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2.6 Matrices: Matrix Equality

This document defines and explains basic concepts related to matrices including: - A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers defined by its rows and columns. - Matrix operations include addition, multiplication, transposition, powers, and inverses. - Special matrices include the identity matrix and zero-one matrices. - Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating matrix addition, multiplication, powers, transposes, and performing boolean operations on zero-one matrices.

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448 views4 pages

2.6 Matrices: Matrix Equality

This document defines and explains basic concepts related to matrices including: - A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers defined by its rows and columns. - Matrix operations include addition, multiplication, transposition, powers, and inverses. - Special matrices include the identity matrix and zero-one matrices. - Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating matrix addition, multiplication, powers, transposes, and performing boolean operations on zero-one matrices.

Uploaded by

الزهور لخدمات الانترنيت
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

2.6 Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an
m × n matrix.
 
1 2 3
4 5 6
 7 8 9  is a 4 × 3 matrix.
 

10 11 12
We specify an element of the matrix with mi,j where the element is at row i and column j. For
example, m2,3 = 6.

Matrix Equality

Matrices are equal if and only if they have the same number of rows, the same number of columns,
and the same elements at every index.

Matrix Addition

We can only perform matrix addition if the matrices have the same dimensions. To express the
addition of two matrices, A and B, we write A + B = [ai,j + bi,j ]. Then simply add the values at
corresponding indices.
       
1 2 3 9 8 7 (1 + 9) (2 + 8) (3 + 7) 10 10 10
4 5 6 + 6 5 4 = (4 + 6) (5 + 5) (6 + 4) = 10 10 10
7 8 9 3 2 1 (7 + 3) (8 + 2) (9 + 1) 10 10 10

Matrix Multiplication

If A and B are matrices, we can write AB to denote their multiplication. Matrix multiplication is
not commutative (AB 6= BA).

We can only multiply matrices if and only if the first matrix has the same number of columns as
the number of rows in the second matrix.

AB = C
A is an i × k matrix
B is an k × j matrix
The result C is an i × j matrix
Ci,j = (ai,1 b1,j ) + (ai,2 b2,j ) + (ai,2 b2,j ) + . . . + (ai,k bk,j )
      
1 2 5 6 (1 · 5 + 2 · 7) (1 · 6 + 2 · 8) 19 22
= =
3 4 7 8 (3 · 5 + 4 · 7) (3 · 6 + 4 · 8) 43 50

1
ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

Identity Matrix

The identity matrix is a n × n square matrix where the main diagonal consist of all ones and zeros
elsewhere.
 
1 0 ... 0
0 1 . . . 0
In =  .. .. . . .. 
 
. . . .
0 0 ... 1

Inverse Matrix

For a square matrix A, the inverse written as A−1 . If A is multiplied by A−1 , then the result is the
identity matrix. AA−1 = A−1 A = In . Note that not all square matrices have an inverse.

Power of Matrices

Square matrices can be multiplied by themselves repeatedly because they have the same number
of rows and columns. An n × n matrix A raised to the positive integer k is defined as

Ak = AAA . . . A

A0 = I

Transpose of Matrices

The Transpose of A, denoted by At , is obtained by turning all the rows into columns and vice
versa.

Zero-One Matrices

Zero-one matrices are matrices that only contain 0 or 1.


Join: A ∨ B = [aij ∨ bij ]
Meet: A ∧ B = [aij ∧ bij ]
Boolean Product: Denoted by A B, where cij = (ai1 ∧ b1j ) ∨ (ai2 ∧ b2j ) ∨ . . . ∨ (aik ∧ bkj )

2.6 pg 184 # 3

Find AB if
   
2 1 0 4
a) A = ,B =
3 2 1 3
      
2 1 0 4 (2 · 0 + 1 · 1) (2 · 4 + 1 · 3) 1 11
= =
3 2 1 3 (3 · 0 + 2 · 1) (3 · 4 + 2 · 3) 2 18

2
ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

 
1 −1  
3 2 −1
b) A = 0 1 , B =
 
1 0 3
2 3
   
1 −1   (1 · 3 + (−1) · 1) (1 · 2 + (−1) · 0) (1 · (−1) + (−1) · 3)
0 1  3 2 −1 =  (0 · 3 + 1 · 1) (0 · 2 + 1 · 0) (0 · (−1) + 1 · 3) 
1 0 3
2 3  (2 · 3 + 3 · 1) (2 · 2 + 3 · 0) (2 · (−1) + 3 · 3)
2 2 −4
= 1 0 3 
9 4 7

2.6 pg 185 # 15

Let  
1 1
A=
0 1
Find a formula for An , whenever n is a positive integer.
    
2 1 1 1 1 1 2
A = AA = =
0 1  0 1  0 1 
1 1 1 2 1 3
A3 = AA2 = =
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 3 1 4
A4 = AA3 = =
0 1 0 1 0 1
..
.     
n n−1 1 1 1 n−1 1 n
A = AA = =
0 1 0 1 0 1

2.6 pg 185 # 19

Let A be the 2 × 2 matrix  


a b
A=
c d
Show that if ad − bc 6= 0, then
−b
 
d
 ad − bc ad − bc 
A−1 =  −c a 
ad − bc ad − bc

−b ad − bc −ab + ba
   
  d  
a b  ad − bc ad − bc   ad − bc ad − bc 1 0
AA−1 = a  =  cd − cd −bc + ad  = 0 1

 −c
c d
ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc

3
ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

−b ad − bc db − bd
   
d    
− bc ad − bc  a b ad − bc ad − bc  1 0
A−1 A =  ad−c =  −ca −bc + ad  = 0 1
  
a c d + ac
ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc

Extra Problem

Let  
1 1 1 3
A = 2 0 4 6
1 1 3 7
What is At ?

 
1 2 1
1 0 1
At = 
1

4 3
3 6 7

2.6 pg 185 # 27
   
1 0 1 0 1 1
Let A = 1 1 0 and B = 1 0 1 Find
0 0 1 1 0 1

a) A ∨ B
     
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 ∨ 1 0 1 = 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
b) A ∧ B
     
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 ∧ 1 0 1 = 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
c) A B
   
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
 
(1 ∧ 0) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 1) (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 0) ∨ (1 ∧ 0) (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 1)
= (1 ∧ 0) ∨ (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 0) ∨ (0 ∧ 0) (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 1)
(0 ∧ 0) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 1) (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 0) ∨ (1 ∧ 0) (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 1)
 
1 1 1
= 1 1 1
1 0 1

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