International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Impact Factor (2012): 3.358

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance

Analysis
Durgesh Bhatt1, Priyanka M Javhar2
1
Sri Satya Sai Institute of Science & Technology, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India
2
Sri Satya Sai Institute of Science & Technology, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract: A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, at different
temperatures and in thermal contact. In this problem of heat transfer involved the condition where different constructional parameters
are changed for getting the performance review under different condition. An excel program has been developed for the ease of
calculation and obtaining result after changing different parameters. The tube diameter, tube length, shell types etc. are all standardized
and are available only in certain sizes and geometry. And so the design of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger usually involves a trial and
error procedure where for a certain combination of the design variables the heat transfer area is calculated and then another
combination is tried to check if there is any possibility of increasing the heat transfer coefficient. Since several discrete combinations of
the design configurations are possible, the designer needs an efficient strategy to quickly locate the design configuration having the
minimum heat exchanger cost. In this particular problem the tube metallurgy and baffle spacing are being changed the results are
obtained. In current paper the baffle spacing and tube metallurgy are the parameters considering change and effect of the same of heat
transfer coefficient have been considered.

Keywords: Shell and Tube heat exchanger, Performance analysis, Optimization, M S Excel

1. Introduction
Transfer of heat from one fluid to another is an important
operation for most of the chemical industries. The most
common application of heat transfer is in designing of heat
transfer equipment for exchanging heat from one fluid to
another fluid. Such devices for efficient transfer of heat are
generally called Heat Exchanger.

1.2 Classification of Heat Exchanger

 According to construction features Figure 1: HE according to construction features

 According to heat transfer mechanisms
They are used for gas-to-liquid and gas-to-gas heat transfer
 According to flow arrangements
applications primarily when the operating temperature and/
 According to transfer processes
or pressure is very high or fouling is a severe problem on at
 According to surface compactness least one fluid side and no other types of exchangers would
 According to number of fluids work. These exchangers may be classified as shell-and tube,
double-pipe, and spiral tube exchangers. They are all prime
Generally, the most basic compact heat ex-changers have a surface exchangers except for exchangers having fins
50% less than volume of that of a comparable shell-and-tube outside/inside tubes.
heat exchanger, for a given work. These exchangers are
generally built of circular tubes, although elliptical, 1.3 Basic construction of S & T Exchanger
rectangular, or round/flat twisted tubes have also been used
in some applications. There is considerable flexibility in the This exchanger, shown in Fig. 1.1, is generally built of a
design because the core geometry can be varied easily by bundle of round tubes mounted in a cylindrical shell with the
changing the tube diameter, length, and arrangement. tube axis parallel to that of the shell. One fluid flows inside
Tubular exchangers can be designed for high pressures the tubes, the other flows across and along the tubes. The
relative to the environment and high-pressure differences major components of this exchanger are tubes (or tube
between the fluids. Tubular exchangers are used primarily for bundle), shell, frontend head, rear-end head, baffles, and
liquid-to-liquid and liquid-to-phase change (condensing or tube-sheet.
evaporating) heat transfer applications.
A variety of different internal constructions are used in shell-
and-tube exchangers, depending on the desired heat transfer
and pressure drop performance and the methods employed to
reduce thermal stresses, to prevent leakages, to provide for
ease of cleaning, to contain operating pressures and

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temperatures, to control corrosion, to accommodate highly applications. In addition, state and local codes applicable to
asymmetric flows, and so on. the plant location must also be met. The TEMA standards
specify the manufacturing tolerances for various mechanical
classes, the range of tube sizes and pitches, baffling and
support plates, pressure classification, tube-sheet thickness
formulas, and so on, and must be consulted for all these
details. Tubular exchangers are widely used in industry for
the following reasons.

1.4 Application
Figure 2: Basic components of STE
Generally the shell and heat type heat exchanger are widely
Shell-and-tube exchangers are classified and constructed in used for various purposes having limitation to be designed
accordance with the widely used TEMA (Tubular Exchanger for maximum up to 15000 psi, 1000 oF & 30000 ft2/shell.
Manufacturers Association) standards (TEMA, 1999), DIN Beyond above given parameter special consideration is
and other standards in Europe and elsewhere, and ASME required for the design of heat exchanger. The design is ideal
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers) boiler and for high pressure and temperature services.
pressure vessel codes. TEMA has developed a notation
system to designate major types of shell-and-tube  Shell and tube heat exchanger are easy to clean for floating
exchangers. In this system, each exchanger is designated by a head type configuration so, can be used in dirty services.
three-letter combination, the first letter indicating the front-  Shell and tube type heat exchanger can be used for higher
end head type, the second the shell type, and the third the temperature difference services as it can accommodate
rear-end head type. These are identified in Fig. 1.2. Some thermal expansion.
common shell-and-tube exchangers are AES, BEM, AEP,  They are most suitable for gas services and phase change
CFU, AKT, and AJW. It should be emphasized that there are service.
other special types of shell-and-tube exchangers
commercially available that have front- and rear-end heads They can be designed for special operating conditions:
different from those in Fig. 1.6. Those exchangers may not vibration, heavy fouling, highly viscous fluids, erosion,
be identifiable by the TEMA letter designation. corrosion, toxicity, radioactivity, multicomponent mixtures,
and so on. They are the most versatile exchangers, made
from a variety of metal and nonmetal materials (such as
graphite, glass, and Teflon) and range in size from small
[0.1m2 (1 ft2)] to supergiant [over 105m2 (106 ft2)] surface
area. They are used extensively as process heat exchangers in
the petroleum-refining and chemical industries; as steam
generators, condensers, boiler feed water heaters and oil
coolers in power plants; as condensers and evaporators in
some air-conditioning and refrigeration applications; in waste
heat recovery applications with heat recovery from liquids
and condensing fluids; and in environmental control.

2. Literature Review
A Shell and tube heat exchanger is a device in which energy
is transferred from one fluid to another across a solid surface.
Figure 1: TEMA designation of STE Exchanger analysis and design therefore involve both
convection and conduction. Two important problems in heat
The three most common types of shell-and-tube exchangers exchanger analysis are (1) rating existing heat exchangers
are (1) fixed tube-sheet design, (2) U-tube design, and (3) and (ii) sizing heat exchangers for a particular application.
floating-head type. In all three types, the front-end head is Rating involves determination of the rate of heat transfer, the
stationary while the rear-end head can be either stationary or change in temperature of the two fluids and the pressure drop
floating (see Fig. 1.2), depending on the thermal stresses in across the heat exchanger. Sizing involves selection of a
the shell, tube, or tube-sheet, due to temperature differences specific heat exchanger from those currently available or
as a result of heat transfer. The exchangers are built in determining the dimensions for the design of a new heat
accordance with three mechanical standards that specify exchanger, given the required rate of heat transfer and
design, fabrication, and materials of unfired shell-and-tube allowable pressure drop. The LMTD method can be readily
heat exchangers. Class R is for the generally severe used when the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot
requirements of petroleum and related processing and cold fluids are known. When the outlet temperatures are
applications. Class C is for generally moderate requirements not known, the LMTD can only be used in an iterative
for commercial and general process applications. Class B is scheme. In this case the effectiveness-NTU method can be
for chemical process service. The TEMA standards used to simplify the analysis. The choice of heat exchanger
supplement and define the ASME code for heat exchanger type directly affects the process performance and also
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influences plant size, plant layout, length of pipe runs and the Ebieto, C.E and Eke G.B. [1] in his experimental paper the
strength and size of supporting structures. The most performance analysis carried out of shell and tube heat
commonly used type of heat exchanger is the shell-and tube exchanger & analytical method was used to develop
heat exchanger, the optimal design of which is the main correlation for the performance analysis.
objective of this study. Computer software marketed by
companies such as HTRI and HTFS are used extensively in The thermal analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger
the thermal design and rating of HEs. These packages involves the determination of the overall heat-transfer
incorporate various design options for the heat exchangers coefficient from the individual film coefficients, and (Kern,
including the variations in the tube diameter, tube pitch, shell 1965). The shell-side coefficient presents the greatest
type, number of tube passes, baffle spacing, baffle cut, etc. A difficulty due to the very complex nature of the flow in the
primary objective in the Heat Exchanger Design (HED) is the shell. In addition, if the exchanger employs multiple tube
estimation of the minimum heat transfer area required for a passes, then the LMTD correction factor must be used in
given heat duty, as it governs the overall cost of the HE. But calculating the mean temperature difference in the exchanger.
there is no concrete objective function that can be expressed For the turbulent flow regime (Re ≥ 104), the following
explicitly as a function of the design variables and in fact correlation is widely used (serth, 2007).
many numbers of discrete combinations of the design
variables are possible as is elaborated below. Thus the Nu = Re0.8 Pr1/3 (µ/µw)0.14 (1)
optimal design of heat exchanger can be posed as a large
scale, discrete, combinatorial optimization problem. Most of Where,
the traditional optimization techniques based on gradient
methods have the possibility of getting trapped at local Nu = Nusselt Number = hd/k
optimum depending upon the degree of non-linearity and Re = Reynold’s Number = DVρ/µ
initial guess. Hence, these traditional optimization techniques Pr = Prandtl Number = cpµ/k
do not ensure global optimum and also have limited D = Inside diameter of the pipe
applications. In the recent past, some experts studied on the V = average fluid velocity.
design, performance analysis and simulation studies on heat
exchangers. Modeling and Simulation of Shell and Tube Cp,µ,ρ,k = Fluid properties at avg. bulk temperature.
Heat Exchangers Under Milk Fouling was carried out. µw = Fluid viscosity evaluated at average wall temperature.
Dynamic Model for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers was
discussed. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are applied where Eq. (1) holds good for 0.5 ≤ Pr ≥ 17,000 & for pipes L/D ≥
high temperature and pressure demands are significant and 10. However for short pipes 10 ≤ L/D ≥ 60, the right hand
can be employed for a process requiring large quantities of side of the equation is often multiplied by the factor [
fluid to be heated or cooled. Due to their design, these 1+(D/L)2/3] to correct for the entrance and exit effects. (Serth
exchangers offer a large heat transfer area and provide high 2007).
heat transfer efficiency in comparison with others. Modeling
is a representation of physical or chemical process by a set of For laminar flow in circular pipes (Re < 2100), the seider-
mathematical relationships that adequately describe the Tate correlation takes the form : Nu = 1.86[RePrD/L]1/3
significant process behavior. Improving or understanding (µ/µw)0.14. This equation is valid for 0.5< Pr <17000 and
chemical process operation is a major objective for
developing a process model. These models are often used for [RePrD/L]1/3 (µ/µw)0.14 (2)
Process design, Safety system analysis and Process control.
A steady state model for the outlet temperature of both the For low in he transition region (2100 < Re < 104), the Hausen
cold and hot fluid of a shell and tube heat exchanger will be correlation is:
developed and simulated, which will be verified with the
experiments conducted. Based on these observations Nu = 0.116(Re2/3 – 125) Pr1/3(µ/µw)0.14 (1+(D/L)2/3). (3)
correlations to find film heat transfer coefficients will be
developed during any process of refining of chemical In computing the tube-side coefficient hi it is assumed that all
manufacturing the heat exchangers are widely used tubes in the exchanger are exposed to the same thermal and
equipment for heat recovery purpose. In most of the power hydraulic conditions. The value of hi is then the same for all
plants, refinery, petrochemical industries heat exchangers are tubes, and the calculation can be made for a single tube.
the common equipment to be visualized in units. Equations (1), (2), or (3) were used, depending on the flow
regime. The tube fluid heat transfer coefficient, hi, can be
The efficiency of the heat exchangers are depends on the calculated using;
how much heat transfer is done during the service. As the
service life passes the heat transfer rate decreases and the hi= (NuK/Di) (4)
efficiency as well. The dirt and the deposits in the process
fluid tend to adhere to inner and outer surface of the shell and The Delaware method (Serth, 2007) was used to compute the
tube type heat exchanger tubes. This phenomenon is known shell-side heat transfer coefficient, ho . In the equation for
as fouling of the heat exchanger. So keep the required the overall heat transfer coefficient, the temperature
process parameters in maintained condition the tube bundles difference, Δtm , is the mean temperature difference between
of the shell and tube type of exchangers are required to clean the two fluid streams. Since is independent of position along
out at a period of time.
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the exchanger, Δtm is the logarithmic mean temperature flow path set to the tube length times the number of tube
difference (Serth, 2007); passes (Serth, 2007).

(5) (14)
= Pressure drop (Pa)
Equation (5) is valid regardless of whether counter flow or = Darcy friction factor (dimensionless)
parallel flow is employed. In multi-pass shell and- tube = No. of tube passes (dimensionless)
exchangers, the flow pattern is a mixture of co-current and L = Tube length (m)
countercurrent flow. For this reason, the mean temperature G = Mass flux (kg/s m2)
difference is derived by introducing a correction factor, F , = Tube inside diameter (m)
which is termed the LMTD correction factor; = Density of water (kg/m3)
s = Fluid specific gravity (dimensionless)
(6) = Viscosity correction factor (dimensionless)
= (µ/ µw)0.14 for turbulent and transition flow.
The correction factor is a function of the shell and tube fluid = (µ/ µw)0.28 For laminar flow
temperatures, and the number of tube and shell passes. This
is corrected using two dimensionless temperature ratios For laminar flow friction factor is given by;
(Serth, 2007); let, N = No. of shell side passes then = 64/Re (16)
for turbulent flow (RE > 3000) following equation can be use
(7A) ;
= 0.4137 Re-0.2385 (17)
(7B) The minor losses on the tube side are estimated using the
following equation:
= 0.5x10-4arG2/s (18)
For R ≠1
where ar is the number of velocity heads allocated for minor
(8) losses.
Serth (2007) proposed the following expression for
computing the shell-side pressure drop:
For R= 1 (19)
(9) The shell side friction factor formula is given by;
= 144{ (20)
The required overall heat transfer coefficient is given by; An approximate equation for are as follows:
For Re ≥ 1000.
(10) (21)
(22)
The clean overall heat transfer coefficient is given by;
For Re < 1000.
-1.48 -0.000526
(11) ( (23)
And the design overall heat transfer coefficient is given by; -1.78 -0.00132
( (24)

(12) B.Jayachandriah & K. Rajasekhar [2] An attempt is made

in this paper is for the Design of shell and tube heat
The effect of fouling is allowed for in the design by exchangers by modeling in CATIA V5 by taking the Inner
including the inside and outside fouling coefficients. Kern Diameter of shell is 400 mm, length of the shell is 700 mm
(1965) presented typical values for the fouling factors for and Outer diameter of tube is 12.5mm, length of Tube is
common process service fluids used in plane tubes (not 800mm and Shell material as Steel 1008, Tube material as
finned tubes). The fouling factor for the exchanger is given Copper and Brass.
as (Serth, 2007);
By using modeling procedure Assembly Shell and Tube with
water as medium is done. By using ANSYS software, the
(13)
thermal analysis of Shell and Tube heat exchangers is carried
out by varying the Tube materials. Comparison is made
Design problems frequently include specifications of the between the Experimental results, ANSYS. With the help of
maximum allowable pressure drops in the two streams. In the available numerical results, the design of Shell and Tube
that case, pressure drops for both streams would have to be Heat exchangers can be altered for better efficiency.
calculated in order to determine the hydraulic suitability of
the heat exchanger. The pressure drop due to fluid friction in Following are the dimensions of the model considered for the
the tubes is given by Equation (15) with the length of the study:

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No of tubes = 44 Overall heat transfer coefficient U= 0.938 w/m2 k
Length of the tubes = 800mm Area = A = 0.05494 m2
Tube diameter = 25mm LMTD = 27 k
Tube pitch = 32mm Heat release Q = 8.34 w.
Clearance = Pt – do =32 – 25 =7mm
Tube layout = 90 2.2 Discussions
Shell length = 800mm
Shell diameter = 135 Thus the ANSYS Results is calculated for copper and brass
Thickness =9mm. materials. The heat released from copper material is 15.63w
Thermal properties of steel 1008 and that from brass is 12.98 w which is less when compared
Thermal conductivity = 45 W/m oC with the copper. Whereas available literature Experimental
Density = 7872 kg/ m3 Results are 14.17w for copper and11.34w for Brass.
Specific heat = 481 J/ KG oC Therefore, range of variation is within 10% .Hence Results
Thermal properties of fresh water are validated. The temperature distribution profile of whole
Thermal conductivity = 0.604 W/m oC assembly in the sectional front view .From the figure it is
Density = 997.4 kg/ m3 seen that the maximum and minimum temperature for copper
Specific heat = 162 J/ KG oC is from 316 K to 310 K and for brass is 318 and 308 which is
Thermal properties of Brass simulated from the ANSYS Workbench result. Hence, it is
Thermal properties of fresh water observed that copper gives better heat transfer rate compared
Thermal conductivity = 111 W/m oC with that of brass.
Density = 8600 kg/ m3
Specific heat = 162 J/ KG oC 2.3 Conclusion & Future Work
Thermal properties of fresh water
Thermal conductivity = 400 W/m oC After performing all the analysis work for shell & tube heat
Density = 8933 kg/ m3 exchangers the following observation had been done. From
Specific heat = 385 J/ KG oC the study of the result as mentioned in table 1 , after
performing the calculation the fluid water for bass output
2.1 Calculation temperature is 310 °k which is nearer to the value mentioned
in output temperature of ANSYS. As we change the tube
The heat release from the shell and tube heat exchangers was material from the brass to the copper, temperature difference
obtained by multiplying over all heat transfer co-efficient, between output temperature of copper & brass had been
Area of tubes and difference of temperatures. varied.

Q= UAϴm Analysis has been done by varying the tube materials and it
is found that copper material gives the better heat transfer
Where, A = area of tub, U = Overall heat transfer coefficient rates than the brass material.
Area of the tubes = A = πdoL.
where, do = outside diameter of tubes 1. Rate of heat transfer can be improved by varying the tube
L = length of the tubes. diameter, length and no of tubes.
2. By changing the pitch lay out rate of heat transfer can be
LMTD method: improved.
3. By changing the temperature of tubes and medium rate of
heat transfer can be improved.
4. By changing the materials of tubes heat transfer rate can be
th1=hot water inlet improved.
th2=hot water outlet
tc1=cold water inlet 3. Problem Statement
tc2=cold water outlet
The thermal performance of a heat exchanger depends upon
For copper: so many factors. Some of them are thermal conductivities of
Heat release: Q= UAϴm involved fluids and materials, velocity of flow, turbulence,
Overall heat transfer coefficient: quality and quantity of the insulation provided, ambient
conditions flow conditions, construction etc. To make any
exact prediction about the performance of heat exchanger
under a set of loading conditions is always a tough job.
However by certain testing and experience predictions up to
1/u = 1/0.604+1/1400 a certain level can be made. The present paper is also an
U = 0.603 w/m2 k attempt of analyzing the performance of shell and tube type
A= 0.05494 m2 heat exchanger under certain specified variables and loading
ϴm = 33.7 K conditions.
Heat release: Q = 11.7 W.
For brass:
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4. Design Methods 4.3 Calculation of heat transfer area and tube
numbers Iteration #1:
Shell and tube heat exchangers are designed normally by
using either Kern’s method or Bell-Delaware method. Kern’s The first iteration is started assuming 1 shell pass and 2 tube
method is mostly used for the preliminary design and pass shell and tube exchanger with following dimensions and
provides conservative results whereas; the Bell- Delaware considerations.
method is more accurate method and can provide detailed
results. It can predict and estimate pressure drop and heat Fixed tube plate type
transfer coefficient with better accuracy. In this paper we a. 1΄΄ OD tubes (14 BWG) on 1¼΄΄ square pitch (PT)
have described Kern’s method of designing in detail. The b. Tube length (Lt) = 24΄ (the tube length is increased from
steps of designing are described as follows by considering a 16΄)
industrial example: c. 1 shell pass-6 tube pass (tube passes is increased to 6 from
2)
150000 lb per hour of kerosene will be heated from 75 to d. Tube ID=0.834΄΄
120°F by cooling a gasoline stream from 160 to 120°F. Inlet e. Flow area per tube=0.546 inch2
pressure will be 50 psia for each stream and the maximum
pressure drop of 7 psi for gasoline and 10 psi for kerosene The log mean temperature correction factor (FT) for 1-2 shell
are permissible. Published fouling factors for oil refinery and tube exchanger:
streams should be used for this application.

4.1 Input Data

S = (120-75)/(160-75) S = 0.529
Hot fluid inlet temperature (T1)= 160°F
Hot fluid outlet temperature (T2) = 120°F
Cold fluid inlet temperature (t1) = 75°F
Cold fluid outlet temperature (t2) = 120°F
Fouling factor of hot fluid (Rdg) = 0.0005 (for gasoline) R = (160-120)/(120-75) S = 0.889
Fouling factor of cold fluid (Rdk) = 0.001 (for kerosene)
Pinlet (for hot fluid) = 50 psia For R ≠1
Pinlet (for cold fluid) = 50 psia
Δpmax (for hot fluid) = 7 psi
Δpmax (for cold fluid) = 10 psia
Mass flow rate of cold fluid (mk) = 150000 lb.h-1
(Subscripts k for kerosene and g for gasoline). F = 0.802

Fluid properties at caloric temperature

Viscosity: LMTD = 42.75 0F.
76°API gasoline, μg=0.2cp (0.484 lb.ft-1.h-1)
46°API kerosene, μk =1.6 cp (3.872 lb.ft-1.h-1) 4.4 Determining the heat transfer area (‘A’):
Density:
ρg=685 kg.m-3 (42.7 lb.ft-3) The value of overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo,assm) of 45
ρk=800 kg.m-3 (49.8 lb.ft-3) Btu h-1ft-2 °F-1 is assumed to initiate the design calculation
Thermal conductivity: for the kerosene and gasoline heat exchanger. The
kg=0.075 Btu h-1ft-1 °F-1 approximate range of overall heat transfer coefficient
kk=0.083 Btu h-1ft-1 °F-1 depending on the hot and cold fluid can be found out from
Specific heat capacity: text books ([3] page 845).
Cg = 0.57 Btu lb-1ft-1
Ck = 0.48 Btu lb-1ft-1
Specific gravity:
Sg = 0.685
Sk = 0.80
A = 2100 ft2
4.2 Energy balance
Calculating no. of tubes (nt):
Assume no heat loss to surround
= 335
n t = 368 is taken corresponding to the closest standard shell
ID of 31΄΄ for fixed tube sheet, 1-shell and 6-tube pass
mg = 1421055 lb/ hr
exchanger with 1΄΄ tube OD on 1¼΄΄ square pitch. The tube-
counts are available in heat transfer text book ([3] Table 9 &
10 page 841-843).
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4.5 Fluid velocity Therefore, the calculated overall heat transfer co-efficient is
well within the design criteria.

= 11571.4 > 104 corresponding to np=6. 4.8 Pressure drop calculation:

4.8.1 Tube side pressure drop calculation;

Friction factor ƒ = 0.00028 x 144 = 0.04032 ft2/ ft2 (for

Re=11571.4 ([3] page 836]).
12945.15 ft/h (3.59 ft/s) = 1.04 m/s (so the design velocity is
within the acceptable range). at= (no. of tubes)×(flow area per tube)/(no. of passes) =
0.232 ft2
4.6 Determination of heat transfer coefficient
Tube side mass velocity, Gt = (mk/ at) = 646552 lb/ hr ft2.
4.6.1 Tube side heat transfer co-efficient (hi)
Frictional pressure drop : = 5.81 Psi.

Return loss : (due to change in flow direction of the

jH=42 for the tube side fluid at Re=11571.4 ([3] page 834)
tube side fluid)
hi= 141.3 Btu h-1ft-1 oF-1

4.6.2 Shell side heat transfer co-efficient (ho)

Assumptions:
a.25% cut segmental baffles
b. Baffles spacing, B= 0.5DS=15.5΄΄ (half of the shell ID is
selected).
c. Equivalent diameter for the shell side: Total tube side drop neglecting nozzle loss:

De = 0.082 ft.

d. Shell side cross flow area Therefore the tube side pressure drop is within the
maximum allowable pressure drop of 10 psi.
= 0.675 ft2
4.8.2 Shell side pressure drop calculation
e. Mass velocity; = 210526 lb. h-1.ft-2
Tube clearance, C=0.25″
Spacing, B=15.5″
as = 0.675 ft2
f. Re = 35668 Mass velocity Gs = 210526 lb/ h ft2
Re = 35668
No. of baffles = nb = Tube length / Baffle spacing = 19

Friction factor ƒ = 0.0017 x 144 = 0.2448 ft2/ ft2 with 25%

cut segmental baffles ([3] page 839).
ho=155.3 Btu h-1 ft-2 °F-1
Shell side frictional pressure drop
4.7 Overall heat transfer co-efficient Uo, Cal ;
Fouling factor, Rdk=0.001 h ft2 °F Btu-1 for kerosene and
= 1.4 < 7.0 Psi.
Rdg= 0.0005 h ft2 °F Btu-1 for gasoline is taken for this
service.
(in case of single shell pass flow).

Total shell side drop neglecting nozzle loss:

Now, = 18.9 < 30%.

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Output of the calculation
Therefore the shell side pressure drop is within the Description Value Symbol Unit
LMTD 42.45093508 ΔTm F
maximum allowable pressure drop of 7 psi. Correction Factor R 0.888888889 R
Correction Factor S 0.529411765 S 
Correction factor FT 0.802 Ft

4.9 Over surface and over design: Assumed U0

Heat transfer area A
45 Uo, aasumed
2114.80 A
Btu / hr ft2 F
ft2

Over design: Calculate no. of tubes Nt 336.7521826

368
Nt

Tube side Reynolds no Re 12717.67998 Re
Velocity 14227.51636 u ft/hr
1.140272043 m/sec

The clean overall heat transfer co-efficient:

Tube side heat transfer coefficient hi 141.3759087 hi Btu / hr Ft2 F
Value of Jh 42 jh

Shell side cross flow area 0.667361111 as ft2

= 117.8 Btu h -1 ft-2 °F-1

Mass velocity Gs 212935.692 Gs lb/ h ft2
Shell side equvalent dia De 0.0825 De ft
Shell side Reynold no 36312.20292 Re
Value of Jh 110 jh

=66.98 Btu h -1 ft-2 °F-1 U. Shell side heat transfer coefficient ho 154.2969844

Overall heat transfer coefficient calculated
ho Btu / hr Ft2 F

Calculated overallheat transfer coefficient 54.73203522 Uo, Cal Btu / hr Ft2 F

Design check for calculated overall heat transfer coefficient 21.62674494 % Should beless than 30%
Tube side pressure drop calculation
1. Friction factor 0.04032 f ft2/ft2
2.Tube flow area 0.232555556 at ft2
Over design: 3. Tube side mass velocity
Frictional pressure drop
645007.1667
5.792633358
Gt
ΔPt
lb/ h ft2
Psi
Return loss (Due to change in direction of tube side flow) 0.728423959 ΔPrt Psi
Total tube side pressure drop (neglecting nozzle loss) 6.521057317 ΔPt Psi
Shell side pressur drop calculation
1. No of baffles nb 19
2. Friction factor f 0.2448 f
Shell side friction pressure loss 1.352438277 ΔPs
In case of single shell return loss are o 0

The design area of heat transfer in the exchanger (nt = 318)

Total shell side pressure drop neglecting nozzle loss 1.352438277
Over surface and over design
First finding hio 117.9075079 hio
Clean overall heat transfer coefficien Uc 64.28980799 U clean
% over surface design 17.46284919 % (20% acceptable limit)

= 2312 ft2 Designed area of heat transfer Ad

Required area of heat trasnfer Ar
2311.04
2103.8
ft2
ft2
% overdesign 9.850746269 % (10 to 20% acceptable limit)

Figure 5: Output section of MS Excel program

The required heat transfer area (where, n t =335):
= 2105 ft2.
By the help of the program it became easy to check the effect
of change in various parameters like Baffle spacing, Tube
=9.8% which is within the acceptable limit. % Overdesign. metallurgy on pressure drop, overall heat transfer coefficient.
Below are the snaps representing the program input and
5. M.S. Excel Programming for the Given output section.
Problem
At the left hand side input pane with unit and symbol is given
Based on the above heat exchanger problem an excel for the ease and at the right hand side output pane showing
program has been developed for further optimization of the the design calculation. For the identification ease the output
design. pane divided into 04 different categories as below;

Input for calculation 1. Calculated overall heat transfer coefficient.

Description Input Value Symbol Unit
Hot side inlet temp 160 T1 F 2. Tube side pressure drop.
Hot side outlet temp
Cold side inlet temp
120
75
T2
t1
F
F 3. Shell side pressure drop.
Cold side outlet temp
Fouling factor of hot fluid
120
0.0005
t2 F
4. Over surface and over design.
fouling factor of cold fluid' 0.001
pressure inlet hot fluid 50 psi
pressure inlet cold fluid
allowable delta P tube
50
7
psi
psi
6. Results and Discussion
allowable delta P shell 10 psi
tube side mass flow rate kerosene 150000 mh lb/hr
shell side mass flowrare gasoline 142105 mc lb/hr 6.1 Change in Tube Metallurgy
viscocity tube side ‐ Kerosene 3.872 µ lb/ft hr

The change in tube metallurgy will be effected by the change

viscosity shell side ‐ Gasoline 0.484 µ lb/ft hr

density tube side Kerosene
densty shell side gasoline
49.8
42.7
rho
rho
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
in overall heat transfer coefficient. As we select the
thermal conductivity tube side kerosene 0.083 k btu/hr *ft*f
metallurgy having higher thermal conductivity the overall
thermal conductivity shell side gasoline 0.075 k btu/hr *ft*f heat transfer coefficient increases. The care must be taken
specific heat tube side kerosene 0.48 cpt btu/lb ft that higher the metallurgy higher the cost of construction
specific heat shell side gasoline 0.57 cts btu/lb ft
required, which some time will not be recovered from the
specific gravity tube side kerosene
Specific gravity shell side gasoline
0.8
0.685
st
ss operational life or the payback period may be more.
Tube pitch 1.25 Pt in
tube id 0.834 di in
tube od 1 do in
length 24 L ft
no of tubes 318 nt
no of tube side passes 6 np
Shell ID 31 ds in
Baffle spacing 15.5 B
No.of tubes U tubes 335
Therma conductivity of tube material 70 K Btu/ hr ft
Flow area per tube 0.546
Tube inside area Ao 0.785 Ao ft2
Tube out side area Ai 0.54601146 Ai ft2
Tube clearance 0.25 C

Figure 4: Input section of MS Excel program

Volume 3 Issue 9, September 2014

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Paper ID: SEP14607 1879
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Table 1: Tube material effect on U Table 1: Baffle spacing effect on U & Pressure drop

Figure 6: Tube metallurgy Vs. Overall heat transfer Figure 7: Baffle spacing effect on overall heat transfer
coefficient. coefficient and pressure drop.

6.2 Change in Baffle spacing: 7. Conclusion

As the baffle spacing is decreased the no of baffles will be On the basis of above study it is clear that a lot of factors
increased. Which will lead to increase in shell side affect the performance of the heat exchanger and the
Reynolds’s number. That will lead to increase in overall heat optimization obtained by the formulas depicts the cumulative
transfer coefficient. But at the same time pressure drop will effect of all the factors over the performance of the heat
be increased. Following are the graph showing the individual exchanger. It is observed that by changing the value of one
and combine effect of baffle spacing Vs. overall heat transfer variable the by keeping the rest variable as constant we can
coefficient & pressure drop. obtain the different results. Based on that result we can
optimize the design of the shell and tube type heat exchanger.
Table 2: Baffle spacing effect on U Higher the thermal conductivity of the tube metallurgy higher
the heat transfer rate will be achieved. Less is the baffle
spacing , more is the shell side passes, higher the heat
transfer but at the cost of the pressure drop. So, while
optimization it must be taken care that the advantage in one
of the output parameter can affect the other parameters,
which can lead to increase in initial or operating cost.

8. Future Scope
Currently developed MS Excel program have many variables
which needs to feed manually like liquid properties. The
Figure 7: Baffle spacing Vs. Overall heat transfer coefficient various liquid properties can be saved in database and can be
used without feeding manual data. Curve fitting algorithm
6.3 Effect of baffle spacing on pressure drop: can be implemented to read the values from the graph when
user provides one parameter.
It can be observed from the following chart that as we
decrease the baffle spacing the heat transfer coefficient will 9. Reference
be increased but at the same time the pressure drop will
increase remarkable. So, for getting better heat transfer from [1] A Gopichand, Prof.A.V.N.L. Sharma, G. Vijay kumar,
the baffle spacing modification may lead to heavy A. Srividya, “Thermal analysis of shell and tube type
operational cost. So, the baffle spacing to be selected with heat exchanger using MATLAB and FLOEFD software.
available pressure drop margin. ”, Volume 1 Issue :3, ,pp 279-281.
[2] A.O. Adelaja, S.J. Ojolo and M.G. Sobamowo,
“Computer Aided Analysis of Thermal and Mechanical
Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers”, Advanced
Materials Vol. 367 (2012), pp731-737, Trans Tech
Publications Switzerland.
[3] B Jayachandriah1, K. Rajsekhar, “Thermal Computer
Aided Analysis of Thermal and Mechanical design of
shell and tube exchangers,” Advanced materials vol.
367(2012) pp 731-73, Trans Tech publications,
switzerland.
[4] Dutta B.K. “Heat Transfer-Principles and Applications”,
PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1st ed. 2006.
Volume 3 Issue 9, September 2014
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Paper ID: SEP14607 1880
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
[5] D. Q. Kern, “Process Heat Transfer”, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Int. ed. 1965.
[6] Ebieto, C.E. and Eke G.B., “Performance Analysis of
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers using Miscible System:
A case study”, Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Applied Sciences,2012 3 (5), pp. 899-
903.al
[7] Indian Standard (IS: 4503-1967): Specification for Shell
and Tube Type Heat Exchangers, BIS 2007, New Delhi.
[8] Rajagapal Thundil Karuppa Raj, Srikanth Ganne, “Shell
side numerical analysis of a shell and tube heat
exchanger considering the effect of baffle inclination
angle on a fluid flow”, Thundil Karuppa Raj, R., et al:
Shell side numerical analysis of shell and tube heat
exchangers, Thermal science: Year 2012, Vol.16, No.4,
pp 1165-1174.
[9] R. K. Sinnott, Coulson & Richardson‟s Chemical
Engineering: “Chemical Engineering Design” (volume
6), Butterworth-Heinemann, 3rd ed. 1999.
[10] S. Noie Baghban, M. Moghiman and E. Salehi,
“Thermal Analysis of shell side flow of shell and tube
type heat exchanger using experimental and theoretical
methods ”, Institute for Scientific Research, University
of Guanajuato Lascurain de Retana No. 5, 36000
Guanajuato, Gto, México.
[11] Usman UR Rehman, “Heat transfer optimization of shell
and tube heat exchanger through CFD studies ”, Master
thesis in innovative and sustainable Chemical
engineering from Chalmers University of Technology.
[12] Yusuf Ali Kara, Ozbilen Guraras, “A computer program
for designing of shell and tube heat exchanger”, Applied
Thermal Engineering 24(2004) 1797-1805.

Author Profile
Durgesh Bhatt received BE in 2006 from IEI, India in 2007,
Worked as a design engineer in gear manufacturing
company, currently perusing master degree from Sri Satya
Sai Institute of Science & Technology in Thermal Branch.

Priynka Jhavar is working as a professor in Sri Satya Sai

institute of science and technology, Sehore. She is providing
her knowledge as a faculty for BE and ME students of
Mechanical branch.

Volume 3 Issue 9, September 2014

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SEP14607 1881
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY