Simple torsion in beams at circle cross-

section and pipes

 Axial loading Torsion
Rule of the right hand, similarity to N and V forces
Rx,a
F3 F2 F1 Mx3 Mx2 Mx1
x Mx,a
x

l3 l2 l1 l3 l2 l1
N
N1 = − F1 T
T1 = − M x 1
-Rx,a

N 2 = − F1 − F2

-Mx,a
T2 = − M x 1 − M x 2
N 3 = − F1 − F2 − F3 T3 = − M x 1 − M x 2 − M x 3
N σ – normal stress
σx = τ =
T
r τ – shear stress
A Ip τ max on the
circumference
σ = const.
E -Deformation
G= Ti ⋅ li
N i li 2(1 + ν ) ϕL = ∑ angle in torsion
∆l = ∑ Gi ⋅ I pi
Ei Ai - deformation [m] [rad ] 180
[deg ]
π
 Simple torsion in beams of the circle
cross-section and pipe
Cross-sectional characteristic of τmax τmax
circle and pipe in torsion is
polar moment of inertia: IP
r R
(IP = Iy + Iz = π r4 / 4 + π r4 / 4 )

Circle Pipe

It =
πd 4
32
=
πr 4
2
It =
π
32
(D 4
−d4 ) Alternative expression:

T max
τ max =
Wt
Assessment:
Wt ... Section modullus
τ allow ≥ τ max =
Tmax
r [m3]
It
Example 1 – shear stress, angel of twist, carrying capacity
Steel bar of the circle cross-section loaded by the torsion moment according to the picture.
Determine:
d = 32 mm, Fe360 / S235
maximal shear stress τmax and angle of twist ϕl.
G = 81 000 MPa
draw distribution of shear stress at the end of the bar. γM=1.0, γG=1.35
Determine carrying capacity in torsion of the bar f yd
steel : τ all =
3
π
Mx,a
Mx = 0,75 kNm Polar moment of inertia: Ip = r4
2
Tmax
Maximal shear stress: τ max = r
Ip
Tl
l = 2,5 m Angle of twist: φl = G Ip [rad]
T + Carrying capacity in torsion :
Ip f yd I p 2I p
TRd = τ all = = τ all
r 3 r d
Mxd=1,0125kNm=TEd , Ip=1,02944.10-7m4, τall=135,677MPa, τmax=157,368MPa, φ=0,225rad,
TRd=0,873kNm ….not satisfying
 Example 2 – design and assessment of the circle bar
Steel bar of the circle cross-section loaded by the torsion moment according to the picture.
Determine: 1. reaction, diagram of T forces ( Tk, Td )
2. make the design of the circle rod – r, d
4. make the assessment (TRd > TEd)- from designed values
5. determine φL at the end of the whole bar – in radians and degrees (from characteristic values)
6. determine maximum of shear stress τmax
7. Draw the distribution of the stress in sections at the free end of the bar

Mxk= 1,6 kNm Fe430 / S275 f yd

G = 81 000 MPa steel : τ all =
3
γQ=1,5
γM=1,0

diagram of T forces
l=6m TEd = 2,4kNm
rreq, dreq = 0,0213m; 0,0426m
Tk + rreal , dreal = 0,022m; 0,044m;
τallow = 158,77MPa
Required radius rreq: τmax = 144,118MPa
Ip = 3,6797.10-7m4
TEd T
τ all = ⋅ rnut = Ed4 ⋅ rreq ⇒ rreq = 3 ... TRd ≥ TEd = 2,656 kNm (satisfying)
Ip π rreq φl = 0,324rad
2
Example 3
The circle bar is loaded by torsion moments as you see the picture, d1=0,042m, d2=0,036m, Fe360/S235,
γM = 1,00, γG = 1,35. G = 81 000 MPa

1. reaction, diagram of T forces ( Tk, Td )

2. determine maximum of shear stress tmax on the both parts of the bar
3. determine φL of the whole bar – in radians and degrees (from characteristic values)
4. Make the assessment in both parts (TRd > TEd)- from designed values
5. Draw the distribution of the stress in sections in both parts πd 4 πr 4
Ip = =
32 2
Mxk,1 = 0,5 kNm Mxk,2 = 0,2 kNm
1 f yd
2 steel : τ all =
3
Tmax
τ max = r
It
1,2 1,0 ϕ Ti ⋅ li
ϕL = ∑
Gi ⋅ I pi
Tk - Tk2 =0,2
Ip1 = 3,0549.10-7m4
Tk1 =- 0,3
1 2 diagram of T forces Ip2 =1,6489.10-7m4
Tk1, Tk2 τmax,1 = -20,62 MPa
Td1, Td2 τmax,2 = 21,83 MPa
τmax,1 τmax,2 TRd,1 = 1,97kNm > TEd,1 = 0,675kNm – satisf.
TRd,2 = 1,24kNm > TEd,2 = 0,27kNm – satisf.
φL = -0,0145+0,0149=4,74*10-4 rad
Example 4

Steel bar of the circle cross-section loaded by the torsion moment see the picture.
Determine:
1. Diagram of internal forces
2. Maximum of the shear stress on the both parts of the bar
3. Assessment of the both parts of the bar
4. Angle of the torsion of the free end of the bar

Modullus in the shear is G = 81 GPa, fyk = 235MPa, γG = 1,35, γM = 1,0

l1 = 2,0m, l2 = 1,0m, d1 = 0,04m, d2 = 0,03m, Mx = 0,3kNm,

2 Mx = 0,30 kNm
1

Ip1 = 7,952.10-8m4
l1 l2
ϕ Ip2 = 2,5133.10-7m4
τmax,1 = 76,396 MPa
τmax,2 = 32,243 MPa
TRd,1 = 0,7193kNm > TEd,1 = 0,405kNm – satisf.
TRd,2 = 1,705kNm > TEd,2 = 0,405kNm – satisf.
φ = 0,076rad = 4,36°