NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HAMIPUR, H.

M.TECH, GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

(CE-642) MACHINE FOUNDATION

PROJECT PROBLEMS

NAME: SUHAIL MUSHTAQ QAZI

ROLL NO: 19M104.

CLASS: M.TECH, IST YEAR.

BRANCH: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING AND UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURES.

TOTAL PROBLEMS: “04”

SUBMITTED TO: DR.R.K.SHARMA.

SUBMITTED ON: 30-JUN-2020.

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QUESTION NO: 01.A concrete block of size 3 m x 2 m x 1.5 m (height) with base block
of size 4 m x 3 m x 0.5 m (height) (with all around clearance of 0.5 m) supports a
reciprocating engine weighing 1.1t and having height 0.15 m operating at 600 rpm and
mounted symmetrically with respect to the foundation. The vertical unbalanced force to
operation of engine is Pz = 0.15sin ωt. Assume dynamic shear modulus G = 500 Kg/cm 2,
ν = 0.33, unit weight of soil = 1.65 t/m 3 and unit weight of concrete = 2.4 t/m 3. Using
equivalent parameter approach, determine the following:

(i) natural frequency of vertical vibrations

(ii) amplitude of vibration.

SOLUTION: STEP I: MACHINE DATA

1. Weight of Engine = 1.1 tonne.

2. Operating Speed of The Engine, ωO = 600 rpm.
= ωO = 600/60 = 10rps.
= 10 x 2π = 62.83 rad/sec.

STEP II: SOIL DATA

1. G = 500Kg/cm2 =500x10000/1000 =5000 t/m2.

2. ν = 0.33.
3. Density of soil, γs = 1.65t/m3.

STEP III: FOUNDATION DATA

1. Density of Concrete, γc = 2.4t/m3.

2. Weight of foundation (Base + Block) = (4x3x0.5 +3x2x1.5) x 2.4 = 15x2.4 = 36 tonne
3. Total weight of foundation and engine = 36 + 1.1 = 37.1 tonnes.
4. Area of the foundation’s base = 4x3 = 12m2.
5. Therefore, A = 12m2.

STEP IV: CALCULATION OF MASS RATIO, SPRING CONSTANT AND

DAMPING CONSTANT

A 12
1. Equivalent Ratio, roz =
√ √
π
=
π
= 1.9544 m.

2. Mass Ratio, BZ = ( 1−ν4 )∗¿(m/ (ρ *r

s oz
3
)).

BZ = ( 1−0.33
4 )
3
∗¿(37.1/ (1.65*1.9544 )) = 0.5045.

3. Spring Constant, KZ = (4G roz )/ (1-ν).

KZ = (4x5000x1.9544)/ (1-0.33).

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 KZ = 58340.3t/m.
4. Damping Ratio , ζZ = (0.425/√ B Z )
ζZ = (0.425/√ 0.5045 )
ζz = 0.598.

STEP V: NATURAL FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATION

I.
1. Natural Frequency, fnz = (ωnz /2π)
K
ωnz = √ z = (58340.3/(W/g))1/2 = (58340.3/(37.1/9.81))1/2 = √ 15426.37
m
ωnz = 124.2 rad/sec.
2. fnz = (124.2 /2π) = 19.76 HZ.
3. Damped Natural Frequency , (ωnz)d = ωnz √(1- ζZ 2) = 124.2√(1- 0.598 2)
= 124.2x0.8015 = 99.55 rad/sec.
4. (fnz)d = (99.55/2xπ) = 15.84 HZ.
II.
5. Thus, the amplitude of vibration is given by : -
AZ = PZ / (KZ * √{((1-r2)2) + (2ζ r)2}.
Where, r = (ωo / ωnz)
r = (62.83 / 124.2)
r = 0.505
AZ = 0.1 5 / (58340.3 * √{((1-0.5052)2) + (2x0.598x0.505)2}.
AZ = 0.15 / (58340.3 *0.959).
AZ = (0.15 / 55951.3).
AZ = 2.680902x 10-6 m.
AZ = 2.69 x 10-6 m.
AZ = 2.69 x 10-3 mm.
AZ = 0.00269mm.

QUESTION NO: 02 A concrete block of size 3 m x 2 m x 1.5 m (height) with base block
of size 4 m x 3 m x 0.5 m (height) (with all around clearance of 0.5 m) supports a
compressor mounted symmetrically and weighing 2.5 t. The operating speed of compressor
is 450 rpm and its c. g. is 0.15 m above the top of the block. It generates an exciting
moment of My = 0.45sin ωt t-m. Using elastic half space approach, determine
(a) the natural frequencies and
(b) amplitude of vibration. Assume G = 600 Kg/cm 2, ν = 0.33, unit weight of soil = 1.65
t/m3 and unit weight of concrete = 2.4 t/m3.

SOLUTION: STEP I: MACHINE DATA

1. Weight of Compressor = 2.5 tonne.

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 2. Operating Speed, ωo = 450 rpm.
ωo = (450/60) * 2π
ωo = 47.12 rad/sec.
3. Exciting Moment , My = 0.5 t-m.

STEP II: SOIL DATA

1. G = 600 Kg/cm2 = 6000 t/m2.

2. ν = 0.33.
3. Density of soil, γs = 1.65t/m3.

STEP III: FOUNDATION DATA

1. Density of Concrete, γc = 2.4t/m3.

2. Weight of foundation (Base + Block) = (4x3x0.5 +3x2x1.5) x 2.4 = 15x2.4 = 36 tonne
3. Total weight of foundation and machine = 36 + 2.5 = 38.5 tonnes.
4. Area of the foundation’s base = 4x3 = 12m2.
5. Therefore, A = 12m2.

STEP IV: SELECTION OF SOIL CONSTANTS

1. G = 600Kg/cm2 = (600x10000/1000) =6000 t/m2.

2. ν = 0.33.
3. Density of soil, γs = 1.65t/m3.

STEP V: CENTERING OF THE FOUNDATION AREA

Height of combined centre of gravity ‘L’ above the base is:

L = (Σ miZi)/ (Σmi).

L = {(4x3x0.5x2.4) x (0.5/2) + (3x2x1.5x2.4) x (0.5 + (1.5/2)) + 2.5 x (0.5+1.5+0.15)}/38.5.

L = (3.6+27+5.375)/ 38.5

L = 0.9344 m.

Because of symmetry, ex = ey =0.

STEP VI: UNBALANCED EXCITING LOADS AND MOMENTS

My = 0.45 t-m.

STEP VII: MOMENT OF INERTIA AND MASS MOMENTS OF INERTIA

Mm = mass moment of inertia about an axis through the combined center of gravity and
parallel to y-axis.

Mm = Mm1 + Mm2 + Mm3 .

4
 m
Mm = Σ [ * (ax2 + az2) + m (x́−¿ x́ 0)2].
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(3∗2∗1.5∗2.4) (3∗4∗0.5∗2.4)
Mm = [ * (32 + 1.52) + (2.5/9.81) (2.15-0.9344)2] + [ * (42 +
9.81∗12 9.81∗12
0.52) + (2.5x3x2x2.4)/(12x9.81) (1.25-0.9344)2] + [((4x3x0.5x2.4)/9.81) (0.25-0.9344)2] .

Mm = 0.3766 + 2.0642 + 0.2193 + 1.9878 + 0.6876

Mm = 5.335 t-msec2.

STEP VIII: FOR ROCKING VIBRATIONS:

1. Equivalent Radius, roφ = √4 (b∗a3)/(3∗Π ) = √4 (3∗4 3 )/(3∗Π) = 2.1245m.

2. Mmo = Mm + mL2 = 5.335 + ((38.5*0.9344)/9.81) = 9.002 t-msec2.
3
∗(1−ν ) M mo
3. Mass Ratio, Bϕ = 8 = (3x(1-0.33)x9.002x9.81)/(1.65x2.12452) = 0.311.
5
ρ∗r o ∅
8
∗G∗r o ∅3
4. Spring Constant, Kϕ = 3 = (8x6000x(2.1245)3)/(1 -0.33) = 228989.4 t-m/rad.
(1−ν)
0.15
5. Damping Constant, ζϕ = = 0.15/((1+0.311)x√ 0.311)) = 0.205
( 1+B ϕ )∗√ Bϕ

0.21
Thus, ζϕ = 0.21 or 21% of Critical Damping.
6. Natural frequency of rocking is given by :-

ω n ∅ = √( Kϕ/ Mmo) = (228989.4/9.002)1/2 = 159.5rad/sec.

f n ∅ = 25.4 Hz.

STEP IX: FOR SLIDING VIBRATIONS:

1. Equivalent Radius, rox = √( Kx/ m) = (12/π)1/2 = 1.9544m.

(7−8 ν )
∗m
2. Mass Ratio, Bx = 32 ( 1−ν ) =(7-(8x0.33)x38.5)/(32x(1-0.33)x1.65x1.95443) =
∗r oX
ρ
0.636.
32
∗(1−ν)
3. Spring Constant, Kx = 7 ∗G∗r oX
( 7−8 ν )
= (32x (1-0.33)x6000x2.1245)/(7-(8x0.33)) = 57663.76 t/m.
0.2875
4. Damping Constant, ζx = = 0.2875/(0.636)1/2 = 0.36 or 36% of Critical
√ Bx
Damping.
5. Natural frequency of Sliding is given by :-

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 ω n ∅ = √( Kx/ m) = (57663.76*9.81/38.5)1/2 = 121.21rad/sec.
f n ∅ = (121.21/2π) = 19.29 Hz
a) STEP X: COMBINED ROCKING AND SLIDING:

We know, γ = Mm/Mmo = 5.335/9.002 = 0.593.

ωnx 2+ ωnφ 2 2 2
2 ωnx ω nφ
Also, ω n4− ( γ )
ωn +
γ
=0

121.212+159.52 121.212 159.52

ω n 4− ( 0.593 )
ω n2 +
0.593
=0

ω n4−67676.42ω n2+630294596.4=0

67676.42 67676.42
ω n 1,22= ∗¿ = ∗(1 ±0.67) = 56509.8, 11166.6
2 2

ω n 1 = 237.7rad/sec; f n 1 =37.83 Hz.

ω n 2 = 105.7rad/sec; f n 2 =16.8 Hz.

b) STEP XI: AMPLITUDES:

We know, ∆ (ω¿¿ 2)=¿ ¿ ¿

Here, ω=ω o = 47.12 rad/sec.

2
4∗0.36∗0.21∗121.21∗159.5 159.52 121.212
( {
∆ (ω¿¿ 2)=[ 47.124−47.122 159.52+ 121.212 ¿ ¿ ¿ 0.593−
0.593 }
+
0.593 )
+4

2 2 1 /2
∆ (ω¿¿ 2)=[ ( 4929707.2−2220.3 { 67676.4−9858.85 }+630294596.4 ) + 4 {80510574.45+33193396.12 } ] ¿

∆ (ω¿¿ 2)=[2.56∗1017 +5.171∗1016 ]1/ 2 ¿

∆ (ω¿¿ 2)=[3.077∗1017 ]1 /2 ¿ = 554720084.1

∆ (ω¿¿ 2)=5.547∗108 ¿.

M y [(ω¿¿ nx¿¿ 2)¿¿ 2+(2 ζ x ω nx )2 ]1/ 2

Also, A x = ∗ ¿¿¿ =
Mm ∆ (ω¿¿ 2) ¿
2 1/ 2
0.45 [(121.21¿¿ 2)¿¿ 2+(2∗0.36∗121.21) ]
∗ ¿ ¿ =2.58∗10−6m.
5.335 5.547∗108

Therefore, A x =2. 5 8∗10−3mm.

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 1 /2
M y [( ω ¿ ¿ nx ¿ ¿ 2−ω 2)¿¿ 2+(2 ζ x ωnx ω)2 ]
Also, Aφ = ∗ ¿¿¿ =
Mm ∆ (ω¿¿ 2)¿
2 2 1 /2
0.45 [(121.21 ¿ ¿ 2−47.12 ) ¿ ¿ 2+(2∗0.36∗121.21∗47.12) ]
∗ ¿¿
5.335 5.547∗10 8

Aφ =2. 0∗10−6 rad.

Thus, the total horizontal and vertical amplitude be equal to:

Ah =A x +h A φ

Ah =2.5 8∗10−3+ ( 2.15−0.9344 )∗2. 0∗10−6∗103

Ah =5.0112∗10−3mm.

Ah =0.00 50112 mm.

a 4 −6 3
Thus, A v = ∗Aφ ¿ ∗2.0∗10 ¿ 10
2 2

A v =0.004 mm.

QUESTION NO: 03 A concrete block of size 3 m x 2 m x 1.5 m (height) with base block
of size 4 m x 3 m x 0.5 m (height) (with all around clearance of 0.5 m) supports a
reciprocating engine weighing 1.1 t and having height 0.15 m, mounted symmetrically on
the foundation. The block is excited by a horizontal moment of M = 0.45sin ωt t-m acting
about vertical axis through the c.g. of the system. The frequency of exciting moment is 10
Hz. Using elastic half space approach, determine the amplitude of vibration. Assume G =
600 Kg/cm2, ν = 0.33, γs = 1.65 t/m3 and γc = 2.4 t/m3.

SOLUTION: STEP I: MACHINE DATA

1. Weight of Engine = 1.1 tonne.

2. Operating Speed, ωo = 10Hz.
ωo = 10 * 2π
ωo = 62.83 rad/sec.
3. Horizontal Unbalanced Moment , Mz = 0.54Sinωt t-m.

STEP II: SOIL DATA

1. G = 600 Kg/cm2 = 6000 t/m2.

2. ν = 0.33.
3. Density of soil, γs = 1.65t/m3.

STEP III: FOUNDATION DATA

1. Density of Concrete, γc = 2.4t/m3.

2. Weight of foundation (Base + Block) = (4x3x0.5 +3x2x1.5) x 2.4 = 15x2.4 = 36 tonne

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 3. Total weight of foundation and machine = 36 + 2.5 = 38.5 tonnes.
4. Area of the foundation’s base = 4x3 = 12m2.
5. Therefore, A = 12m2.

STEP IV: CENTERING OF THE FOUNDATION AREA

Because of symmetry, ex = ey = 0.

STEP V: UNBALANCED EXCITING LOADS AND MOMENTS

Mz = 0.45 t-m.

STEP VI: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE FOUNDATION CONTACT AREA

AROUND THE Z-AXIS, ‘JZ’

ab
JZ = ∗(a2 +b2 )
12

4∗3 2 2
JZ = ∗(4 + 3 )
12

J Z =25 m4.

STEP VII: MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT Z-AXIS

m
M mz= [ 12 ]
∗( a x2 +a y 2) +m ( x́ – x 0 )2 +( y i− y 0 )2

4∗3∗0.5∗2.4 3∗2∗1.5∗2.4
M mz= [ 9.81∗12
∗( 42 +32 + )] [
9.81∗12
∗( 32 +22 ) ]
M mz=5.44 t-m/sec2.

STEP VIII: CALCULATION OF MASS RATIO, SPRING CONSTANT AND

DAMPING CONSTANT

1. Equivalent Radius, r 0 ψ =¿ = ¿ ¿ = 1.997 m.

M mz 5.44
2. Inertia Ratio, Bψ = 5 = = 1.0182.
ρ∗r 0 ψ 1.65/9.81∗1.997 5
16 3 16 3
3. Spring Constant, K ψ = ∗G∗r 0 ψ = ∗6000∗1.997 = 254849.7 t-m/rad.
3 3
0.15 0.15
4. Damping Constant, ζψ = = = 0.164.
1+ 2 Bψ 1+ 2∗1.0182

STEP IX: NATURAL FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATION

Kψ 254849.7
We know, ω nψ=
√ √M mz
=
5.44
= 216.44 rad/sec.

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ω nψ=¿216.44 rad/sec.

216.44
f nψ = = 34.45 Hz.
2π

f nψ =¿34.45 Hz.

Hence, Amplitudes of vibration are:

MZ
Aψ = 2 2 2 1 /2
K ψ [ ( 1−r ) + ( 2∗ζ∗r ) ]

ω0 62.83
Where, r = = = 0.29.
ω nψ 216.44

0.45
Aψ = 2 1 /2
254849.7∗[ ( 1−0.29 2) + ( 2∗0.164∗0.29 )2 ]

Aψ =2. 000∗10−6 rad.

Ah =r A ψ= √ (22 ¿ +1.52 )∗2. 000∗10−6 ¿ = 5. 00∗10−6 m.

Ah =5.0∗10−3 mm.

Ah =0.00 5 mm.

QUESTION NO: 04. It is proposed to install a 1.50 T forging hammer for manufacture of
leaf springs.The soil at site consists of silty clay of medium plasticity mixed with kankar
and intermittent layers of fine silty sand of medium relative density. Water table is at a depth
of about 5.65 m below the ground level. The coefficient of elastic uniform compression of
soil is equal to 1.1325 x 103 T/m3 for area of 10 m2 as determined at the site. The
specifications of hammer are:
Tup weight without die: 1150 kg
Maximum tup stroke, h: 900 mm
Supply steam pressure, p: 70 T/m2
Anvil block weight: 22.5 T
Total weight of hammer: 34.3 T
Bearing area of anvil: 2.1 x 1.3 = 2.73 m2
Weight of half die: 400 kg
Area of piston = 0.129 m2.

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Material of pad below anvil – teak heart wood
Epad = 5 x 104 T/m2
Thickness of pad = 0.61 m
Dimensions of foundation block – 6.50 m x 5.70 m x 1.75m
Dimensions of RCC wall around anvil and pad – 0.50 m x 1.34 m
Unit weight of RCC = 2.4 T/m3
Unit weight of backfill = 1.76 T/m3
Modified coefficient of elastic uniform compression for impact loading Cu` = 2 Cu.
Coefficient of elastic restitution e = 0.5
Coefficient η that takes into account counter-pressure and frictional forces = 0.65.

STEP I: SOIL CONTACT AREA AND WEIGHT OF FOUNDATION

Foundation area in contact with soil = 6.50x5.70 = 37.05m3.

Weight of the Foundation and Backfill:
Volume of the Block = 6.50 x 5.70 x 1.75 = 64.8375m3.
Volume of the Walls = 2 x 3.70 x 0.50 x 1.34 = 4.958 m3.
= 2 x 1.90 x 0.50 x 1.34 = 2.546 m3.
Total Volume of Block and Walls = 64.875 + 4.958 + 2.546 = 72.3415 m3.
Weight of Concrete = 72.3415 x 2.40 = 173.62 tonne.
Volume of the fill = 2 x 6.50 x 1.40 x 1.34 = 24.40 m3.
= 2 x 2.90 x 1.40 x 1.34 = 10.88 m3.
Total Volume of Backfill = 24.40 + 10.88 =35.28 m3.
Weight of Backfill = 35.28 x 1.76 = 62.09 tonne.
Total Weight of Foundation and Backfill = 173.62 + 62.09 = 235.71 m3.
Total Mass, m = (235.71/9.81) =24.0 T s2 m-1.
STEP II: NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF FOUNDATION – HAMMER SYSTEM

The modulus of elasticity of the pad, E = 5 x 104 T/m2.

Thickness of the pad, b = 0.61m.

E A 2 5∗10 4∗2.73
Coefficient of rigidity of the pad, K2 = = = 22.4 x 104 T/m.
t 0.61

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 34.3
Mass of the anvil and frame, m2 = = 3.5 Ts2m-1.
9.81

Limiting natural frequency of anvil on pad is

2 K 2 22.4∗104
ω na = = = 6.4 x 104 s-2.
m2 3.5

Now, Cu = 1.1325 x 103 T/m3 for an area of 10m2.

Cu = 2 Cu1 = 2 x 1.1325 x 103 = 2.265 x 103 T/m3.

Coefficient of rigidity of the soil is given by:

K1 = Cu x A1 = 2.265 x 103 x 37.05 = 8.4 x 104T/m.

The limiting natural frequency of the whole system,” ωnl” is given by:

2 K1 8.4∗10 4
ω nl = = = 0.305 x 104s-2.
m1 +m2 3.5+24.0

m2 3.5
And, μ= = = 0.1458.
m1 24.0

The two natural frequencies of the combined system are given by:

ω n4−( ω na2 +ω nl 2)∗( 1+ μ ) ω n2 + ( 1+ μ ) ω na2 ω nl2=0

ω n4− ( 0.305+ 6.4 )∗( 1+ 0.1458 ) ¿10 4 ωn2 + ( 1+0.1458 )∗0.305∗6.4∗10 8=0

ω n4−7.69 ¿ 104 ω n2+ 2.24∗108=0

1
ω n2= ∗[ 7.69± √ (7.69)2−(4∗2.24) ]∗104
2

1
ω n2= ∗[ 7.69 ± √59−8.96 ]∗104
2

1
ω n2= ∗[ 7.69 ± 7.10 ]∗104
2

If ω n 1>¿ω n2 ¿ , then

1
ω n 12 = ∗14.79∗104 ¿ 7.395∗10 4 s-2 ; ω n 1=¿271.9 s-1.
2

1
ω n 22 = ∗0.59∗10 4 ¿ 0.295∗104 s-2 ; ω n 2=54.3 s-1.
2

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STEP III: VELOCITY OF DROPPING PARTS AT THE BEGINNING OF IMPACT

2 g ( W 0 + AC p ) h
V Ti =η∗
√ W0

Therefore,

2∗9.81∗ (1.50+ 0.129∗70 ) 0.9 = 0.65 x 11.13

V Ti =0.65∗
√ 1.50

V Ti =7.23m/s.

STEP IV: VELOCITY OF ANVIL MOTION

1+0.5
1+e ∗7. 23
V a= ∗V = 34.2 = 0.470 m/s.
1+ μ 1+
1.55

STEP V: AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATION OF FOUNDATION

( ωna2−ωn 22)∗( ωna2−ωn 12)

Z1 =A Z = Va
ωna 2 ( ω n 12 −ωn 22 ) ω n2

( 6.4 x 104 −0.295∗104 )∗( 6.4 x 10 4−7.395∗104 )

Z1 =A Z = ∗0.4 70
6.4 x 104 ( 7.395∗104 −0.295∗10 4 )∗54.3

= (-) 1.15 x 10-3m =1.15 mm.

Z1 =A Z =1.15 mm .(¿ 1¿1.2 mm)

And that of Anvil,

( ω na2 −ωn 12 )
Z2 =A a= Va
( ωn 12−ω n 22 ) ωn 2
( 6.4 x 104 −7.395∗10 4 )
Z2 =A a= 4 4
∗0. 470 = (-) 1.213 x 10-3m = 1.213 mm
( 7.395∗10 −0.295∗10 ) 54.3
Z2 =A a=1. 213 mm .(¿ 1¿2 mm)

These are within the permissible limits.

K 2 (A a + A Z ) 22.4∗104 ( 1.213+1.15 )∗10−3

Dynamic Stress in pad = = = 193.887 ≈194 T/m2.
A2 2.73

This is also within permissible limits .

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