OSCILLATIONS

OSCILLATIONS
A motion which repeats itself identically after a fixed interval of time is called
periodic motion e.g., orbital motion of the earth around the sun, motion of arms of a
clock, motion of a simple pendulum etc.
Oscillatory Motion
A periodic motion taking place to and fro or back and forth about a fixed point, is
called oscillatory motion, e.g., motion of a simple pendulum, motion of a loaded spring
etc.
Note Every oscillatory motion is periodic motion but every periodic motion is not
oscillatory motion.
Harmonic Oscillation
The oscillation which can be expressed in terms of single harmonic function, i.e., sine
or cosine function, is called harmonic oscillation.
Simple Harmonic Motion
A harmonic oscillation of constant amplitude and of single frequency under a restoring
force whose magnitude is proportional to the displacement and always acts towards
mean Position is called Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).
A simple harmonic oscillation can be expressed as

y = a sin ωt
or y = a cos ωt
Where a = amplitude of oscillation.
Non-harmonic Oscillation
A non-harmonic oscillation is a combination of two or more than two harmonic
oscillations.
It can be expressed as y = a sin ωt + b sin 2ωt
Some Terms Related to SHM
(I) Time Period : Time taken by the body to complete one oscillation is known as
time period. It is denoted by T.
(ii) Frequency : The number of oscillations completed by the body in one second is
called frequency. It is denoted by v.
Its SI unit is ‘hertz’ or ‘second-1‘.
Frequency = 1 / Time period
Solve example 14.1 from textbook
(iii) Angular Frequency: The product of frequency with factor 2π is called angular
frequency. It is denoted by ω.
Angular frequency (ω) = 2πv
Its SI unit is ‘hertz’ or ‘second-1‘.
(iv) Displacement: A physical quantity which changes uniformly with time in a
periodic motion. is called displacement. It is denoted by y.
(v) Amplitude The maximum displacement in any direction from mean position is
called amplitude. It is denoted by a.
(vi) Phase A physical quantity which express the position and direction of motion of
an oscillating particle, is called phase. It is denoted by φ.
Simple harmonic motion is defined as the projection of a uniform circular motion on
any diameter of a circle of reference.
Some Important Formulae of SHM
(i) Displacement in SHM at any instant is given by
y = a sin ωt
or y = a cos ωt
where a = amplitude and
ω = angular frequency.
(ii) Velocity of a particle executing SHM at any instant is given by
v = ω √(a2 – y2)
At mean position y = 0 and v is maximum
vmax = aω
At extreme position y = a and v is zero.
(iii) Acceleration of a particle executing SHM at any instant is given by
α = – ω2y
Negative sign indicates that the direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction in
which displacement increases, i.e., towards mean position.
At mean position y = 0 and acceleration is also zero.
At extreme position y = a and acceleration is maximum
amax= – aω2
(iv) Time period in SHM is given by
T = 2π √Displacement / Acceleration
Solve Example 14.2 from textbook

Graphical Representation
(I) Displacement – Time Graph
(ii) Velocity – Time Graph

(iii)Acceleration – Time Graph
Note The acceleration is maximum at a place where the velocity is minimum and vice
– versa.
For a particle executing SlIM. the phase difference between
(i) Instantaneous displacement and instantaneous velocity
= (π / 2) rad
(ii) Instantaneous velocity and instantaneous acceleration
= (π / 2) rad
(iii) Instantaneous acceleration and instantaneous displacement
= π rad
The graph between velocity and displacement for a particle executing SHM is
elliptical.
Force in SHM
We know that, the acceleration of body in SHM is α = -ω2x
Applying the equation of motion F = ma,
We have, F = – mω2x = -kx
Where, ω = √k / m and k = mω2 is a constant and sometimes it is called the elastic
constant.
In SHM, the force is proportional and opposite to the displacement.
Energy in SHM
The kinetic energy of the particle is K = 1 / 2 mω2(A2– x2)
From this expression we can see that, the kinetic energy is maximum at the centre (x
= 0) and zero at the extremes of oscillation (x ± A).
The potential energy of the particle is U = 1 / 2 mω2x2
From this expression we can see that, the potential energy has a minimum value at
the centre (x = 0) and increases as the particle approaches either extreme of the
oscillation (x ± A).
Total energy can be obtained by adding potential and kinetic energies. Therefore,
E=K+U
= = 1 / 2 mω2(A2– x2) + 1 / 2 mω2x2
= 1 / 2 mω2A2
where A = amplitude
m = mass of particle executing SHM.
ω = angular frequency and
v = frequency
Changes of kinetic and potential energies during oscillations.
The frequency of kinetic energy or potential energy of a particle executing SHM is

double than that of the frequency in SHM.
The frequency of total energy of particles executing SHM is zero as total energy in
SHM remains constant at all positions.
When a particle of mass m executes SHM with a constant angular frequency (I), then
time period of oscillation
T = 2π √Inertia factor / Spring factor
In general, inertia factor = m, (mass of the particle)
Spring factor = k (force constant)
How the different physical quantities (e.g., displacement, velocity, acceleration,
kinetic energy etc) vary with time or displacement are listed ahead in tabular form.
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a heavy point mass suspended from a rigid support by
means of an elastic inextensible string.
The time period of the simple pendulum is given by :
T = 2π √l / g
where l = effective length of the pendulum and g = acceleration due to gravity.

If the effective length l of simple pendulum is very large and comparable with the
radius of earth (R), then its time period is given by
T = 2π √Rl / (l + R)g
For a simple pendulum of infinite length (l >> R)
T = 2π √R / g= 84.6 min
For a simple pendulum of length equal to radius of earth,
T = 2π √R / g= 60 min
Second’s Pendulum
A simple pendulum having time period of 2 second is called second’s Pendulum.
The effective length of a second’s pendulum is 99.992 em of approximately 1 metre
on earth.
Conical Pendulum
If a simple pendulum is fixed at one end and the bob is rotating in a horizontal circle,
then it is called a conical pendulum.
In equilibrium T sin θ = mrΩ2

Its time period T = 2π √mr / T sin θ
Spring Pendulum
A point mass suspended from a massless (or light) spring constitutes a spring
pendulum. If the mass is once pulled downwards so as to stretch the spring and then
released. the system oscillated up and down about its mean position simple
harmonically. Time period and frequency of oscillations are given by
T = 2π √m / k or v = 1 / 2π √k / m
Vibrations of a Loaded Spring

When a spring is compressed or stretched through a small distance y from mean
position, a restoring force acts on it.
Restoring force (F) = – ky
where k = force constant of spring.
If a mass m is suspended from a spring then in equilibrium,
mg = kl
This is also called Hooke’s law.
Time period of a loaded spring is given by
T = 2π √m / k
When two springs of force constants k1 and k2 are connected in parallel to mass m as
shown in figure, then
(i) Effective force constant of the spring combination
k = k1 + k2
(ii) Time period T = 2π √m / (k1 + k2)
When two springs of force constant k1 and k2 are connected in series to mass m as
shown in figure, then
(i) Effective force constant of the spring combination
1 / k = 1 / k1+ 1 / k2
(ii) Time period T = 2π √m(k1+ k2) / k1k2

Free Oscillations
When a body which can oscillate about its mean position is displaced from mean
position and then released, it oscillates about its mean position. These oscillations are
called free oscillations and the frequency of oscillations is called natural frequency.
Damped Oscillations
Oscillations with a decreasing amplitude with time are called damped oscillations.
Un-damped Oscillations
Oscillations with a constant amplitude with time are called un-damped oscillations.
Resonant Oscillations
When an external force is applied on a body whose frequency is an integer multiple of
the natural frequency of the body, then its amplitude of oscillation increases and
these oscillations are called resonant oscillations.
Lissajous’ Figures
If two SHMs are acting in mutually perpendicular directions, then due to then:
superpositions the resultant motion, in general, is a curvelloop. The shape of the
curve depends on the frequency ratio of two SHMs and initial phase difference
between them. Such figures are called Lissajous’ figures.

OSCILLATIONS

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OSCILLATIONS

A simple harmonic oscillation can be expressed as

Solve Example 14.2 from textbook

(ii) Velocity – Time Graph

The frequency of kinetic energy or potential energy of a particle executing SHM is

where l = effective length of the pendulum and g = acceleration due to gravity.

In equilibrium T sin θ = mrΩ2

Vibrations of a Loaded Spring

(ii) Time period T = 2π √m(k1+ k2) / k1k2

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