Session 1
Grade
SCIENCE 6
TOPIC I: MATTER
SUBTOPICS: -Mixtures and Their Characteristics
- Separating Components of Mixtures
TOPIC II: LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
SUBTOPIC: - Human Body Systems
NAME: __________________________________________
REVIEW ON MATTER
MATTER– is anything that has mass and volume.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
MATTER
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Acids Bases Salts Solutions Suspensions Colloids
SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
SUBSTANCES- are material that is composed of only one kind of atom or molecule. It has the same
composition and properties throughout (PURE SUBSTANCE).
MIXTURES- are physical combination of two or more different kinds of substances in which each substances
retains its own identity and can still be separated into their original components.
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
Homogeneous Can be homogeneous (solution) or heterogeneous
(suspension & Colloid)
Has definite composition Has variable composition
The original components lose its own identity The original components retain its own identity
Can only be separated by chemical means Can still be separated by physical means
EXERCISE 1: Identify whether the following is a Substance (S) or Mixture (M)
_______1. Table sugar ________6. Sterling silver
_______2. Milk ________7. 24K ring
_______3. Baking soda ________8. Vinegar
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_______4. Air _______9. Tin can
_______5. Diamond _______10. Muriatic acid
Mixture can be homogeneous (has one appearance or phase only) or heterogeneous (has two or more
distinct appearances or phases).
SOLUTIONS- are homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which is just physically combined and can
still be separated by physical means. Ex. Seawater, air, brine solution, crude oil, medicine syrup, vinegar, soy
sauce, alloy (bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc)
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
1. Solute- refers to the dissolved substance in the solution. Ex. Salt in water, alcohol in water
2. Solvent- refers to the dissolving medium. Usually present in large amount. Ex. Water, oil,
alcohol, kerosene
TYPES OF SOLUTION
EXERCISE 2: Identify the solute and solvent in each of the following solutions:
_______1. 10K earrings ________6. Sterling silver
_______2. Fruit juice ________7. Brine solution
_______3. vinegar ________8. 70% ethyl alcohol
_______4. Air ________9. 10% syrup
_______5. Soft drinks _______10. 10 proof wine
SUSPENSION- is a heterogeneous mixture of two or more different materials in which the dispersed particles
are large and settle out at the dispersing medium. In suspension, particles are suspended throughout in bulk
and can be seen by naked eyes. In suspensions, particles of solute do not dissolve rather are suspended.
Particles of suspension are large enough to scatter rays of light and path of ray is visible through a suspension.
Ex. Suspension medicines, soil in water, Milk of magnesia, fog, mixture of chalk and water
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General Characteristics of Suspension:
1. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
2. Particles of solute do not dissolve in solvent rather they remain suspended in bulk throughout.
3. The size of particles of suspension is large enough to be visible from naked eyes. They are greater than
1 nanometre (10−9 metre).
4. Suspension shows Tyndall effect because of their large size of particles. (Tyndall effect is the scattering
of light as a light beam passes through a colloid. The individual suspension particles scatter and reflect
light, making the beam visible)
5. When suspension is left for some time, particles get settled in bottom. Therefore, suspension is not
stable.
6. The particles of suspension can be separated through the process of filtration.
7. Suspension does not scatter light when particles are settled because in this case suspension breaks.
COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION
1. Dispersed medium- refers to component of a suspension in which some were dissolved in the system
while others were not dissolved.
2. Dispersing medium- refers to component of a suspension where particles dissolved or scatter
EXERCISE 3: Check which of the following is a suspension:
_______1. Pork sinigang ________6. mayonnaise
_______2. antibiotics ________7. Iron filings in water
_______3. liquors ________8. pebbles and sand
_______4. Soy sauce ________9. aerosols
_______5. Copper wire _______10. Fish sauce
COLLOIDS- is a heterogeneous mixtures having dispersed medium that is smaller those of the suspension but
bigger that those of the solution. As a result, the particles are so small that do not settle out but remains
dispersed all throughout the colloidal system (Brownian motion). Ex. Mayonnaise, hair gel, gelatin, aerosols
Types of Colloidal Solution:
Colloids are classified on the basis of their components (dispersed phase and dispersing medium)
1. Aerosols (Gas as dispersing medium) When particles of solid or liquid dispersed in gaseous medium. It
can be a liquid aerosol or solid aerosol. For example – liquid aerosols- fog, mist, hair spray. For solid
aerosols- smoke, air particulates, automobile exhaust, etc.
2. Foam- when liquid is present as dispersing medium and gas is dispersed medium. For example –
shaving cream, soap bubbles
3. Emulsion- when dispersing medium and dispersed phase both are liquid. For example – milk, butter,
face cream
4. Sol- when liquid is dispersing medium and solid is dispersed phase. For example – blood, ink, paint
5. Solid foam- formed by the mixing of solid as dispersing medium and gas as dispersed phase. For
example – Styrofoam, pumice stone, bread
6. Gel- is formed by the mixing of solid as dispersing medium and liquid as dispersed phase. For example
– gelatin, jelly, hair gel
7. Solid sol- formed by the mixing of solid as dispersing medium and solid as dispersed phase. For
example - coloured gem stone, cranberry glass
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EXERCISE 4: Identify whether the following is a Solution (Sol), Suspension (Sus) or Colloid (C)
_______1. Fruit juice ________6. Body lotion
_______2. blood ________7. Sand and water
_______3. Halo-halo ________8. Air
_______4. Insecticide ________9. Soy sauce
_______5. Curdled milk _______10. softdrinks
METHODS OF SEPARATING COMPONENTS OF MIXTURES
1. EVAPORATION- allowing the solvent to evaporate (from liquid it becomes gas) . Ex. Separating salt
from seawater.
2. DISTILLATION – separates mixtures of different liquids having different boiling point. Ex. distilling
water, Separating components of crude oil(fractional distillation)
3. FILTRATION- allows separating of solid particles in a mixture. Ex. filtering coconut milk, separating sand
from gravel
4. DECANTATION- applicable in separating two or more immiscible liquids having different densities or
solids which do not dissolve completely in liquids. Ex. separating mixtures of oil and water, sand and
water
5. MECHANICAL SEPARATION- examples are mechanical picking of components of mixtures. Ex.
separating palay from rice, sorting laundry
6. MAGNETISM- involves separating components of a mixture that is attracted to magnet. Ex. separating
iron filings from sand
7. SCOOPING AND FLOTATION- involves incorporating air into a liquid mixture so that its solid particles
will float and can be scooped. Ex. scooping wastes from river or ocean.
8. CHROMATOGRAPHY- a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid
mixture. The liquids travel at different speeds in a certain medium causing them to separate. Ex. paper
chromatography of ink
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9. CENTRIFUGATION- the process of separating insoluble materials from a mixture where normal
filtration does not work (similar ot squeezing water from clothes on a dryer). The components are
separated because of its difference in densities. Ex. centrifugation of blood components
10. SIEVING is defined as a method in which two or more components of different sizes are separated
from a mixture on the basis of the difference in their sizes. Thus, it cannot separate two substances in a
mixture which have the same size. For example, it cannot separate a mixture of chalk powder from
flour.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES
Separating substances from mixtures is an important part of chemistry and modern industry. All the way back
to Ancient History, industrious humans have separated mixtures in order to obtain the specific substances
that they need. One example of this is extracting metal from ore in order to make tools and weapons.
Some are the benefits of separating mixtures in the community:
1. Having a safe drinking water -In sea water, to have a drinking water you may use either of the
following process, filtration evaporation and distillation. Different forms of separating mixtures can
be observed in water refilling stations to make it potable. (Filtration, Decantation, Purification,
Evaporation, Decantation, Distillation)
2. Segregation of non-biodegradable to biodegradable wastes - By means of separating mixtures,
people can distinguish biodegradable from non-biodegradable. Recyclable materials can be source
of income from others.
3. Separating mixtures in mining gold copper and other minerals - By flotation and filtration, miners
can separate those minerals from rocks.
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4. Cleaning oil spills - Oil and water can be separated given the knowledge of their properties.
The Skimmer and the Weir. Most skimmers consist of a tank with a projecting throat-like
device on its upper side. There, a self-adjusting weir (or floating weir) performs
the skimming action by regulating the amount of water that enters the
skimmer. Water pours over a floating weir that allows debris to enter.
5. Separating sand from rocks in construction - By means of sieving, rocks on sand can be separated
which is essential in building infrastructures and houses.
5. Salt Industry- when salt is processed, we have first to evaporate or let the water be evaporated.
We can also have a substance from this process of evaporation.
6. Fractional Distillation of crude oil
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EXERCISE 1: True/False Questions
1. Think carefully about the following statements. Are they true or false?
Circle your answer.
a. In filtration, the filtrate is always a pure liquid. True/False
b. Drinking water can only be obtained from seawater by distillation. True/False
c. The fractional distillation of miscible liquids is only possible if the liquids True/False
have different boiling points.
d. Paper chromatography is a physcial method for separating mixtures. True/False
e. Mixtures have fixed melting and boiling points. True/False
2. Name the techniques which are suitable for separating the following mixture:
Situation Separation Technique
a. To obtain drinking water from muddy water
b. To separate petrol from crude oil
c. To remove leaves from a swimming pool
d. To obtain pure sugar from a solution
e. To determine whether the colouring in a fruit juice is a
single sunstance or a mixture of coloured substance
3. You are asked to separate sand and sodium chloride.
Name the methods needed to carry out the procedure. Explain how you would carry out the procedure
to obtain pure sand and sodium chloride back.
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4. The following diagram shows a set-up of simple distillation.
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(a) (i) Identify substance P.
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(ii) What is the objective of substance P?
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(b) Identify the distillate collected in the receiver.
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(c) Suggest how you would determine that the distillate collected is a pure substance.
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(d) Label the water in and water out on the diagram.
(e) State one possible mistake in the set up and explain the significance of the mistake.
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