Bacteria,  Viruses,  and  Fungi,  Oh  My!  
 
 
Lesli  Horowitz  
Kearny  School  of  International  Business  
7651  Wellington  St.  
San  Diego,  CA  92111  
[email protected]  
 
 
Funded by the American Association of Immunologists –
High School Teachers Summer Research Program

Mentored by:
Dr. Nicholas Gascoigne, MD, PhD, Scripps Research Institute
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
 
   
ABSTRACT  
As  a  member  of  The  Gascoigne  Lab  last  summer,  my  goal  was  to  identify  the  mechanism  
of  interaction  of  the  proteins  Themis  and  Grb2,  and  to  try  to  find  out  if  Themis  interacts  
with  Cbl,  a  negative  regulator  of  T  cell  activation,  through  Grb2.  I  successfully  created  a  
gene  construct  for  Cbl,  ran  various  combinations  of  transfections  that  included  each  of  
the  proteins  alone,  each  of  the  protein  pairs,  and  all  3  proteins  together.  Finally,  I  
immune-­‐precipitated  for  Themis  and  ran  a  western  blot  for  Grb2  and  Cbl  to  confirm  
their  interaction.  My  lab  experience  inspired  me  to  create  the  framework  and  starting  
point  for  a  downloadable  card  game  designed  to  introduce  and  reinforce  human  body  
immune  system  concepts  for  high  school  students.  Students  will  play  a  collectable  card  
game  (aka  trading  card  game  or  customizable  card  game)  in  which  the  cards  represent  
the  different  “players”  in  the  “immunity”  game  of  life  (various  pathogens,  the  skin,  
interferons,  vaccines,  antibiotics,  antibodies).    The  game  pits  a  team  of  “pathogens”  
against  the  “immune  system.”    Teachers  can  modify  the  game  materials  to  
accommodate  all  levels  of  high  school  biology  students  including  English  as  second  
language  learners  up  to  advanced  biology  students.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  
 
I.    OVERVIEW  

II.    SCIENCE  BACKGROUND  

III.    STUDENT  OUTCOMES  

IV.    LEARNING  OBJECTIVES  

V.    TIME  REQUIREMENTS  

VI.    ADVANCE  PREPARATIONS  

VII.    MATERIALS  AND  EQUIPMENT  

VIII.    STUDENT  PRIOR  KNOWLEDGE  AND  SKILLS  

IX.    CLASSROOM  DISCUSSION  

 
 
 
   
TEACHER GUIDE
 
I.    OVERVIEW  
Concepts  covered  in  this  unit  
Ø The  fundamental  function  of  the  human  immune  system  
Ø A  basic  understanding  of  disease  causing  pathogens  
Ø The  effects  of  nutrition,  sleep,  stress,  and  exercise  on  the  human  
immune  system  
 
General  goals  of  the  game  –  “Bacteria,  Viruses,  and  Fungi,  Oh  My!”  
Ø Provide  teachers  with  a  tool  and  alternative  to  a  traditional  
introduction  to  the  human  immune  system  and  microorganisms.  
Ø Provide  a  framework  for  teachers  to  customize  and  expand  the  
game  to  meet  their  own  needs.  It  provides  a  “starter”  set  of  cards  
as  well  as  templates  to  create  new  cards.  New  cards  can  easily  be  
created  by  both  teachers  and  students.  
Ø Provide  students  with  an  engaging  and  fun  activity  that  acts  as  an  
introduction  to  the  human  immune  system  in  place  of  a  lecture  or  
a  textbook.  
Ø Provide  students  with  a  motivation  to  further  investigate  the  
human  immune  system  and  disease  causing  agents  as  a  means  to  
add  to  the  game.  
Ø Provide  teachers  and  students  with  an  easy-­‐to-­‐use  template  to  
further  investigate  the  human  immune  system  and  disease  
causing  agents.  
Ø Provide  an  emphasis  of  the  connection  between  daily  health  
choices  and  the  effectiveness  of  one’s  immune  system.  
 
 
 Recommended  placement  for  the  materials  within  a  biology  class  
Ø Introduction  to  the  human  immune  system  unit  
Ø Integration  into  the  microorganisms  and  fungi  unit  
Ø Integration  into  a  health  unit  
 
Relevance  to  other  science  concepts  and  students’  lives  
One  of  the  strengths  of  this  “Bacteria,  Viruses,  and  Fungi,  Oh  My!”  is  
its  relevancy  to  students’  lives.    First,  it  serves  to  dispel  fact  from  
fiction  regarding  pathogen  prevention,  transmission,  and  treatment.  
While  access  to  information  has  never  been  easier,  a  great  deal  of  
disinformation  regarding  the  prevention,  transmission,  and  treatment  
of  infectious  diseases  continues  to  permeate  throughout  our  society.  
This  game  is  designed  to  provide  factual  and  relevant  information  
regarding  infectious  diseases  necessary  for  all  humans  to  make  
informed  decisions  regarding  their  health.  
 
In  addition,  new  research  continues  to  emerge  that  connects  how  our  
daily  decisions  about  health,  nutrition,  and  exercise  can  seriously  
affect  our  body’s  ability  to  fight  disease.  
 
 
II.    SCIENCE  BACKGROUND  
The  immune  system  is  the  human  body’s  defense  against  invading  pathogens.  
Pathogens  are  microorganisms  or  biological  agents  that  cause  disease  or  illness  to  the  
host.  They  disrupt  the  normal  physiology  of  a  multicellular  animal  or  plant.  There  are  six  
main  types  of  disease  causing  agents  or  pathogens:  prions,  viruses,  bacteria,  
protozoans,  fungi,  and  parasites.  These  pathogens  vary  greatly  in  size  and  shape,  and  
also  in  the  type  of  diseases  that  they  cause  in  their  host.  Pathogens  can  be  microscopic  
(too  small  to  be  seen  with  the  unaided  eye)  or  macroscopic  (can  be  seen  with  the  
unaided  eye).  
In  most  cases,  the  immune  system  does  a  great  job  of  keeping  people  healthy  and  
preventing  infections,  but  sometimes  problems  with  the  immune  system  can  lead  to  
illness.  The  immune  system  can  be  compared  to  a  military  unit  defending  its  territory  
using  a  variety  of  strategies  and  weapons.  Through  a  series  of  steps  called  the  immune  
response,  the  immune  system  attacks  organisms  and  substances  that  invade  body  
systems  and  cause  disease.  

There  are  many  factors  and  variables  that  can  alter  the  effectiveness  of  a  person’s  
immune  system.  A  person’s  immune  system  can  greatly  be  affected  by  daily  choices  
regarding  nutrition,  stress  management,  sleep,  and  exercise.    

Due  to  the  complexity  of  the  immune  system,  it  is  difficult  to  assess  the  effects  of  diet  
on  our  immune  function;  however,  research  results  have  identified  some  dietary  factors  
that  affect  the  human  immune  response  (Nutrition  and  the  Immune  System.  Retrieved  
from  http://www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/nutrition-­‐immune-­‐system).  Energy  intake  
seems  to  have  an  important  influence  on  immune  activity.  Undernourished  people  are  
at  a  greater  risk  from  infections.  Weight  reduction  schemes  using  diets  with  less  than  
1200  kcal  per  day  can  also  reduce  immune  function,  an  excellent  reason  to  avoid  
unhealthy  "crash  diets.”  Excessive  energy  intake  may  also  compromise  the  immune  
system's  ability  to  fight  infection.  Obesity  is  linked  to  an  increased  rate  of  infectious  
disease.  Furthermore,  obese  people  are  more  likely  to  develop  coronary  heart  disease,  
which  has  been  linked  to  changes  in  immune  function  (Nutrition  and  the  Immune  
System.  Retrieved  from  http://www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/nutrition-­‐immune-­‐
system).  

Reducing  fat  in  the  diet  is  important  for  weight  control,  but  it  also  seems  to  influence  
how  well  the  immune  system  works.  Diets  that  are  high  in  fat  seem  to  reduce  immune  
response,  and  thus,  increase  the  risk  of  infections.  Reducing  fat  content  in  the  diet  can  
increase  immune  activity.  This  might  not  just  affect  infections,  but  it  could  also  
strengthen  the  certain  types  of  immune  cells,  which  fight  tumor  cells.  However,  it  is  not  
just  the  amount  of  fat  that  is  important,  but  also  its  origin.  It  is  important  to  include  oily  
fish,  nuts,  soy  or  linseed  oil  in  your  diet,  because  we  need  the  right  balance  of  different  
fatty  acids.    

Regular  consumption  of  fermented  dairy  products  such  as  yogurt  may  enhance  the  
immune  defenses  in  the  gut.  Recent  research  results  suggest  that  yogurts  made  with  
certain  bacteria  (called  probiotics)  may  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  immune  system  
(Magee,  E.,  The  Benefits  of  Yogurt.  Retrieved  from  http://www.webmd.com/food-­‐
recipes/features/benefits-­‐yogurt).  For  example,  human  volunteers  who  ate  yogurt  every  
day  made  with  specific  probiotic  bacteria  showed  a  higher  resistance  to  microorganisms  
that  cause  food  poisoning  (Magee,  E.,  The  Benefits  of  Yogurt.  Retrieved  from  
http://www.webmd.com/food-­‐recipes/features/benefits-­‐yogurt).  More  research  is  
needed;  however,  it  is  clear  that  immune  system  maintenance  requires  a  steady  intake  
of  all  the  necessary  vitamins  and  minerals.    

The  health  benefits  of  a  regular  exercise  program  are  hard  to  overstate.  It  has  long  been  
known  that  maintaining  a  regular  exercise  program  strengthens  the  cardiovascular,  
respiratory,  and  skeletal  systems.  Regular  exercise  throughout  the  week  strengthens  
your  immune  system  and  gives  you  a  better  chance  to  avoid  the  cold  or  flu,  as  well  as  
other  serious  health  conditions  like  diabetes.  Understanding  the  role  exercise  plays  in  
keeping  your  immune  system  strong  is  essential  to  ensure  your  well-­‐being.  Jogging,  
swimming,  walking,  or  other  aerobic  activities  are  commonly  regarded  as  the  most  
beneficial  type  of  exercise  for  your  immune  system.  While  aerobic  exercise  often  
receives  most  of  the  attention  as  a  way  to  protect  your  heart,  aerobic  activity  also  
strengthens  your  immune  system  and  significantly  decreases  your  likelihood  for  viral  
illnesses  like  the  flu.  People  who  perform  regular  aerobic  exercise  also  enjoy  a  reduced  
risk  of  diabetes,  cancer,  stroke,  and  cardiovascular  disease.  They  also  typically  live  
longer  than  people  who  do  not  exercise.  
While  aerobic  exercise  like  soccer  or  bicycling  lowers  your  risk  for  illness,  the  physical  
activity  also  decreases  your  stress,  an  enemy  of  a  healthy  immune  system.  Aerobic  
workouts  help  reduce  stress,  anger,  and  depression  by  allowing  your  body  to  release  
healthy  chemicals  called  endorphins  that  aid  in  relaxation.  Some  doctors  characterize  
endorphins  as  natural  painkillers.  People  like  to  ignore  it,  but  stress  is  a  big  deal.  In  our  
society,  stress  can  be  unrelenting.  Stress  affects  the  hormone  cortisol  produced  by  the  
adrenal  glands.  In  small  quantities,  cortisol  is  helpful.  It  is  an  anti-­‐inflammatory  that  
speeds  tissue  repair  and  controls  excess  immune  cell  production;  however,  continued  
stress  raises  cortisol  levels  too  high.  Too  much  cortisol  slows  the  production  of  “good”  
prostaglandins.  “Good”  prostaglandins  support  immune  function,  dilate  blood  vessels,  
inhibit  “thick”  blood,  and  are  anti-­‐inflammatory.  Slowed  production  allows  for  the  
opposite  –  inflammation  and  immune  suppression.  During  a  period  of  raised  cortisol  
(from  stress),  immune  system  cells  disappear  from  the  blood.  The  part  of  the  immune  
system  most  sensitive  to  increased  cortisol  levels  are  the  Natural  Killer  Cells.  Immune  
system  function  will  plummet.  Excessive  stress,  either  physical  or  mental,  has  a  
detrimental  effect  on  the  optimal  functioning  of  the  immune  system.  It  is  like  the  card  
that  finally  tips  the  balance  on  the  house  of  cards,  bringing  everything  crashing  down.  
Reducing  stress  benefits  more  than  your  immune  system,  as  people  with  altered  mood  
states  are  also  more  likely  to  suffer  fatigue  and  sleeping  problems.  

Lack  of  sleep  can  also  seriously  affect  your  immune  system.  Studies  show  that  people  
who  do  not  get  quality  sleep  or  enough  sleep  are  more  likely  to  get  sick  after  being  
exposed  to  a  virus,  such  as  the  common  cold.  Lack  of  sleep  can  also  affect  how  fast  you  
recover  if  you  do  get  sick.  During  sleep,  your  immune  system  releases  proteins  called  
cytokines,  some  of  which  help  promote  sleep.  Certain  cytokines  need  to  increase  when  
you  have  an  infection  or  inflammation,  or  when  you're  under  stress.  Sleep  deprivation  
may  decrease  production  of  these  protective  cytokines.  In  addition,  infection-­‐fighting  
antibodies  and  cells  are  reduced  during  periods  when  you  don't  get  enough  sleep.    A  
compromised  immune  system  is  not  the  only  effect  of  sleep  deprivation.  The  symptoms  
of  lack  of  sleep  affect  people  physically  and  mentally,  and  include:  
 • Irritability    
• High  Blood  Pressure  
• Cognitive  Impairment  
• Decreased  Response  Time  &  Accuracy  
• Symptoms  Similar  to  ADHD    
• Impaired  Judgment  
• Aches  
• Risk  of  Heart  Disease  
• Risk  of  Obesity  
• Risk  of  Type  2  Diabetes  

 The  optimal  amount  of  sleep  for  most  adults  is  seven  to  eight  hours  of  good  sleep  each  
night.  Teenagers  need  nine  to  10  hours  of  sleep.  School-­‐aged  children  may  need  10  or  
more  hours  of  sleep.    

 
III.    STUDENT  OUTCOMES  
General  Description  
My  lab  experience  inspired  me  to  create  the  framework  and  starting  point  for  a  
downloadable  card  game  designed  to  introduce  and  reinforce  human  body  immune  
system  concepts  for  high  school  students.  Students  will  play  a  collectable  card  game  
(aka  trading  card  game  or  customizable  card  game)  in  which  the  cards  represent  the  
different  “players”  in  the  “immunity”  game  of  life  (various  pathogens,  the  skin,  
interferons,  vaccines,  antibiotics,  antibodies).    The  game  pits  a  team  of  “pathogens”  
against  the  “immune  system.”    Teachers  can  modify  the  game  materials  to  
accommodate  all  levels  of  high  school  biology  students  including  English  as  second  
language  learners  up  to  advanced  biology  students.      
 
Sample  Offense  Card   Sample  Defense  Card  
 COMMON COLD SKIN
The common cold can be caused by over The human body’s 1st line of defense is the
200 different kinds of viruses, however the largest organ - the skin. It is a nonspecific
most common is the rhinovirus. defense against pathogens

Symptoms
Mild Headache
How It Works
Sneezing
The skin defends the body by:
Coughing Mild Body Aches
Acting as a physical barrier
Sore Throat Runny or stuffy nose
Oil and sweat glands produce an acidic
Transmission environment which kills many bacteria
Airborne and direct contact with infected person.
The top layer of sheds off every second,
taking bacteria with it
Challenges
Due to the numerous viral strains of the common
cold, the human body can never build up
resistance and vaccines cannot be developed. Game Play
Game Play I eat healthy and exercise on a regular basis -
Your science lab partner coughs without covering as a result I have healthy skin - Block 1 exposure
his mouth and you catch his cold - Lose 10 life to bacterial pathogens
points for 3 turns
   

Basic Game Play

Ø The  game  requires  at  least  2  people  (one  for  each  team).  
Ø One  person  is  designated  as  the  offense  (pathogens)  and  the  other  is  the  
defense  (immunity).  
Ø There  are  2  decks  of  cards.  One  is  for  the  “offense,”  and  the  other  is  for  the  
“defense.”  The  decks  are  kept  separate  from  each  other.  
Ø The  offense  is  trying  to  kill  the  defense  by  reducing  their  life  points  down  from  
500  to  0.  (Note:  The  defense  starts  the  game  with  500  life  points).  
Ø If  the  defense  makes  it  to  the  end  of  the  game  with  at  least  one  life  point,  they  
win  the  game.  
Ø Each  person  reads  and  reviews  all  of  the  cards  in  their  deck  and  chooses  8  cards  
to  start  the  game.  
Ø The  offense  starts  the  game  and  attacks  the  defense  with  one  of  their  eight  
cards.    
Ø The  defense  counters  the  attack.  
 Ø If  the  defense  plays  a  card  in  which  they  gain  life  points,  they  get  to  review  the  
next  3  cards  in  their  deck  and  choose  one  to  replace  the  card  they  played.  The  2  
cards  that  they  do  not  choose  get  placed  at  the  bottom  of  their  deck.  
Ø The  game  ends  when  the  offense  runs  out  of  cards,  or  the  defense  has  lost  all  of  
the  life  points.  

Curriculum Add-On
Ø Once  students  have  mastered  the  card  game,  students  can  create  new  offense  
and  defense  cards  to  add  to  the  game.  The  game  is  only  limited  by  the  number  
of  pathogens  in  the  world.  
Ø In  this  curriculum  add-­‐on  students  will  not  only  increase  their  immunology  
knowledge  base,  but  they  will  also  work  on  research  and  writing  skills.  
 
Defense  Card  Template       Offense  Card  Template  

Pathogen name PATHOGEN NAME

Brief Description Brief Description

Treatment
Symptoms

Additional Facts Transmission

Challenges

Game Play Game Play

   
 
 
 
 
This  unit  will:  
Ø Introduce  students  to  the  fundamentals  of  the  human  immune  system.  
Ø Introduce  students  to  the  fundamentals  of  the  prevention,  transmission,  
and  treatment  of  pathogens.  
Ø Inform  students  as  to  the  importance  of  nutrition,  stress  management,  
sleep,  and  exercise  on  the  effectiveness  of  one’s  immune  system.  
Ø Help  to  dispel  many  of  the  myths  regarding  the  prevention,  transmission,  
and  treatment  of  pathogens.  
Ø Encourage  students  to  conduct  further  research  on  the  prevention,  
transmission,  and  treatment  of  pathogens.  
Ø Provide  teachers  with  a  tool  and  alternative  to  a  traditional  introduction  
to  the  human  immune  system  and  microorganisms.  
Ø Provide  a  framework  for  teachers  to  customize  and  expand  the  game  to  
meet  their  own  needs.  It  provides  a  “starter”  set  of  cards  as  well  as  
templates  to  create  new  cards.  New  cards  can  easily  be  created  by  both  
teachers  and  the  students.  
Ø Provide  students  with  an  engaging  and  fun  activity  that  acts  as  an  
introduction  to  the  human  immune  system  in  place  of  a  lecture  or  a  
textbook.  
IV.    LEARNING  OBJECTIVES  
Observable  and  Measurable  
A  key  to  winning  the  game  is  in  the  initial  card  choices  of  each  player.  The  more  familiar  
the  players  become  with  the  concepts,  the  better  hand  they  will  choose  for  themselves  
at  the  start  of  the  game.  By  observing  the  combinations  of  card  choices,  one  can  
evaluate  if  the  students  are  learning  the  concepts.  
 
In  addition,  a  great  measure  of  the  game’s  effectiveness  is  observing  the  students’  
motivation  to  add  new  cards  to  the  game.  This  is  a  clear  indication  of  the  game’s  success  
or  failure  to  spark  students’  interest  in  immunology,  pathogens,  and  health.  
  
Finally,  administering  a  traditional,  formal  assessment  such  as  a  test  is  a  tried  and  true  
method  of  assessing  student  learning  prior  to  moving  onto  more  advanced  human  
immunology  concepts.  
 
V.    TIME  REQUIREMENTS  
Students  can  easily  learn  the  basic  mechanics  of  the  game  within  30-­‐60  minutes,  
however  the  more  familiar  the  students  become  with  the  card  content,  the  better  they  
will  learn  the  specifics  of  many  pathogens  as  well  as  the  many  facets  of  the  human  
immune  system.  
 
VI.    ADVANCE  PREPARATION  
Take  the  following  steps  prior  to  “administering”  the  game  to  your  class:  
Ø Print  out  a  copy  of  the  instructions  and  all  the  cards  
Ø Cut  out  the  cards  
Ø Review  the  game  rules  and  instructions  and  PLAYING  THE  GAME  
YOURSELF  is  the  best  method  of  familiarizing  with  the  game.  
Ø Students  gain  the  most  knowledge  from  playing  “Bacteria,  Viruses,  and  
Fungi,  Oh  My!”  in  groups  of  2  people  so  print  out  a  set  of  rules  and  cards  
for  each  group  of  students.  
Ø Optional  –  laminate  the  cards  and  the  rules  
Ø Optional  –  use  the  templates  and  create  additional  cards  to  customize  for  
your  student  population  and  curriculum  needs  
 
VII.    MATERIALS  AND  EQUIPMENT  
This  activity  is  specifically  designed  and  created  for  the  teacher  on  a  VERY  tight  budget  –  
it  is  almost  FREE!  
Ø Standard  white  printer  paper  
Ø A  printer  (black  and  white  –  no  color  necessary)  
 Ø Scissors  
 
VIII.    STUDENT  PRIOR  KNOWLEDGE  AND  SKILLS  
This  activity  is  intended  to  act  as  an  introduction  to  the  human  immune  system  and/or  
microorganisms.  It  is  purposefully  designed  to  be  played  by  students  with  little  to  no  
prior  knowledge  of  the  concepts  as  a  fun  method  and  an  alternative  to  traditional  
bookwork  and  direct  instruction.  
Students  simply  need  to  know  the  following:  
Ø The  basic  function  of  the  human  immune  system  
Ø The  definition  of  a  pathogen  
Included  in  the  downloadable  game  is  a  pregame  quiz  created  to  assess  students’  prior  
knowledge  and  conceptions  regarding  the  transmission,  prevention,  and  treatment  of  
infectious  diseases.  
 
IX.    CLASSROOM  DISCUSSION  
Discuss  common  misconceptions  regarding  the  transmission,  prevention,  and  treatment  
of  infectious  diseases  such  as  the  following:  
Ø All  bacteria  and  fungi  are  harmful.  
Ø The  flu  vaccine  will  give  you  the  flu.  
Ø Antibiotics  are  the  cure-­‐all  for  virtually  all  infectious  diseases  such  as  the  
common  cold  and  the  flu.  
Ø Antibiotics  can  be  used  to  prevent  the  transmission  of  pathogens.  
Ø Doctors  can  diagnose  a  bacterial  infection  during  physical  examination  
and  prescribe  antibiotics  accordingly.  
Ø It  is  better  to  use  items  that  are  deemed  “antibacterial”  (such  as  
antibacterial  soaps,  toothbrush  handles,  socks,  etc.).  
Ø Foodborne  illnesses  are  caused  by  spoiled  food.  
Ø Your  foodborne  illness  was  caused  by  what  you  last  ate.  
 Ø Diseases  had  already  begun  to  disappear  before  vaccines  were  
introduced,  because  of  better  hygiene  and  sanitation.  
Ø Vaccines  cause  many  harmful  side  effects,  illnesses,  and  even  death  -­‐  not  
to  mention  possible  long-­‐term  effects  we  don't  even  know  about.  
Ø Vaccine-­‐preventable  diseases  have  been  virtually  eliminated  from  the  
United  States,  so  there  is  no  need  for  my  child  to  be  vaccinated.  
Ø Vaccines  cause  autism.  
Ø It  is  OK  to  take  antibiotics  prescribed  for  someone  else.  
Ø It  is  OK  to  stop  taking  antibiotics  early.  
Ø You  can  get  infections  or  illnesses  from  sitting  directly  on  a  public  toilet  
seat.  
Ø The  blowing  air  from  a  hand  drier  in  a  public  restroom  spreads  germs.  
Ø Antibacterial  soap  keeps  your  hands  cleaner  than  regular  soap.  
 
 
 
 
 
BACTERIA, VIRUSES, & FUNGI, OH MY!
 
 
 
How  much  do  you  really  know  about  those  icky  germs  and  
how  your  body  defends  itself  against  them?    Do  you  know  
fact  from  fiction?    
 
Objective  
This  game  will  introduce  you  to  the  fundamental  concepts  
regarding  your  immune  system  and  the  things  that  try  to  
attack  it.  
 
   
 How to play “Bacteria, Viruses, & Fungi, Oh My!”
Ø The  game  requires  at  least  2  people  (one  for  each  team).  
Ø Designate  one  person  as  the  offense  (pathogens)  and  the  other  as  the  defense  
(immunity).  
Ø The  are  2  decks  of  cards.  One  is  for  the  “offense,”  and  the  other  is  for  the  
“defense.”  The  decks  must  be  kept  separate  from  each  other.  
Ø The  offense  is  trying  to  kill  the  defense  by  reducing  their  life  points  down  from  
500  to  0.  (Note:  The  defense  starts  the  game  with  500  life  points).  
Ø If  the  defense  makes  it  to  the  end  of  the  game  with  at  least  one  life  point,  they  
win  the  game.  
Ø Each  person  reads  and  reviews  all  of  the  cards  in  their  deck  and  chooses  only  8  
cards  to  start  the  game.  
Ø The  offense  starts  the  game  and  attacks  the  defense  by  throwing  one  of  their  8  
cards  on  the  field.    
Ø The  defense  counters  the  attack.  
Ø If  the  defense  plays  a  card  in  which  they  gain  life  points,  they  get  to  review  the  
next  3  cards  in  their  deck  and  choose  one  to  replace  the  card  they  played.  The  2  
cards  that  they  do  not  choose  get  placed  at  the  bottom  of  their  deck.  
Ø The  game  ends  when  the  offense  runs  out  of  cards,  or  the  defense  has  lost  all  of  
the  life  points.  
 
 
 
 ATHLETE’s FOOT Prevention AThelete’s Foot Treatment
Athlete's foot is a fungal infection of the skin Athlete's foot is a fungal infection of the skin
caused by a parasitic fungus in the genus caused by a parasitic fungus in the genus
Trichophyton. Trichophyton.

Prevention Treatment
Keep your feet dry and clean Daily application of topical medication in
conjunction with hygiene measures will cure
Dry toes after bathing or swimming
athlete’s foot but it is a long time period - up
Wear shower sandals in public showers to 45 days
Change socks twice a day
Allow shoes to air for 24 hours before wearing
Facts
them again The infection is usually picked up walking
barefoot in an infected area or using an
Use talcum or antifungal power on your feet
infected towel
Facts
Athlete’s foot can infect and spread to other
Athlete’s foot can infect and spread to other
areas of the body such as the groin (jock itch)
areas of the body such as the groin (jock itch)

Game Play Game Play

I thoroughly dry between my toes after bathing, I contract athlete’s foot but treat with antifungal
regularly use talcum on my feet, and wear sandals cream and good hygiene thus stopping the
in the school locker room shower - block athlete’s infection
foot
 EXERCISE EXERCISE
It is recommended that teens get 60 It is recommended that teens get 60
minutes of moderate exercise every day. minutes of moderate exercise every day.
Moderate exercise includes a brisk walk, Moderate exercise includes a brisk walk,
bike riding, or other similar modes of bike riding, or other similar modes of
exercise. exercise.

How It Works How It Works

Regular exercise maintains a healthy weight,
Exercise boosts blood flow to the brain and
improves skin, strengthens bones & muscles,
helps it recieve oxygen and nutrients. The
improves mood, better relaxation, better
better shape you are in, the faster you fire
sleep, and promotes a strong immune
brain waves for quick thinking.
system.
Exercise helps use oxygen which burns Muscle mass is metabolically active tissue so
stored fat and helps maintain a healthy the more muscle mass your have the more
weight reducing the risk of diabetes, heart calories you will burn.
failure, and stroke.

Game Play Game Play

I ran 2 miles everyday after school for a week I learned how to properly and safely weight lift
and aced 3 pop quizes - Gain 20 life points and and have now have sexy, rock-hard abs -
choose another card Gain 20 life points and choose another card
 EXERCISE EXERCISE
It is recommended that teens get 60
It is recommended that teens get 60
minutes of moderate exercise every day.
minutes of moderate exercise every day.
Moderate exercise includes a brisk walk,
Moderate exercise includes a brisk walk,
bike riding, or other similar modes of
bike riding, or other similar modes of
exercise.
exercise.

How It Works
Regular exercise maintains a healthy weight,
How It Works
improves skin, stregnthens bones & muscles, Regular exercise maintains a healthy weight,
improves mood, better relaxation, better improves skin, stregnthens bones & muscles,
sleep, and a promotes a strong immune improves mood, better relaxation, better
system. sleep, and a promotes a strong immune
system.
Exercise helps use oxygen which burns
stored fat and helps maintain a healthy Exercise boosts circulation and the delivery
weight reducing the risk of diabetes, heart of nutrients to your skin, helping to detoxify
failure, and stroke. your body (removing poisons)

Game Play Game Play

I rode my bike to school all week instead of
I joined the school’s volleyball team - Gain 60 life
having my parents drive me - Gain 20 life points
points and choose another card
and choose a new card
 SEASONAL FLU VACCINE E Coli HIV Treatment
The flu vaccine is the best way to prevent Most people recover from an E. coli infection There is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS,
being infected by the influenza virus within 5-10 days and without the use of however there are treatment medications
medications. called antiretrovirals or ARV therapy.
How It Works How It Works
The flu vaccine is an inactivated (killed) Treatment Taking HIV treatment requires effort and
version of the virus commitment as drugs must be taken at exact
Treatment of an infection with common E. coli
Scientists make a new vaccine every year bacteria involves managing complications such times each day.
because the flu mutates from year to year as dehydration caused by diarrhea The aim of antiretroviral treatment is to keep
the amount of HIV in the body at a low level.
The vaccine works by stimulating a specific
Antibiotics are not recommended This stops any weakening of the immune
immune response (antibodies) in advance
system and allows it to recover from any
of being exposed to the virus
Facts damage that HIV might have caused already.
Facts Diarrhea medications are not recommended Taking a combination of 3 or more anti-HIV
Because the virus is inactivated, it CANNOT because they usually slow the rate at which drugs at the same time is called Highly Active
cause infection food and waste products move through the Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). If only one
The vaccine takes about 2 weeks to become intestines. This may allow more time for the drug was taken, HIV would quickly become
effective body to absorb the poisons produced by the resistant to it and the drug would stop working.
bacteria and increase the risk of complications Taking 2 or more antiretrovirals at the same
The seasonal flu vaccine is about 60% time vastly reduces the rate at which resistance
effective at preventing the flu Game Play develops, making treatment more effective in
Game Play I follow my doctor’s instruction and recover from the long term.
an E. coli infection - Treat and stop E. coli Game Play
I got a flu shot early in the flu season - block
one exposure to the seasonal flu I take my medications as prescribed and keep my
HIV at low levels - Stop losing life points from HIV
 INTERFERONS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Interferons are proteins released in response The human body’s 2nd line of defense is the
to viral pathogens. They are a nonspecific inflammatory response. It is a nonspecific
defense named after their primary function. defense against pathogens

How It Works How It Works

Blood vessels near the wound expand
Interferons “interfere” with a host cells ability
to replicate a virus White blood cells leak from the vessels to enter
the infected tissue
The white blood cells detroy the bacteria
Interferons can slow down the progress of
infection and often gives the specific defense The body temperature can rise causing a fever
of the immune system time to respond but also slows down or stops the growth of
pathogens
Game Play
I am exposed to a rhinovirus, however Game Play
I am eating well, exercising, and getting the My body has a strong immune system due to
proper amount of sleep so my body secretes proper diet and excercise - my body responds
interferons in response to the exposure, thus with an inflammatory response and my wound
preventing me from suffering this virus - Block 1 heals quickly - Treat and stop a wound infection
common cold exposure
 Head Lice Prevention Head Lice Treatment
Lice are parasites that can be found on the Lice are parasites that can be found on the
human body. Lice found on the human head human body. Lice found on the human head
is called Pediculus humanus capitis. is called Pediculus humanus capitis.

Prevention Treatment
There are both over-the-counter and presciption
Never share hair brushes, combs, hair pieces,
products to treat head lice. Permethrin 1%
hats, bedding, towels, or clothing with someone
creme rinse or shampoos containing pyrethrins
who has head lice
amd piperonyl butoxide are common first
If you have lice do not go to school until treaments.
you have been completely treated A second treatment is needed 1 week after the
first treatment to kill newly hatched lice.
Facts Nit (head lice egg) combs should be used to
Lice move by crawling, they cannot hop or comb nits and lice from the hair shaft.
fly from person to person.
Facts
Dogs, cats, and other pets do not play a role
It may take 4-6 weeks for itching to appear
in lice transmission.
the first time a person has head lice.

Game Play Game Play

I never share brushes, combs, hats, bedding, or I contract head lice but treated with them with
towels with anyone - block one lice transmission over-the-counter medications closely following
the instructions successfully killing all the lice and
their eggs.
 BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
Bacterial meningitis can be treated effectively Bacterial meningitis can be treated effectively
with antibiotics and prevented with with antibiotics and prevented with vaccination
vaccination.
Treatment
Treatment There are vaccines that prevent most but not
Early diagnosis and treatment is important for all bacterial meningitis in both children and
an effective recovery adults
Initially a generous intravenous antibiotic to Vaccination best when administered around
reduce inflammation is administered until age 11 and before the age of 18
the specific bacteria is determined
When the specific bacteria are identified, your
When the specific bacteria are identified, your doctor may decide to change antibiotics
doctor may decide to change antibiotics

Challenges Challenges
The biggest problem with bacterial meningitis The biggest problem with bacterial meningitis
is misdiagnosis because symtpoms are very is misdiagnosis because symtpoms are very
similar to the flu similar to the flu

Game Play Game Play

I was exposed to bacterial meningitis but was
I contract bacterial meningitis but was never
properly vaccinated - Block bacterial meningitis
vaccinated, however I receive proper antibiotic
treatment - Lose 70 life points before recovering
 MUCUS SKIN
One tool in the human body’s 1st line of The human body’s 1st line of defense is the
defense is mucus. It is a nonspecific largest organ - the skin. It is a nonspecific
defense against pathogens and is produced defense against pathogens
by tissues that line the mouth, nose, sinuses,
throat, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.
How It Works
The skin defends the body by:
How It Works
Mucus traps unwanted substances like Acting as a physical barrier
bacteria and dust before they can get into Oil and sweat glands produce an acidic
the body environment which kills many bacteria

Mucus act as a protective blanket over the The top layer of sheds off every second,
above surfaces preventing the tissue from taking bacteria with it
drying out and cracking

Game Play
Game Play I eat healthy and exercise on a regular basis -
I maintain a healthy diet and as a result I secrete as a result I have healthy skin - Block 1 exposure
the proper amount of mucus - Block 1 air-born to air-born bacterial pathogens
bacterial attack
 NUTRITION NUTRITION NUTRITION
Due to the complexity of the immune system, Due to the complexity of the immune system, Due to the complexity of the immune system,
it is difficult to assess the effects of diet on it is difficult to assess the effects of diet on it is difficult to assess the effects of diet on
our immune function. However, research our immune function. However, research our immune function. However, research
results have identified some dietary factors results have identified some dietary factors results have identified some dietary factors
that affect the human immune response. that affect the human immune response. that affect the human immune response.
How It Works
How It Works How It Works
Diets high in fat seem to depress the immune
Energy intake seems to have an important Excessive energy intake (too many calories) response and increase the risk of infections.
influence on immune activity. Undernourished may also compromise the immune system's
people (too few calories) are at greater risk ability to fight infection. Obesity is linked to Obese people are more likely to develop
from infections. an increased rate of infectious disease. coronary heart disease, which has been linked
to alterations in the immune function.
Weight reduction schemes using diets with less
than 1200 kcal per day can also reduce immune Obese people are more likely to develop Diets high in fat seem to depress the immune
function, an excellent reason to avoid unhealthy coronary heart disease, which has been linked response and increase the risk of infections.
"crash diets". to alterations in the immune function. Reducing saturated fats in the diet can
increase immune activity.

Game Play Game Play

I have been eating healthy balanced meals 3 times I have been eating healthy balanced meals 3 times Game Play
a day consisting of whole foods and not skipping a day consisting of whole foods and not eating I have been eating healthy fats such as fish oils,
- Gain 20 life points and choose another card sugary and fatty snacks when I am bored - Gain nuts, seeds, and avocado - Gain 20 life points and
20 life points and choose another card choose another card
 SLEEP
In spite of thousands of sleep studies,
scientists still are not sure why we need
sleep, however we do know that all
mammals need sleep to survive.
How It Works
The body releases hormones that allows
the body to make us “sleepy” at night
and awake during the day - this is called
the “circadium rythum”
There are 2 main types of sleep:
Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)
The final stage of NREM is the most nourishing
and restfull
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
This is the stage where most dreaming occurs
and our brains are most active even though we
are fast asleep

Game Play
I turned off the computer, the TV,
stopped texting & playing video games and
got the recommended 9 hours of sleep for
a teenager - Block a loss of sleep attack
 STRESS REDUCTION STRESS REDUCTION STRESS REDUCTION
Stress is the body's reaction to any Stress is the body's reaction to any change Stress is the body's reaction to any change
change that requires an adjustment or that requires an adjustment or response. The that requires an adjustment or response. The
response. The body reacts to these body reacts to these changes with physical, body reacts to these changes with physical,
changes with physical, mental, and mental, and emotional responses. mental, and emotional responses.
emotional responses.
How It Works How It Works
How It Works Stress becomes negative when a person faces Stress becomes negative when a person faces
Stress becomes negative when a person continuous challenges without relief or continuous challenges without relief or
faces continuous challenges without relief relaxation between challenges. As a result, the relaxation between challenges. As a result, the
or relaxation between challenges. As a person becomes overworked and stress-related person becomes overworked and stress-related
result, the person becomes overworked tension builds. tension builds.
and stress-related tension builds.
Stress can play a part in problems such as
Stress can play a part in problems such as headaches, high blood pressure, heart
Stress can play a part in problems such
headaches, high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma,
as headaches, high blood pressure, heart
problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma, arthritis, depression, and anxiety.
problems, diabetes, skin conditions,
arthritis, depression, and anxiety.
asthma, arthritis, depression, and anxiety.
Game Play
Game Play Benefit I talked to the school counselor to learn how to
I learned how to meditate - Gain 40 life points better cope with the daily stresses of life -
I attended yoga class - Gain 10 life points Gain 40 life points and choose another card
and choose another card and choose another card
 Tetanus Treatment Tetanus VACCINE
No lab test exists to confirm tetanus so The tetanus vaccine is a type of “active”
diagnosis is based on a physical examination immunity and is used to prevent an individual
and tests to rule out infections with similar from contracting tetanus.
symptoms
How It Works
Treatment The tetanus vaccine is composed of inactivated
Antibiotics toxins and is used to preventian individual from
contracting tetanus.
Medicine to reverse the toxin
Bedrest The vaccine works by stimulating a specific
immune response (antibodies) in advance
Muscle relaxers of being exposed to the virus
Sedatives
Surgery to clean the wound and remove the Facts
source of the poison (debridement) The tetanus vaccine is 100% effective

Facts Because the virus is inactivated, it CANNOT

cause infection
Without treatment, one in four people die
from tetanus To be effective, the vaccine requires a
booster shot every 10 years
Game Play
I did not stay current on my tetanus booster Game Play
vaccine and contracted tetanus - lose 40 life I received my 10 year booster shot and avoided
points per turn until treated with antibiotics suffering from a tetanus exposure.
 POOR NUTRITION POOR NUTRITION POOR NUTRITION
Due to the complexity of the immune system, Due to the complexity of the immune system,
Due to the complexity of the immune system,
it is difficult to assess the effects of diet on it is difficult to assess the effects of diet on
it is difficult to assess the effects of diet on
our immune function. However, research our immune function. However, research
our immune function. However, research
results have identified some dietary factors results have identified some dietary factors
results have identified some dietary factors
that affect the human immune response. that affect the human immune response.
that affect the human immune response.
How It Works
How It Works How It Works Diets high in fat seem to depress the immune
Energy intake seems to have an important response and increase the risk of infections.
Excessive energy intake (too many calories)
influence on immune activity. Undernourished
may also compromise the immune system's Obese people are more likely to develop
people (too few calories) are at greater risk
ability to fight infection. Obesity is linked to coronary heart disease, which has been linked
from infections.
an increased rate of infectious disease. to alterations in the immune function.
Weight reduction schemes using diets with less
than 1200 kcal per day can also reduce immune Obese people are more likely to develop Diets high in fat seem to depress the immune
function, an excellent reason to avoid unhealthy coronary heart disease, which has been linked response and increase the risk of infections.
"crash diets". to alterations in the immune function. Reducing saturated fats in the diet can
increase immune activity.
Game Play Game Play
You decide to skip meals to try and lose You eat cookies and ice cream when you are Game Play
weight - you end up tired all the time and catch stressed insted of dealing with your feelings - You eat fast food once a day for a month
a cold subsequently your grades fall - gain 7lbs and weaken your immune system -- and weaken your immune system and end
Defense loses 60 life points Defense loses 40 life points up with the flu - Defense loses 40 life points
 E. coli common cold
Escherichia coli bacteria normally live in the The common cold can be caused by over
intestines of people and animals. Most are 200 different kinds of viruses, however the
harmless and are an important part of a most common is the rhinovirus.
healthy intestinal tract, however some can
make you sick. Symptoms
Sneezing Mild Headache
Symptoms
Vomiting Stomach Cramps Diarrhea Coughing Mild Body Aches

Transmission Sore Throat Runny or stuffy nose

Infections start when you swallow tiny (usually
invisible) amounts of human or animal feces. This Transmission
usually is due to contaminated food, Airborne and direct contact with infected person.
unpasteurized dairy products, or water that has
not been disinfected. Challenges
Challenges Due to the numerous viral strains of the common
cold, the human body can never build up
Everyone is at risk because washing hands prior
resistance and vaccines cannot be developed.
to food preparation is often neglected.

Game Play Game Play

You eat peanut butter contaminated with E. coli - Your science lab partner coughs without covering
Lose 30 points for every turn until your E. coli his mouth and you catch his cold - Lose 10 life
defense card is played points for 3 turns
 salmonellosis tetanus seasonal influenza
A bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Also known as “lock jaw”, it is an infection of A contagious respiratory illness caused by
Salmonella the nervous system caused by the bacteria influenza viruses A and B that infect the nose,
Clostridium tetani throat, & lungs.
Symptoms
Diarrhea Infection can spread from the Symptoms Symptoms
intestines to the bloodstream and Locking of the jaw Drooling Fever/chills Runny/stuffy nose Fatigue
Fever to other body sites
Painful tightening of muscles Sore throat Muscle/body aches
Abdominal Cramps Coughing Headache
Excessive sweating
Transmission People may have vomiting and diarrhea, though
Salmonella lives in the intestinal tract of animals Transmission this is more common in children than adults.
including birds and is usually transmitted to The bacteria live in soil, dust, saliva, and manure.
humans by eating foods contaminated with feces They will enter the body through a deep cut - Transmition
or if it is present on raw meat or poultry if the usually a puncture wound Air-born; droplets from sneezing and coughing;
product is not cooked to a safe internal direct contact with infected person.
temperature. Challenges
The bacteria spores release a toxin that blocks Challenges
Challenges nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles The flu is an RNA virus which enables the virus to
Strains that cause no symptoms in animals can
mutate rapidly.
make humans sick Game Play
Game Play You wore uncomfortable shoes to school to Game Play
Most people recover without treatment within impress your friends and decide to walk home You are exposed to the seasonal influenza - Lose
4-7 days - lose 30 life points for 4 turns barefoot - you step on a rusty nail - lose 20 life 200 life points unless you are vaccinated
points for every turn until you get a tetanus shot
 athlete’s foot head lice
Athlete's foot is a fungal infection of the skin Lice are parasites that can be found on the
caused by a parasitic fungus in the genus human body. Lice found on the human head
Trichophyton. is called Pediculus humanus capitis.
Symptoms Symptoms
Scaling, flaking, and itching of the skin Intense itching of the scalp
The condition usually effects the feet but can Small, red bumps on the scalp, neck, and
spread to other areas of the body including the shoulders (bumps may become crusty and ooze)
groin.
Transmission
Transmission Close contact with a person who has lice
The fungus is generally picked up through walking
barefoot in an infected area or using an infected Touching the clothing or bedding of someone
towel, however to incubate, the fungus needs a who has lice
warm, moist environment such as a shoe. Share hats, towels, brushes, or combs of
someone who has lice

Game Play Game Play

You walked barefoot in the locker-room shower Instead of completing an assignment in class, you
picking up the fungus. In addition you did not dry borrow a friend’s brush to fix your hair and
your feet before putting on your shoes thus contract head lice - lose 20 life points every
allowing the fungus to grow - lose 20 life points turn until treated with a shampoo containing 1%
per turn until treated with a pharmaceutical cream. permethrin (NIX).
 BACTERIAL MENINGITIS mrsa human immunodeficiency virus
Bacterial meningitis occurs when bacteria Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is HIV is a virus that causes the breakdown of
infects the covering of the brain & spinal cord a bacterium responsible for several difficult the immune system. People become sick
to treat infections from infections that would not normally
Symptoms Symptoms affect them
Flu-like symptons Severe headache
Small red bumps on the skin Fever Symptoms
Stiff-neck Flu-like symptoms Swollen lymph nodes
Skin bumps progressing to boils
Transmission Joint pain Nausea/vomitting
Direct contact only via an infected person’s oral
Transmission Skin rash Dry cough
Most commonly found in the nostrils, the
or respiratory secretions. Most of the bacteria Weight loss Pneumonia
respiratory tract, open wounds, and the urinary
that cause meningitis are not as contagious Confusion Yeast infections
tract.
as diseases such as the common cold or the flu.
Transmission occurs from direct contact with a
Complications person or object contaminated by the bacteria Transmission
Fluid-to-fluid contact via semen, blood, or breast
It attacks at a rapid pace and is often mistaken
for influenza. Infection can result in permanant Challenges milk
brain damage, paralysis, blindness, hearing loss, MRSA is resistant to beta-lactum antibiotics which Challenges
or even death within several hours of onset include the penicillan and the cephalosporins
HIV has few or no symptoms for up to 10 years
Game Play or more before symptoms of AIDS develope
Game Play
You are exposed to bacterial meningitis - Lose 60 While in the emergency room from stepping on a
rusty nail you contract MRSA - Lose 30 life points
Game Play
life points for every turn unless you are You had unprotected sex & contracted HIV -
vaccinated or until you are properly diagnosed for every turn until the doctor finds an effective
Lose 50 life points every turn until you get
and treated antibiotic
treatment
 NO EXERCISE NO EXERCISE NO EXERCISE
It is recommended that teens get 60 It is recommended that teens get 60 It is recommended that teens get 60
minutes of moderate exercise every minutes of moderate exercise every day. minutes of moderate exercise every
day. Moderate exercise includes a Moderate exercise includes a brisk walk, day. Moderate exercise includes a brisk
brisk walk, bike riding, or other similar bike riding, or other similar modes of walk, bike riding,or other similar modes
modes of exercise. exercise. of exercise.

How It Works
How It Works How It Works Lack of exercise is the reason behind
Lack of exercise is the reason behind
Lack of exercise is the reason behind many many chronic health conditions that
many chronic health conditions that
chronic health conditions that effect both effect both the quality and the length
effect both the quality and the length
the quality and the length of your life. of your life.
of your life.
Lack of exercise can lead to; diabetes,
Lack of exercise can lead to; diabetes,
Lack of exercise can lead to; diabetes, heart heart failure, weight gain, and depression
heart failure, weight gain, and depression
failure, weight gain, and depression (just to (just to name a few).
(just to name a few).
name a few).
Game Play
Game Play You spend 2 hours texting with your BFF
You play 2 hours of video games instead Game Play instead of going for a 2 hour walk with that
of exercising and consequently lose sleep You quit the school’s swim team and gain person where you could have had the same
and fail 3 quizzes - Defense loses 60 life 10 lbs - you can’t button your jeans - Defense conversation and benefitted from exercise -
points loses 40 life points Defense loses 40 life points
 LACK OF SLEEP LACK OF SLEEP
In spite of thousands of sleep studies, In spite of thousands of sleep studies,
scientists still are not sure why we need scientists still are not sure why we need
sleep, however we do know that all sleep, however we do know that all
mammals need sleep to survive. mammals need sleep to survive.
How It Works
How It Works The body releases hormones that allows
The body releases hormones that allows the the body to make us “sleepy” at night and
body to make us “sleepy” at night and awake awake duringthe day - this is called the
during the day - this is called the “circadium rythum”.
“circadium rythum” There are 2 main types of sleep:
There are 2 main types of sleep: Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)
Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) The final stage of NREM is the most nourishing
The final stage of NREM is the most nourishing and restfull.
and rest-full
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) This is the stage where most dreaming occurs
This is the stage where most dreaming occurs and and our brains are most active even though
our brains are most active even though we are fast we are fast asleep.
asleep
Damage
Game Play You stayed up until 2am playing World of
You stayed up until 2am on Facebook which Warcraft and limit your ability to learn, listen,
leads to a short temper and inappropriate solve problems, and concentrate - Defense
behavior in school - defense loses 30 life points loses 40 life points
 InCREASED STRESS InCREASED STRESS InCREASED STRESS
Stress is the body's reaction to any change Stress is the body's reaction to any change Stress is the body's reaction to any change
that requires an adjustment or response. that requires an adjustment or response. that requires an adjustment or response.
The body reacts to these changes with The body reacts to these changes with The body reacts to these changes with
physical, mental, and emotional responses. physical, mental, and emotional responses. physical, mental, and emotional responses.

How It Works How It Works How It Works

Stress becomes negative when a person Stress becomes negative when a person Stress becomes negative when a person
faces continuous challenges without relief or faces continuous challenges without relief or faces continuous challenges without relief or
relaxation between challenges. As a result, relaxation between challenges. As a result, relaxation between challenges. As a result,
the person becomes overworked and stress- the person becomes overworked and the person becomes overworked and stress-
related tension builds. stress-related tension builds. related tension builds.

Stress can play a part in problems such as Stress can play a part in problems such as Stress can play a part in problems such as
headaches, high blood pressure, heart headaches, high blood pressure, heart headaches, high blood pressure, heart
problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma, problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma, problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma,
arthritis, depression, and anxiety. arthritis, depression, and anxiety. arthritis, depression, and anxiety.

Game Play Game Play

Game Play
You get in an argument with your parents and You are focused on your social life instead of
instead of managing your anger you punch a You fail to get help with your test anxiety - studying and fall very far behind on homework.
wall and lose 10 life points defense loses 30 life points Defense loses 10 life points