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Laguna State Polytechnic University

Sta Cruz, Laguna

LABORATORY MANUAL

CIRCUITS RESONANCE

Name: Rebong, Sherina

Course: ECE 2A
Subject: Circuits 2
Date: June 27,2020

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Engr. Jercell B. Arroyo

Instructor

Laboratory Manual

Circuit Resonance

Introduction The response of a circuit containing both inductors and

capacitors in series or in parallel depends on the frequency of the driving
voltage or current. This laboratory will explore one of the more dramatic
effects of the interplay of capacitance and inductance, namely, resonance,
when the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other.

Resonance is the fundamental principle upon which most filters are based
— filters that allow us to tune radios, televisions, cell phones, and a
myriad of other devices deemed essential for modern living.

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Objective

 To learn the definition of resonance in AC circuits.

 To calculate resonant frequencies, band widths, and quality factors for

series and parallel resonant circuits.

 To know the proper plotting in the circuit.

 To know the difference between the Series and Parallel Resonance

 To establish their problem solving skill in the topic provided.

 To test their understanding in the Circuit Resonant.

Equipment

 Calculator

Background

The reactance of inductors increases with frequency:

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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X L=2 π fL

The reactance of capacitors decreases with frequency:

1
XC=
2 π fC

In an LC circuit, whether series or parallel, there is some frequency at

which the magnitudes of these two reactances are equal. That point is
called resonance. Setting XL = XC, and solving for f, we find that the
resonant frequency fo of an LC circuit is:

1
F o=
2 π √ LC

The frequency f has units cycles/second or sec−1 . The frequency may

also be expressed as angular frequency, ω, where ω = 2πfC and has units
radians/sec. Thus, the resonant frequency may also be written as:

1
W o =2 πf o =
√ LC

The resonant frequency is generally the highest point of a peak (or the
deepest point of a valley) with bandwidth BW (cycles/sec) or β
(radians/sec). The resonant frequency is also called the center frequency,
because it is at the mid-point of the peak frequency response.

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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The lowest frequency (f1 or ω1) and the highest frequency (f2 or ω2)
of the band are the “half-power points” at which the power is 1/2 that at
the peak frequency. Since power goes like the square of the current, the

1
current at the half-power points is √2 = 0.707 times the current at the
maximum. Thus, the bandwidth of a resonant circuit is the frequency
range over which the current is at least 70.7% of the maximum

BW = f2 − f1 or β = ω2 − ω1

As the bandwidth narrows, the circuit becomes more highly selective,

responding to a narrow range of frequencies close to the center frequency.
The sharpness (narrowness) of that resonant peak is measured by the
quality factor Q. The quality factor is a unitless quantity that is defined
as:

Q=2π(maximum energy stored)/(energy dissipated per cycle)

In more practical terms,

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Series Resonance

For a series LC circuit, the current is the same throughout. What

about the voltages? To visualize the concept of resonance, consider the
simple series RLC circuit in Figure 6.2 operating at resonance, and its
associated reactance diagram

The phase shift caused by the capacitor is directly opposite the phase
shift caused by the inductor; that is, they are 180◦ out of phase. Therefore,
in the reactance phasor diagram (b) for the circuit, the two phasors point
in opposite directions. At resonance, the magnitudes of the capacitor
reactance and the inductor reactance are equal, so the sum of the two
phasors is zero, and the only remaining impedance is due to the resistor.
Notice in the voltage phasor diagram (c) that the voltage drop across the

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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inductor and the capacitor may be quite large — bigger even than the
source voltage — but those voltages are opposite in phase and so cancel
each other out as voltages are summed around the circuit. Kirchhoff’s
voltage law remains valid, and the generator’s voltage output is dropped
entirely over the resistor R.

Since at resonance the only impedance is the resistance R, the

impedance of the series circuit is at a minimum, and so the current is a
maximum. That current is VS/R. The source voltage and the current are
in phase with each other, so the power factor = 1, and maximum power is
delivered to the resistor.

But what happens at neighboring frequencies? At lower frequencies,

the inductor’s reactance decreases, and the capacitor has greater effect. At
higher frequencies, the inductor dominates, and the circuit will take on
inductive characteristics. How sharply defined is the resonance? How
selective is it? We have said that for a resonant circuit, the quality factor
Q is the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth. Thus, Q gives a
measure of the bandwidth normalized to the frequency, thereby
describing the shape of the circuit’s response independent of the actual
resonant frequency.

We list here two other useful relationships for Q in a series resonant

circuit. The first relates Q to the circuit’s capacitance, inductance, and
total series resistance:

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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The value of R in this equation is the total equivalent series resistance

in the circuit. This form of the equation makes it easy to see ways to
optimize the Q for the desired circuit. Decreasing R, increasing
inductance, or decreasing capacitance will all tend to make Q larger and
increase the circuit’s selectivity.

The second useful relationship for Q can be derived from the previous
equation. Recall that XL = 2πfL and XC=1/2πfc

Since at resonance the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal,

this equation can be reduced to:

where R is again the total equivalent series resistance of the circuit.

Usually the XL form is used because the resistance of the inductor
frequently is the dominant resistance in the circuit. An equivalent

form of this last equation is:

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Parallel Resonance

For a parallel RLC circuit, the same voltage is applied across all the
branches. The current in each branch is determined by the voltage applied
to the branch and the impedance in that branch. A parallel RLC circuit
with ideal components is illustrated below, along with its current phasor
diagram. Notice that the total source current at resonance is the current in
the resistor. The currents in the inductor and capacitor cancel out because
of their opposite phase shifts. The net impedance of the circuit at
resonance is solely determined by R, since the inductor and the capacitor
appear to be open.

In an ideal two-branch LC circuit including an inductor and capacitor

(i.e., R is removed or equivalently R=∞), the source current would be
zero. In a practical two-branch LC circuit, the only significant resistance
is the inductor’s winding resistance, so that resistance often plays an
important role in the circuit’s behavior.

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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In series resonant circuits, we defined the bandwidth by observing the

response of the current. In parallel resonant circuits, the corresponding
response to observe is the impedance. The bandwidth of a parallel
resonant circuit is the frequency range over which the circuit impedance
is at least 70.7% of the maximum impedance. The sharpness of the
response is again measured as Q. Note that the Q of the circuit will be
different from the Q of the inductor if other resistance is in parallel with L
and C. If there is no additional resistance (i.e., R=∞), then the circuit Q is
the same as the inductors Q.

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Activity

1. A series circuit consists of a resistance of 10 Ω, an inductance of 8 mH

and a capacitance of 500 μμF.

A sinusoidal E.M.F. of constant amplitude 5 V is introduced into the

circuit and its frequency varied

over a range including the resonant frequency.

At what frequencies will current be (a) a maximum (b) one-half the-

maximum ?

2. A parallel R-L-C circuit is fed by a constant current source of variable

frequency. The circuit resonates at 100 kHz and the Q-factor measured at
this frequency is 5. Find the frequencies at which the amplitude of the
voltage across the circuit falls to (a) 70.7% (b) 50% of the resonant
frequency amplitude.

Procedure

1. Write the given values.

2. Draw the required circuit on each of the questions

3. Show the solutions and specify the correct unit.

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Solution No. 1

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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Solution No.2

AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance

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AC Circuits Laboratory- Circuit Resonance