សាកលវិទ្យាល័យ អាស៉ុ៊ី អឺរ ៉ុប

មហាវិទ្យាល័យ សិលបៈ មន៉ុសសសាស្តសរ និងភាសា

Subject: Writing Skills 101

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CONJUNCTIONS
What is a conjunction?
A conjunction is a word that connects words,
phrases, or clauses that have the same grammatical
functions.
You and I are friends. (connect words—pronouns)
You can go to school or to pagoda. (connect
phrases—adverb phrases)
I fell asleep after I went to bed. (connect clauses)
Types of Conjunctions
There are four types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions (coordinators)
2. Correlative Conjunctions
3. Subordinating Conjunctions (subordinators)
4. Conjunctive Adverbs (adverbs used as
conjunctions)
I. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(COORDINATORS)
A coordinating conjunction joins sentence
parts (words, phrases, or clauses) that have the
:
same grammatical form. There are seven
coordinating conjunctions – For, And, Nor,
But, Or, Yet, So – known as in acronym
FANBOYS.
I. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(COORDINATORS) (CON’T)
FOR
• Women live longer than men, for they take better
care of their health. (The second clause gives
the reason for the first clause.)
AND
• Women follow more healthful diet, and they go to
doctors more often. (The second clauses add
more information to the first clause.)
I. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(COORDINATORS) (CON’T)
NOR
• Women don’t smoke as much as men, nor do they
drink as much alcohol. (Nor means “and not.” It
joins two negative independent clauses. Notice
that question word order is used after “nor”.)
BUT
• Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise
as regularly as women do. (The two clauses
express equal, contrasting ideas.)
I. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(COORDINATORS) (CON’T)
OR
• Both men and women should limit the amount of fat
in their diet, or they risk getting heart disease. (The
two clauses express alternative possibilities.)
YET
• Women used to be known as “the weaker sex”, yet
in some ways, they are stronger than men. (The
second clause is a surprising or unexpected
I. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(COORDINATORS) (CON’T)
SO
• Men are less cautious than women, so more men die
in accidents. (The second clause is the result of
the first clause.)
II. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
• Some conjunctions combine with other words
to form what are called correlative
conjunctions. Correlative Conjunctions
are pairs of conjunctions. The first conjunction
emphasizes the meaning of the second. They
always travel in pairs, joining various sentence
elements that should be treated as
grammatically equal.
II. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
• both… and… emphasizes the equality of two items
She wants both ice cream and cake.
• not only…but also… emphasizes the equal
importance of the second items:
She wants not only ice cream, but also cake.
• either…or… emphasizes the need to choose only
one item:
She wants either ice cream or cake.
II. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
• Neither…nor… emphasizes that both items are
negative:
She wants neither ice cream nor cake.
• Whether …or not… emphasizes that the first item
is more important than the second:
She will eat ice cream whether or not she eats
cake. or
She will eat ice cream whether she eats cake or
III. Subordinating Conjunctions
• Connect things which are not equal. One is less
important (subordinate) than the other.
• List of common subordinating conjunctions on p. 47
• Subordinating conjunctions are in sentences that
contain a dependent idea and a main idea.
• The dependent idea is connected to the main idea by
the subordinating conjunction
• Subordinating conjunctions always come before the
IV. Conjunctive Adverbs
• Conjunctive Adverbs are usually used to join
complete sentences or ideas in long writing.
• Types of conjunctive adverbs
– Contrast
– Addition
– Cause/ Result
– Condition
Conjunctive Adverbs showing
contrast
• however
– however indicates contrast.
Men smoke less than in the past; however, the number of
women who smoke is increasing.
• however, nevertheless, still
– These can show that the second sentence is going to give
an unexpected result or be in contrast to the previous
sentence.
Studies show that cigarette smoking is dangerous to one’s
Conjunctive Adverbs showing
contrast (cont’)
• on the contrary
– On the contrary also indicates contrast, but it usually
connects two sentences that express idea that are clearly
the opposite of one another. It used when the second
contradicts the first sentence.
Our last exam was not difficult; on the contrary, it was
easy.
Conjunctive Adverb of Addition
• moreover, furthermore, in addition
– The second sentence is going to give additional
information. They add to the idea in the first sentence
Barbara’s biology professor encourage her to go to school;
moreover, he nominated Barbara for a graduate
scholarship.
• besides
– Besides often adds another reason for an action.
Barbara majored in Biology because she was fascinated by
Conjunctive Adverb of Addition
(cont’)
• in fact
– IN FACT adds emphasis to the idea in the first sentence.
Barbara passed all her examinations; in fact, she graduated
with honors.
Conjunctive Adverb of
Cause/Result
• therefore, consequently, as a result
– These state the result of the idea in the first clause.
I can’t speak French very well; therefore, I don’t enjoy my
trip to France.
• hence
– Hence also states the result of the idea in the first
sentence but it is more formal in tone.
There have been fewer factory orders for new airplanes;
hence, many employed in the building of airplanes are
Conjunctive Adverb of
Cause/Result (cont’)
• thus
– Thus often states a logical conclusion.
Air fares are going down; thus, more and more people are
able to afford air travel.
Conjunctive Adverb of
Condition
• otherwise
– If the first sentence is affirmative, otherwise is in meaning
to if one does not.
We must find solutions to the problems of pollution;
otherwise, we may all be wearing gas masks one day.
– If the first sentence is negative, otherwise is in meaning to
if one does.
Don’t be absent from class; otherwise, you will miss the
review.
Conjunctive Adverb of Time
Sequence
• then, afterward, later
– Then, afterward and later state the next action to the first
sentence.
The protesters gathered a few miles from the downtown;
then, they march toward City Hall.
Position and Punctuation of
Conjunctive Adverb
• between two sentences
– A semicolon is used at the end of the first sentence, and a
comma follows the conjunctive adverb.
I’m studying English in Denver; however, my best friend is
in Houston.
• beginning of the second sentence
– A period ends the first sentence, a capital letter begins the
second sentence, and a comma follows the conjunctive
adverb.
Position and Punctuation of
Conjunctive Adverb (cont’)
• within the second sentence
– The conjunctive adverb usually precedes the main verb or
the auxiliary verb, preceded and followed by commas.
I’m studying English in Denver. My best friend, however, is
in Houston.
• end of the sentence
– The conjunctive adverb is preceded by a comma
I’m studying English in Denver. My best friend is in
Houston , however.
 អរគ៉ុណ
សម្រាប់ការយកចិត្រទ្យ៉ុកដាក់
Thank you
for your attention

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