Taytay Senior High School

Practical Research I

NAME:_____________________________________________________DATE:_____________SCORE:______________

Identify the research design being described by each statement.

1. If I could discover the reason behind a school‘s experience with organizational development, I would ask_______.
2. If I could discover the shared lived experiences of one quality or phenomenon in others, I would want to know about
________.
3. If I could experience a different culture by living/ observing it, I would choose to experience ______.
4. If I could discover what actually occurred and was experienced in a single lived event, that event would be
_______.
5. If I could discover a theory for a single phenomenon of living as shared by others, I would choose to discover the
theory of______.

II. Write the letter of your answer on the space before each number.

_______1. A research design is made up of things indicating:

a. separation c. singularity
b. relationship d. craftsmanship
_______2. Wanting to increase your understanding of the burial practices of the mangyans, you choose the qualitative
research design called:
a. historical c. phenomenological
b. ethnographical d. grounded theory
_______3. Grounded theory involves a series of:
a. theories c. designs
b. books d. instruction
_______4. A great degree of man’s emotionality surfaces in a research design called:
a. case study c. historical
b. ethnography d. phenomenology
_______5. Determining what makes an individual distinct from others is the goal of:
a. case study c. phenomenology
b. historical d. ethnography
_______6. No research design means no research
a. motivation c. direction
b. title d. data
_______7. The cliché’—When you are in Rome, do what the Romans do – is true for
a. case study c. phenomenology
b. historical d. ethnography
_______8. The who, what, why, and how of your research study are determined by your research
a.data c. question
b.title d. design
_______9. Zigzag sampling requires data
a. analysis c. recording
b. accumulation d. review
______10. A researcher’s personal participation in people’s activities is necessary in
a. historical c. ethnography
b. phenomenological d. case study

Identify the research design being described by each statement.

If I could discover the reason behind a school‘s experience with organizational development, I would ask_______. (Case
Study)
If I could discover the shared lived experiences of one quality or phenomenon in others, I would want to know about
________. (Phenomenology)
If I could experience a different culture by living/ observing it, I would choose to experience ______. (Ethnography)
If I could discover what actually occurred and was experienced in a single lived event, that event would be _______. (Case
Study)
If I could discover a theory for a single phenomenon of living as shared by others, I would choose to discover the theory
of______. (Grounded Theory)

III. METHODOLOGY

A.The Research Design

Ethnography is the direct description of a group, culture or community. The meaning of the word ethnography can be
ambiguous; it is an overall term for a number of approaches. Sometimes researchers use it as synonymous with qualitative
research in general, while at other times it‘s meaning is more specific. In this chapter, we adopt the original meaning of the
term, as a method within the social anthropological tradition.

Research titles

1. A ̳’Balikbayan‘ in the field: Scaling and (Re) producing insider‘s identity in a Philippine fishing community.
2. The Kinship of Everyday Need: Relatedness and Survival in a Philippine Fishing Community
3. Bagong Silang Community: An Ethnographic Study of Strategies of Survival
4. A Story of High School Inclusion: An Ethnographic Case Study

Grounded Theory (GT) is an approach that generates and modifies a theory. This research design has become ̳a global
phenomenon‘. It is an approach to collecting and analyzing data. The finished product is also called a GT—it is a
development of theory directly based and grounded in the data collected by the researcher. From its very start, this
approach has been modified, not only by the main protagonists themselves but also by researchers who adopted and
adapted it during its application to their own inquiry. In this chapter, we will describe the main features of GT and trace
development and changes over time.
Data usually are collected through non-standardized interviews and participant observation but also by access to
other data sources.
Data collection and analysis interact. Researchers code and categorize transcripts from interviews or field notes.
The researcher has a dialogue with the literature when discussing categories. Throughout the analytic process,
constant comparison and theoretical sampling takes place. Memos— theoretical notes—provide the researcher with
developing theoretical ideas. The theory that is generated has ̳exploratory power‘ and is grounded in the data.

Research titles

1. From person to father: A Grounded Theory of Male Gender Identity Formation http://0-
search.proquest.com.lib1000.dlsu. edu.ph/docview/1039597832/A43FAE84ABBF4E14PQ/24?ac countid=28547
2. Investigating Food Development in an Area of the Philippines: An Explorative Study Using a Grounded Theory
Approach
3. Perceptions of Filipino Women and Men on Intimate Partner Violence
4. Becoming Selfless: A Grounded Theory of Commitment to Service

Phenomenology is a 20th century school of philosophy rooted in philosophy and psychology which focuses on the
subjective experience of the individual and seeks to understand the essence or structure of a phenomenon from the
perspective of those who have experienced it.
Writers developed different conceptual formulations, (very broadly) descriptive (Husserl), interpretive (Heidegger) and
ontological-existential (Sartre) which have been adapted as methods of inquiry by researchers.
Researchers who use phenomenological methods have formulated various methods of data analysis.
The approach should not be mechanical but insightful and illuminate the phenomenon under study and capture its essence.

Research titles
1. Social Futures of Global Climate Change: A Structural Phenomenology
2. The Importance of Feeling Awkward: A Dialogical Narrative Phenomenology of Socially Awkward Situations
3. Social Responsibility: A Phenomenology of perceived- successful student leadership experience
4. Emotions in the flesh: A Phenomenology of Emotions in the lived body

Case Study is a bounded system, a single entity, a unit around which there are boundaries. It has definite quality (time,
space and/or components comprising the case). It has ―no particular method for data collection or data analysis.‖ A case
study uses an interpretative research. It is chosen precisely because researchers are interested in insight, and discover
rather than the testing of a hypothesis.‖ Yin defines a case study as an empirical enquiry that investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly
evident.

Research titles

1. Internationalizing the Basic Education Curriculum: A Philippine Case Study

2. School Viability: A Case Study of Victoria Heights School in Manila
3. Entrepreneurial University: A Case Study of De La Salle - Araneta University, Philippines
4. Team Effectiveness in an Academic School Organization: A Multiple Case Study

Narrative Inquiry includes stories that reflect on people‘s experience and the meaning that this experience has for them.
Narrative research is a useful way of gaining access to feelings, thoughts and experience in order to analyze them. For
many decades, health research had focused on the decision-making and thoughts of professionals and their measurement
of the treatment outcomes, while the feelings and ideas of the patient, the ̳insider‘, tended to be neglected. The perspectives
of patients are uncovered through their stories.
Narratives are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to human beings. Narratives are rarely simple or linear,
and they often consist of many different stories rather than of a clearly defined tale. Illness narratives are expressions of
illness, suffering and pain. Narratives are often tales of identity.
Health professionals gain knowledge of the illness experience from their patients who assists in understanding the condition
and the person. There are a number of different ways of analyzing narrative data, and all are legitimate.
In narrative inquiry the final story is constructed by participant, researcher and reader. Illness and professional narratives
are always located in the socio-cultural.

Research titles

1. Enhancing the transparency of Accounting Research: The Case of Narrative Analysis http://0-search.proquest.com.
lib1000.dlsu.edu.ph/docview/1674436872/AEA8CB44C9C44D 09PQ/17?accountid=28547
2. The Narrative Research Trail: Values of Ambiguity and Relationships
3. Narrative Inquiry: Approaches to Language and Literacy Research
4. Through the Looking Glass Space to New Ways of Knowing: A Personal Research Narrative

B. Data Gathering Procedure

There are three main types of qualitative sampling: purposeful sampling, quota sampling, and snowballing sampling.
 Purposeful/Purposive Sampling is the most common sampling strategy. In this type of sampling, participants are selected or
sought based on pre- selected criteria based on the research question. For example, the study may be attempting to collect
data from lymphoma patients in a particular city or county. The sample size may be predetermined or based on theoretical
saturation, which is the point at which the newly collected data no longer provides additional insights.
Quota Sampling is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset prior to sampling. Typically, the researcher
is attempting to gather data from a certain number of participants that meet certain characteristics that may include things
such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV status, etc.
Snowball Sampling is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the participants refer the researcher to others
who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in the study. This method often helps researchers find and recruit
participants that may otherwise be hard to reach.

ACTIVITY
Imagine that you have arrived in Malate, Manila to conduct a case study on working street children. A local social worker
introduces you to two former street working children and you learn that they still have lots of friends still working on the
street. As a way to identify participants for your study, you ask the two former street working children if they can recommend
and invite some of their friends on the street to participate in the study. You also ask them to spread word of the study in
anticipation that their friends will also help you to identify potential participants.
How would you classify this kind of sampling? 1. Quota sampling? 2. Snowball sampling? 3. Random purposeful sampling?
Explain your answer.
____________________________________________

Research Approach Rule of Thumb

Select one case or one person.

Case Study

Assess 10 people. If you reach saturation prior to assessing ten people you may use fewer.
Phenomenology

Grounded theory/ethnography/action Assess 20–30 people, which typically is enough to reach saturation.
research
Rules of Thumb Based on Approach

Rules of Thumb Based on Data Collection Method

Data Collection Method Rule of Thumb

Interviewing key informants Interview approximately five people.

In-depth interviews
Interview approximately 30 people.
Create groups that average 5–10 people each. In addition, consider the number of focus groups
Focus groups you need based on ―groupings‖ represented in the research question. That is, when studying
males and females of three different age groupings, plan for six focus groups, giving you one for
each gender and three age groups for each gender.

Data Collection Method Rule of Thumb

Select a large and representative sample (purposeful or random based on purpose) with numbers
Ethnographic surveys
similar to those in a quantitative study.

Source: Nastasi, ―Qualitative Research: Sampling & Sample Size Considerations‖.

Number of Interviews Length of each interview

10 1 – 2 hours

20 30 minutes – 1 hour

30
20 – 40 minutes