Table of Integrals∗

Basic Forms Integrals with Logarithms

√ √
Z
2
Z x ax + bdx = (−2b2 + abx + 3a2 x2 ) ax + b (26)
1
Z
x dx = n
xn+1 (1) 15a2
ln axdx = x ln ax − x (42)
n+1
Z
1
Z
ln ax 1
dx = ln |x| (2) Z p
1 dx = (ln ax)2 (43)
x
h
x(ax + b)dx =
p
(2ax + b) ax(ax + b) x 2
Z Z 4a3/2
 √
udv = uv − vdu (3) p i
−b2 ln a x + a(ax + b)
Z  
 
(27) b
ln(ax + b)dx = x + ln(ax + b) − x, a 6= 0 (44)
Z a
1 1
dx = ln |ax + b| (4)
ax + b a Z
x
b2 ln(x2 + a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 + a2 ) + 2a tan−1
Z p  
Integrals of Rational Functions b x p 3 − 2x (45)
x3 (ax + b)dx = − 2 + x (ax + b) a
12a 8a x 3
b3
 √ p 
+ 5/2 ln a x + a(ax + b) (28)
Z  
1 1
Z
8a x+a
dx = − (5) ln(x2 − a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 − a2 ) + a ln − 2x (46)
(x + a)2 x+a x−a
(x + a)n+1
Z
(x + a)n dx = , n 6= −1 (6) Z
1p 2ax + b
Z p
n+1 1 p 1
 
ln ax2 + bx + c dx = 4ac − b2 tan−1 √
p
= x x2 ± a2 ± a2 ln x + x2 ± a2 


x2 ± a2 dx
 
2 2 a 4ac − b2
Z
(x + a)n+1 ((n + 1)x − a) (29) 
b

x(x + a)n dx = + x ln ax2 + bx + c


(7) − 2x + (47)
(n + 1)(n + 2) 2a
Z
1 Z p
1 p 2 1 x
dx = tan−1 x (8) a2 − x2 dx = x a − x2 + a2 tan−1 √
Z
bx 1
1 + x2 2 2 a2 − x2 x ln(ax + b)dx = − x2
2a 4
Z
1 1 x (30)
dx = tan−1 b2
 
(9) 1
a2 + x2 a a + x2 − 2 ln(ax + b) (48)
Z 2 a
Z
x 1
p 1 2
3/2
dx = ln |a2 + x2 | (10) x x2 ± a2 dx = x ± a2 (31)
a2 + x2 2 3 Z
1
x ln a2 − b2 x2 dx = − x2 +


Z 2
x x Z 2
dx = x − a tan−1 1
 
(11)
p
√ dx = ln x + x2 ± a2  (32)
 
a2 + x2 a x2 ± a2 1

a2

x − 2 ln a2 − b2 x2
2

(49)
Z
x3 1 1 2 b
dx = x2 − a2 ln |a2 + x2 | (12) Z
1 x
a + x2
2 2 2 √ dx = sin−1 (33)
a2 − x2 a Integrals with Exponentials
Z
1 2 2ax + b
dx = √ tan−1 √ (13) Z
x
ax2 + bx + c 4ac − b 2 4ac − b2
p Z
√ dx = x2 ± a2 (34) 1 ax
x ±a
2 2 eax dx = e (50)
a
Z
1 1 a+x
, a 6= b √
Z
dx = ln (14) x p
√ 1 √ ax √

Z
(x + a)(x + b) b−a b+x √ dx = − a2 − x2 (35) i π
a −x
2 2 xeax dx = xe + 3/2 erf i ax ,
Z a 2a
x a 2
Z x
dx = + ln |a + x| (15) where erf(x) = √
2
e−t dt (51)
(x + a)2 a+x π 0
x2
Z
1 p 1
 p 
√ dx = x x2 ± a2 ∓ a2 ln x + x2 ± a2 
 
Z
x 1 x ±a
2 2 2 2 Z
dx = ln |ax2 + bx + c| (36) xex dx = (x − 1)ex (52)
ax2 + bx + c 2a
b 2ax + b
tan−1 √
 
− √
Z
(16) x 1
a 4ac − b2 4ac − b2 xeax dx = − 2 eax (53)
Z p
b + 2ax p 2 a a
Integrals with Roots ax2 + bx + cdx = ax + bx + c
4a
Z
x2 ex dx = x2 − 2x + 2 ex


2
(54)
4ac − b
 p 
+ ln

+ b + 2 a(ax2 + bx+ c) (37)
√
Z
2 8a3/2
2ax 
x − adx = (x − a)3/2 (17) x2
Z  
2x 2
3 x2 eax dx = − 2 + 3 eax (55)
a a a
√
Z
1
√ dx = 2 x ± a (18)
Z
1  √ p 2 x3 ex dx = x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6 ex
Z

x±a p (56)
x ax2 + bx + c = 2 a ax + bx + c
Z
1 √ 48a5/2
√ dx = −2 a − x (19) xn eax
Z Z
× −3b2 + 2abx + 8a(c + ax2 ) n


a−x xn eax dx = − xn−1 eax dx (57)
 √ p  a a
+3(b3 − 4abc) ln b + 2ax + 2 a ax2 + bx + c (38)
 
√
Z
2 2
x x − adx = a(x − a)3/2 + (x − a)5/2 (20) Z
(−1)n
3 5 xn eax dx = Γ[1 + n, −ax],
an+1
Z
√
 
√ Z ∞ (58)
2b 2x Z
1 1 ta−1 e−t dt
 
ax + bdx = + ax + b (21) where Γ(a, x) =
p
√ dx = √ ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx + c)
 
3a 3 ax2 + bx + c a x
Z
2 (39) √
√

Z
(ax + b)3/2 dx = (ax + b)5/2 (22) 2 i π
eax dx = − √ erf ix a (59)
5a 2 a
√ √
Z
x 2 Z
√

√ dx = (x ∓ 2a) x ± a (23) π
Z 2
x 1p 2 e−ax dx = √ erf x a (60)
x±a 3 √ dx = ax + bx + c
ax2 + bx + c a 2 a
b
  Z
p p 2 1 2
x(a − x) − 3/2 ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx + c) xe−ax dx = − e−ax
Z r
(40)
 
x (61)
dx = − x(a − x) − a tan−1
p
(24) 2a 2a
a−x x−a

√
Z Z r
dx x 2 −ax2 1 π x −ax2
√ = √ (41) x e dx = erf(x a) − e (62)
Z r
x p √ 
(a2 + x2 )3/2 4 a3 2a
dx = x(a + x) − a ln x + x + a (25) a2 a2 + x2
a+x
∗
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 Integrals with Trigonometric Functions Z
1 x
Z
1 1 ex cos xdx = e (sin x + cos x) (106)
sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| (84) 2
Z
1 2 2
sin axdx = − cos ax (63)
a Z Z
1
sec x tan xdx = sec x (85) ebx cos axdx = ebx (a sin ax + b cos ax) (107)
Z
x sin 2ax a2 + b2
sin2 axdx = − (64)
2 4a Z
1
sec2 x tan xdx = sec2 x (86) Z
2 1 x
Z xex sin xdx = e (cos x − x cos x + x sin x) (108)
n
sin axdx = Z 2
1
n
sec x tan xdx = secn x, n 6= 0 (87)
1

1 1−n 3
 n
− cos ax 2 F1 , , , cos2 ax (65) Z
1 x
a 2 2 2 Z xex cos xdx = e (x cos x − sin x + x sin x) (109)

x
 2
csc xdx = ln tan  = ln | csc x − cot x| + C (88)

Z
3 cos ax cos 3ax 2
sin3 axdx = − + (66) Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
4a 12a Z
2 1
Z
1 csc axdx = − cot ax (89)
cos axdx = sin ax (67) a
a
Z
1
cosh axdx = sinh ax (110)
Z
x sin 2ax
Z
1 1 a
cos2 axdx = + (68) csc3 xdx = − cot x csc x + ln | csc x − cot x| (90)
2 4a 2 2
Z
Z
1 eax cosh bxdx =
csc x cot xdx = − cscn x, n 6= 0
n
Z
1 (91)
cosp axdx = − cos1+p ax× n  ax
e
a(1 + p) 
 2 [a cosh bx − b sinh bx] a 6= b
a − b2
  Z
1+p 1 3+p 2 sec x csc xdx = ln | tan x| (92) 2ax (111)
F
2 1
2
,
2
,
2
, cos ax (69) e

+
x
a=b
4a 2
Products of Trigonometric Functions and
Z
3 sin ax sin 3ax
Z
cos3 axdx = + (70) 1
4a 12a Monomials sinh axdx = cosh ax (112)
a
Z
cos[(a − b)x] cos[(a + b)x] Z Z
cos ax sin bxdx = − , a 6= b x cos xdx = cos x + x sin x (93) eax sinh bxdx =
2(a − b) 2(a + b)
(71) Z
 ax
e
1 x 
 2 [−b cosh bx + a sinh bx] a 6= b
x cos axdx = cos ax + sin ax (94) a − b2 (113)
a2 a 2ax
e x
Z
2 sin[(2a − b)x] 
− a=b
sin ax cos bxdx = − Z
4a 2
4(2a − b) x2 cos xdx = 2x cos x + x2 − 2 sin x


(95)
sin bx sin[(2a + b)x]
+ − (72) Z
2b 4(2a + b) eax tanh bxdx =
a2 x2 − 2
Z
2 2x cos ax
Z x cos axdx = + sin ax (96)  (a+2b)x
1 a 2 a3 e h a a i
sin2 x cos xdx = sin3 x (73) 
 2 F1 1 + , 1, 2 + , −e2bx
3

 (a + 2b) 2b 2b


1 ax ha i
Z
1 − e 2 F 1 , 1, 1E, −e2bx a 6= b (114)
xn cosxdx = − (i)n+1 [Γ(n + 1, −ix) a −1 ax 2b
Z
cos[(2a − b)x]

2 cos bx 2
 eax − 2 tan

[e ]
cos ax sin bxdx = − 

a=b
4(2a − b) 2b 
+(−1)n Γ(n + 1, ix)] (97) a
cos[(2a + b)x]
− (74) Z
1
4(2a + b) tanh ax dx = ln cosh ax (115)
Z a
1
xn cosaxdx = (ia)1−n [(−1)n Γ(n + 1, −iax)
Z
1
cos2 ax sin axdx = − cos3 ax (75) 2
3a
Z
1
−Γ(n + 1, ixa)] (98) cos ax cosh bxdx = [a sin ax cosh bx
a2 + b2
Z
x sin 2ax sin[2(a − b)x] +b cos ax sinh bx] (116)
sin2 ax cos2 bxdx = − − Z
4 8a 16(a − b) x sin xdx = −x cos x + sin x (99)
sin 2bx sin[2(a + b)x]
+ − (76)
8b 16(a + b)
Z Z
x cos ax sin ax 1
x sin axdx = − + (100) cos ax sinh bxdx = [b cos ax cosh bx+
Z a a2 a2 + b2
x sin 4ax
sin2 ax cos2 axdx = − (77) a sin ax sinh bx] (117)
8 32a Z
x2 sin xdx = 2 − x2 cos x + 2x sin x


Z (101)
1
tan axdx = − ln cos ax (78)
a
Z
1
sin ax cosh bxdx = [−a cos ax cosh bx+
Z
1
Z 2 2 a2 + b2
tan2 axdx = −x + 2−a x 2x sin ax
tan ax (79) x2 sin axdx = cos ax + (102) b sin ax sinh bx] (118)
a a3 a2

tann+1 ax
Z Z
tann axdx = × 1 Z
xn sin xdx = − (i)n [Γ(n + 1, −ix) − (−1)n Γ(n + 1, −ix)] 1
a(1 + n) 2 sin ax sinh bxdx = [b cosh bx sin ax−
  a2 + b2
n+1 n+3 (103)
2 F1 , 1, , − tan2 ax (80) a cos ax sinh bx] (119)
2 2
Z Products of Trigonometric Functions and
1 1 Exponentials
tan3 axdx = ln cos ax + sec2 ax (81) Z
a 2a 1
sinh ax cosh axdx = [−2ax + sinh 2ax] (120)
Z 4a
Z 1 x
x ex sin xdx = e (sin x − cos x)

sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| = 2 tanh−1 tan (82) (104)
2 2 Z
1
sinh ax cosh bxdx = [b cosh bx sinh ax
Z Z b2 − a2
1 1
sec2 axdx = tan ax (83) ebx sin axdx = ebx (b sin ax − a cos ax) (105) −a cosh ax sinh bx] (121)
a a2 + b2
Radicals. Laws. Simplification. Reduction of the index.
Rationalization of the denominator.
Def. Radical. An expression of the form denoting the principal n-th root of a. The positive integer n is
the index, or order, of the radical and the number a is the radicand. The index is omitted if n = 2.

The laws for radicals are obtained directly from the laws for exponents by means of the definition

Laws of Radicals. If n is even, assume a, b ≥ 0.

Simplification of radicals. It is important to reduce a radical to its simplest form through use of the
following operations.
1. Removal of perfect n-th powers from a radicand. Any radical of order n should be simplified by
removing all perfect n-th powers from under the radical sign using the rule .
Examples.

2. Reduction of the index of the radical.

Examples.

In the first example the index was reduced from 4 to 2 and in the second example it was reduced from 6 to 3.
We note that the process involves converting to exponential notation and then converting back.

3. Rationalization of the denominator. Fractions may be removed from under a radical sign
by rationalizing the denominator. To rationalize the denominator of a radical of order n, multiply the
numerator and denominator of the radicand by such a quantity as will make the denominator a perfect n-th
power and then remove the denominator from under the radical sign.
Examples.

A radical is said to be in simplest form if

1) all perfect n-th powers have been removed from the radical
2) the index of the radical is as small as possible
3) no fractions are present in the radicand i.e. the denominator has been rationalized

Def. Similar radicals. Radicals which, on being reduced to simplest form, have the same index and
radicand.

Addition and subtraction of radicals. Before addition or subtraction of radicals it is important to

reduce them to simplest form. Like radicals can then be added or subtracted in the same way as other like terms.

Example.

Multiplication of radicals.
1) To multiply two or more radicals having the same index use .
Examples.

2) To multiply radicals with different indices use fractional exponents and the laws of exponents.
Example.

Division of radicals.
1) To divide two radicals having the same index use and simplify.
Example.

2) To divide radicals with different indices use fractional exponents and the laws of exponents.
Example.

Rationalization of the denominator in fractions with binomial irrational

denominators. In one form of fraction, the denominator is a binomial in which one term is a square root
of a rational number or expression and the other term is of the same form or is rational i.e. the denominator has
the form . In such a case, rationalize the fraction by multiplying the numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator - where the conjugate of and the conjugate
of .
Example.
DERIVADAS
 ECUACIONES DE LA RECTA  Por trigonometría sabemos que la pendiente de la recta de la 
  figura es la tangente del ángulo que forma con la horizontal, si 
Si en un plano    nos dan un punto  renombramos y reordenados la expresión obtenemos la 
 ECUACIÓN PUNTO‐PENDIENTE 
A( x0 , y0 )  y un vector  v  (v1 , v2 ) ,   
existe una sola recta que pasa por  A   y  y0

y tiene la dirección de  v ,  m  tg  
x  x0  
simbólicamente escribimos 
 y  y0  m  x  x0 
 
r A, v ,  y se lee “recta que 
 
pasa por  A  y tiene como 

vector director a  v ” 
y  y0  m  x  x0   
   
   También la podemos obtener a 
OP  OA  AP
     partir de la ecuación continua sin más que multiplicar ambos 
p  a  t v miembros por  v2  
 x, y    x0 , y0   t  v1 , v2    Dados dos puntos, existe una  recta y solo una que los contiene. 
ECUACIÓN  VECTORIAL DE LA RECTA 
Sabiendo las coordenadas de éstos puntos podemos obtener, por 
 
semejanza de triángulos, la 
 
ECUACIÓN DE LA RECTA DEFINIDA POR DOS PUNTOS 
Realizando las operaciones vectoriales que aparecen en la 
 
ecuación anterior, obtenemos las ECUACIONES  PARAMÉTRICAS 
x  x1 y  y1
 
  
 x, y    x0 , y0   t  v1 , v2  x  x0  tv1  x2  x1 y2  y1
 x, y    x0 , y0    tv1 , tv2          
y  y0  tv2 
 x, y    x0  tv1 , y0  tv2  También la podemos 
obtener a partir de uno de 
 
ellos y tomar como vector 
Despejando t en las ecuaciones paramétricas e igualando las  director el vector que 
expresiones se obtiene la ECUACIÓN  CONTINUA de la recta  determinan los dos puntos 
 
 x  x0 A partir de la ecuación general, podemos escribir lo siguiente 
 t
x  x0  tv1   v1 x  x0 y  y0 para obtener la ECUACIÓN  CANÓNICA o  SEGMENTARIA de la recta 
            
y  y0  tv2  t  y  y0 v1 v2 Ax  By  C  0
 v2
Ax  By  C Si C  0 tenemos
Ax  By x y
Transformando la Ecuación Continua, renombrando y ordenando   1   1  
obtenemos la ECUACIÓN GENERAL o IMPLÍCITA de la recta  C C C C
  A B
v2  x  x0   v1  y  y0  A  v2 Si A  0 y B  0 tenemos
v2 x  v2 x0  v1 y  v1 y0 B  v1       
x y Siendo a y b los segmentos que intercepta sobre los 
v2 x  v1 y  v1 y0  v2 x0  0 C  v1 y0  v2 x0  1 ejes la recta r 
  a b  
Ax  By  C  0    
 Considerando una recta definida por su distancia p al origen de 
A
Además, vemos que:  v    B, A  ; m     coordenadas y partiendo de la ecuación segmentaria se deduce 
B la ECUACIÓN  NORMAL DE LA RECTA 
   
Despejando “y” de la Ecuación General y renombrando  x cos   y sen   p  0  
obtenemos la ECUACIÓN  EXPLÍCITA de la recta 
  El término independiente es 
siempre negativo puesto que p, 
Ax By C A v
  0 m ; m  2 ( pendiente) por ser la longitud de un 
B B B B v1 segmento es siempre positivo. 
 
A C C Paso de la ecuación general a la ecuación normal: 
y  x b   (ordenada en el origen)
B B B A B C
Ax  By  C  0  x y  0 
y  mx  b   A B
2 2
A B
2 2
A  B2
2

En el caso de que el término independiente sea positivo, 
cambiamos el signo a toda la expresión. 
   
1.0
Math Quick Reference Card ─ GEOMETRÍA ANALÍTICA   ─ (cc) www.3con14.com 
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