Python : Getting Started

Tushar B. Kute,
http://tusharkute.com
First Python program

• Let us execute programs in different modes of

programming.
• Interactive Mode Programming:
– Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as a
parameter brings up the following prompt:
Script Mode Programming

• Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter

begins execution of the script and continues until
the script is finished. When the script is finished,
the interpreter is no longer active.
• Let us write a simple Python program in a script.
Python files have the extension .py. Type the
following source code in a test.py file-
print ("Hello, Python!")
• Now, try to run this program as follows-
$ python test.py
Script Mode Programming

• Let us try another way to execute a Python

script in Linux. Here is the modified test.py file-
#!/usr/bin/python3

print ("Hello, Python!")

• We assume that you have Python interpreter

available in the /usr/bin directory. Now, try to
run this program as follows-
$ chmod +x test.py # This is to make file executable
$./test.py
Python Identifiers

• A Python identifier is a name used to identify a

variable, function, class, module or other object.
• An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or
an underscore (_) followed by zero or more
letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
• Python does not allow punctuation characters
such as @, $, and % within identifiers.
• Python is a case sensitive programming
language. Thus, College and college are two
different identifiers in Python.
Python Identifiers – Naming Conventions

• Class names start with an uppercase letter. All

other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
• Starting an identifier with a single leading
underscore indicates that the identifier is private.
• Starting an identifier with two leading
underscores indicates a strong private identifier.
• If the identifier also ends with two trailing
underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name.
Keywords

• Keywords are the reserved words in Python.

• We cannot use a keyword as a variable name,
function name or any other identifier. They
are used to define the syntax and structure
of the Python language.
• In Python, keywords are case sensitive.
– All the keywords except True, False and None are
in lowercase and they must be written as it is.
• There are 33 keywords in Python 3.7
Python keywords

• False class finally is return

• None continue for lambda try
• True def from nonlocal while
• and del global not with
• as elif if or yield
• assert else import pass
• break except in raise
Declaring and using variables

>>> num1 = 45
>>> num2 = 56
>>> print(num1)
45
>>> num3 = 12.33
>>> print(num3)
12.33
>>> name = 'Tushar'
>>> print(name)
Tushar
Data types

• Numbers: • List
– int • Tuple
– float • Set
– complex
• Dictionary
• String
• Boolean
Integers

>>> num = 23
>>> type(num)
<class 'int'>
>>> num + 10
33
>>> num ** 100
148861915063630393937915565865597542319
871196538013686865769882092224332785393
313521523901432773468042334765921794473
10859520222529876001
•
Integer length

• Try this:
>>> num ** 1000
• This will generate a big number with 100s of
digits.
• There is NO inherent limit to the integer to
store in memory. It goes on using until we run
out of memory.
Floating point numbers

>>> num = 59.33

>>> print(num)
59.33
>>> num = 5933e18
>>> print(num)
5.933e+21
>>> type(num)
<class 'float'>
>>> num = 12.9567255478
>>> num * 11.43
148.09537301135398
Floating point numbers

>>> num1 = 4.233e221

>>> num2 = 12.322E212
>>> num1 * num
inf
Floating point limit
>>> 2.0 ** 1023
8.98846567431158e+307
>>> 2.1 ** 1023
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
OverflowError: (34, 'Numerical result out of
range')
Other number systems

• Octal number system

>>> num = 0o123
>>> print(num)
83
• Hexadecimal number system
>>> num = 0x123
>>> print(num)
291
• Binary Number system
>>> num = 0b101
>>> print(num)
5
Multiple assignment

>>> num1, num2, num3 = 12, 34, 55

>>> print(num1)
12
>>> print(num2)
34
>>> print(num3)
55
Multiple assignment

>>> num1 = num2 = num3 = 27

>>> print(num1)
27
>>> print(num2)
27
>>> print(num3)
27
Semicolon separator

>>> num1 = 12; num2 = 34; num3 = 31

>>> print(num2)
34
>>> num1 = 10; num1 = num1 + 2; print(num1)
12
Strings

• Strings can be declared in single or double quotes.

>>> name = 'Hello World'
>>> print(name)
Hello World
>>> name = "Hello World"
>>> print(name)
Hello World
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
Making combinations

>>> data = 'Learning "Python" is fun'

>>> print(data)
Learning "Python" is fun
>>> data = "Learning 'Python' is fun"
>>> print(data)
Learning 'Python' is fun
String concatenation

>>> first = 'Python'

>>> second = 'Programming'
>>> last = first + second
>>> print(last)
PythonProgramming
>>> print(first+second)
PythonProgramming
>>> print('Python'+'Programming')
PythonProgramming
•
Escape Sequences

\n New Line

\t Tab

\v Vertical tab

\r Carriage Return

\b Backspace

\a Audio bell

\\ Single slash
Using escape sequences

>>> print('Hello\nWorld')
Hello
World
>>> print('Hello\bWorld')
HellWorld
>>> print('Hello\vWorld')
Hello
World
>>> print('Hello\rWorld')
World
>>> print('Hello\\World')
Hello\World
Comment

• Python Syntax ‘Comments’ let you store tags at the

right places in the code.
• You can use them to explain complex sections of
code. The interpreter ignores comments.
• Declare a comment using an octothorpe / hash (#).
# This is a comment
>>> num = 34 #Variable declared
• Python does not support general multiline
comments like Java or C++.
Docstring

• A docstring is a documentation string. Like a

comment, this Python Syntax is used to explain
code.
• But unlike comments, they are more specific. Also,
they are retained at runtime.
• This way, the programmer can inspect them at
runtime. Delimit a docstring using three double or
single quotes.
Multi-line string

>>> line = '''Hello

... Welcome to MITU
... Pune'''
>>> print(line)
Hello
Welcome to MITU
Pune
Multi-line comment
Common string functions

• title() • strip()
• upper() • lstrip()
• lower() • rstrip()
• swapcase() • find()
• isalpha()
• startswith()
• isdigit()
• endswith()
• islower()
• replace()
• isupper()
• istitle()
• split()
Using string functions

>>> data = 'hello'

>>> data.upper()
'HELLO'
>>> data.isalpha()
True
>>> data.split()
['hello']
>>> data.startswith('he')
True
>>> data.replace('e','a')
'hallo'
The Unicode strings

>>> s = u'\u0937'
>>> print(s)
ष
>>> s = u'\u0567'
>>> print(s)
Է
s = u'\u0756'
>>> print(s)
‫ݖ‬
The dir( ) function

• The dir() function returns all properties and methods

of the specified object, without the values.
• This function will return all the properties and
methods, even built-in properties which are default
for all object.
• If the object has __dir__() method, the method will be
called and must return the list of attributes.
• If the object doesn't have __dir__() method, this
method tries to find information from the __dict__
attribute (if defined), and from type object. In this
case, the list returned from dir() may not be complete.
Using dir and help

• How to use dir( ) ?

– >>> data = ‘hello’
– >>> dir(data)
• How to see the help of functions ?
– >>> help(data.upper)# Object function
– >>> help(len) # basic function
• You can apply the dir() and help() function to all
kind of variables and objects.
The print function

• The print() function prints the given object to the

standard output device (screen) or to the text
stream file.
• The full syntax of print() is:
– print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n')
• objects - object to the printed. * indicates that
there may be more than one object
• sep - objects are separated by sep. Default
value: ' '
• end - end is printed at last
Using print( )

>>> name = 'Tushar'

>>> age = 34
>>> print('My name is',name,'and age is',age)
My name is Tushar and age is 34
>>> print('My name is %s and age is %d' %
(name,age)) # Formatted print
My name is Tushar and age is 34
>>> print('My name is {} and age is
{}' .format(name,age)) #Using .format
My name is Tushar and age is 34
Print options

>>> print('My name is',name)

My name is Tushar
>>> print('My name is',name,end='\n\n')
My name is Tushar

>>> print(name,age)
Tushar 34
>>> print(name,age,sep='\t')
Tushar 34
>>> print(name,age,sep='\n')
Tushar
34
The format( )

• The string format() method formats the given

string into a nicer output in Python.
• The syntax of format() method is:
– template.format(p0, p1, ..., k0=v0, k1=v1, ...)
• Here, p0, p1,... are positional arguments and, k0,
k1,... are keyword arguments with values v0, v1,...
respectively.
• And, template is a mixture of format codes with
placeholders for the arguments.
The format( ) parameters

• String format() Parameters

– format() method takes any number of
parameters. But, is divided into two types of
parameters:
– Positional parameters - list of parameters that
can be accessed with index of parameter inside
curly braces {index}
– Keyword parameters - list of parameters of type
key=value, that can be accessed with key of
parameter inside curly braces {key}
Positional arguments
Keyword arguments
Using format( )

name = 'Tushar'
age = 34
• # default arguments
print("Hello { }, your age is { }.".format(name,age))
• # positional arguments
print("Hello {0}, your age is {1}.".format(name,age))
• # keyword arguments
print("Hello {x}, your age is {y}.".format(x=name, y=age))
• # mixed arguments
print("Hello {0}, your age is {y}.".format(name, y=age))
Format specifiers

• %s – String (or any object with a string

representation, like numbers)
• %d – Integers
• %f – Floating point numbers
• %.<number of digits>f – Floating point numbers
with a fixed amount of digits to the right of the dot.
• %x/%X – Integers in hex representation (lowercase/
uppercase)
• %o – Integers in octal representation
Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators

>>> num1 = 23; num2 = 11

>>> result = num1 + num2
>>> result
34
>>> num1 - num2
12
>>> num1 * num2
253
>>> num1 / num2
2.090909090909091
>>> num1 // num2
2
>>> num1 % num2
1
Arithmetic operators on strings

• The multiplication operator can be used on strings

too.
>>> name = 'Tushar'
>>> name * 5
'TusharTusharTusharTusharTushar'
Relational operators
Relational operators

>>> num1 > num2

True
>>> num1 <= num2
False
>>> num1 == num2
False
>>> num1 != num2
True
Relational operators on strings

>>> 'Abc' != 'AbC'

True
>>> 'Abc' == 'AbC'
False
>>> 'Abc' < 'AbC'
False
>>> 'Abc' < 'AbCdef'
False
Assignment operators
Assignment operators

>>> print(num1)
25
>>> num1 += 2
>>> print(num1)
27
>>> num1 *= 2
>>> print(num1)
54
>>> num1 /= 2
>>> print(num1)
27.0
Logical operators
Logical operators

>>> num1 > num2 and num1 < 100

True
>>> num1 > 100 or num1 == num2
False
>>> not num1 < 100
False
Membership operators

• These operators test whether a value is a member

of a sequence. The sequence may be a list, a string,
or a tuple. We have two membership python
operators- ‘in’ and ‘not in’.
– in
• This checks if a value is a member of a
sequence.
– not in
• Unlike ‘in’, ‘not in’ checks if a value is not a
member of a sequence.
Membership operators

>>> x = 10
>>> x in [34,10,32,17]
True
>>> 15 in [34,10,32,17]
False
>>> 15 not in [34,10,32,17]
True
>>> 'kar' in 'Tendulkar'
True
Identity operators

• These operators test if the two operands share an

identity. We have two identity operators- ‘is’ and ‘is
not’.
– is
• If two operands have the same identity, it
returns True.
– is not
• If two operands have the different identity, it
returns True.
Identity operators

>>> 2 is 2
True
>>> 2 is '2'
False
>>> 20 is 20.0
False
>>> 20 is not 20.0
True
>>> 2000.0 is 2e3
True
Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators

>>> x = 19; y = 34
>>> x & y
2
>>> x | y
51
>>> x ^ y
49
>>> y << 2
136
>>> ~x
-20
Operators Precedence
Two more types

• Complex
>>> num = 2.3 + 4.5j
>>> print(num)
(2.3+4.5j)
>>> type(num)
<class 'complex'>
• Boolean
>>> num = True
>>> print(num)
True
>>> type(num)
<class 'bool'>
Special type: None

• The null keyword is commonly used in many programming

languages, such as Java, C++, C# and Javascript. It is a value
that is assigned to a variable.
• The equivalent of the null keyword in Python is None. It was
designed this way for two reasons:
– Many would argue that the word "null" is somewhat
esoteric. It's not exactly the most friendliest word to
programming novices. Also, "None" refers exactly to the
intended functionality - it is nothing, and has no behavior
– In most object-oriented languages, the naming of objects
tend to use camel-case syntax. eg. ThisIsMyObject. As you'll
see soon, Python's None type is an object, and behaves as
one.
Basic use

>>> num = None

>>> print(num)
None
>>> num
>>> type(num)
<class 'NoneType'>
Type conversion

• The process of converting the value of one data

type (integer, string, float, etc.) to another data
type is called type conversion. Python has two
types of type conversion.
– Implicit Type Conversion
– Explicit Type Conversion
• Implicit Type Conversion:
– In Implicit type conversion, Python automatically
converts one data type to another data type.
This process doesn't need any user involvement.
Type conversion

>>> num1 = 45 #int

>>> num2 = 56.23 #float
>>> result = num1 + num2
>>> print(result) #float
101.22999999999999
Explicit type conversion

• In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data

type of an object to required data type. We use the
predefined functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to
perform explicit type conversion.
• This type conversion is also called typecasting because
the user casts (change) the data type of the objects.
• Syntax :
(required_datatype)(expression)
• Typecasting can be done by assigning the required
data type function to the expression.
Explicit type conversion

>>> num1 = 45
>>> num2 = 56.23
>>> result = num1 + int(num2)
>>> print(result)
101
Type casting on strings

>>> num = '178'

>>> num * 3
'178178178'
>>> int(num) * 3
534
>>> num = 123
>>> s = 'hello' + str(num)
>>> s
'hello123'
Compatibility code

• Many interpreter based languages are having

similar kind of syntax. Check the below code. We
can run this code by three different kinds of
interpreters i.e. Python, R and Ruby.
Output
Taking user input

• The input( ) function is used to read the values from

keyboard. It prints the string and reads a string
from keyboard which then will be stored in a
variable.
• Example:
– s = input(‘Enter your name:’)
– num = int(input(‘Enter a number:’))
– marks = float(input(‘Enter marks:’))
Sample code:
Exercises

• Write a program to read Celsius temperature and

print equivalent Fahrenheit temperate on screen.
• Read radius of the circle from user and find the
area and perimeter of it.
• Read the amount and percentage of interest from
the keyboard and find final amount after adding
interest in original amount.
• Write a program to read distance value in meters
and convert it into centimeters, inches, and yards.
 Thank you
This presentation is created using LibreOffice Impress 5.1.6.2, can be used freely as per GNU General Public License

/mITuSkillologies @mitu_group /company/mitu- c/MITUSkillologies

skillologies

Web Resources
http://mitu.co.in
http://tusharkute.com

[email protected]
[email protected]