instruments include Capital Market instruments are
interbank call money, notice money shares and debt instruments.
upto 14 days, short-term deposits
upto three months, commercial paper,
91 days treasury bills.
(iv) Money market participants are Capital Market participants include
banks, financial institution, RBI and retail investors, institutional investors
Government. like Mutual Funds, Financial
Institutions, corporate and banks.
(v) Supplies funds for working capital Supplies funds for fixed capital
requirement. requirements.
(vi) Each single instrument is of a large Each single instrument is of a small
amount. amount.
(vii) Risk involved in money market is Risk is higher
less due to smaller term of maturity.
In short term the risk of default is
less.
(viii) Transactions take place over phone Transactions are at a formal place
calls. Hence there is no formal place viz. the stock exchange.
for transactions.
(ix) The basic role of money market is The basic role of capital market
liquidity adjustment. includes putting capital to work,
preferably to long term, secure and
productive employment.
(x) Closely and directly linked with the The Capital market feels the
Central Bank of India influence of the Central Bank but only
indirectly and through the money
market
(d) A firm dealing with foreign exchange may be exposed to foreign currency exposures. The
exposure is the result of possession of assets and liabilities and transactions
denominated in foreign currency. When exchange rate fluctuates, assets, liabilities,
revenues, expenses that have been expressed in foreign currency will result in either
foreign exchange gain or loss. A firm dealing with foreign exchange may be exposed to
the following types of risks:
(i) Transaction Exposure: A firm may have some contractually fixed payments and
receipts in foreign currency, such as, import payables, export receivables, interest
payable on foreign currency loans etc. All such items are to be settled in a foreign
currency. Unexpected fluctuation in exchange rate will have favourable or adverse
impact on its cash flows. Such exposures are termed as transactions exposures.
(ii) Translation Exposure: The translation exposure is also called accounting exposure
or balance sheet exposure. It is basically the exposure on the assets and liabilities
shown in the balance sheet and which are not going to be liquidated in the near future.
It refers to the probability of loss that the firm may have to face because of decrease
in value of assets due to devaluation of a foreign currency despite the fact that there
was no foreign exchange transaction during the year.
(iii) Economic Exposure: Economic exposure measures the probability that fluctuations
in foreign exchange rate will affect the value of the firm. The intrinsic value of a firm is
calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows with appropriate discounting
rate. The risk involved in economic exposure requires measurement of the effect of
fluctuations in exchange rate on different future cash flows.
(e) The interface of strategic management and financial policy will be clearly understood if
we appreciate the fact that the starting point of an organization is money and the end
point of that organization is also money. No organization can run an existing business
and promote a new expansion project without a suitable internally mobilized financial
base or both internally and externally mobilized financial base.
Sources of finance and capital structure are the most important dimensions of a strategic
plan.
Along with the mobilization of funds, policy makers should decide on the capital structure
to indicate the desired mix of equity capital and debt capital. There are some norms for
debt equity ratio. However this ratio in its ideal form varies from industry to industry. It
also depends on the planning mode of the organization under study.
Another important dimension of strategic management and financial policy interface is
the investment and fund allocation decisions. A planner has to frame policies for
regulating investments in fixed assets and for restraining of current assets. Investment
proposals mooted by different business units may be addition of a new product,
increasing the level of operation of an existing product and cost reduction and efficient
utilization of resources through a new approach and or closer monitoring of the different
critical activities.
Now, given these three types of proposals a planner should evaluate each one of them
by making within group comparison in the light of capital budgeting exercise.
Dividend policy is yet another area for making financial policy decisions affecting the
strategic performance of the company. A close interface is needed to frame the policy to
be beneficial for all. Dividend policy decision deals with the extent of earnings to be
distributed as dividend and the extent of earnings to be retained for future expansion
scheme of the firm.
It may be noted from the above discussions that financial policy of a company cannot be
worked out in isolation of other functional policies. It has a wider appeal and closer link
with the overall organizational performance and direction of growth. These policies being
related to external awareness about the firm, specially the awareness of the investors
about the firm, in respect of its internal performance. There is always a process of
evaluation active in the minds of the current and future stake holders of the company. As
a result preference and patronage for the company depends significantly on the financial
policy framework. And hence attention of the corporate planners must be drawn while
framing the financial policies not at a later stage but during the stage of corporate
planning itself.
Working notes should form part of the answers.
Question 1
(a) On April 3, 2016, a Bank quotes the following:
Spot exchange Rate (US $ 1) INR 66.2525 INR 67.5945
2 months’ swap points 70 90
3 months’ swap points 160 186
In a spot transaction, delivery is made after two days.
Assume spot date as April 5, 2016.
Assume 1 swap point = 0.0001,
(i) ascertain swap points for 2 months and 15 days. (For June 20, 2016),
(ii) determine foreign exchange rate for June 20, 2016, and
(iii) compute the annual rate of premium/discount of US$ on INR, on an average rate.
(5 Marks)
(b) The following information is available in respect of Security A:
Equilibrium Return 12%
Market Return 12%
6% Treasury Bond trading at `
120
Co-variance of Market Return and Security Return 196%
Coefficient of Correlation 0.80
You are required to determine the Standard Deviation of:
(i) Market Return and
(ii) Security Return (5 Marks)
(c) Mr. A has invested in three Mutual Fund (MF) schemes as per the details given below:
Particulars MF ‘A’ MF ‘B’ MF ‘C’
Date of Investment 01-11-2015 01-02-2016 01-03-2016
Amount of investment (`) 1,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000

Net Asset Value (NAV) at entry date (`) 10.30 10.00 10.10
Dividend Received upto 31-3-2016 (`) 2,850 4,500 NIL
NAV as on 31-3-2016 (`) 10.25 10.15 10.00
Assume 1 year = 365 days.
Show the amount of rupees upto two decimal points.
You are required to find out the effective yield (upto three decimal points) on per annum basis
in respect of each of the above three Mutual Fund (MF) schemes upto 31-3-2016.
(5 marks)
(d) A Ltd. has issued convertible bonds, which carries a coupon rate of 14%. Each bond is
convertible into 20 equity shares of the company A Ltd. The prevailing interest rate for
similar credit rating bond is 8%. The convertible bond has 5 years maturity. It is
redeemable at par at ` 100.
The relevant present value table is as follows.
Present values t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
PVIF0.14, t 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519
PVIF0.08, t 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 0.681
You are required to estimate:
(Calculations be made upto 3 decimal places)
(i) current market price of the bond, assuming it being equal to its fundamental value,
(ii) minimum market price of equity share at which bond holder should exercise
conversion option; and
(iii) duration of the bond. (5 Marks)
Answer 1
(a) (i) Swap Points for 2 months and 15 days
Bid Ask
Swap Points for 2 months (a) 70 90
Swap Points for 3 months (b) 160 186
Swap Points for 30 days (c) = (b) – (a) 90 96
Swap Points for 15 days (d) = (c)/2 45 48
Swap Points for 2 months & 15 days (e) = (a) + (d) 115 138
(ii) Foreign Exchange Rates for 20th June 2016
Bid Ask
Spot Rate (a) 66.2525 67.5945
Swap Points for 2 months & 15 days (b) 0.0115 0.0138
66.2640 67.6083
(iii) Annual Rate of Premium
Bid Ask
Spot Rate (a) 66.2525 67.5945
Foreign Exchange Rates for 66.2640 67.6083
20th June 2016 (b)
Premium (c) 0.0115 0.0138
Total (d) = (a) + (b) 132.5165 135.2028
Average (d) / 2 66.2583 67.6014
Premium 0.0115 12 0.0138 12
 × 100  × 100
66.2583 2.5 67.6014 2.5
= 0.0833% = 0.0980%
6
(b) (i) Rf =
100 = 5%
120
Applying CAPM
12% = 5% + β(12% - 5%)
7% = β(7%)
β=1
Cov(r,m)

m2
196
1
m2
2m = 196
m = √196 = 14
Standard Deviation of Market Return = 14

(ii) Cov(r,m)
Cor. 
mr
196
0.80 
14r
r = 17.50%
Standard Deviation of Security Return = 17.50%
(c)
Particulars MF ‘A’ MF ‘B’ MF ‘C’
(a) Investments `1,00,000 `2,00,000 `2,00,000
(b) Opening NAV `10.30 `10.00 `10.10
(c) No. of units (a/b) 9,708.74 20,000 19,801.98
(d) Unit NAV ON 31-3-2016 `10.25 `10.15 `10.00
(e) Total NAV on 31-3-2016 (c x d) ` 99,514.59 `2,03,000 `1,98,019.86
(f) Increase / Decrease of NAV (a-e) (`485.41) `3,000 (`1,980.14)
(g) Dividend Received `2,850 `4,500 Nil
(h) Total yield (f + g) ` 2,364.59 ` 7,500 (` 1,980.20)
(i) Number of Days 152 60 31
(j) Effective yield p.a. ( h/a x 365/i x 100) 5.678% 22.813% (-) 11.657%
(d) (i) Current Market Price of Bond
Time CF PVIF 8% PV (CF) PV (CF)
1 14 0.926 12.964
2 14 0.857 11.998
3 14 0.794 11.116
4 14 0.735 10.290
5 114 0.681 77.634
 PV (CF) i.e. P0 = 124.002
Say ` 124.00
(ii) Minimum Market Price of Equity Shares at which Bondholder should exercise
conversion option:
124.00
=Rs. 6.20
20.00
(iii) Duration of the Bond
1 14 0.926 12.964 0.105 0.105
2 14 0.857 11.998 0.097 0.194
3 14 0.794 11.116 0.089 0.267
4 14 0.735 10.290 0.083 0.332
5 114 0.681 77.634 0.626 3.130
124.002 1.000 4.028
Question 2
(a) LMN Ltd. is an export oriented business house based in Mumbai. The Company invoices
in customer's currency. The receipt of US $ 6,00,000 is due on 1st September, 2016.
Market information as at 1st June 2016 is :
Exchange Rates US$/` Exchange Rates US $ / ` Contract Size
Spot 0.01471 Currency Futures
1 Month Forward 0.01464 June 0.01456 ` 30,00,000
3 Months Forward 0.01458 September 0.01449
Initial Margin (`) Interest Rates in India %

June 12,000 8.00 p.a.
September 16,000 8.50 p.a.
On 1st September, 2016, the spot rate US $/` is 0.01461 and currency futures rate is US
$/` 0.01462.
It may be assumed that variation in Margin would be settled on the maturity of the futures
contract.
Which of the following methods would be most advantageous for LMN Ltd.:
(i) using Forward Contract,
(ii) using Currency Futures; and
(iii) not hedging Currency Risks
Show the calculations and comment. (8 Marks)
(b) On 10th July, an importer entered into a forward contract with bank for US $ 50,000 due
on 10th September at an exchange rate of ` 66.8400. The bank covered its position in the
interbank market at ` 66.6800.
How the bank would react if the customer requests on 20th September:
(i) to cancel the contract?
(ii) to execute the contract?
(iii) to extend the contract with due date to fall on 10th November?
The exchange rates for US$ in the interbank market were as below:
10th September 20th September
Spot US$1 = 66.1500/1700 65.9600/9900
Spot/September 66.2800/3200 66.1200/1800
Spot/October 66.4100/4300 66.2500/3300
Spot/November 66.5600/6100 66.4000/4900
Exchange margin was 0.1% on buying and selling.
Interest on outlay of funds was 12% p.a.
You are required to show the calculations to:
(i) cancel the Contract,
(ii) execute the Contract, and
(iii) extend the Contract as above. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Receipts using a forward contract (6,00,000/0.01458) = `4,11,52,263
The number of contracts needed is
(6,00,000/0.01449)/30,00,000 = 13.80 say 14 contracts
Initial margin payable is 14 x ` 16,000 = ` 2,24,000
On September 1 Close at 0.01462
Receipts = US$6,00,000/0.01461 = 4,10,67,762
Variation Margin = [(0.01462 – 0.01449) x 14 x 30,00,000/-]/0.01461
OR (0.00013x14x3000000)/.01461 = 5,460/0.01461 3,73,717
4,14,41,479
Less: Interest Cost – 2,24,000 x 0.085 x 3/12 `4,760
Net Receipts ` 4,14,36,719
Forward contract `4,11,52,263
Futures `4,14,36,719
No hedge
US$ 6,00,000/0.01461 ` 4,10,67,762
The most advantageous option would have been to hedge with
futures.
(b) In each of the case first the FEADI Rule of Automatic Cancellation shall be applied and
customer shall pay the charges consisted of following:
(a) Exchange Difference
(b) Swap Loss
(c) Interest on Outlay Funds
(a) Exchange Difference
(1) Cancellation Rate:
The forward sale contract shall be cancelled at Spot TT Purchase for $ prevailing
on the date of cancellation as follows:
$/ ` Market Buying Rate ` 65.9600
Less: Exchange Margin @ 0.10% ` 0.0660
` 65.8940
(2) Amount payable on $ 50,000
Bank sells $50,000 @ ` 66.8400 ` 33,42,000
Bank buys $50,000 @ ` 65.8950 ` 32,94,750
Amount payable by customer ` 47,250
(b) Swap Loss
On 10th September the bank does a swap sale of $ at market buying rate of `
66.1500 and forward purchase for September at market selling rate of ` 66.3200.
Bank buys at Bank sells at ` 66.3200
` 0.1700
Swap Loss for $ 50,000 in ` = ` 8,500
(c) Interest on Outlay of Funds
On 10thSeptember, the bank receives delivery under cover contract at ` 66.6800
and sell spot at ` 66.1500.
Bank buys at ` 66.6800
Bank sells at ` 66.1500
Outlay for $ 50,000 in ` 26,500
Interest on ` 26,500 @ 12% for 10 days ` 87
(d) Total Cost
Cancellation Charges ` 47,250.00
Swap Loss ` 8,500.00
Interest ` 87.00
` 55,837.00
(e) New Contract Rate
The contract will be extended at current rate
$/ ` Market forward selling Rate for November ` 66.4900
Add: Exchange Margin @ 0.10% ` 0.0665
` 66.5565
(i) Charges for Cancellation of Contract = ` 55,838.00 or ` 55,837.00
(ii) Charges for Execution of Contract
Charges for Cancellation of Contract ` 55,837.00
Spot Selling US$ 50,000 on 20th September at ` 65.9900 + ` 33,02,750.00
0.0660 (Exchange Margin) = ` 66.0560 rounded to `
66.0550
` 33,58,587.00
(iii) Charges for Extension of Contract
Charges for Cancellation of Contract 55837
New Forward Rate ` 66.5575
Question 3
(a) Details about portfolio of shares of an investor is as below:
Shares No. of shares (Iakh) Price per share Beta
A Ltd. 3.00 ` 500 1.40

B Ltd. 4.00 ` 750 1.20
C Ltd. 2.00 ` 250 1.60
The investor thinks that the risk of portfolio is very high and wants to reduce the portfolio beta
to 0.91. He is considering two below mentioned alternative strategies:
(i) Dispose off a part of his existing portfolio to acquire risk free securities, or
(ii) Take appropriate position on Nifty Futures which are currently traded at ` 8125 and
each Nifty points is worth `200.
(1) portfolio beta,
(2) the value of risk free securities to be acquired,
(3) the number of shares of each company to be disposed off,
(4) the number of Nifty contracts to be bought/sold; and
(5) the value of portfolio beta for 2% rise in Nifty. (8 Marks)
(b) The returns and market portfolio for a period of four years are as under:
Year % Return of Stock B % Return on Market Portfolio
1 10 8
2 12 10
3 9 9
4 3 -1
For stock B, you are required to determine:

(i) characteristic line; and
(ii) the Systematic and Unsystematic risk. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Shares No. of Market (1) × % to total ß (x) wx
shares Price of Per (2) (` lakhs) (w)
(lakhs) (1) Share (2)
A Ltd. 3.00 500.00 1500.00 0.30 1.40 0.42
B Ltd. 4.00 750.00 3000.00 0.60 1.20 0.72
C Ltd. 2.00 250.00 500.00 0.10 1.60 0.16
5000.00 1 1.30
(1) Portfolio beta 1.30
(2) Required Beta 0.91
Let the proportion of risk free securities for target beta 0.91 = p
0.91 = 0 × p + 1.30 (1 – p)
p = 0.30 i.e. 30%
Shares to be disposed off to reduce beta 5000 × 30% ` 1,500 lakh
(3) Number of shares of each company to be disposed off
Shares % to total Proportionate Market Price No. of Shares
(w) Amount (` lakhs) Per Share (Lakh)
A Ltd. 0.30 450.00 500.00 0.90
B Ltd. 0.60 900.00 750.00 1.20
C Ltd. 0.10 150.00 250.00 0.60
(4) Number of Nifty Contract to be sold
(1.30-0.91) × 5000 lakh
= 120 contracts
8,125 × 200
(5) 2% rises in Nifty is accompanied by 2% x 1.30 i.e. 2.6% rise for portfolio of shares
` Lakh
Current Value of Portfolio of Shares 5000
Value of Portfolio after rise 5130
Mark-to-Market Margin paid (8125 × 0.020 × ` 200 × 120) 39
Value of the portfolio after rise of Nifty 5091
% change in value of portfolio (5091 – 5000)/ 5000 1.82%
% rise in the value of Nifty 2%
Beta 0.91
(b) Characteristic line is given by
αi  βi Rm
βi = xy  n x y
x 2  n(x)2
αi =
y β x
Return on B Return on XY X2 (x- x) (x- x)2 (y- y) (y- y)2
(Y) Market (X)
10 8 80 64 1.50 2.25 1.50 2.25
12 10 120 100 3.50 12.25 3.50 12.25
9 9 81 81 2.50 6.25 0.50 0.25
3 -1 -3 1 -7.50 56.25 -5.50 30.25
34 26 278 246 77.00 45.00
y = 34 = 8.50
4
x = 26 = 6.50
4
xy nxy 278 - 4(6.50)(8.50) 278 - 221

β = x2 n(x)2 = 246 - 4(6.50)2 = 246-169
57
= 77
= 0.74
 = y -  x = 8.50 – 0.74 (6.50) = 3.69

Hence the characteristic line is 3.69 + 0.74 (Rm)
Total Risk of Market = σ = (x - 77 = 19.25(%)

x)2 =
m2 n 4
45 = 11.25 (%)
Total Risk of Stock =
4
Systematic Risk = β2 σ2
= (0.74)2 x 19.25 = 10.54(%)
i m
Unsystematic Risk is = Total Risk – Systematic Risk

= 11.25 – 10.54 = 0.71(%)
Question 4
(a) Mr. Abhishek is interested in investing ` 2,00,000 for which he is considering following
three alternatives:
(i) Invest ` 2,00,000 in Mutual Fund X (MFX)
(ii) Invest ` 2,00,000 in Mutual Fund Y (MFY)
(iii) Invest ` 1,20,000 in Mutual Fund X (MFX) and ` 80,000 in Mutual Fund Y (MFY)
Average annual return earned by MFX and MFY is 15% and 14% respectively. Risk free rate
of return is 10% and market rate of return is 12%.
Covariance of returns of MFX, MFY and market portfolio Mix are as follow:
MFX MFY Mix
MFX 4.800 4.300 3.370
MFY 4.300 4.250 2.800
M 3.370 2.800 3.100
(i) variance of return from MFX, MFY and market return,
(ii) portfolio return, beta, portfolio variance and portfolio standard deviation,
(ill) expected return, systematic risk and unsystematic risk; and
(iv) Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Alpha of MFX, MFY and Portfolio Mix (8 Marks)
(b) KLM Ltd. requires ` 15,00,000 for a new project.
Useful life of project is 3 years.
Salvage value - NIL.
Depreciation is ` 5,00,000 p.a.
Given below are projected revenues and costs (excluding depreciation) ignoring inflation:
Year  1 2 3
Revenues in ` 10,00,000 13,00,000 14,00,000
Costs in ` 5,00,000 6,00,000 6,50,000
Applicable tax rate is 35%. Assume cost of capital to be 14% (after tax). The inflation
rates for revenues and costs are as under:
Year Revenues % Costs %
1 9 10
2 8 9
3 6 7
PVF at 14%, for 3 years =0.877, 0.769 and 0.675
Show amount to the nearest rupee in calculations.
You are required to calculate act present value of the project. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Variance of Returns
Cov (i, j)
Cor i,j =
σiσj
Accordingly, for MFX
Cov (X,X)
1=
σXσX
σ2X = 4.800
Accordingly, for MFY
Cov (Y,Y)
1=
σYσY
σ2Y = 4.250
Accordingly, for Market Return
Cov (M,M)
1=
σMσM
σ2M = 3.100
(ii) Portfolio return, beta, variance and standard deviation
Weight of MFX in portfolio = 1,20,000 =0.60

2,00,000
Weight of MFY in portfolio = 80,000

2,00,000=0.40
Accordingly Portfolio Return
0.60 × 15% + 0.40 × 14% = 14.60%
Beta of each Fund
Cov Fund,Market
β  Variance of Market
3.370
β = 1.087
X
3.100
2.800
β  = 0.903
Y
3.100
Portfolio Beta
0.60 x 1.087 + 0.40 x 0.903 = 1.013
Portfolio Variance
σ2 = w2 σ2 + w2 σ2 + 2 w w Cov
XY X X Y Y X Y X,Y
= (0.60)2 (4.800) + (0.40)2 (4.250) + 2(0.60) (0.40) (4.300)

= 4.472
Or Portfolio Standard Deviation
σ XY = 4.472
= 2.115
(iii) Expected Return, Systematic and Unsystematic Risk of Portfolio
Portfolio Return = 10% + 1.0134(12% - 10%) = 12.03%
MF X Return = 10% + 1.087(12% - 10%) = 12.17%
MF Y Return = 10% + 0.903(12% - 10%) = 28.06%
Systematic Risk = β 2σ 2
Accordingly,
Systematic Risk of MFX = (1.087)2 x 3.10 = 3.663
Systematic Risk of MFY = (0.903)2 x 3.10 = 2.528
Systematic Risk of Portfolio = (1.013)2 x 3.10 = 3.181
Unsystematic Risk = Total Risk – Systematic Risk
Accordingly,
Unsystematic Risk of MFX = 4.80 – 3.663 = 1.137
UnSystematic Risk of MFY = 4.250 – 2.528 = 1.722
UnSystematic Risk of Portfolio = 4.472 – 3.181 = 1.291
(iv) Sharpe and Treynor Ratios and Alpha
Sharpe Ratio
15% - 10%
MFX = = 2.282
4.800
14% - 10%
MFY = = 1.94
4.250
14.6% - 10%
Portfolio = = 2.175
2.115
Treynor Ratio
15% - 10%
MFX = = 4.60
1.087
14% - 10%
MFY = = 4.43
0.903
14.6% - 10%
Portfolio = = 4.54
1.0134
Alpha
MFX = 15% - 12.17% = 2.83%
MFY = 14% - 11.81% = 2.19%
Portfolio = 14.6% - 12.03% = 2.57%
(b) Computation of Annual Cash Flow
(i) Inflation adjusted Revenues
Year Revenues (`) Revenues (Inflation Adjusted) (`)
1 10,00,000 10,00,000(1.09) = 10,90,000
2 13,00,000 13,00,000(1.09) (1.08) = 15,30,360
3 14,00,000 14,00,000(1.09) (1.08)(1.06) = 17,46,965
(ii) Inflation adjusted Costs
Year Costs (`) Costs (Inflation Adjusted) (`)
1 5,00,000 5,00,000(1.10) = 5,50,000
2 6,00,000 6,00,000(1.10)(1.09) = 7,19,400
3 6,50,000 6,50,000(1.10)(1.09)(1.07) = 8,33,905
(iii) Tax Benefit on Depreciation = ` 5,00,000 x 0.35 = ` 1,75,000
(iv) Net Profit after Tax
Year Revenues Costs Net Profit Tax Profit after
(Inflation (Inflation (`) (`) Tax (`)
Adjusted) (`) Adjusted) (`)
(1) (2) (3) =(1) -(2) (4) = 35% (3) - (4)
of (3)
1 10,90,000 5,50,000 5,40,000 1,89,000 3,51,000
2 15,30,360 7,19,400 8,10,960 2,83,836 5,27,124
3 17,46,965 8,33,905 9,13,060 3,19,571 5,93,489
(iv) Present Value of Cash Inflows
Year Net Profit Tax Benefit on Cash Inflow PVF@ PV
after tax Depreciation (`) (`) 14% (`)
(`)
1 3,51,000 1,75,000 5,26,000 0.877 4,61,302
2 5,27,124 1,75,000 7,02,124 0.769 5,39,933
3 5,93,489 1,75,000 7,68,489 0.675 5,18,730
15,19,965
NPV = ` 15,19,965 – ` 15,00,000 = ` 19,965
Question 5
(a) Projected sales for the next year of Z Ltd. is ` 1000 Cr. The company manages its
accounts receivables internally. Its present annual cost of sales ledger administration is
` 11 Cr. The company finances its investment on debtors through a mix of bank credit
and own long term funds in the ratio of 60 : 40. Current cost of bank credit and long term
funds are 10% and 12% respectively. The past experience indicates that bad debt losses
are 1.5% on total sales.
The company has a credit policy of 2/10, net 30. On an average, 40% of receivables are
collected within the discount period and rest are collected 70 days after the invoice date.
Over the years, gross profit is maintained at 20% and the same is expected to be
continued in future.
To enable the management focus on promotional activities and get rid of escalating cost
associated with in house management of debtors, the company is considering the
possibility of availing the services of Fairgrowth Factors Ltd. for managing receivables of
the company.
According to the proposal of the factor, it would pay advance to the tune of 85% of
receivables with 20% interest and 81% of receivables with 21% interest for the recourse
and non-recourse agreements respectively. The proposal provides for guaranteed
payment within 30 days from the date of invoice. The factoring commission would be 4%
without recourse and 2% with recourse.
If the company goes for the factoring arrangement, the staff would be under burdened
and concentrate more on promotional activities and consequently additional sales of
` 100 Cr. would be achieved. Assume that all sales of the company are credit sales and
the year is of 360 days.
(i) calculate cost of in house management of receivables,
(ii) compute cost of Fairgrowth Factors Ltd. proposal (with recourse and without
recourse),
(iii) calculate net benefits under recourse factoring and non-recourse factoring; and
(iv) decide the best option for the company. (8 Marks)
(b) A company is considering hedging its foreign exchange risk. It has made a purchase on
1st July, 2016 for which it has to make a payment of US$ 60,000 on December 31, 2016.
The present exchange rate is 1 US $ = ` 65. It can purchase forward 1 $ at ` 64. The
company will have to make an upfront premium @ 2% of the forward amount purchased.
The cost of funds to the company is 12% per annum.
In the following situations, compute the profit/loss the company will make if it hedges its
foreign exchange risk with the exchange rate on 31st December, 2016 as :
(i) ` 68 per US $.
(ii) ` 62 per US $.
(iii) ` 70 per US $.
(iv) ` 65 per US $. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Financial Analysis of Receivable Management Alternatives (` Crores)
(i) In-House Management
Cash Discount (` 1000 crore x 40% x 2%) 8.00
Bad Debt (` 1000 crore x 1.50%) 15.00
Avoidable Administrative and Selling Cost 11.00
Foregone contribution on sales ` 100 crore (0.20 – 0.015) 18.50
Cost of Investment in Receivable* 11.04
63.54
* Cost of Investment in Receivable
Average Collection Period (0.40 x 10 + 0.60 x 70) 46 days
Investment in Debtors (` 1000 crores x 46/360) x 0.80 ` 102.22
crores Cost of Investment (0.60 x 10 + 0.40 x 12) 10.80%
Cost of Investment in Receivable (` 102.22 crores x 10.80%) ` 11.04 crores
(ii) Fairgrowth Factors Ltd. Proposal
With Without
Recourse Recourse
(` 1100 crores x 2.0%) and (` 1100 crores x 4.0%) 22.00 44.00
Interest Charges
(` 1100 crores – ` 22.00 crores) 0.85 x 20% x 30/360 15.27 -
(` 1100 crores – ` 44.00 crores) 0.81 x 21% x 30/360 - 14.97
(` 1100 crores – ` 916.30 crores) 0.12 x 30/360 x 0.80 1.47 -
(` 1100 crores – ` 855.36 crores) 0.12 x 30/360 x 0.80 - 1.96
38.74 60.93
(iii) Decision Analysis:
With Without
Recourse Recourse
Benefits (` 63.54 crore – ` 15 crore†) 48.54 65.04Δ
Costs 38.74 60.93
9.80 4.11
† Bad Debt Δ ` 63.54 crore + ` 1.50 (Bad Debt Saving on additional Sale)
(iv) Advice: Company should go for recourse factoring.

(b)
( `)
Present Exchange Rate `65 = 1 US$
If company purchases US$ 60,000 forward premium is
60000 × 64 × 2% 76,800
Interest on `76,800 for 6 months at 12% 4,608
Total hedging cost 81,408
If exchange rate is `68
Then gain (`68 – `64) for US$ 60,000 2,40,000
Less: Hedging cost 81,408
Net gain 1,58,592
If US$ = `62
Then loss (`64 – `62) for US$ 60,000 1,20,000
Add: Hedging Cost 81,408
Total Loss 2,01,408
If US$ = `70
Then Gain (`70 – `64) for US$ 60,000 3,60,000
Less: Hedging Cost 81,408
Total Gain 2,78,592
If US$ = `65
Then Gain (` 65 – ` 64) for US$ 60,000 60,000
Less: Hedging Cost 81,408
Net Loss 21,408
Question 6
(a) XN Ltd. reported a profit of ` 100.32 lakhs after 34% tax for the financial Year 2015-
2016. An analysis of the accounts reveals that the income included extraordinary items of
` 14 lakhs and an extraordinary loss of ` 5 lakhs. The existing operations, except for the
extraordinary items, are expected to continue in future. Further, a new product is
launched and the expectations are as under:
Particulars Amount ` in lakhs
Sales 70
Material Costs 20
Labour Costs 16
Fixed Costs 10
The company has 50,00,000 Equity Shares of ` 10 each and 80,000, 9% Preference
Shares of ` 100 each with P/E Ratio being 6 times.
(i) compute the value of the business. Assume cost of capital to be 12% (after tax) and
(ii) determine the market price per equity share. (8 Marks)
(b) The municipal corporation of a city with mass population is planning to construct a flyover
that will replace the intersection of two busy highways X and Y. Average traffic per day is
10,000 vehicles on highway X and 8,000 vehicles on highway Y. 70% of the vehicles are
private and rest are commercial vehicles. The flow of traffic across and between
aforesaid highways is controlled by traffic lights. Due to heavy flow, 50% of traffic on
each of the highways is delayed. Average loss of time due to delay is 1.3 minute in
highway X and 1.2 minute in highway Y. The cost of time delayed is estimated to be ` 80
per hour for commercial vehicle and ` 30 for private vehicle.
The cost of stop and start is estimated to be ` 1.20 for commercial vehicle and ` 0.80 for
private vehicle. The cost of operating the traffic lights is ~ 80,000 a year. One policeman
is required to be posted for 3 hours a day at the crossing which costs ` 150 per hour.
Due to failure to obey traffic signals, eight fatal accidents and sixty non-fatal accidents
occurred in last 4 years. On an average, insurance settlements per fatal and non-fatal
accidents are ` 5,00,000 and ` 15,000 respectively.
To eliminate the delay of traffic and the accidents caused due to traffic light violations,
the flyover has been designed. It will add a quarter of kilometer to the distance of 20% of
total traffic. No posting of policeman will be required at the flyover. The flyover will
require investment of ` 3 Cr. Extra maintenance cost would be ` 70,000 a year.
The incremental operating cost for commercial vehicle will be ` 5 per km and ` 2 for non-
commercial vehicle. Expected economic life of the flyover is 30 years having no salvage
value. The cost of capital for the project is 8%. (corresponding capital recovery rate is
0.0888).
(i) total net benefits to users,
(ii) annual cost to the state; and
(iii) benefit cost ratio (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Computation of Business Value
(` Lakhs)
100.32 152
Profit before tax
1 0.34
Less: Extraordinary income (14)
Add: Extraordinary losses 5
143
Profit from new product (` Lakhs)
Sales 70
Less: Material costs 20
Labour costs 16
Fixed costs 10 (46) 24
167.00
Less: Taxes @34% 56.78
Future Maintainable Profit after taxes 110.22
Relevant Capitalisation Factor 0.12
Value of Business (`110.22/0.12) 918.50
(ii) Determination of Market Price of Equity Share
Future maintainable profits (After Tax) ` 1,10,22,000
Less: Preference share dividends 80,000 shares of ` 100 @ 9% ` 7,20,000
Earnings available for Equity Shareholders ` 1,03,02,000
No. of Equity Shares 50,00,000
` 1,03,02,000 ` 2.06
Earning per share = =
50,00,000
PE ratio 6
Market price per share ` 12.36
(b) Benefit to the Users (when 365 days taken in a year)
(i) Annual Savings in Cost of Delays:
1.3
Highway X (10000 × 365 × 0.50 × ) (0.70 × 30 + 0.30 × 80) ` 17,79,375
60
1.2
Highway Y (8000 × 365 × 0.50 × ) (0.70 × 30 + 0.30 × 80) ` 13,14,000
60
(a) ` 30,93,375
(ii) Annual Savings in Cost of Stops and Starts
Highway X (10000 × 365 × 0.50) (0.70 × 0.80 + 0.30 × 1.20) ` 16,79,000
Highway Y (8000 × 365 × 0.50) (0.70 × 0.80 + 0.30 × 1.20) ` 13,43,200
(b) ` 30,22,200
(iii) Annual Saving in Accidents Claims (c)
8 60 ` 12,25,000
× 500000 + × 15000 (c)
4 4
Total Benefits (d) = (a) + (b) + (c) ` 73,40,575
Less: Incremental Expenditures due to added distance
Highway X (10000 × 365 × 0.20 × 0.25) (0.70 × 2 + 0.30 × 5) ` 5,29,250
Highway Y (8000 × 365 × 0.20 × 0.25) (0.70 × 2 + 0.30 × 5) ` 4,23,400
(e) ` 9,52,650
Total Net Benefits (d) – (e) ` 63,87,925
Annual Cost to State
Investment Cost (` 3,00,00,000 × 0.0888) ` 26,64,000
Extra Annual Maintenance ` 70,000
` 27,34,000
Less: Saving in Cost of operating traffic lights
(` 80,000 + 3 × 365 × ` 150) ` 2,44,250
` 24,89,750
 1 
` 63,87,925 PVAF
Cost Benefit Ratio PV of Benefits  
= 0.0888
 1 
PV of Costs ` 24,89,750 PVAF
=
 
0.0888 
` 7,19,36,092
= =
2.57
Question 7 ` 2,80,37,725

(a) What is cross border leasing? State its advantages.
(b) What are the rigidities in the Indian money market?
(c) What is exchange traded fund ? What are its advantages ?
(d) What are the problems for mergers and acquisitions in India ?
(e) What makes an organization sustainable ? State the specific steps. (4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) Cross-border leasing is a leasing agreement where lessor and lessee are situated in
different countries. This raises significant additional issues relating to tax avoidance and
tax shelters. It has been widely used in some European countries, to arbitrage the
difference in the tax laws of different countries.
Cross-border leasing have been in practice as a means of financing infrastructure
development in emerging nations. Cross-border leasing may have significant applications
in financing infrastructure development in emerging nations - such as rail and air
transport equipment, telephone and telecommunications, equipment, and assets incorporated
into power generation and distribution systems and other projects that have predictable
revenue streams.
A major advantage of cross-border leasing is to reduce the overall cost of financing
through utilization by the lessor of tax depreciation allowances to reduce its taxable
income. The tax savings are passed through to the lessee as a lower cost of finance. The
basic prerequisites are relatively high tax rates in the lessor's country, liberal
depreciation rules and either very flexible or very formalistic rules governing tax
ownership.
Other important advantages of cross border leasing include the following:
 The lessor is often able to utilize nonrecourse debt to finance a substantial portion
of the equipment cost. The debt is secured by among other things, a mortgage on
the equipment and by an assignment of the right to receive payments under the
lease.
 Also, depending on the structure, in some countries the lessor can utilize very
favourable “leveraged lease” financial accounting treatment for the overall
transaction.
 In some countries, it is easier for a lessor to repossess the leased equipment
following a lessee default because the lessor is an owner and not a mere secured
lender.
 Leasing provides the lessee with 100% financing.
(b) Notwithstanding the deregulation process initiated by the Reserve Bank of India and
several innovations, the money market is not free from certain rigidities which are
hampering the growth of the market. The most important rigidities in the Indian money
market are:
(i) Markets not integrated,
(ii) High volatility,
(iii) Interest rates not properly aligned,
(iv) Players restricted,
(v) Supply based-sources influence uses,
(vi) Not many instruments,
(vii) Players do not alternate between borrowing and lending,
(viii) Reserve requirements,
(ix) Lack of transparency,
(x) Inefficient Payment Systems,
(xi) Seasonal shortage of funds,
(xii) Commercial transactions are mainly in cash, and
(xiii) Heavy Stamp duty limiting use of exchange bills
(c) Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) were introduced in US in 1993 and came to India around
2002. ETF is a hybrid product that combines the features of an index mutual fund and
stock and hence, is also called index shares. These funds are listed on the stock
exchanges and their prices are linked to the underlying index. The authorized
participants act as market makers for ETFs.
ETF can be bought and sold like any other stock on stock exchange. In other words, they
can be bought or sold any time during the market hours at prices that are expected to be
closer to the NAV at the end of the day. NAV of an ETF is the value of the underlying
component of the benchmark index held by the ETF plus all accrued dividends less
accrued management fees.
There is no paper work involved for investing in an ETF. These can be bought like any
other stock by just placing an order with a broker.
Some other important advantages of ETF are as follows:
1. It gives an investor the benefit of investing in a commodity without physically
purchasing the commodity like gold, silver, sugar etc.
2. It is launched by an asset management company or other entity.
3. The investor does not need to physically store the commodity or bear the costs of
upkeep which is part of the administrative costs of the fund.
4. An ETF combines the valuation feature of a mutual fund or unit investment trust,
which can be bought or sold at the end of each trading day for its net asset value,
with the tradability feature of a closed ended fund, which trades throughout the
trading day at prices that may be more or less than its net asset value.
(d) Problems for mergers and acquisitions in India
 Indian corporates are largely promoter-controlled and managed.
 In some cases, the need for prior negotiations and concurrence of financial
institutions and banks is an added rider, besides SEBI’s rules and regulations.
 The reluctance of financial institutions and banks to fund acquisitions directly.
 The BIFR route, although tedious, is preferred for obtaining financial
concessions.
 Lack of Exit Policy for restructuring/downsizing.
 Absence of efficient capital market system makes the Market capitalisation not
fair in some cases.
 Valuation is still evolving in India.
(e) The concept of sustainable growth can be helpful for planning healthy corporate growth.
This concept forces managers to consider the financial consequences of sales increases
and to set sales growth goals that are consistent with the operating and financial policies
of the firm. Often, a conflict can arise if growth objectives are not consistent with the
value of the organization's sustainable growth. Question concerning right distribution of
resources may take a difficult shape if we take into consideration the rightness not for the
current stakeholders but for the future stakeholders also.
Sustainable growth is important to enterprise long-term development. Too fast or too
slow growth will go against enterprise growth and development, so financial should play
important role in enterprise development, adopt suitable financial policy initiative to make
sure enterprise growth speed close to sustainable growth ratio and have sustainable
healthy development.
Sustainable growth models assume that the business wants to:
(1) maintain a target capital structure without issuing new equity;
(2) maintain a target dividend payment ratio; and
(3) increase sales as rapidly as market conditions allow.
Since the asset to beginning of period equity ratio is constant and the firm's only source
of new equity is retained earnings, sales and assets cannot grow any faster than the
retained earnings plus the additional debt that the retained earnings can support. The
sustainable growth rate is consistent with the observed evidence that most corporations
are reluctant to issue new equity. If, however, the firm is willing to issue additional equity,
there is in principle no financial constraint on its growth rate.
Question 1
(a) A is an investor and having in its Portfolio Shares worth ` 1,20,00,000 at current price
and Cash ` 10,00,000. The Beta () of Share Portfolio is 1.4. After four months the price
of shares dropped by 1.8%.
(i) Current Portfolio Beta and
(ii) Portfolio Beta after four months-if A on current date goes for long position on
` 1,30,00,000 Nifty futures.
Show calculations in ` Lakhs with four decimal points. (5 Marks)
(b) You are requested to find out the approximate dividend payment ratio as to have the
Share Price at ` 56 by using Walter Model, based on following information available for a
Company.
Amount `
Net Profit 50 lakhs
Outstanding 10% Preference Shares 80 lakhs
Number of Equity Shares 5 lakhs
Return on Investment 15%
Cost of Capital (after Tax) (Ke) 12%
(5 Marks)
(c) Ram Chemical is in production Line of Chemicals and considering a proposal of building
new plant to produce pesticides. The Present Value (PV) of new proposal is ` 150 crores
(After considering scrap value at the end of life of project). Since this is a new product
market, survey indicates following variation in Present Value (PV):
Condition Favourable in first year Condition sluggish
PV in
will
first
increase
year 30% from original estimate
PV will decrease by 40% from original Figures.

In addition Rama Chemical has a option to abandon the project at the end of Year and
dispose it at ` 100 crores. If risk free rate of interest is 8%, what will be present value of
put option? (5
Marks)
(d) A USA based company is planning to set up a software development unit in India.
Software developed at the Indian unit will be bought back by the US parent at a transfer
price of US $200 Lakhs. The unit will remain in existence in India for one year; the
software is expected to get developed within this time frame.
The US based company will be subject to corporate tax of 30% and a withholding tax of
10% in India and will not be eligible for tax credit in the US. The software developed will
be sold in the US market for US $ 240 lakhs. Other estimates are as follows:
Rent for fully furnished unit with necessary hardware in India ` 20,00,000
Man power cost (160 software professional will be working for ` 600 per man
10 hours each day) hour
Administrative and other costs ` 24,00,000
Advise the US Company on the financial viability of the project. The rupee-dollar rate is
` 67/$. Assume 1 year = 360 days. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Current portfolio
Current Beta for share = 1.4
Beta for cash =0
120 lakhs
Current portfolio beta = x 1.4 + 0 x 10 lakhs
= 1.2923
130 lakhs 130 lakhs
(ii) Portfolio beta after 4 months:
Beta for portfolio of shares = Change in value of portfolio of share
Change in value of market portfolio (Index)
1.4 = 0.018
Change in value of market portfolio (Index)
Change in value of market portfolio (Index) = (0.018 / 1.4) x 100 = 1.2857
Position taken on 100 lakh Nifty futures : Long
Value of index after 4 months = ` 130 lakh x (1.00 - 0.012857)
= ` 128.3286 lakh
Mark-to-market paid = ` 1.6714 lakh
Cash balance after payment of mark-to-market = ` 8.3286 lakh
Value of portfolio after 4 months = ` 120 lakh x (1 - 0.018) + ` 8.3286 lakh
= ` 126.1686 lakh
` 130 lakh - `126.1686 lakh
Change in value of portfolio = 2.9472%
`130 lakh
=
Portfolio beta = 0.029472/0.012857 = 2.2923
(b) (i)
` in lakhs
Net Profit 50
Less: Preference dividend 8
Earning for equity shareholders 42
Therefore earning per share ` 42 lakhs / 5 lakhs = ` 8.40
(ii) Cost of capital i.e. (ke) 12%
Let, the dividend payout ratio be X and so the share price will be:
r(E- D)
D Ke
P   where D= Dividend (Rs) and r= 15 % and ke = 12%.
Ke Ke
Here D = 8.40x; E = ` 8.40; r = 0.15 and Ke = 0.12 and P = ` 56

8.40x
Hence ` 56  0.15 (8.40 - 8.40x)
0.12  0.12 0.12
Or, ` 56 = 70X + 87.50 (1 –x)
-17.50x = -31.50
x = 1.80
Dividend Pay-out ratio would be zero, as pay-out is more than 100% of EPS seems
to be illogical.
(c) Decision Tree showing pay off
Year 0 Year 1 Pay off
195 0
150
90 100-90 = 10

First of all we shall calculate probability of high demand (P) using risk neutral method as
follows:
8% = p x 30% + (1-p) x (-40%)
0.08 = 0.30 p - 0.40 + 0.40p
0.48
p= = 0.6857 say 0.686
0.70
The value of abandonment option will be as follows:
Expected Payoff at Year 1
= p x 0 + [(1-p) x 10]
= 0.686 x 0 + [0.314 x 10]
= ` 3.14 crore
Since expected pay off at year 1 is 3.14 crore, present value of expected pay off will be:
3.14
= 2.907 crore.
1.08
This is the value of abandonment option (Put Option).
(d) Proforma profit and loss account of the Indian software development unit
` `
Revenue 1,34,00,00,000
Less: Costs:
Rent 20,00,000
Manpower (`600 x 160 x 10 x 360) 34,56,00,000
Administrative and other costs 24,00,000 35,00,00,000
Earnings before tax 99,00,00,000
Less: Tax 29,70,00,000
Earnings after tax 69,30,00,000
Less: Withholding tax(TDS) 6,93,00,000
Repatriation amount (in rupees) 62,37,00,000
Repatriation amount (in dollars) $93.09 lakhs
Advice: The cost of development software in India for the US based company is $106.86
lakhs or $ 10.686 million. As the USA based Company is expected to sell the software in
the US at $240 lakhs, it is advised to develop the software in India.
Question 2
(a) Bank A enter into a Repo for 14 days with Bank B in 10% Government of India Bonds
2018 @ 5.65% for ` 8 crore. Assuming that clean price be ` 99.42 and initial Margin be
2% and days of accrued interest be 262 days. You are required to determine
(i) Dirty Price
(ii) Repayment at maturity. (consider 360 days in a year). (4 Marks)
(b) A Stock costing ` 150 pays no dividends. The possible prices at which the stock may be
sold for at the end of the year with the respective probabilities are:
Price  (in `) Probability 
130 0.2
150 0.1
160 0.1
165 0.3
175 0.1
180 0.2
Total 1.0
(i) calculate the Expected Return,
(ii) calculate the Standard Deviation (  ) of Returns.
Show calculations upto three decimal points. (8 Marks)
(c) RC Ltd. is able to issue commercial paper of ` 50,00,000 every 4 months at a rate of
15% p.a. The cost of placement of commercial paper issue is ` 2,000 per issue. RC Ltd.
is required to maintain line of credit ` 2,00,000 in bank balance. The applicable income
tax rate for RC Ltd. is 30%. What is the cost of funds (after taxes) to RC Ltd. for
commercial paper issue? The maturity of commercial paper is four months. (4 Marks)
Answer
(a) (a) Dirty Price
= Clean Price + Interest Accrued
10 262
= 99.42 + 100 ×
100 × 360
= 106.70
(b) First Leg (Start Proceed)
Dirty Price 100- -Initial Margin
= Nominal Value x ×
100 100
106.70 100 -
= `8,00,00,000 x ×
100 2
100
= `8,36,52,800 or, rounded off to `8,36,53,000
(c) Second Leg (Repayment at Maturity)
No.of days
= Start Proceed x (1+ Repo rate × )
360
14
= ` 8,36,53,000 x (1+ 0.0565 × )
360
= `8,38,36,804
(b) Here, the probable returns have to be calculated using the formula
D
R P1  P0
P0  P0
Calculation of Probable Returns
Possible prices (P1) P1-P0 [(P1-P0)/ P0 ] x 100
` ` Return (per cent)
130 -20 -13.33
150 0 0.00
160 10 6.67
165 15 10.00
175 25 16.667
180 30 20.00
Calculation of Expected Returns
Possible return Probability Product
Xi p(Xi) X1-p(Xi)
-13.333 0.2 -2.667
0.00 0.1 0.000
6.667 0.1 0.667
10.00 0.3 3.000
16.667 0.1 1.667
20.00 0.2 4.000
X = 6.667
Expected return X = 6.667 per cent

Alternatively, it can also be calculated as follows:
Expected Price = 130 x 0.2 + 150 x 0.1 + 160 x 0.1 + 165 x 0.3 + 175 x 0.1 + 180 x 0.2 = 160
160 - 150
Return = 150 × 100 = 6.667%
Calculation of Standard Deviation of Returns
Probable Probability Deviation Deviation Product
squared
return Xi p(Xi) (Xi – X ) (Xi – X )² (Xi – X )²p(Xi)
-13.333 0.2 -20.00 400.00 80.00
0.00 0.1 -6.667 44.449 4.445
6.667 0.1 0 0 0
10.00 0.3 3.333 11.109 3.333
16.667 0.1 10.00 100.00 10.00
20.00 0.2 13.333 177.769 35.554
σ² = 133.332
Variance, σ² = 133.332 per cent
Standard deviation, σ= 133.332 = 11.547 per cent
(c)
`
Issue Price 50,00,000
Less: Interest @ 15% for 4 months 2,50,000
Issue Expenses 2,000
Minimum Balance 2,00,000
45,48,000
Cost of Funds = 2,52,000(1- 0.30) 12
45,48,000 × 4 ×100 =
5,29,200
= 45,48,000 ×100 = 11.636 %
Question 3
(a) SD Ltd. wants to purchase a machine worth ` 25,00,000. It has two options:
Either (i) to acquire the Asset by taking a Bank Loan @ 12% p.a. repayable in 5 yearly
instalments of ` 5,00,000 each plus interest or, (ii) to lease the Asset at yearly rental of
` 7,00,000 for five years.
In both the cases, the instalment is payable at the end of the year.
The Company discounts its Cash Flows @ 14 % (after tax).
Depreciation is to be taken at 20% on Written Down Value method (WDV).
The Company's tax rate is 34%.
You are required to advise which of the financing options is to be exercised and reason
thereof.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Present Value Factor
(PVF) 14% 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519 (Total 3.432)
Show Amount to the nearest Rupee. (8 Marks)
(b) P Ltd. has current earnings of ` 6 per share with 10,00,000 shares outstanding. The
company plans to issue 80,000, 8% convertible preference shares of ` 100 each at par.
The preference shares are convertible into 2 equity shares for each preference share
held. The equity share has a current market price of ` 42 per share. Calculate:
(i) What is preference share's conversion value?
(ii) What is conversion premium?
(iii) Assuming that total earnings remain the same, calculate the effect of the issue on
the basic earning per share (A) before conversion (B) after conversion.
(iv) If profits after tax increases by ` 20 Lakhs what will be the basic
EPS, (A) before conversion and (B) on a fully diluted basis? (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) Alternative I: Acquiring the asset by taking bank loan:
Years 1 2 3 4 5
(a) Interest (@12% p.a. 300,000 240,000 1,80,000 1,20,000 60,000
on opening balance)
Depreciation (@ 20% 500,000 400,000 320,000 256,000 204,800
WDV)
800,000 640,000 500,000 376,000 264,800
(b) Tax shield (@34%) 272,000 217,600 1,70,000 127,840 90,032
Interest less Tax 28,000 22,400 10,000 (-)7,840 (-)30,032
shield (a)-(b)
Principal Repayment 5,00,000 5,00,000 5,00,000 5,00,000 5,00,000
Total cash outflow 528,000 522,400 510,000 492,160 469,968
Discounting Factor 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519
@ 14%
Present Value 4,63,056 4,01,726 3,44,250 2,91,359 2,43,913
Total P.V of cash outflow = `17,44,304
Alternative II: Acquire the asset on lease basis
Year Lease Rentals Tax Shield Net Cash Discount Present
` @34% Outflow Factor Value
1 7,00,000 2,38,000 4,62,000 0.877 4,05,174
2 7,00,000 2,38,000 4,62,000 0.769 3,55,278
3 7,00,000 2,38,000 4,62,000 0.675 3,11,850
4 7,00,000 2,38,000 4,62,000 0.592 2,73,504
5 7,00,000 2,38,000 4,62,000 0.519 2,39,778
Present value of Total Cash out flow 15,85,584
Advice: By making Analysis of both the alternatives, it is observed that the present value of
the cash outflow is lower in alternative II by ` 1,58,720 (i.e.`17,44,304 – ` 15,85,584)
Hence, it is suggested to acquire the asset on lease basis.
(b) (i) Conversion value of preference share
Conversion Ratio x Market Price
2 × ` 42 = ` 84
(Or ` 67,20,000)
(ii) Conversion Premium
(` 100/ ` 84) – 1 = 19.05%
(Or ` 12,80,000 or ` 16 per share)
(iii) Effect of the issue on basic EPS
`
Before Conversion
Total (after tax) earnings ` 6 × 10,00,000 60,00,000
Dividend on Preference shares 6,40,000
Earnings available to equity holders 53,60,000
No. of shares 10,00,000
EPS 5.36
On Diluted Basis
Earnings 60,00,000
No of shares ( 10,00,000 + 1,60,000) 11,60,000
EPS 5.17
(iv) EPS with increase in Profit
`
Before Conversion
Earnings 80,00,000
Dividend on Pref. shares 6,40,000
Earning for equity shareholders 73,60,000
No. of equity shares 10,00,000
EPS 7.36
On Diluted Basis
Earnings 80,00,000
No. of shares 11,60,000
EPS 6.90
Question 4
(a) The following information are available with respect of Krishna Ltd.
Krishna Ltd.
Dividend Average Dividend Return on
Year Average
per Share Market Index Yield Govt. bonds
share price
` `
2012 245 20 2013 4% 7%
2013 253 22 2130 5% 6%
2014 310 25 2350 6% 6%
2015 330 30 2580 7% 6%
Compute Beta Value of the Krishna Ltd. at the end of 2015 and state your observation.
(8 Marks)
(b) AC Co. Ltd. has a turnover of ` 1600 Lakhs and is expecting growth of
17.90% for the next year. Average credit period is 100 days. The Bad Debt losses are
about 1.50% on sales. The administrative cost for collecting receivables is ` 8,00,000.
The AC Co. Ltd. decides to make use of Factoring Services by FS Ltd. on terms as
under:
(i) that the factor will charge commission of 1.75%.
(ii)· 15% Risk with recourse and
(iii) Pay an advance on receivables to AC Co. Ltd. at 14% p.a. interest after withholding
10% as reserve.
You are required to calculate the effective cost of factoring to AC Co. Ltd. for the year.
Assume 360 days in a year.
Show amount in Lakhs of ` with two decimal points. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Computation of Beta Value
Calculation of Returns
D (P1 P0 )
Returns 1 100
P0
Year Returns
2012 – 13 22  (253  245)

245 100 = 12.24%
25  (310  253)
2013 – 14 100 = 32.41%
253
30  (330  310)
2014 – 15 310 100 = 16.13%
Calculation of Returns from market Index

Year % of Index Appreciation Dividend Yield % Total Return %
2012–13 (2130  2013) 5% 10.81%

2013 100 = 5.81%
2013–14 (2350  2130) 6% 16.33%

2130 100 = 10.33%
2014–15 (2580  2350) 7% 16.79%
2350 100 = 9.79%
Computation of Beta
Year Krishna Ltd. (X) Market Index (Y) XY Y2
2012–13 12.24% 10.81% 132.31 116.86
2013–14 32.41% 16.33% 529.25 266.67
2014–15 16.13% 16.79% 270.82 281.90
Total 60.78% 43.93% 932.38 665.43
60.78
Average Return of Krishna Ltd. = = 20.26%
3
43.93
Average Market Return = = 14.64%
3
Beta (β) =
XY - nX Y 932.38 - 3 × 20.26 ×14.64
= 1.897
 Y  nY 2
2 665.43 - 3(14.64) 2
=
Observation
Expected Return (%) Actual Return (%) Action
2012 – 13 6%+ 1.897(10.81% - 6%) = 15.12% 12.24% Sell
2013 – 14 6%+ 1.897(16.33% - 6%) = 25.60% 32.41% Buy
2014 – 15 6%+ 1.897(16.79% - 6%) = 26.47% 16.13% Sell
(b) Expected Turnover = ` 1600 lakhs + ` 286.40 = ` 1886.40 lakhs
` in Lacs ` in Lacs
Advance to be given:
Debtors `1886.40 lakhs x 100/360 524.00
Less: 10% withholding 52.40
471.60
Less: Commission 1.75% 9.17
Net payment 462.43
Less: Interest @14% for 100 days on ` 462.43 lacs 17.98
444.45
Calculation of Average Cost:
Total Commission `1886.40 lakhs x 1.75% 33.01
Total Interest ` 17.98 lacs x 360/100 64.73
97.74
Less: Admin. Cost 8.00
Saving in Bad Debts (`1886.40 lacs x 1.50% x 85%) 24.05 32.05
65.69
Effective Cost of Factoring = 65.69/444.45 x 100 14.78%
Question 5
(a) The five portfolios of a mutual fund experienced following result during last 10 years
periods :
Average annual Standard Correlation with the market

Portfolio
return % Deviation return
A 20.0 2.3 0.8869
B 17.0· 1.8 0.6667
C 18.0 1.6 0.600
D 16.0 1.8 0.867
E 13.5 1.9 0.5437
Market risk : 1.2
Market rate of return : 14.3%
Risk free rate : 10.1%
Beta may be calculated only upto two decimal. Rank the portfolio using JENSEN'S
ALPHA method. (8
Marks)
(b) The following is the Balance Sheet of XYZ Ltd. as at 31 st March, 2016 :
Liabilities ` in lakhs Assets ` in lakhs
Equity Shares of ` 10 each 500 Land and Buildings 150
11 % Preference Shares of Plant and Machinery 200
` 10 each 100 Furniture and Fixtures 60
12% Debentures 100 Inventory 60
Debenture Interest accrued Sundry Debtors 50
and Payable 12 Cash at Bank 50
Loan from 60 Preliminary Expenses 15
Bank Trade 300 Cost of Issue of 7
Creditors Debentures Profit and Loss 480
Account
1,072 1,072
The Company's performance is not good and has suffered sizable losses during the last
few years. The Company can be nursed back to health with proper financial restructuring.
As such, the following scheme is prepared:
(i) Equity Shares are to be reduced to ` 2 per Share, fully paid-up.
(ii) Preference Shares are to be reduced (with coupon Rate of 9 %) to equal number of
Shares of ` 5 each, fully paid-up.
(iii) Debenture holders have agreed to forgo the accrued interest due to them and for
the future the rate of interest on Debentures to be 10 %.
(iv) Trade Creditors will forgo 20% of the amount due to them.
(v) The Company to issue 50 Lakh Shares at ` 2 each to be paid fully on Application.
The entire amount is fully subscribed by Promoters.
(vi) Land and Building to be revalued at ` 350 Lakhs, Plant and Machinery value to be
taken at ` 150 Lakhs and a provision of ` 5 Lakhs to be made for Bad and Doubtful
Debts.
(1) show the impact of Financial Restructuring on the Company's activities.
(2) prepare the fresh Balance Sheet after the reconstruction is completed on the basis
of above proposals. (8
Marks)
Answer
(a) Let portfolio standard deviation be σp
Market Standard Deviation = σm
Coefficient of correlation = r
Portfolio beta (βp) = σpr , ( Beta for A = 2.30 x 0.8869/1.2 = 1.7, etc)
σm
Required portfolio return (Rp) = Rf + βp (Rm – Rf),
[ Rp for A = 10.1 +1.70x(14.3-10.1) = 17.24, etc.]
Portfolio Beta Return from the portfolio (Rp) (%)
A 1.70 17.24
B 1.00 14.30
C 0.80 13.46
D 1.30 15.56
E 0.86 13.71
Portfolio Actual Return Expected Return Jensen's Alpha

% % AR – ER Rank
A 20 17.24 2.76 II
B 17 14.30 2.70 III
C 18 13.46 4.54 I
D 16 15.56 0.44 IV
E 13.5 13.71 -0.21 V
(b) Impact of Financial Restructuring
(i) Benefits to Grape XYZ Ltd.
` in lakhs
(a) Reduction of liabilities payable
Reduction in equity share capital (50 lakh shares x `8 per share) 400
Reduction in preference share capital (10 lakh shares x ` 5 per 50
share)
Waiver of outstanding debenture Interest 12
Waiver from trade creditors (`300 lakhs x 0.20) 60
522
(b) Revaluation of Assets
Appreciation of Land and Building (`350 lakhs - `150 lakhs) 200
Total (A) 722
(ii) Amount of ` 722 lakhs utilized to write off losses, fictitious assets and overvalued
assets.
Writing off profit and loss account 480
Cost of issue of debentures 7
Provision for bad and doubtful debts 5
Revaluation of Plant and Machinery 50
(` 200 lakhs – ` 150 lakhs)
Total (B) 557
Capital Reserve (A) – (B) 165
(iii) Balance sheet of XYZ Ltd as at 31st March 2016 (after re-construction)
(` in lakhs)
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
100 lakhs equity shares of 200 Land & Building 350
` 2/- each
9% Preference shares of 50 Plant & Machinery 150
` 5/- each
Capital Reserve 165 Furniture & Fixtures 60
10% debentures 100 Inventory 60
Loan from Bank 60 Sundry debtors 50
Trade Creditors 240 Prov. for Doubtful -5 45
(300 – 60) Debts
Cash-at-Bank 150
(Balancing figure)*
815 815
Balance Sheet total
*Opening Balance of ` 50/- lakhs + Sale proceeds from issue of new equity shares
` 100/- lakhs.
Question 6
(a) An importer requested his bank to extend for Forward contract of US $ 25,000 which is
due for maturity on 31-10-2015 for a further periods of six month. The other details are as
under:
Contract rate US $ 1 = ` 61.00
The US $ quoted on 31-10-2015
Spot : ` 60.3200/60.6300
Six month premium : 0.86 %/0.98%
Margin money for buying and selling rate are 0.086% and 0.15% respectively
Compute
(1) Cost to importer in respect to extension of forward contract.
(2) New Forward contract rate. (6 Marks)
(b) XML bank was established in 2001 and doing banking business in India. The bank is
facing very critical situation. There are problems of Gross NPA (Non-Performing Assets) at
40% & CAR/CRAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio/Capital Risk Weight Asset Ratio) at 2%. The
net worth of the bank is not good. Shares are not traded regularly. La st week, it was traded @
` 4 per share.
RBI Audit suggested that bank has either to liquidate or to merge with other bank.
ZML Bank is professionally managed bank with low gross NPA of 5%. It has net NPA as
0% and CAR at 16%. Its share is quoted in the market @ ` 64 per share. The Board of
Directors of ZML Bank has submitted a proposal to RBI for takeover of bank XML on the
basis of share exchange ratio.
The Balance Sheet details of both the banks are as follows:
PARTICULARS XML Bank (`) ZML Bank (`)
(Amount in Crores) (Amount in Crores)
Liabilities
Paid up share capital (` 10) 70 250
Reserve and Surplus 35 2,750
Deposits 2,000 20,000
Other Liabilities 445 1,250
Total Liabilities 2,550 24,250
Assets
Cash in hand and with RBI 200 1,250
Balance with other banks 0 1,000
Investments 550 7,500
Advances 1,750 13,500
Other Assets 50 1,000
Total Assets 2,550 24,250
It was decided to issue shares at Book Value of ZML Bank to the shareholders of XML
Bank. All Assets & Liabilities are to be taken over at Book Value.
For the Swap Ratio, weights assigned to different parameters are as follows:
Gross NPA 40%
CAR 10%
Market Price 40%
Book Value 10%
You are required to :
(i) Calculate swap ratio based on above rates.
(ii) Calculate number of shares are to be issued.
(iii) Prepare Balance Sheet after Merger. (10 Marks)
Answer
(a) (i) The contract is to be cancelled on 31-10-2015 at the spot buying rate of
US$ = ` 60.3200
Less: Margin Money 0.086% = ` 0.0519
= ` 60.2681
Rounded off ` 60.2700
US$ 25,000 @ ` 60.2700 = ` 15,06,750
US$ 25,000 @ ` 61.0000 = ` 15,25,000
The difference in favour of the Bank/Cost to the importer ` 18,250
(ii) The Rate of New Forward Contract
Spot Selling Rate US$ 1 = ` 60.6300
Add: Premium @ 0.98% = ` 0.5942
= ` 61.2242
Add: Margin Money 0.15% = ` 0.0918
= ` 61.3160 or ` 61.3175
(b) Calculation of book value per share:
XML ZML
Assets 2550 24,250
Deposits (2000) (20,000)
Other Liability (445) (1250)
Net Assets 105 3000
No. of Shares (crores) 7 25
Book value per share (`) 105 / 7 = 15 3000 / 25 = 120
(a) Swap Ratio
Gross NPA 5:40 i.e. 5/40 x 40% = 0.05
CAR 2:16 i.e. 2/16 x 10% = 0.0125
Market Price 4:64 i.e. 4/64 x 40% = 0.0250
Book Value 15:120 i.e. 15/120 x 10% = 0.0125
0.1
Thus for every share of Bank XML 0.1 share of Bank ZML shall be issued.
(b) No. of equity shares to be issued:
` 70 crore
× 0.1 = 0.7crore shares
` 10
= 70 lakh number of shares
(c) Balance Sheet after Merger
Calculation of Capital Reserve
Book Value of Shares ` 105.00 cr
Value of Shares issued ` 7.00 cr
Capital Reserve ` 98.00 cr
Balance Sheet as at date after merger

` in Cr ` in Cr
Paid up Share Capital 257.00 Cash in Hand & RBI 1450.00
Reserves & Surplus 2750.00 Balance with other banks 1000.00
Capital Reserve 98.00 Investment 8050.00
Deposits 22000.00 Advances 15250.00
Other Liabilities 1695.00 Other Assets 1050.00
26800.00 26800.00
Question 7
Write short notes on any FOUR of the following:
(a) What makes an organization financially sustainable?
(b) Distinguish between Cash and Derivative Market.
(c) Briefly explain the main strategies for exposure management.
(d) What is simulation analysis and how it is beneficial?
(e) What is commercial meaning of synergy and how it used as a tool when deciding Merger
and Acquisitions? (4 x 4 = 16
Marks)
Answer
To be financially sustainable, an organization must:
 have more than one source of income;
 have more than one way of generating income;
 do strategic, action and financial planning regularly;
 have adequate financial systems;
 have a good public image;
 be clear about its values (value clarity); and
 have financial autonomy.
(b) The basic differences between Cash and the Derivative market are enumerated below:-
(a) In cash market tangible assets are traded whereas in derivative market contracts
based on tangible or intangibles assets like index or rates are traded.
(b) In cash market, we can purchase even one share whereas in Futures and Options
minimum lots are fixed.
(c) Cash market is more risky than Futures and Options segment because in “Futures
and Options” risk is limited.
(d) Cash assets may be meant for consumption or investment. Derivate contracts are
for hedging, arbitrage or speculation.
(e) The value of derivative contract is always based on and linked to the underlying
security. However, this linkage may not be on point-to-point basis.
(f) In the cash market, a customer must open securities trading account with a
securities depository whereas to trade futures a customer must open a future
trading account with a derivative broker.
(g) Buying securities in cash market involves putting up all the money upfront whereas
buying futures simply involves putting up the margin money.
(h) With the purchase of shares of the company in cash market, the holder becomes
part owner of the company. While in future it does not happen.
(c) Four separate strategy options are feasible for exposure management. They are:
(a) Low Risk: Low Reward- This option involves automatic hedging of exposures in the
forward market as soon as they arise, irrespective of the attractiveness or otherwise of
the forward rate.
(b) Low Risk: Reasonable Reward- This strategy requires selective hedging of exposures
whenever forward rates are attractive but keeping exposures open whenever they are
not.
(c) High Risk: Low Reward- Perhaps the worst strategy is to leave all exposures
unhedged.
(d) High Risk: High Reward- This strategy involves active trading in the currency market
through continuous cancellations and re-bookings of forward contracts. With
exchange controls relaxed in India in recent times, a few of the larger companies
are adopting this strategy.
(d) Simulation is the exact replica of the actual situation. To simulate an actual situation, a
model shall be prepared. The simulation Analysis is a technique, in which in finite
calculations are made to obtain the possible outcomes and probabilities for any given
action.
Monte Carlo simulation ties together sensitivities and probability distributions. The
method came out of the work of first nuclear bomb and was so named because it was
based on mathematics of Casino gambling. Fundamental appeal of this analysis is that it
provides decision makers with a probability distribution of NPVs rather than a single point
estimates of the expected NPV.
This analysis starts with carrying out a simulation exercise to model the investment
project. It involves identifying the key factors affecting the project and their inter
relationships. It involves modeling of cash flows to reveal the key factors influencing both
cash receipt and payments and their inter relationship.
This analysis specifies a range for a probability distribution of potential outcomes for
each of model’s assumptions.
1. Modelling the project: The model shows the relationship of NPV with parameters
and exogenous variables. (Parameters are input variables specified by decision
maker and held constant over all simulation runs. Exogenous variables are input
variables, which are stochastic in nature and outside the control of the decision
maker).
2. Specify values of parameters and probability distributions of exogenous variables.
3. Select a value at random from probability distribution of each of the exogenous
variables.
4. Determine NPV corresponding to the randomly generated value of exogenous
variables and pre-specified parameter variables.
5. Repeat steps (3) & (4) a large number of times to get a large number of simulated
NPVs.
6. Plot probability distribution of NPVs and compute a mean and Standard Deviation of
returns to gauge the project’s level of risk.
Advantages of Simulation Analysis:
(1) We can predict all type of bad market situation beforehand.
(2) Handle problems characterized by
(a) numerous exogenous variables following any kind of distribution.
(b) Complex inter-relationships among parameters, exogenous variables and
endogenous variables. Such problems defy capabilities of analytical methods.
(c) Compels decision maker to explicitly consider the inter-dependencies and
uncertainties featuring the project.
(e) Synergy May be defined as follows:
V (AB) > V (A) + V (B)
In other words the combined value of two firms or companies shall be more than their
individual value. Synergy is the increase in performance of the combined firm over what
the two firms are already expected or required to accomplish as independent firms. This
may be result of complimentary services economics of scale or both.
A good example of complimentary activities can be that one company may have a good
networking of branches and the other company may have efficient production system.
Thus the merged companies will be more efficient than individual companies.
On similar lines, economics of large scale is also one of the reasons for synergy benefits.
The main reason is that, the large scale production results in lower average cost of
production e.g. reduction in overhead costs on account of sharing of central services
such as accounting and finances, office executives, top level management, legal, sales
promotion and advertisement etc.
These economics can be “real” arising out of reduction in factor input per unit of output,
or pecuniary economics are realized from paying lower prices for factor inputs for bulk
transactions.
Question 1
(a) SBI mutual fund has a NAV of ` 8.50 at the beginning of the year. At the end of the year
NAV increases to ` 9.10. Meanwhile fund distributes ` 0.90 as dividend and ` 0.75 as
capital gains.
(i) What is the fund’s return during the year?
(ii) Had these distributions been re-invested at an average NAV of ` 8.75 assuming
200 units were purchased originally. What is the return? (5 Marks)
(b) A call option on gold with exercise price ` 26,000 per ten gram and three months to expire
is being traded at a premium of ` 1,010 per ten gram. It is expected that in three months
time the spot price might change to ` 27,300 or 24,700 per ten gram. At present this option
is at-the-money and the rate of interest with simple compounding is 12% per annum. Is the
current premium for the option justified? Evaluate the option and comments. (5 Marks)
(c) If the present interest rate for 6 months borrowings in India is 9% per annum and the
corresponding rate in USA is 2% per annum, and the US$ is selling in India at
` 64.50/$. (5 Marks)
Then :
(i) Will US $ be at a premium or at a discount in the Indian forward market?
(ii) Find out the expected 6 month forward rate for US$ in India.
(iii) Find out the rate of forward premium/discount. (5 Marks)
(d) The rate of inflation in USA is likely to be 3% per annum and in India it is likely to be 6.5%.
The current spot rate of US $ in India is ` 43.40. Find the expected rate of US$ in India after
one year and 3 years from now using purchasing power parity theory. (5 Marks)
Answer
(a) Return for the year (all changes on a per year basis)
Particulars ` /Unit
Change in price (` 9.10 – ` 8.50) 0.60

Dividend received 0.90

Capital gain distribution 0.75
Total Return 2.25
Return on investment = 2.25 100 = 26.47%

8.50
If all dividends and capital gain are reinvested into additional units at ` 8.75 per unit the
position would be.
Total amount reinvested = ` 1.65  200 = ` 330
`
Additional units added = = 37.71 units
330
8.75
Value of 237.71 units at end of year = ` 2,163.16
Price paid for 200 units in beginning of the year (200  ` 8.50) = ` 1,700
` 463.16
Return = ` 2,163.16 - ` 1,700 = = 27.24%
`1,700 `1,700
(b) To determine whether premium is justified we shall compute the value of option by using
any of the following models:
By use of Binomial Model
Decision Tree showing pay off
Year 0 3 months Pay off
27300 1300
26000
24700 0
The Delta (Δ) Ratio
1300  0
Δ = 27300 - =0.50
24700
Replicating portfolio Buy 5 gram of gold and sell one call option.
The pay off if price goes up = 0.50 x ` 27300 – ` 1,300 = ` 12,350
The pay off if price goes down = 0.50 x ` 24,700 = ` 12,350
Present Value of Pay-off = `12,350  `11,990

1.03
Current Investment = ` 26,000 x 0.50 = ` 13,000
Value of Option = ` 13,000 – ` 11,990 = ` 1,010
Thus the price of option is justified.
Alternatively, by using Risk Neutral Model:
First of all we shall calculate probability of high demand (P) using risk neutral method as
follows:
3% = p x 5% + (1-p) x (-5%)
0.03 = 0.05 p - 0.05 + 0.05p
0.08
p= = 0.80
0.10
1300 0.8  0  0.2
The value of Call Option = = ` 1,009.71 say ` 1,010
1.03
Thus, the price of option is justified.
(c) (i) Under the given circumstances, the USD is expected to quote at a premium in India
as the interest rate is higher in India.
(ii) Calculation of the forward rate:
1 Rh F1

1 R f Eo
Where: Rh is home currency interest rate, Rf is foreign currency interest rate, F1 is
end of the period forward rate, and E o is the spot rate.
1 (0.09/2) 1  0.09/2
Therefore 1 (0.02/2)= F1
1  0.02 /  64.50
2
1  0.045 F1
1  0.01  64.50
1.045
or 1.01  64.50  F1
67.4025
or 1.01  F1
or F1 = `66.74
(iii) Rate of premium:
66.74 - 64.50 12
  100  6.94%
64.50 6

(d) The differential inflation is 3.5%. Hence the rate will keep changing adversely by 3.5%
every year. Assuming that the change is reflected at the end of each year, the rates will
be:
End of Year ` /USD
1 ` 43.40 x 1.035 44.92
2 ` 44.92 x 1.035 46.49
3 ` 46.49 x 1.035 48.12
Alternative Answer
End of Year ` ` /USD
1  1 0.065
` 43.40 x   44.87
 1 0.03 
2  1 0.065
` 44.87 x   46.39
 1 0.03 
3  1 0.065
` 46.39 x   47.97
 1 0.03 
Question 2
(a) ABC Computers Ltd. is desiring to install a “Software Developing Unit” costing ` 60 lacs. In
order to leverage its tax position, it has requested the vendor to quote for a three year lease
with rentals payable at the end of each year but in a diminishing manner such that they are
in the ratio of 3:2:1. Depreciation can be assumed to be on WDV basis @25% and the
vendor’s marginal tax rate is 35%. The target rate of return for the vendor is 10%. You are
required to find out the year wise rental the vendor is required to quote to ABC Computer
Limited. (8 Marks)
(b) Indian Newsprint Ltd. (INL) a leading manufacturer of newsprint in the country, is planning
to start manufacturing card board unit. Planning & Strategy division of the company has
placed before the board of directors the “Dental Project Repot” of the card board unit. The
report inter alia, includes the following cash flow:
(Fig. in ` lacks)
Year Cost of the plant Recurring cost Savings
0 1000
1 400 1200
2 500 1400
The cost of the capital is 9%.
You are required to measure the sensitivity of the project to changes in the levels of plant
value, recurring cost and savings (considering each factor at a time) such that the NPV
becomes zero. The present value factor at 9% are given below:
Year PVF 9%
0 1
1 0.917
2 0.842
Advise the board of directors which factor is the most sensitive to affect the acceptability of
the project? (8 Marks)
Answer
(a) Calculation of depreciation tax shield (` Lakhs)
Year Cost / WDV Dep. @ 25 % Tax shield @ 0.35 PVF PV of dep. tax shield
1 60.00 15.00 5.25 0.909 4.772
2 45.00 11.25 3.938 0.826 3.253
3 33.75 8.438 2.953 0.751 2.217
10.242
Capital sum to be placed on lease (` Lakhs)
Cash down price 60.00
Less: PV of depreciation tax shield 10.242
To be placed on lease 49.758
Let the normal annual lease rent were to be “x” then
Year Post tax PVF PV of cash flow
1 3 x (1-0.35) or 1.95 x 0.909 1.773 x
2 2x (1-0.35) or 1.30x 0.826 1.074x
3 1x (1-0.35) or 0.65x 0.751 0.488x
3.335 x
Value of x = ` 49.758 lakhs / 3.335 i.e. ` 14.92 lakhs
Year wise lease rental will be
` lakhs
Year 1 3 × 14.92 44.76
Year 2 2 × 14.92 29.84
Year 3 1 × 14.92 14.92
(b) P.V. of Cash Flows
` Lacs
Year 1 Running Cost 400 x 0.917 = (366.80)
Savings 1,200 x 0.917 = 1100.40
Year 2 Running Cost 500 x 0.842 = (421.00)
Savings 1,400 x 0.842 = 1178.80
1491.40
Year 0 Less: P.V. of Cash Outflow 1,000 x 1 1,000.00
NPV 491.40
Sensitivity Analysis
(i) Increase of Plant Value by ` 491.40 lacs
491.40
 x 100 = 49.14%
1000
(ii) Increase of Running Cost by ` 491.40 lacs
491.40 491.40
 x 100 = 62.38%
366.80  421 787.80
(iii) Fall in Saving by ` 491.40 lacs
491.40
491.40 x 100 = 21.56%

1100.40  1178.80 2279.20
Hence, savings factor is the most sensitive to affect the acceptability of the project as in
comparison of other two factors as a slight % change in this factor shall more affect the
NPV than others.
OR
Sensitivity Analysis
(i) If the initial project cost is varied adversely by say 10%*.
NPV (Revised) (` 491.40 lacs – ` 100.00 lacs) = ` 391.40 lacs
Change in NPV 491.40  391.40 = 20.35%

491.40
(ii) If Annual Running Cost is varied by say 10%*.
NPV (Revised) (` 491.40 – ` 40 X 0.917 – ` 50 X 0.843)
= ` 491.40 lacs – ` 36.68 lacs – ` 42.15 lacs = ` 412.57 lacs
491.40 - 412.60
Change in NPV = 16.04%
491.40
(iii) If Saving is varied by say 10%*.
NPV (Revised) (` 491.40 lacs – ` 120 lacs X 0.917 – ` 140 lacs X 0.843)
= ` 491.40 lacs – ` 110.04 lacs – ` 118.02 lacs = ` 263.34 lacs
Change in NPV
491.40  263.34
491.40 = 46.41%
Hence, savings factor is the most sensitive to affect the acceptability of the project.
* Any percentage of variation other than 10% can also be assumed by candidates.
Question 3
(a) Bharat Bank Ltd. has entered into a plain vanilla swap through on Overnight Index Swap
(OIS) on a principal of ` 1 crore and agreed to receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a
fixed payment on the principal. The swap was entered into on Monday, 10 th July 2017 and
was to commence on and from 11th July 2017 and run for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were:
8.75%, 9.15%, 9.12%, 8.95%, 8.98% and 9.15%.
If Bharat Bank Ltd. received ` 417 net on settlement, calculate fixed rate and interest under
both legs.
Notes:
(i) Sunday is a holiday
(ii) Work in rounded rupee and avoid decimal working
(iii) Consider 365 days in a year. (8 Marks)
(b) A reputed financial institution of the country floated a Mutual fund having a corpus of ` 10
crores consisting of 1 crore units of ` 10 each. Mr. Vijay invested ` 10,000 for 1000 units of
` 10 each on 1st July 2014. For the financial year ended 31st March 2015, the fund declared
a dividend of 10% and Mr. Vijay found that his annualized yield from the fund was 153.33%.
The mutual fund during the financial year ended 31st March 2016, declared a dividend of
20%. Mr. Vijay has reinvested the entire dividend in acquiring units of this mutual fund at its
appropriate NAV. On 31st march 2017 Mr. Vijay redeemed all his balances of 1129.61 units
when his annualized yield was 73.52%.
You are required to find out NAV as on 31st March 2015, 31st March 2016 and 31st March
2017. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
Day Principal (`) MIBOR (%) Interest (`)
Tuesday 1,00,00,000 8.75 2,397
Wednesday 1,00,02,397 9.15 2,507
Thursday 1,00,04,904 9.12 2,500
Friday 1,00,07,404 8.95 2,454
Saturday & Sunday (*) 1,00,09,858 8.98 4,925
Monday 1,00,14,783 9.15 2,511
Total Interest @ Floating 17,294
Less: Net Received 417
Expected Interest @ fixed 16,877**
Thus Fixed Rate of Interest 0.0880015
Approx. 8.80%
(*) i.e. interest for two days.
(**) 1 crore x ‘X’/100 x 7/365 = 16,877
16877 x 365 x 100
Hence, X =
1cr. × 7
= 8.8%
(b) Yield for 9 months = (153.33 x 9/12) = 115%
Market value of Investments as on 31.03.2015 = 10,000/- + (10,000x 115%)
= ` 21,500/-
Therefore, NAV as on 31.03.2015 = (21,500 - 1,000)/1,000= ` 20.50
(NAV would stand reduced to the extent of dividend payout, being (1,000x10x10%)
= ` 1,000)
`1,000
Since dividend was reinvested by Mr. X, additional units acquired =
` = 48.78 units
20.50
Therefore, units as on 31.03.2015 = 1,000+ 48.78 = 1048.78
[Alternately, units as on 31.03.2015 = (21,500/20.50) = 1048.78]
Dividend as on 31.03.2016 = 1048.78 x 10 x 0.2 = ` 2,097.56
` 2097.56/X. Accordingly 1129.61 units shall consist of reinvested units and 1048.78 (as
on 31.03.2015). Thus, by way of equation it can be shown as follows:
2097.56
1129.61 = + 1048.78
X
Therefore, NAV as on 31.03.2016 = 2097.56/(1,129.61- 1,048.78) = `25.95
NAV as on 31.03.2017 = ` 10,000 (1+0.7352x33/12)/1129.61 = ` 26.75
Question 4
(a) A textile manufacturer has taken floating interest rate loan of ` 40,00,000 on 1st April,
2012. The rate of interest at the inception of loan is 8.5% p.a. interest is to be paid every
year on 31st March, and the duration of loan is four years. In the month of October 2012, the
Central bank of the country releases following projections about the interest rates likely to
prevail in future.
(i) On 31st March, 2013, at 8.75%; on 31st March, 2014 at 10% on 31st March, 201? at
10.5% and on 31st March, 2016 at 7.75%. Show how this borrowing can hedge the risk
arising out of expected rise in the rate of interest when he wants to peg his interest
cost at 8.50% p.a.
(ii) Assume that the premium negotiated by both the parties is 0.75% to be paid on 1 st
October, 2012 and the actual rate of interest on the respective due dates happens
to be as: on 31st March, 2013 at 10.2%; on 31st March, 2014 at 11.5%; on 31st
March, 2015 at 9.25%; on 31st March, 2016 at 9.0% and 8.25%. Show how the
settlement will be executed on the perspective interest due dates. (8 Marks)
(b) East Co. Ltd. is studying the possible acquisition of Fost Co. Ltd. by way of merger. The
following data are available in respect of the companies.
East Co. Ltd. Fost Co. Ltd.
Earnings after tax (`) 2,00,000 60,000
No. of equity shares 40,000 10,000
Market value per share (`) 15 12
(i) If the merger goes through by change of equity share and the exchange ratio is
based on the current market price, what are the new earnings per share for East
Co. Ltd.·?
(ii) Fort Co. Ltd. wants to be sure that the merger will not diminish the earnings
available to its shareholders. What should be the exchange ratio in that case?
(8 Marks)
Answer
(a) As borrower does not want to pay more than 8.5% p.a., on this loan where the rate of
interest is likely to rise beyond this, hence, he has hedge the risk by entering into an
agreement to buy interest rate caps with the following parameters:
 National Principal : ` 40,00,000/-
 Strike rate: 8.5% p.a.
 Reference rate : the rate of interest applicable to this loan
 Calculation and settlement date : 31st March every year
 Duration of the caps : till 31st March 2016
 Premium for caps : negotiable between both the parties
To purchase the caps this borrower is required to pay the premium upfront at the time of
buying caps. The payment of such premium will entitle him with right to receive the
compensation from the seller of the caps as soon as the rate of interest on this loan rises
above 8.5%. The compensation will be at the rate of the difference between the rate of
none of the cases the cost of this loan will rise above 8.5% calculated on ` 40,00,000/-.
This implies that in none of the cases the cost of this loan will rise above 8.5%. This
hedging benefit is received at the respective interest due dates at the cost of premium to
be paid only once.
The premium to be paid on 1st October 2012 is 30,000/- (` 40,00,000 x 0.75/100). The
payment of this premium will entitle the buyer of the caps to receive the compensation
from the seller of the caps whereas the buyer will not have obligation. The compensation
received by the buyer of caps will be as follows:
On 31st March 2013
The buyer of the caps will receive the compensation at the rate of 1.70% (10.20 - 8.50) to
be calculated on ` 40,00,000, the amount of compensation will be ` 68000/- (40,00,000 x
1.70/100)
On 31st March 2014
The buyer of the caps will receive the compensation at the rate of 3.00% (11.50 – 8.50)
to be calculated on ` 40,00,000/-, the amount of compensation will be ` 120000/-
(40,00,000 x 3.00/100).
On 31st March 2015
The buyer of the caps will receive the compensation at the rate of 0.75% (9.25 – 8.50) to
be calculated on ` 40,00,000/-, the amount of compensation will be ` 30,000 (40,00,000
x 0.75/100).
On 31st March 2016
The buyer of the caps will not receive the compensation as the actual rate of interest is
8.25% whereas strike rate of caps is 8.5%. Hence, his interest liability shall not exceed
8.50%.
Thus, by paying the premium upfront buyer of the caps gets the compensation on the
respective interest due dates without any obligations.
(b) (i) Calculation of new EPS of East Co. Ltd.
No. of equity shares to be issued by East Co. Ltd. to Fost Co. Ltd.
= 10,000 shares × ` 12/` 15 = 8,000 shares
Total no. of shares in East Co. Ltd. after acquisition of Fost Co. Ltd.
= 40,000 + 8,000 = 48,000
Total earnings after tax [after acquisition]
= 2,00,000 + 60,000 = 2,60,000
` 2,60,000
EPS = = ` 5.42
48,000 equity
shares
(ii) Calculation of exchange ratio which would not diminish the EPS of Fost Co. Ltd. after
its merger with East Co. Ltd.
Current EPS:
` 2,00,000
East Co. Ltd. = =` 5
40,000 equity
shares
Fost Co. Ltd. = =` 6
` 60,000
10,000 equity shares
Exchange ratio = 6/5 = 1.20
Cross Tally
No. of new shares to be issued by East Co. Ltd. to Fost Co. Ltd.
= 10,000 × 1.20 = 12,000 shares
Total number of shares of East Co. Ltd. after acquisition
= 40,000 + 12,000 = 52,000 shares
` 2,60,000
EPS [after merger] = =` 5
52,000
shares
Total earnings in East Co. Ltd. available to new shareholders of Fost Co. Ltd.
= 12,000 × ` 5 = ` 60,000
Recommendation: The exchange ratio (6 for 5) based on market shares is
beneficial to shareholders of 'Fost' Co. Ltd.
Question 5
(a) JKL Ltd. is an export business house. The company prepares invoice in customers'
currency.
Its debtors of US $. 20,000,000 is due on April 1, 2017.
Market information as at January 1, 2017 is:
Exchange rates US$/INR Currency Futures US $/INR
Spot 0.016667 Contract size: 31,021,218
1- month forward 0.016529 1- month 0.016519
3- month forward 0.016129 3- month 0.016118
Initial Margin Interest rates in India

1- month ` 32,500 7%
3- month ` 50,000 8%
On April 1, 2017 the spot rate US$/INR is 0.016136 and currency future rate is 0.016134. Which
of the following methods would be most advantageous to JKL Ltd.?
(i) Using forward contract
(ii) Using currency futures
(iii) Not hedging the currency risk (8 Marks)
(b) Rahim Enterprises is a manufacturer and exporter of woolen garments to European
countries. Their business is expanding day by day and in the previous financial year the
company has registered a 25% growth in export business. The company is in the process of
considering a new investment project. It is an all equity financed company with 10,00,000
equity shares of face value of ` 50 per share. The current issue price of this share is ` 125
ex-divided. Annual earning are ` 25 per share and in the absence of new investments will
remain constant in perpetuity. All earnings are distributed at present. A new investment is
available which will cost ` 1,75,00,000 in one year’s time and will produce annual cash
inflows thereafter of ` 50,00,000. Analyse the effect of the new project on dividend
payments and the share price. (8 Marks)
Answer
(a)
`
Receipts using a forward contract (20,000,000/0.016129) 1,24,00,02,480
The number of contracts needed is
(20,000,000/0.016118)/31,021,218 = 40
Initial margin payable is 40 x ` 50,000 = ` 20,00,000
On April 1 Close at 0.016136
Receipts = US$20,000,000/0.016136 1,23,94,64,551
Variation Margin = [(0.016134 – 0.016118) x 40 x
31,021,218]/0.016136
OR (0.000016x40x31021218)/.016136 = 755.2/0.016136 12,30,390
1,24,06,94,941
Less: Interest Cost – 20,00,000 x 0.08 x 3/12 40,000
Net Receipts 1,24,06,54,941
Forward contract 1,24,00,02,480
Futures 1,24,06,54,941
No hedge
US$ 20,000,000/0.016136 1,23,94,64,551
The most advantageous option would have been to hedge with
Future.
(b) (i) Let us first compute the Cost of Equity ke = D 25

= = 20%
P 125
(ii) Current Earning = ` 25 x 10,00,000 = ` 2,50,00,000
The new project can be financed by retaining ` 1,75,00,000 of ` 2,50,00,000
earning next year, reducing dividend payment to ` 75,00,000 or
`75,00,000
= ` 7.50 per share
10,00,000
(iii) In the following years, dividend will increase due to the cash generated by the new
project. Dividend per share in year 2 shall be:
`2,50,00,000 `50,00,000
10,00,000 = ` 30 per share
(iv) The new share price can be calculated by finding the Present Value of the revised
dividend payments:
`7.50 `30.00 1
P= + × = ` 131.25 per share
1.20 0.20 1.20
Question 6
(a) The return of security ‘L’ and security ‘K’ for the past five years are given below:
Year Security-L Security-K
Return % Return %
2012 10 11
2013 04 - 06
2014 05 13
2015 11 08
2016 15 14
Calculate the risk and return of portfolio consisting above information. (10 Marks)
(b) Sea Rock Ltd. has an excess cash of ` 30,00,000 which it wants to invest in short-term
marketable securities.
(i) Expenses resulting to investment will be ` 45,000. The securities invested will have
an annual yield of 10%. The company seeks your advice as to the period of
investment so as to earn a pre-tax income of 6%.
(ii) Also find the minimum period for the company to break-even its investment
expenditure. Ignore time value of money (6 Marks)
Answer
(a) If it is assumed 50% investment in each of the two securities then Return and Risk of
Portfolio shall be computed as follows:
Year Return Deviation Deviation Return Deviation Deviation Product of
of L of K deviations
(RL -RL ) (RL -RL ) 2 (RK -RK ) (RK -RK ) 2
2012 10 1 1 11 3 9 3
2013 04 -5 25 -6 -14 196 70
2014 05 -4 16 13 5 25 -20
2015 11 2 4 8 0 0 0
2016 15 6 36 14 6 36 36
Σ = 45 Σ= 82 Σ=40 Σ=266
45 40 89
R= =9 R= =8
L K
5 N 5
 [R R
i1
1 1 ][R2 R 2 ]
Covariance = = 89/5 = 17.8
N
Return and Standard Deviation of Security L
45
R= =9
L
5
(R - R^LL) 2
σL =
N
σL =
82
= 4.05
5
Standard Deviation of Security K
(R - RKK) 2
σK =
N
σK =
266
= 7.29
5
Portfolio Return
RP = 0.50 x 9 +0.50 x 8 = 8.50%
Portfolio Standard Deviation
LK = (0.502 X 4.052 + 0.502 X 7.292 + 2X 0.5 X 0.5 X 17.8)½ = 5.12
(b) (i) Pre-tax Income required on investment of ` 30,00,000 is ` 1,80,000.
Let the period of Investment be ‘P’ and return required on investment ` 1,80,000
(` 30,00,000 x 6%)
Accordingly,
10 P
(` 30,00,000 x x ) – ` 45,000 = ` 1,80,000
100 12
P = 9 months
(ii) Break-Even its investment expenditure
10 P
(` 30,00,000 x x ) – ` 45,000 = 0
100 12
P = 1.80 months
Question 7
Write short notes on any FOUR of the following:
(a) Various processes of strategic decision making
(b) Financial restructuring
(c) Chop Shop method of valuation
(d) What are P-notes? Why it is preferable route for foreigners to invest in India?
(e) Differentiate between ‘Off-share funds” and ‘Asset Management Mutual Funds’.
(4 x 4 = 16 Marks)
Answer
(a) Capital investment is the springboard for wealth creation. In a world of economic
uncertainty, the investors want to maximize their wealth by selecting optimum investment
and financial opportunities that will give them maximum expected returns at minimum
risk. Since management is ultimately responsible to the investors, the objective of
corporate financial management should implement investment and financing decisions
which should satisfy the shareholders by placing them all in an equal, optimum financial
position. The satisfaction of the interests of the shareholders should be perceived as a
means to an end, namely maximization of shareholders’ wealth. Since capital is the
limiting factor, the problem that the management will face is the strategic allocation of
limited funds between alternative uses in such a manner, that the companies have the
ability to sustain or increase investor returns through a continual search for investment
opportunities that generate funds for their business and are more favourable for the
investors. Therefore, all businesses need to have the following three fundamental
essential elements:
 A clear and realistic strategy,
 The financial resources, controls and systems to see it through and
 The right management team and processes to make it happen.
(b) Financial restructuring, is carried out internally in the firm with the consent of its various
stakeholders. Financial restructuring is a suitable mode of restructuring of corporate firms
that have incurred accumulated sizable losses for / over a number of years. As a sequel,
the share capital of such firms, in many cases, gets substantially eroded / lost; in fact, in
some cases, accumulated losses over the years may be more than share capital, causing
negative net worth. Given such a dismal state of financial affairs, a vast majority of such
firms are likely to have a dubious potential for liquidation. Can some of these Firms be
revived? Financial restructuring is one such a measure for the revival of only those firms
that hold promise/prospects for better financial performance in the years to come. To
achieve the desired objective, 'such firms warrant / merit a restart with a fresh balance
sheet, which does not contain past accumulated losses and fictitious assets and shows
share capital at its real/true worth.
(c) This approach attempts to identify multi-industry companies that are undervalued and
would have more value if separated from each other. In other words as per this approach
an attempt is made to buy assets below their replacement value. This approach involves
following three steps:
Step 1: Identify the firm’s various business segments and calculate the average capitalization
ratios for firms in those industries.
Step 2: Calculate a “theoretical” market value based upon each of the average
capitalization ratios.
Step 3: Average the “theoretical” market values to determine the “chop-shop” value of
the firm.
(d) International access to the Indian Capital Markets is limited to FIIs registered with SEBI.
The other investors, interested in investing in India can open their account with any
registered FII and the FII gets itself registered with SEBI as its sub-account. There are
some investors who do not want to disclose their identity or who do not want to get
themselves registered with SEBI.
The foreign investors prefer P-Notes route for the following reasons:
(i) Some investors do not want to reveal their identities. P-Notes serve this purpose.
(ii) They can invest in Indian Shares without any formalities like registration with SEBI,
submitting various reports etc.
(iii) Saving in cost of investing as no office is to be maintained.
(iv) No currency conversion.
FII are not allowed to issue P-Notes to Indian nationals, person of Indian origin or
overseas corporate bodies.
(e)
Off-Shore Funds Mutual Funds
Raising of Money internationally and Raising of Money domestically as well as
investing money domestically (in India). investing money domestically (in India).
Number of Investors is very few. Number of Investors is very large.
Per Capita investment is very high as Per Capita investment is very low as
investors are HNIs. investors as meant for retail/ small
investors.
Investment Agreement is basis of Offer Document is the basis of
management of the fund. management of the fund.

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PAPER – 2 : STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Answers all the Questions

= 1.1006 – 0.31177 = 0.7888

P  X 2A2A  X 2B2B  2XA XB (ABAB)

= (0.4)2 (3)2  (0.6)2 (3)2  2 (0.4) (0.6) (3) (3) (1)

= 1.44  3.24  4.32

(1.12)3  1 1.404928  1  13.52%

Cash Inflow after Taxes (CFAT)

P.V. AT 15% - 5 Years – on Incremental CFAT

Total of sign of price changes (r) = 08

=10.26 – 2.101 × 2.06 = 5.932

=10.26 + 2.101 × 2.06 = 14.588

1 (0.075) 312 

Present Earnings Per share for company N. Ltd.

Exchange Ratio should be 6 shares of K. Ltd. for every 5 shares of N Ltd.

E.P.S. After Merger 65,00,000 = Rs.5.00 Per Share

Security A Security B Risk Free security

It is assumed that security returns are generated by a two factor model.

Using the single period model, the probability of price increase is

It is supposed that there are no restrictions on short sales.

Po = FCFE(1 g) 0.5645(1.08) 0.60966 = Rs. 70.89

βi = xy  n x = 508  6(5.75)(6.33) = 508  218.385

 = y -  x = 6.33 – 1.202 (5.75) = - 0.58

Total Risk of Market = σ = (x  240.86 = 48.17(%)

Unsystematic Risk is = Total Risk – Systematic Risk

Cost of the machine is Rs. 6,99,998

Tax Saving on interest & Depreciation

1-5 1,75,000 70,000 1,05,000 3.9509 4,14,844.50

Decision: The bonds should be refunded

Spot US $ 1 INR 31.4300/4500

What will be the gain or loss in the transaction? (6 Marks)

GBP / USD 3 months swap points are at discount

Calculation of Swap Ratio

EPS Total Rs.80 Lakh  Rs.80 Lakh Rs.160 Lakh

(c) (1) Promoter’s holding

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Tuesday 10,00,00,000 7.75 21,233

(*) i.e. interest for two days.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Boxed Ltd. 0.35 1.50

(b) Let the probability of attaining the maximum price be p

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Opportunity gain of B inc under currency Receipt Payment Net

Cash Flow -15000 - 10000 15000 10000 5000

Book value = ` 348.825lac `1451.175 lac = ` 516.02

EPS = Total Pr `100 lac  ` 97.50 lac = ` 56.62

(2) Market Price = Dividend

Return on investment = 3.00

Additional units added = `

EVA Dividend ` 9,65,000

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Holding period reward: ` 6.00

Therefore, SGD 1 ` 45.97* 1.7775

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Business Segment Capital-to- Assets Segment Assets Theoretical Values

Business Segment Capital-to- Operating Income Theoretical Values

Using Forward Market hedge Sterling receipt would be € 4 million

Number of Contracts = £3401360