QUADRATIC QUATIONS

A. ULLUSTRATIONS OF QUADRATIC QUATIONS

A Quadratic equation is an equation of

the second degree x², meaning it contains e) (x – 5) (x + 3) = 0
at least one term that is squared. The [upon computing becomes x² − 2x − 15 = 0]
standard form is ax² + bx + c = 0 with a,
b, and c being constants, or Here are examples of other forms of quadratic
numerical coefficients, and x is an equations:
unknown variable. One absolute rule is
that the first constant "a" cannot be a zero. a) x (x - 2) = 4
a≠0 [upon multiplying and moving the
4 becomes x² - 2x - 4 = 0]
Standard Form Equations
b) x (2x + 3) = 12
ax² + bx + c = 0 [upon multiplying and moving the
Here are examples of quadratic equations 12 becomes 2x² - 3x - 12 = 0]
of a standard equation
c) 3x (x + 8) = -2
a) 6x² + 11x - 35 = 0 [upon multiplying and moving the
b) 2x² - 4x - 2 = 0 -2 becomes 3x² + 24x + 2 = 0]
c) -4x² - 7x +12 = 0
d) 20x² -15x - 10 = 0 d) 5x² = 9 - x
e) x² -x - 3 = 0 [moving the 9 and -x to the other
side becomes 5x² + x - 9]
Here are examples of quadratic equations
lacking the linear coefficient or the "bx": e) -6x² = -2 + x
[moving the -2 and x to the other
a) 2x² - 64 = 0 side becomes -6x² - x + 2]
b) x² - 16 = 0
c) 9x² + 49 = 0
d) -2x² - 4 = 0 Here are examples of quadratic equations in word
e) 4x² + 81 = 0 problem.

Here are examples of quadratic equations

a. The sum of two numbers is 27 and their
lacking the constant term or "c":
product is 50. Find the numbers.
Given:
a) x² - 7x = 0
Let one number be x.
b) 2x² + 8x = 0
50
c) -x² - 9x = 0 Then the other number is
d) x² + 2x = 0
x
e) -6x² - 3x = 0 50
step 1 x+ =27
x
50
Step 2 xx + x=27 x (multiply
Here are examples of quadratic equation in
x
both side by x)
factored form:
Step 3 x 2+ 50=27 x (change into
standard form)
a) (x + 2) (x - 3) = 0 Step 4 x 2−27 x +50=0 (then
[upon computing becomes x² -1x - 6 = 0] simplify)

b) (x + 1) (x + 6) = 0 b. The length of a rectangle is 5 cm more

[upon computing becomes x² + 7x + 6 = 0] than its width and the area is 50cm2.
Find the length, width and the
c) (x - 6) (x + 1) = 0 perimeter.
[upon computing becomes x² - 5x - 6 = 0
Step 1. Let the width be x.
Step 2. Then the length = x + 5.
d) -3(x - 4) (2x + 3) = 0
Step 3. x (x + 5) = 50 (multiply x to
[upon computing becomes -6x² + 15x + 36 = (x+5)
0]
 Step 4. x 2 + 5x = 50 (change into Step 1. x2 + (x+1)2 = 52 (Pythagoras' Theorem)
standard form) step 2. x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 25 (expand (x+1)2 and 52)
Step 5. x 2 + 5x - 50 = 0 (then simplify) step 3. 2 x2+2x+1-25=25-25 (subtract both side
by 25)
c. The three sides of a right-angled step 4. 2x2 + 2x - 24 = 0 (then simplify)
triangle are x, x+1 and 5. Find x and the
area, if the longest side is 5.

Activity 1. Identify which is Quadratic or Not Quadratic

Identify which of the following are quadratic and which are not. If the equation not quadratic ,explain.

1) 2x² - 4x - 2 = 0 6) -x - 9x = 0
2) -4x - 7x +12 = 0 7) -6x² + 15x + 36 = 0
3) -2x - 4 = 0 8) x² -1x - 6 = 0
4) 4x² + 81 = 0 9) 2x2 + 2x - 24 = 0
5) 2x + 8x = 0

x 2−27 x +50=0 Activity 2. Set me to your standard!

Write each quadratic equation in standard form, ax² + bx + c = 0 then identify the values of a, b, and c.
Answer the equations that follows.

1) 2x² - 4 – 2x = 0 6) (x - 6) (x + 1) = 0
2) -4x +12 = 7x + x² 7) + 15x + 36 = -6x²
3) -3(x - 4) (2x + 3) = 0 8) x² - 6 = +1x
4) x² + 81 = -4x 9) + 2x - 24 = -2x2 
5) 2x + 8x = -x² 10) x 2−27 x +50=0

Activity 3. Illustrate me to your standard.

Transform the word problem into standard form of quadratic equation.

1) The sum of two numbers is 3 and their product is 2. Find the numbers.
2) The sum of two numbers is 9 and their product is 6. Find the numbers.
3) The sum of two numbers is 12 and their product is 35. Find the numbers.
4) The length of a rectangle is 10 cm more than its width and the area is 100cm2. Find the length, width
and the perimeter.
5) The shortest side of a right-angled triangle is 6cm shorter than its hypotenuse. The difference in length
of other two sides is 3cm. If the shortest side is n-3, show that 2n2 = 12n. Hence, find n.

6) Two cyclists move away from a town along two perpendicular paths at 20 mph and 40 mph
respectively. The second cyclist starts the journey an hour later than the first one. Find the time taken
for them to be 100 miles apart.
 B. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

B.I EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOT

How to Solve Quadratic Equations using the the x² term and the constant in the opposite sides of
Square Root Method? the equation, I need to divide the equation by the
This is the “best” method whenever the quadratic coefficient of the squared term before taking the
equation only contains x² terms. That implies no square roots of both sides.
presence of any x term being raised to the first
power somewhere in the equation.

Key Strategy in Solving Quadratic Equations using

the Square Root Method
The general approach is to collect all x² terms on one
side of the equation while keeping the constants to
the opposite side. After doing so, the next obvious
step is to take the square roots of both sides to solve
for the value of x Always attach the ± symbol when
you get the square root of the constant.

Examples of How to Solve Quadratic Equations by

Square Root Method The final answers are x = 4 and x= −4
Example 1: Solve the quadratic equation below using
the Square Root Method. Example 3: Solve the quadratic equation below using
the Square Root Method.
I will isolate the only x² term on the left side by
adding both sides by +1. Then solve the values
I can see that I have two x² terms, one on each side
of x by taking the square roots of both sides of the
of the equation. My approach is to collect all the
equation. As I mentioned before, we need to attach
squared terms of x to the left side, and combine all
the plus or minus symbol to the square root of the
the constants to the right side. Then solve for x as
constant.
usual, just like in Examples 1 and 2.

So I have x = 5 and x=−5 as final answers since both

of these values satisfy the original quadratic
equation. I will leave it to you to verify.

Example 2: Solve the quadratic equation below using

the Square Root Method.

This problem is very similar to the previous example. The solutions to this quadratic formula
The only difference is that after I have separated are x=3 and x=−3.
Example 4: Solve the quadratic equation below using
the Square Root Method.
Now we have to break up x² =±6+10 into two cases
because of the “plus” or “minus” in 6.
The two parentheses should not bother you at all.  Solve the first case where 6 is positive.
The fact remains that all variables come in the
squared form, which is what we want. This problem
is perfectly solvable using the square root method.

So my first step is to eliminate both of the

parentheses by applying the distributive property of
multiplication. Once they are gone, I can easily
combine like terms. Keep the x² terms to the left,  Solve the second case where 66 is negative.
and constants to the right. Finally, apply square root
operation in both sides and we’re done!

The solutions to this quadratic equation are x = 4, x =

− 4, x = 2, and x = −2. Yep, we have four values
of x that can satisfy the original quadratic equation.

Example 6: Solve the quadratic equation below using

the Square Root Method.

Solution:

Example 5: Solve the quadratic equation below using

the Square Root Method.

Since the x-term is being raised to the second power

twice, that means, I need to perform two square
root operations in order to solve for x.
The first step is to have something like this: (   )2 =
constant. This allows me to get rid of the exponent
of the parenthesis on the first application of square
root operation.
After doing so, what remains is the “stuff” inside the
parenthesis which has an x² term. Well, this is great
since I already know how to handle it just like the Example 7: Solve the quadratic equation below using
previous examples. the Square Root Method.

Solution:

There’s an x-squared term left after the first

application of square root.
Activity No 1. Solve by factoring and then solve by extracting roots.

1.  x² −16 = 0 6. (x + 1) ² − 4 = 0
2.  x² − 36 = 0 7. 4 (y − 2) ² − 9 = 0
3. 9y² − 1 = 0 8. 9 (y + 1) ² − 4 = 0
4. 4y² − 25 = 0 9. (u − 5) ² − 25 = 0
5. (x − 2) ² − 1 = 0 10. (u + 2) ² − 4 = 0

Activity No 2. Solve by extracting the roots.

1. x² = 81 16. 6x² − 5 = 0
2. x² = 1 17. 8x² + 1 = 0
3. y² = 19 18. 12x² + 5 = 0
4. y² = 116 19. y² + 4 = 0
5. x² = 12 20. y² + 1 = 0
6. x² = 18 21. x² − 49 = 0
7. 16x² = 9 22. x² − 925 = 0
8. 4x² = 25 23. x² − 8 = 0
9. 2t² = 1 24. t² − 18 = 0
10. 3t² = 2 25. x² + 8 = 0
11. x² − 4 26. x² + 125 = 0
12. x² − 24 = 0 27. 5y² − 2 = 0
13. x² + 1 = 0 28. 3x² − 1 = 0
14. x² + 100 = 0 29. (x + 7) ² − 4 = 0
15. 5x² − 1 = 0 30. (x + 9) ² − 36 =0

B.II FACTORING
How to Solve Quadratic Equations using Factoring
Method

This is the easiest method of solving a quadratic

equation as long as the binomial or trinomial is easily
factorable. Otherwise, we will need other methods
such as completing the square or using the quadratic
formula.
The following diagram illustrates the main approach
to solving a quadratic equation by factoring method.

Main Idea of using Factoring Method

to Solve a Quadratic Equation
The diagram above suggests the following
key points:
  One side of the equation is just
zero.

 The opposite side should contain

the factors of the given polynomial.

 After the two conditions stated

above are met, then it is now OKAY
to set each factor equal to zero
then solve for the value of the
unknown variable.

Examples of How to Solve Example 3: Solve the quadratic equation

Quadratic Equations using the below using the Factoring Method.
Factoring Method
Example 1: Solve the quadratic equation
below by Factoring Method.
Have you factored a trinomial
before where the coefficient of the
I consider this type of problem as a squared term is +1? If not, it is very
“freebie” because it is already set up for simple.
us to find the solutions. Notice that the
left side contains factors of some To factor this trinomial into two binomials,
polynomial, and the right side is just zero! I need to find two numbers (by trial and
What we need to do is simply set each error) that satisfy two given conditions:
factor equal to zero, and solve each
equation for x.  The product of these two numbers
is equal to the constant term (last
number) which is −10.

 The sum of these two numbers is

equal to the coefficient of the linear
term which is +3.

The answers are x = −7 and x = 2. You may

back-substitute these values of x to the
original equation to verify if they are true
answers. I will leave it to you as an
exercise.

Example 2: Solve the quadratic equation

below by Factoring Method.

Since the product of two numbers is

negative, I know that these numbers must
The left side of the equation is a binomial. have opposite signs. More so, having a
That means I can pull out a monomial sum of positive number implies that the
factor. If you think about it, between the number with the larger absolute value
numerical coefficients −2 and 6, I can must be positive.
factor out −2. More so, between x² and x, I
can factor out x. So to find the overall
If you work it out mentally or using paper
factor (it’s like finding the GCF), I will
and pencil to run through possible
multiply −2 and x to get −2x.
combinations, the two numbers that can
satisfy the given conditions are + 5 and -
Note, I can also factor out 2x instead −2.
of −2x. The final answer should be the
same. Try it out!
To check, their products (+5) (−2) = −10, and
their sum (+5) + (−2) = + 3. Works out great!
 Example 5: Solve the quadratic equation
below using the Factoring Method.

The first thing I realize in this problem is

that one side of the equation doesn’t
contain zero. I can easily create a zero
on the right side by subtracting both sides
by 20.
The final solutions are x = − 5 and x = 2.
After doing so, the left side should have a
factorable trinomial that is very similar to
problem 3. To factor out this trinomial,
think of two numbers when multiplied
together gives −14 (constant term) and
Example 4: Solve the quadratic equation when added gives + 5 (coefficient of x-
below using the Factoring Method. term). By trial and error, the numbers
should be −2 and 7. You may verify this
correct combination.

Between the coefficients 3 and −27, I can

pull out 3. And between  x 3 and x, I can
take out xx. Therefore, the overall
expression that I can factor out is their
product: (3) (x) = 3x.

Notice that after I factored out 3x3x, I am

left with a “special” binomial called the
“Difference of Two Squares” which is very
easy to factor.

The final answers are x = 2 and x = x=−7.

Example 6: Solve the quadratic equation

below using the Factoring Method.
It is always the case that the middle signs
will be opposites (see yellow).

Here is the complete solution. Solution:

Here we have x = − 6 and x = 7 as our final

answers.

You should back-substitute to verify that x

= 0, x = − 3, and x = 3 are the correct
solutions.
Example 7: Solve the quadratic equation
below using the Factoring Method.
Solution:

Solution:

Our final answers are x = 5 and x = 1.

The final solutions are x = 1 and x = −3.
Example 8: Solve the quadratic equation
below using the Factoring Method.

Activity No. 1.

1) x² − 9x + 18 = 0 11) x²= 11x − 28

2) x² + 5x + 4 = 0 12) k²+ 15k = −56

3) n²− 64 = 0 13) 3m²= −16m − 21

4) b²+ 5b = 0 14) 8x²= 30 + 43x

5) 35n²+ 22n + 3 = 0 15) x²+ 17x + 49 = 3x

6) 15b² + 4b − 4 = 0 16) m²= 2m

7) 7p²− 38 p − 24 = 0 17) 2k²− 14 = −3k

8) 3x²+ 14x − 49 = 0 18) 3v²+ 36v + 49 = 8v

9) 3k²− 18k − 21 = 0 19) 10x²− 26x = −12

10) 6k²− 42k + 72 = 0 20) 15p²+ 80 = −80 p

B.III COMPLETING THE SQUARE

How to Solve Quadratic Equations using the Completing the Square Method

If you are already familiar with the steps involved in completing the square, you may skip
the introductory discussion and review the seven (7) worked examples right away.The key
step in this method is to find the constant “k” that will allow us to express the given
trinomial as the square of a binomial. For instance,
The value of “k” is determined by squaring one-half of the coefficient of x. In this case, the
coefficient of the linear term xx is −6.
Therefore, half of - − 6 is - −3, and its square (−3¿2 = 9. The value of k must be 9!

If I substitute kk by 99, the trinomial is factored into two equal binomials. This is great
because I can now rewrite it in a more compact form, that is, the square of a single
binomial.

The following are the general steps involved in solving quadratic equations using completing
the square method.

Key Steps in Solving Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square

1) Keep all the x-terms (both the squared and linear) on the left side, while moving the
constant to the right side.
In symbol, rewrite the general form a 2+ bx + c as:
a 2+bx =c
2) Now, identify what type of problem you have by looking at the coefficient of the leading
term, a.
Examples:
 “Easy Type” when a = 1

 “Difficult Type” when a ≠ 1

3) If you have the “Easy type”, proceed immediately to Step 4. If you have the “Difficult Type”, you must divide the
entire equation first by the value of a before moving to step 4.
4) Take the coefficient of x-term, divide it by 2 then square its result. Add this value to both sides of the equation.
5) Express the left side as a square of binomial.
6) Get the square root of both sides of the equation. Don’t forget to attach the ± symbol on the right side!
7) Finish it off by solving the linear equation(s) that arise from it.

Examples of How to Solve Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

Example 1: Solve the quadratic equation below by completing the square method.
This is an “Easy Type” since a = 1a=1. I will keep the “xx-terms” (both the squared and linear
terms) on the left side but move the constant to the right side.
I can do that by adding 1515 on both sides of the equation.

Now, take the coefficient of the linear term (which is the x-term with power 1) and perform
TWO operations on it:
 Divide by 2, followed by
 Squaring (raising to the 2nd power)

The output here, which is +1, will be added to both sides of the quadratic equation.
This step forces the left side to generate a perfect-square-trinomial which can be
expressed as a square of a binomial. Great!

At this point, it is very easy to solve for x. To get rid of the exponent 2 in the binomial, I will
apply square root operation on both sides of the equation.
Next, solve the pair of linear equations that arise as a result of squaring both sides.

Break = ± 4 + 1 into two cases, then solve.

That is it! Our answers are  x 1=5∧x 2=−3.

Make it a habit to check your solved values of x back into the original equation to verify if
indeed they are “true” answers. I will leave it to you as an exercise.

Example 2: Solve the quadratic equation below by completing the square method.

Obviously, I can’t proceed with the steps required in completing the square. I must isolate
the x-terms to the left, and the constant to the right.
Do that by subtracting both sides by 1.
This time I am ready to perform the completing the square steps to solve this quadratic
equation. Start by taking the coefficient of the linear x-term then divide it by 2 followed by
squaring it. This is the MOST important step of this whole process.
Whatever number that comes out will be added to both sides of the equation. The left side
becomes a perfect square trinomial which can be rewritten as the square of binomial.
Eliminate the power 2 of the binomial by taking the square root of both sides. I hope that
you’ll be able to follow the rest of the solution.

I got the following as the answers which are  x 1=7∧x2 =3. Go ahead and check the solutions
yourself as an exercise.

Example 3: Solve the quadratic equation below by completing the square method.

Solution:

The answers are  x 1=2∧x 2=−10

Example 4: Solve the quadratic equation below by completing the square method.

The first thing to do is to move the constant to the right side by subtracting each side by 8.
This is actually the “Difficult Type” since a ≠ 1. Thus, I need to make the coefficient of the
squared x-term equal to 1. This can be done by dividing through the entire equation
by a which equals 8!

By dividing through by 8, I have converted this problem into the “easy” case because the
coefficient of the squared x-term becomes +1. Finish this off by doing the same process as
seen in examples 1 and 2. The only difference is that I will deal with fractions.
Consider the coefficient of the linear xx-term, divide by 2 and square it.

Take the output of the step above and add to both sides of the quadratic equation. Then
proceed with the rest of the steps to complete the square.

1
The answers should be  x 1=2∧x 2= 2

Example 5 (Practice Problem): Solve the quadratic equation below by completing the

square method.
NOTE: The solution to this problem may look messy but as long as you apply the correct
procedures for completing the square, you will soon realize that the answers to this problem
come out nicely.
Hint: The solution set includes a rational number and a negative integer.

Example 6: Solve the quadratic equation below by completing the square method.

I will move the constant to the right side while keeping all x-terms on the left. Then I must
divide the entire equation by −3 since a ≠ 1.
 Subtract both sides by 42

 Divide entire equation by −3

Now, I will take the coefficient of the linear term, divide it by 2 and square it.

Add this output 4 to both sides of the equation. This makes the left side a perfect-square-
trinomial which can be rewritten as the square of a binomial.

That was easy, right? Again, the more you see how these problems are being solved
correctly, the better you become!

Activity No. 1

B.IV QUADRATIC FORMULA

C. NATURE OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

D. SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
E. EQUATIONS TRANSFORMABLE IN TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
E.I RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
F. APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
G. QUADRATIC INQUALITIES
G.I ILLUSTRATIONS OF QUADRATIC INQUALITIES
G.II SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
G.III APPLICATION OF QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES