Open Channels: (Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machinery) Unit - I
Open Channels: (Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machinery) Unit - I
Open Channels: (Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machinery) Unit - I
UNIT – I
V w A sin i 1
f P
A m Hydraulic Radius 2
P
w C Chezy's Constant 3
f
Chezy’s Formula, V C mi
substitute
V w A Eqn. 2&
sin i 1 3 in Eqn.1,
f P
VA m
C Hydraulic
m. sin i Radius 2
P
forwsmall values of i, sin i tan i i
C Chezy's Constant 3
f
V C m. i
1. Manning’s N
C = (1/n) R1/6
where
R = Hydraulic Radius
n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
2. Bazin’s Formula
1. Manning’s N
2. Bazin’s Formula
3. Kutter’s Formula
1. Manning’s N
2. Bazin’s Formula
3. Kutter’s Formula
Problems
1. Find the velocity of flow and rate of flow of water through a
rectangular channel of 6 m wide and 3 m deep, when it is
running full. The channel is having bed slope as 1 in 2000.
Take Chezy’s constant C = 55
V
1. Cost of construction should be minimum
Q A A C m i
2. Discharge should be maximum
1
Q
Types of channels
K
1. Rectangular
where K
based on shape:
A C A i
P
2. Trapezoidal
If P is minimum, Q will be maximum
3. Circular
Rectangular Section
A
P b 2d 2d 2
d
for most economicalseciton, P should be minimum
for most economicalsection,
A
d 2d
dP
0
d 0 Pshould
A
2 be
0 minimum
A 2d 2
bd 2d 2
d (d ) d (d ) d2
b 2d or d b/2 dP
A bd 2d
2
d 0
m d(d)
P b 2d 2d 2d 2
Trapezoidal Section
d
for most economical
for most economicalseciton,P should be minimum
section,
A P2 be minimum
should
d nd 2d n 1
dP d b 2nd
0 dP 0 d n 2
1
d(d) d(d)
0 2
d d(d)
m and θ 600
2
Circular Section
d
A
P
for Max. Velocity, 0
d
3
A
d
P
for Max. Discharge, 0
d
sin 2θ
A R (θ -
2
) 1
P 2Rθ 2
2
Circular Section
m
A
R
(θ -
sin 2θ
)3 d
A
P 2θ 2 P
dm for Max. Velocity, 0
for max. velocity, 0 θ 128 45 , d 0.81D,
0 '
d m 0.3D
dθ
A A3 3
Q AC m i AC i C d
A
i , C and i are constants
P P
P
Max. Discharge,
3for 0
A
d d
P
for max. discharge, 0 θ 1540 , d 0.95D
dθ
Problems
1. A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1 horizontal and 2
vertical and the slope of the bed is 1 in 1500. The area of
cross section is 40m2. Find dimensions of the most
economical section. Determine discharge if C=50
Hint:
Equate Half of Top Width = Side Slope (condition 1) and find b in terms of d
Substitute b value in Area and find d
Find m = d/2 (condition 2)
Find V and Q
Problems
1. A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1 horizontal and 2
vertical and the slope of the bed is 1 in 1500. The area of
cross section is 40m2. Find dimensions of the most
economical section. Determine discharge if C=50
Problems
1. A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1 horizontal and 2
vertical and the slope of the bed is 1 in 1500. The area of
cross section is 40m2. Find dimensions of the most
economical section. Determine discharge if C=50
Problems
2. A rectangular channel of width 4 m is having a bed slope of
1 in 1500. Find the maximum discharge through the
channel. Take C=50
dh
0 Specific Energy Potential Energy (h)
2
q Es= h + q2/2gh2
where, E h
2g h 2
1
q2 3 q
2
hc
3 3 2
hc hc .g q 1
g g
Q bh. v
subsitute value q h c V c in Eqn. 1
b b
Vc g hc
2
dE
or CriticalDepth,Specific
fMinimum
dh
0 Specific Energy
Energy in termsPotential Energy (h)
of Critical Depth; E h
q
2g h 2
2
when specific q energyis minimum,Depth
E = hof
+ q2/2gh2 is critical
flow
where, E h s
2g h 2 1
1 q
2 q2 3 3 q
2
E hc substitute h or h
q 32g 23 q
2 2 c
2 g
c
g
hc hc
h c 3
hc .g q 1
g 3g
hc h 3hc
Emin h c hc c
Q bh.2v 2 2
subsitute value q 2ghc
hc Vc in Eqn. 1
b b
2 Emin
orVch c g h c
3
Alternate Depths 1 & 2
Hydraulic Jump
2 2
d1 d1 2q
d2 interms of q
2 4 g d1
2 2
d1 d1 2v1 d1
d 2 interms of V1
2 4 g1
d1 2
d2 1 8 F e 1 interms of F e
2
Hydraulic Jump
Loss of Energy 2: 2
d1 d1 2q
d2 interms of q
2 d d 3
4 g d1
h L E1 E 22 2
2 1
d1 d1
2v14 dd11 d2interms
of V
d 2
2
4 g
1
1
Length of jump 5 to 7 times of (d2 d1)
d1 2
d2 1 8 F e 1 interms of F e
2 Jump d 2 d1
Hydrualic
Problems
1. The depth of flow of water, at a certain section of a
rectangular channel of 2 m wide is 0.3 m. The discharge
through the channel is 1.5 m3/s. Determine whether a
hydraulic jump will occur, and if so, find its height and loss
of energy per kg of water.
2. A sluice gate discharges water into a horizontal rectangular
channel with a velocity of 10 m/s and depth of flow of 1 m.
Determine the depth of flow after jump and consequent loss
in total head.
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
In GVF, depth and velocity vary slowly, and the free surface is stable
The GVF is classified based on the channel slope, and the magnitude of
flow depth.
Steep Slope (S): So > Sc or h < hc
Critical Slope (C): So = Sc or h = hc
Mild Slope (M): So < Sc or h > hc
Horizontal Slope (H): So = 0
Adverse Slope(A): So = Negative
where
So : the slope of the channel bed,
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
In GVF, depth and velocity vary slowly, and the free surface is stable
The GVF is classified based on the channel slope, and the magnitude of
flow depth.
Steep Slope (S): So > Sc or h < hc
Critical Slope (C): So = Sc or h = hc
Mild Slope (M): So < Sc or h > hc
Horizontal Slope (H): So = 0
Adverse Slope(A): So = Negative
where
So : the slope of the channel bed,
Flow Profiles
The surface curves of water are called flow profiles (or water surface profiles).
Depending upon the zone and the slope of the bed, the water profiles are classified
into 13 types as follows:
1. Mild slope curves M1, M2, M3
2. Steep slope curves S1, S2, S3
3. Critical slope curves C1, C2, C3
4. Horizontal slope curves H2, H3
5. Averse slope curves A2, A3
In all these curves, the letter indicates the slope type and the subscript indicates the
zone. For example S2 curve occurs in the zone 2 of the steep slope
Normal Depth Line
gh
h2
dh i b ie
dx 1 ( F )
e
2
in terms of Fe
L
E 2 - E1
i b - ie
dh
where representsthe variationof water depth along the bottomof the channel
dx
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
IfEquation
dh/dx =of0,GVF
Free
: Surface of water is Sc or ib Energy Line Slope
parallel to the bed of channel So or ie Bed Slope
dh ib ie
in terms of Velocity
dh/dx > 0, Depth
Ifdx 2 increases in the
V
1 of
direction flow (Back Water
water h1
Curve) gh
h2
dh/dxi b<0,
Ifdh i e Depth of water decreases
indxthe direction
1 ( )
Curve) F e
in terms of Fe
2 of flow (Dropdown
L
E 2 - E1
i b - ie
dh
where representsthe variationof water depth along the bottomof the channel
dx
Problems
1. Find the rate of change of depth of water in a rectangular
channel of 10 m wide and 1.5 m deep, when water is
flowing with a velocity of 1 m/s. The flow of water through
the channel of bed slope in 1 in 4000, is regulated in such a
way that energy line is having a slope of 0.00004