CHAPTER 2 DESIGN EXERCISES

Fundamentals of Heat Transfer

2-14. Determine the rate of conduction heat transfer through 1 ft2 of the following materials.
Assume the surface temperatures of the materials are 30° and 72°F.
q = (k · A · ΔT)/L
ΔT = 72°F - 30°F = 42°F
a. 3½ in brick
From Table 2.1:
For building brick: q = [(2.8 Btu-in/hr-°F-ft2) · (1 ft2) · (42°F)]/3½ in = 33.6 Btu/hr- ft2
For fire brick: q = [(4.0 Btu-in/hr-°F-ft2) · (1 ft2) · (42°F)]/3½ in = 48.0 Btu/hr- ft2
b. 8 in normal weight concrete
q = [(3.7 Btu-in/hr-°F-ft2) · (1 ft2) · (72 - 30) °F]/ 8 in = 19.4 Btu/hr- ft2
c. 1/4 in thick glass
q = [(6.5 Btu-in/hr-°F-ft2) · (1 ft2) · (72 - 30) °F]/ ¼ in = 1794 Btu/hr- ft2

2-15. Determine the rate of conduction heat transfer through 1 m2 of the following materials.
Assume the surface temperatures of the materials are -1 ˚C and 22 °C.
q = (k · A · ΔT)/L
ΔT = 22°C – (-1°C) = 23°C
a. 87.5 mm brick
From Table 2.1
For building brick: q = (k · A · ΔT)/L = (0.40 W/m-°C · 1.0 m2 · 23°C)/ 0.0875 m = 105.1 W
For fire brick: q = (k · A · ΔT)/L = (0.58 W/m-°C · 1.0 m2 · 23°C)/ 0.0875 m = 152.5 W
b. 200 mm normal weight concrete
From Table 2.1, k = 0.54 W/m-°C
q = (k · A · ΔT)/L = (0.54 W/m-°C · 1.0 m2 · 23°C)/ 0.200 m = 62.1 W
c. 6 mm thick glass
From Table 2.1, k = 0.93 W/m-°C
q = (k · A · ΔT)/L = (0.93 W/m-°C · 1.0 m2 · 23°C)/ 0.006 m = 3565 W

2-16. A residence has a 2000 ft2 floor area and 8 ft high ceilings. Inside air temperature is 70ºF
and outside ambient temperature is 10ºF. Assume the heat capacity of air is 0.018 Btu/ft3·ºF.
Calculate the heat removed if the entire air volume of the house is replaced by outdoor air in
one hour.
V = 2000 ft2 · 8 ft = 16 000 ft3
qinfil = C · ACH · V · ΔT
qinfil = 0.018 Btu/ft3·ºF · 16 000 ft3/hr · (70 ºF - 10 ºF)
qinfil = 17 280 Btu/hr

2-17. A residence has a 210 m2 floor area and 2.5 m high ceilings. Inside air temperature is 21ºC
and outside ambient temperature is −5ºC. Assume the heat capacity of air is 0.35 W/m3·ºC.
Calculate the heat removed if the entire air volume of the house is replaced by outdoor air in
one hour.
V = 210 m2 · 2.5 m = 525 m3
qinfil = C · ACH · V · ΔT
qinfil = 0.35 W/m3·ºC · 525 m3/hr · (21ºC – (-5ºc)) = 4777.5 W

2-18. Surfaces emit radiant energy at the following temperatures. Determine the wavelength of
maximum radiative power and the type of radiation emitted (e.g., visible light, UV, IR) by the
predominant wavelength.
a. 0°F
R = ºF + 459.67 = 0ºF + 459.67 = 460R
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 λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/460R = 11.3 μm (mid-infrared
b. 80°F
R = ºF + 459.67 = 80ºF + 459.67 = 540R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/540R = 9.7 μm (mid-infrared
c. 200°F
R = ºF + 459.67 = 200ºF + 459.67 = 660R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/660R = 7.9 μm (mid-infrared)
d. 1000°F
R = ºF + 459.67 = 1000ºF + 459.67 = 1460R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/1460R = 3.6 μm (near infrared)
e. 10 000°F
R = ºF + 459.67 = 10 000ºF + 459.67 = 10460R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/10460R = 0.50 μm (visible light)

2-19. Surfaces emit radiant energy at the following temperatures. Determine the wavelength of
maximum radiative power and the type of radiation emitted (e.g., visible light, UV, IR) by the
predominant wavelength.
K = ºC + 273.15 and R = 9/5K - 32, R= 9/5(ºC + 273.15) - 32
a. 0°C
R= 9/5[(0ºC + 273.15) - 32 = 460R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/460R = 11.3 μm (mid infrared)
b. 25°C
R= 9/5(25ºC + 273.15) - 32 = 505R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/505R = 10.3 μm (mid infrared)
c. 100°C
R= 9/5(100ºC + 273.15) - 32 = 640R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/640R = 8.1 μm (mid infrared)
d. 500°C
R= 9/5(500ºC + 273.15) - 32 =1360R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/1360R = 3.8 μm (near infrared)
e. 5000°C
R= 9/5(5000ºC + 273.15) - 32 = 9460R
λmax = 5215.6/T = 5215.6/9460R = 0.55 μm (visible light)

2-20. Determine the thermal resistance (R) values of the following materials:
a. 8 in thick lightweight concrete block
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 1.45 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu.
b. 3/8 in thick plywood
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 0.47 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu.
c. 2x8 (7¼ in thick) softwood lumber
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistivity (R) is 1.25 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in (per inch of thickness)
R = x/k = x(1/k) = xR = 7¼ in · 1.25 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 9.06 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
d. ¾ in fiberglass insulation board
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 3.0 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu.
e. 5/8 in thick gypsum wallboard
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 0.56 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu.
f. asphalt shingles (1/8 in thick)
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistivity (R) is 0.44 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
g. 12 in thick cellulose insulation blown into an attic space
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistivity (R) is 3.13 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in.
R = x/k = x(1/k) = xR = 12 in · 3.13 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 37.6 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

2-21. Determine the thermal resistance (R) values of the following materials:
a. 200 mm thick lightweight concrete block

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 From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 0.255 ºC·m2/W.
b. 9 mm thick plywood
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 0.083 ºC·m2/W.
c. 89 mm thick (38x89) lumber
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistivity (R) is 0.0087 ºC·m2/W-mm.
R = x/k = x(1/k) = xR = 89 mm · 0.0087 ºC·m2/W-mm = 0.77 ºC·m2/W.
d. 25 mm thick fiberglass insulation board
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 0.704 ºC·m2/W.
e. 16 mm thick gypsum wallboard
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistance (R) is read directly as a value of 0.099 ºC·m2/W.
f. asphalt shingles (3 mm thick)
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistivity (R) is 0.0031 ºC·m2/W
g. 300 mm thick cellulose insulation blown into an attic space
From Table 2.4, the thermal resistivity (R) is 0.0217 ºC·m2/W-mm.
R = x/k = x(1/k) = xR = 300 mm · 0.0217 ºC·m2/W-mm = 6.5 ºC·m2/W.

2-22. For the following surfaces, find the thermal resistance (R) of the following air films and
confining air spaces (cavities) in U.S. units:
a. Interior painted gypsum wallboard (nonreflective) wall surface in winter.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.68 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
b. Interior painted gypsum wallboard (nonreflective) wall surface in summer.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.68 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
c. Exterior brick wall surface in winter.
From Table 2.6, for 15 mph wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.17 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
d. Exterior brick wall surface in summer.
From Table 2.6, for 7½ mph wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.25 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
e. Interior wood (nonreflective) floor surface in winter.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.92 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
f. Interior wood (nonreflective) floor surface in summer.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.61 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
g. Exterior roof surface in winter.
From Table 2.6, for 15 mph wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.17 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
h. Exterior roof surface in summer.
From Table 2.6, for 7½ mph wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.25 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
i. ½ in wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon winter
temperatures.
The likely location of a ½ in cavity is in a wall, From Table 2.7
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.77 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For other locations, from Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.73 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.77 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
j. ½ in wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon summer
temperatures.
The likely location of a ½ in cavity is in a wall, From Table 2.7
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.77 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For other locations, from Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.73 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.77 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
k. 3½ in wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon winter
temperatures.
The likely location of a 3½ in cavity is in a wall, From Table 2.7
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 1.01 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For other locations, from Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 1.24 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

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 For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.93hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
l. 3½ in wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon summer
temperatures.
The likely location of a 3½ in cavity is in a wall, From Table 2.7
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.85 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For other locations, from Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.80 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 1.00 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

2-23. Find the thermal resistance (R) of the following air films and confining air spaces (cavities)
in metric (SI) units:
a. interior painted gypsum wallboard (nonreflective) wall surface in winter.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.12 ºC·m2/W
b. interior painted gypsum wallboard (nonreflective) wall surface in summer.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.12 ºC·m2/W
c. exterior brick wall surface in winter.
From Table 2.6, for 24-km/hr wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.03 ºC·m2/W
d. exterior brick wall surface in summer.
From Table 2.6, for 12-km/hr wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.04 ºC·m2/W
e. interior wood (nonreflective) floor surface in winter.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.16 ºC·m2/W
f. interior wood (nonreflective) floor surface in summer.
From Table 2.5, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.11 ºC·m2/W
g. exterior roof surface in winter.
From Table 2.6, for 24-km/hr wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.03 ºC·m2/W
h. exterior roof surface in summer.
From Table 2.6, for 12-km/hr wind, the thermal resistance (R) is 0.04 ºC·m2/W
i. 13 mm wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon winter
temperatures.
The likely location of a 13 mm cavity is in a wall. From Table 2.7:
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.160 ºC·m2/W
For other locations. From Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.162 ºC·m2/W
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.148 ºC·m2/W
j. 13 mm wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon summer
temperatures.
Th The likely location of a 13 mm cavity is in a wall. From Table 2.7:
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.136 ºC·m2/W
For other locations. From Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.129 ºC·m2/W
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.136 ºC·m2/W
k. 89 mm wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon winter
temperatures.
The likely location of an 89 mm cavity is in a wall. From Table 2.7:
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.178 ºC·m2/W
For other locations. From Table 2.7:
For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.218 ºC·m2/W
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.164 ºC·m2/W
l. 89 mm wide cavity between nonreflective surfaces (ε = 0.9) based upon summer
temperatures.
The likely location of an 89 mm cavity is in a wall. From Table 2.7:
For a vertical orientation (wall) and horizontal heat flow: R = 0.150 ºC·m2/W
For other locations. From Table 2.7:

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 For horizontal orientation (floor) and heat flow up: R = 0.141 ºC·m2/W
For horizontal orientation (ceiling) and heat flow down: R = 0.176 ºC·m2/W

2-24. Find the total thermal resistance (Rt) and overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) of the
following windows and doors in U.S. units:
a. Double insulating glass (¼ in air space)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 1.7 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 0.58 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Triple insulating glass (¼ in air space)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 3.2 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 0.31 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
c. Double insulating glass (low-e)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 3.1 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 0.32 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
d. Triple insulating glass (low-e)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 3.7 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 0.27 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
e. Solid wood swing door with metal storm door (1¾ in thick)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 3.2 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 0.31 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2

2-25. Find the total thermal resistance (Rt) and overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) of the
following windows and doors in metric (SI) units:
a. Double insulating glass (6.4 mm air space)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 0.30 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 3.3 W/ºC·m2
b. Triple insulating glass (6.4 mm air space)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 0.57 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1.8 W/ºC·m2
c. Double insulating glass (low-e)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 0.55 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1.8 W/ºC·m2
d. Triple insulating glass (low-e)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 0.65 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1.5 W/ºC·m2
e. Solid wood swing door with metal storm door (45 mm thick)
From Table 2.10, total thermal resistance (Rt) = 0.57 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1.8 W/ºC·m2

2-26. An uninsulated solid load-bearing masonry wall is constructed of a ½ in stucco exterior

finish on 8 in standard weight concrete block (CMU) and 5/8 in gypsum wallboard.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.17 (from Table 2.6)
½ in stucco exterior finish: 0.10 (from Table 2.4)
8 in standard weight concrete block (CMU): 1.11 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 2.62 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1/ Rt = 2.62 = 0.382 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in summer: 0.25 (from Table 2.6)
½ in stucco exterior finish: 0.10 (from Table 2.4)

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 8 in standard weight concrete block (CMU): 1.11 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 2.70 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1/ Rt = 2.70 = 0.370 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
2-27. A solid load bearing masonry wall is constructed of 4 in face brick, 8 in standard weight
concrete block, 2 in expanded polystyrene insulation board (unfaced), and 5/8 in gypsum
wallboard.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.17 (from Table 2.6)
4 in face brick: xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 (from Table 2.4)
8 in concrete block, standard weight 1.11 (from Table 2.4)
2 in expanded polystyrene insulation board (unfaced)
xR = 2 in · 4.00·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 8.00 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 10.9 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1/ Rt = 1/10.9 = 0.092 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in summer: 0.25 (from Table 2.6)
4 in face brick: xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 (from Table 2.4)
8 in concrete block, standard weight 1.11 (from Table 2.4)
2 in expanded polystyrene insulation board (unfaced)
xR = 2 in · 4.00·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 8.00 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 10.99 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt = 1/10.99 = 0.091 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2

2-28. A solid load-bearing masonry wall is constructed of 4 in face brick, 4 in standard weight
concrete block, 3½ in fiberglass batt insulation, and 5/8 in gypsum wallboard.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.17 (from Table 2.6)
4 in face brick: xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 (from Table 2.4)
4 in concrete block: standard weight 0.80 (from Table 2.4)
3½ in fiberglass batt insulation
xR = 3½ in · 3.14·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 10.99 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
total thermal resistance (Rt) = 13.59 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt = 1/13.59 = 0.074 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in summer: 0.25 (from Table 2.6)
4 in face brick: xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 (from Table 2.4)
4 in concrete block: standard weight 0.80 (from Table 2.4)
3½ in fiberglass batt insulation
xR = 3½ in · 3.14·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 10.99 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
total thermal resistance (Rt) = 13.67 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

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 Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt = 1/13.67 = 0.073 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
2-29. A cavity masonry wall is constructed of 4 in face brick, 1½ in hollow (air) cavity, 4 in
standard weight concrete block, 3½ in fiberglass batt insulation, and 5/8 in gypsum
wallboard.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.17 (from Table 2.6)
4 in face brick: xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 (from Table 2.4)
1½ in hollow (air) cavity (nonreflective): 1.02 (from Table 2.7)
4 in concrete block: standard weight 0.80 (from Table 2.4)
3½ in fiberglass batt insulation:
xR = 3½ in · 3.14·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 10.99 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
total thermal resistance (Rt) = 14.61 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt = 1/14.61 = 0.068 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in summer: 0.25 (from Table 2.6)
4 in face brick: xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 (from Table 2.4)
1½ in hollow (air) cavity (nonreflective): 0.87 (from Table 2.7)
4 in concrete block: standard weight 0.80 (from Table 2.4)
3½ in fiberglass batt insulation:
xR = 3½ in · 3.14·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 10.99 (from Table 2.4)
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
total thermal resistance (Rt) = 14.54 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt = 1/14.54 = 0.069 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2

2-30. An insulated wall is constructed of 11 mm hardboard lapped siding, 19 mm extruded

polystyrene insulation board sheathing, 89 mm fiberglass batt insulation, a vapor retarder
(plastic film), and 13 mm gypsum wallboard.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.03 (from Table 2.6)
11 mm hardboard lapped siding: 0.060 (from Table 2.4)
19 mm extruded polystyrene insulation board sheathing 0.660 (from Table 2.4)
89 mm fiberglass insulation (batt)
xR = 89 mm · 0.0218 ºC·m2/W-mm = 1.94 (from Table 2.4)
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 (from Table 2.4)
13 mm gypsum board: 0.079 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.12 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 2.89 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1/ Rt = 1/2.89 = 0.346 W/ºC·m2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in summer: 0.04 (from Table 2.6)
11 mm hardboard lapped siding: 0.060 (from Table 2.4)
19 mm extruded polystyrene insulation board sheathing 0.660 (from Table 2.4)
89 mm fiberglass insulation (batt)
xR = 89 mm · 0.0218 ºC·m2/W-mm = 1.94 (from Table 2.4)
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 (from Table 2.4)
13 mm gypsum board: 0.079 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.12 (from Table 2.5)

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 Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 2.90 ºC·m2/W
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) = 1/ Rt = 1/2.90 = 0.345 W/ºC·m2

2-31. An insulated wall is constructed of 7/16 in hardboard lapped siding, ¾ in foil-faced (both
sides) polyisocyanurate insulation board sheathing, 3½ in cellulose insulation, a vapor
retarder (plastic film), and ½ in gypsum board.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) in winter (15 mph wind): 0.17 (from Table 2.6)
7
/16 in hardboard lapped siding: 0.34 (from Table 2.4)
¾ in foil-faced polyisocyanurate insulation board 5.40 (from Table 2.4)
3½ in cellulose insulation
xR = 3½ in · 3.70 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 12.95 (from Table 2.4)
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 (from Table 2.4)
½ in gypsum board: 0.45 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 19.99 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt=1/19.99 = 0.050 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film (nonreflective) in summer (7½ mph wind): 0.25 (from Table 2.6)
7
/16 in hardboard lapped siding: 0.34 (from Table 2.4)
¾ in foil-faced polyisocyanurate insulation board 5.40 (from Table 2.4)
3½ in cellulose insulation
xR = 3½ in · 3.70 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 12.95 (from Table 2.4)
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 (from Table 2.4)
½ in gypsum board: 0.45 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 20.07 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt=1/20.07 = 0.050 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2

2-32. A commercial roof is constructed of a single-ply roof membrane, 4 in fiberglass insulation

sheathing board, and 6 in cast-in-place concrete deck.
a. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under winter
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) in winter (15 mph wind): 0.17 (from Table 2.6)
Single-ply roof membrane: 0.06 (from Table 2.4)
4 in fiberglass insulation (sheathing) board
xR = 4 in · 4.0 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 16.00 (from Table 2.4)
6 in cast-in-place concrete deck:
xR = 6 in · 0.08 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 0.48 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) ceiling surface: 0.61 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 17.32 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt=1/17.32 = 0.058 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2
b. Determine the Rt-value and U-factor for this construction assembly under summer
conditions.
Outside air film for (nonreflective) in summer (7½ mph wind): 0.25 (from Table 2.6)
Single-ply roof membrane: 0.06 (from Table 2.4)
4 in fiberglass insulation (sheathing) board
xR = 4 in · 4.0 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 16.00 (from Table 2.4)
6 in cast-in-place concrete deck:
xR = 6 in · 0.08 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 0.48 (from Table 2.4)
Inside air film for (nonreflective) ceiling surface: 0.92 (from Table 2.5)
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 17.71 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

15
 Overall coefficient of heat transmission (U)=1/ Rt=1/17.71 = 0.056 Btu/hr·ºF·ft2

2-33. An insulated wall is constructed of 7/16 in hardboard lapped siding, ½ in OSB sheathing, 5½
in fiberglass batt insulation, a vapor retarder (plastic film), and ½ in gypsum board. The wall
is framed with 2x6 solid softwood lumber at 16 in O.C. Calculate the whole-wall U-factor for
this construction assembly under winter conditions.
Rbf Raf
Outside air film for (nonreflective) in winter (15 mph wind): 0.17 0.17
7
/16 in hardboard lapped siding: 0.34 0.34
½ in OSB sheathing 0.62 0.62
5½ in fiberglass batt insulation
xR = 5½ in · 3.14 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 17.27 -
2x6 solid softwood (5½ in thick)
xR = 5½ in · 1.25 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = - 6.88
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 0.00
½ in gypsum board: 0.45 0.45
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 0.68
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 19.53 9.14 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

Radj = 1/[(S/Raf) + ((1 − S)/Rbf)] and S = ~0.20 (for 16 in O.C.)

= 1/[(0.20/9.14) + ((1 − 0.20)/19.53)] = 15.91 hr-ºF-ft2/Btu
Uadj = 1/Radj = 1/15.91 hr-ºF-ft2/Btu = 0.063 Btu/hr-ºF-ft2

2-34. An insulated wall is constructed of 7/16 in hardboard lapped siding, ½ in OSB sheathing, 5½
in fiberglass batt insulation, a vapor retarder (plastic film), and ½ in gypsum board. The wall
is framed with 2×6 solid softwood lumber at 24 in OC. Calculate the whole-wall U-factor for
this construction assembly under winter conditions.
Rbf Raf
Outside air film for (nonreflective) in winter (15 mph wind): 0.17 0.17
7
/16 in hardboard lapped siding: 0.34 0.34
½ in OSB sheathing 0.62 0.62
5½ in fiberglass batt insulation
xR = 5½ in · 3.14 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 17.27 -
2x6 solid softwood (5½ in thick)
xR = 5½ in · 1.25 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = - 6.88
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 0.00
½ in gypsum board: 0.45 0.45
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68 0.68
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 19.53 9.14 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu

Radj = 1/[(S/Raf) + ((1 − S)/Rbf)] and S = ~0.15 (for 24 in O.C.)

= 1/[(0.15/9.14) + ((1 − 0.15)/19.53)] = 16.68 hr-ºF-ft2/Btu
Uadj = 1/Radj = 1/15.91 hr-ºF-ft2/Btu = 0.060 Btu/hr-ºF-ft2

2-35. A solid load-bearing masonry wall is constructed of 4 in face brick, 8 in standard weight
concrete block, 2 in expanded polystyrene insulation board (unfaced), and 5/8 in gypsum
wallboard. Determine the temperatures at the surfaces of each material in the construction
assembly based on an outside air temperature of 10ºF and an inside air temperature of 72ºF
(winter conditions).
ΔT = 72ºF - 10ºF = 62ºF
R = (Rx/Rt)·ΔT = ΔTx
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.17 = (0.17/10.9)62ºF+10°F = 11.0ºF
4 in face brick:
xR = 3½ in · 0.11 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 0.39 = (0.56/10.9)62ºF+10°F = 13.2ºF
16
 Rx = 0.17 + 0.39 = 0.56
8 in concrete block, standard weight 1.11 = (1.67/10.9)62ºF+10°F = 19.5ºF
Rx = 0.17 + 0.39 + 1.11 = 1.67
2 in expanded polystyrene insulation board (unfaced)
xR = 2 in · 4.00·ºF·ft2/Btu per inch = 8.00 = (9.67/10.9)62ºF+10°F = 65.0ºF
Rx = 0.17 + 0.39 + 1.11 + 8.00 = 9.67
5/8 in gypsum wallboard: 0.56 = (10.23/10.9)62ºF+10°F = 68.2ºF
Rx = 0.17 + 0.39 + 1.11 + 8.00 + 0.56 = 10.23
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 10.9 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
NOTE: Temperatures are at the inside face of the component or film.

2-36. An insulated wall is constructed of 11 mm hardboard lapped siding, 19 mm extruded

polystyrene insulation board sheathing, 89 mm fiberglass batt insulation, a vapor retarder
(plastic film), and 13 mm gypsum board. Determine the temperatures at the surfaces of each
material in the construction assembly based on an outside air temperature of −10ºC and an
inside air temperature of 21ºC (winter conditions)
ΔT = 21ºC – (-10ºC) = 31ºC
R = (Rx/Rt)·ΔT = ΔTx
Outside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface in winter: 0.03 = (0.03/2.89)31ºC-10ºC = -9.68ºC
11 mm hardboard lapped siding: 0.060 = (0.090/2.89)31ºC-10ºC = -9.03ºC
19 mm extruded polystyrene insulation board sheathing 0.660 = (0.750/2.89)31ºC-10ºC = -1.96ºC
89 mm fiberglass insulation (batt)
xR = 89 mm · 0.0218 ºC·m2/W-mm = 1.94 = (2.690/2.89)31ºC-10ºC = 18.85ºC
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 = (2.690/2.89)31ºC-10ºC = 18.85ºC
13 mm gypsum board: 0.079 = (2.769/2.89)31ºC-10ºC = 19.70ºC
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.12
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 2.89 ºC·m2/W
NOTE: Temperatures are at the inside face of the component or film.

2-37. An insulated wall is constructed of 7/16 in hardboard lapped siding, ¾ in foil-faced (both
sides) polyisocyanurate insulation board sheathing, 3½ in cellulose insulation, a vapor
retarder (plastic film), and ½ in gypsum board. Determine the temperatures at the surfaces
of each material in the construction assembly based on an outside air temperature of 10ºF
and an inside air temperature of 72ºF
ΔT = 72ºF - 10ºF = 62ºF
R = (Rx/Rt)·ΔT = ΔTx
Outside air film for (nonreflective) in winter (15 mph wind): 0.17 = (0.17/19.99)62ºF+10°F = 10.53ºF
7
/16 in hardboard lapped siding: 0.34 = (0.51/19.99)62ºF+10°F = 11.58ºF
¾ in foil-faced polyisocyanurate insulation board 5.40 = (5.91 /19.99)62ºF+10°F = 28.33ºF
3½ in cellulose insulation
xR = 3½ in · 3.70 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu-in = 12.95 = (18.86/19.99)62ºF+10°F=68.50ºF
vapor retarder (plastic film): 0.00 = (18.86/19.99)62ºF+10°F=68.50ºF
½ in gypsum board: 0.45 = (19.31/19.99)62ºF+10°F=69.89ºF
Inside air film for (nonreflective) wall surface: 0.68
Total thermal resistance (Rt) = 19.99 hr·ºF·ft2/Btu
NOTE: Temperatures are at the inside face of the component or film.

17