Wastewater Flow & Preliminary Treatment of Wastewater (Chapter 6)

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WASTEWATER FLOW & PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER (CHAPTER 6)

WASTE WATER FLOW


INTRODUCTION
 In order to determine the section of the sewer, it is essential to know the total quantity of wastewater or
sewage that would flow through the sewer.
 The total wastewater flow can be divided two components :
(a) Dry weather flow (D.W.F.) and
(b) Storm water flow

DRY WEATHER FLOW


 The dry weather flow is the flow through the sewers that would normally be available during non-rainfall
periods.
 It consists mainly of:
(i)Domestic sewage and
(ii)Industrial wastewater
 It is that quantity of wastewater that flows through a sewer in dry weather when no storm water is in the sewer.
 The dry weather flow is also sometimes called as 'sanitary sewage', and is obtained from the following sources :
1. Domestic wastewater from houses- WCs, Baths, urinals, wash basins etc.
2. Industrial waste water from industries
3. Wastewater from public facilities
4. Ground water infiltration

WATER QUANTITY ESTIMATION


 The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry weather flow (DWF).
Quantity = Per capita sewage contributed per day x Population

FACTORS AFFECTING DRY WEATHER FLOW


(a) Rate of water supply.
(b) Population growth.
(c) Type of area served
(d) Infiltration of ground water

A. RATE OF WATER SUPPLY


 The quantity of wastewater produced from a community would naturally depend upon the rate of water supply
per capita' per day. The quantity of wastewater entering the sewers would be less than the total quantity of
water supplied.
 This is because of the fact that water is lost in domestic consumption (i.e. cooking etc.), evaporation, lawn
sprinkling, firefighting, industrial consumption etc.
 In general it is assumed that waste generation quantity is 80% of rate ofwater supply

B. POPULATION GROWTH
 The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular method to be
adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and
the selection is left to the designer.
 Arithmetic Increase Method
 Geometric Increase Method
 Incremental Increase Method
 Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
 Simple Graphical Method
 Comparative Graphical Method
 Ratio Method
 Logistic Curve Method
 In case the desired information on population is not available in the Master Plan of the town, the densities given
in following Table may be adopted as suggested by the Manual on Sewage and Sewage Treatment prepared by
the Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization.

C. TYPE OF AREA SERVED


 The quantity of wastewater produced depends upon whether the area to be served is
• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
 The wastewater from the residential area directly depends upon the rate of water supply. If there is no
infiltration of water in the sewers, and if there are no private sources of supply.
 The wastewater produced from the residential area may be assumed to be equal to 70 to 80% of the water
supplied through the public supply system
 The amount of waste water produced from the industrial locality depends upon the types of industries and their
corresponding industrial processes.
 The same is the case with the commercial undertakings. The sewage flow rates can be determined after careful
study of the various process involved.

D. INFILTRATION OF SUB-SOIL
 Ground water or subsoil water may infiltrate into the sewers through the leaky joints. Exfiltration is the reverse
process which indicates the flow of wastewater from the sewer into the ground.
 While due to the infiltration the quantity of flow through sewer increases, exfiltration results in decrease in the
flow and consequent increase in the pollution of ground water. Both infiltration as well as exfiltration are
undesirable and take place due to imperfect joints.

PURPOSE?
Protect the operation of the wastewater treatment plan by removing any constituents which can clog or damage
pumps, or interfere with subsequent treatment processes.

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT IS DESIGNED TO: PRELIMINARY TREATMENT PROCESSES


• Remove large, suspended or floating • Storm overflows
solids. • Screening
• Remove heavy inorganic solids. • Grit removal
• Remove excessive amounts of oils or • Oil, grease and fat removal
gases. • Odour treatment
• Monitoring and control system

STORM OVERFLOWS
This involve an in-line control device to regulate the maximum forward flow to treatment with facilities for
accommodation of excess flows using either on-line storage, off-line storage or overflow spill pipe.

SCREENING
This may include coarse and fine screening. It is usually mechanically operated to intercept flowing and
suspended debris with ancillary equipment to remove the screenings, flush organic matter back to the sewage flow and
compact the final screenings residue for disposal off-site.

GRIT REMOVAL
This means to intercept and separate out grit particles including inorganic grit washing and storage facilities.

OIL, GREASE AND FAT REMOVAL


This is desirable to prevent blockages and scum formation and the accumulation of fat on conveyors and other
elements of works resulting in reduces efficiency and excessive maintenance requirement. Fat and grease removal is
best achieved on the contaminated stream rather than on the total flow.

ODOUR TREATMENT
Treatment of odour may require containment and extraction of malodorous air for treatment. Treatment
processes can include chemical treatment using ozone, dry or wet scrubbers and adsorption filters. Biological treatment
of odour can be achieved using peat or compost beds.

DEVICES USED IN PRELIMINARY TREATMENT ARE:


• RACKS AND BAR SCREENS
• COMMINUTING DEVICES
• GRIT CHAMBERS

Grinders, cutters and shredders. These are devices to break or cut up solids to such size that they can be returned to
the wastewater without danger of clogging pumps or piping or affecting subsequent treatment devices.
These consist of bars usually spaced three-quarter inches to six inches. Those most commonly used provide clear
openings of one to two inches. Although large screens are sometimes set vertically, screens are usually set at an angle
of 45 to 60 degrees with the vertical.

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