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Glossary: Integral Action Time Frequency Characteristic

Digital multimeters employ integration to determine measurement values by converting input voltage to time. The integral action time refers to the periodic interval to perform this conversion. Measurement accuracy is generally expressed as a percentage of reading plus a number of digits. Input impedance should be extremely high to prevent influence on voltage measurements. Root mean square value is directly related to energy and refers to averaging squared instantaneous values over a cycle.

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Rakesh Sandarativju
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60 views

Glossary: Integral Action Time Frequency Characteristic

Digital multimeters employ integration to determine measurement values by converting input voltage to time. The integral action time refers to the periodic interval to perform this conversion. Measurement accuracy is generally expressed as a percentage of reading plus a number of digits. Input impedance should be extremely high to prevent influence on voltage measurements. Root mean square value is directly related to energy and refers to averaging squared instantaneous values over a cycle.

Uploaded by

Rakesh Sandarativju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Glossary

Integral Action Time Frequency Characteristic


Digital multimeters (DMMs) employ an A/D converter with a dual-integration Refers to a characteristic that shows variations in input, measurement, or
system, which determines the measurement value by converting the input response with frequency. When measuring alternating current signals, a
voltage into time using an integration AD converter. The interval to perform measured signal does not have a simple frequency, but often includes
an integral action periodically is referred to as the integralaction time. various frequencies ranging from lower frequencies to higher harmonics.
To measure such signals more accurately, it is preferable to use a
measurement device that has a broader frequency characteristic range.
Measurement Accuracy
With DMMs, the measurement accuracy is generally expressed as: ±__% of
Input Impedance
reading + __digits. ("Reading" refers to the reading value, and is abbreviated
as "rdg"; "digits" refers to the number displayed in the smallest decimal To prevent the measured object from being influenced during voltage
place, and is abbreviated as "dgt.") This expresses the range of values that measurement, you should use a measurement device with an extremely
a DMM may measure or represent for a given actual value. high input impedance.

Root Mean Square Value Decibel


The value most directly related to the energy of a given waveform. Refers to A unit used for describing the change in electrical signal amplitude or noise
the square root of a value found by averaging the squares of instantaneous level, or transmission systems in wired devices, etc. This parameter is also
values of a waveform over a single cycle. (See Table 1,Figures 1 and 2.) used to represent the level differences in voltage, current or related values,
but is generally restricted to cases characterized by the relationship: (I1/I2)2 =
(V1/V2)2 = P1/P2. In the abbreviation "dB," "d" (deci) denotes 1/10, and "B"
Mean Value (Bell) denotes logarithm.
Refers to the average of the sum of instantaneous values, determined for a
current half-wave. It is equivalent to calculating the surface area of a
waveform. Table 1. RMS Value, Average Value, Waveform Factor and Crest Factor
for a Typical Periodic Waveform
Form Factor Waveform Crest
Item Waveform RMS Mean value factor factor
Ratio of RMS value with respect to average value.
Form factor = RMS value/mean value (See Figures 1 and 2.) Sine wave

Half
Crest Factor rectification
wave
Ratio of maximum value to RMS value. Full
Crest factor = maximum value/RMS value(See Figures 1 and 2.) rectification
wave

Triangular
Peak-to-Peak (P-P) value wave

Refers to the distance between the smallest and largest amplitudes in a Square
waveform (see Figure 1). wave

Figure 1. RMS and Mean Values of Sine Wave Figure 2. RMS of Distorted Waves
RMS value Instantaneous value and spectrum

(energy)
Ep (Amplitude) Ep (crest value)
Mean value DC component Fundamental wave Harmonic
component component
E (RMS value) (surface area)
Emean (mean value)
RMS of each spectrum
E (RMS value)
Calibration of RMS value by Emean (mean value)
mean value rectification

RMS value

Crest factor (CF)


Crest value
CF =
RMS value
P-P value
RMS value
Waveform factor =
mean value

CE Mark
Overvoltage categories (CAT)
The products of Yokogawa M&C Corporation are subjected to design and In order to ensure the safety of the user, IEC 60664 defines the ranges of use of
evaluation testing to ensure compliance with the safety and EMC standards measuring instruments by classifying power levels into overvoltage categories I
in accordance with the directives issued by the EC. through IV. This is because the excessive impulse or surge levels induced in a
power line vary depending on the location of measurement (category). Categories
with higher numerals
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
designate locations that
The parameters EMI and EMS are referred to as electromagnetic include larger surge
compatibility as they relate to compatibility within an electromagnetic voltages. Instruments that
environment. are designed for category Internal wiring
III can thus withstand
Service
higher surge voltages than drop
Safety Standards instruments designed for
category II. Outlet
These standards lay out safety requirements that are to be met by a product
with the objective of the preservation of human life and property. The
applicable international standard is IEC 61010, and while a product must Overvoltage category I (CAT I):
conform to this standard, there are also domestic standards laid out by Secondary circuits connected to an outlet via a power transformer.
individual countries. With these safety regulations, the range of use of a Overvoltage category II (CAT II):
measurement device is specified by categorization in overvoltage categories Primary circuits of a device connected to an outlet with a power cord.
I through IV to ensure the safety of the user. The designations "CAT II, Overvoltage category III (CAT III):
Primary circuits of a device to which power is directly supplied from the power
1000 V" or "CAT III, 600 V" at the input terminals of a measurement device, distribution panel, and circuits from the distribution panel to outlets.
for example, indicates the applicable category and the maximum voltage for Overvoltage category IV (CAT IV):
the device in terms of safety. All service line entrance circuits through the power distribution panel

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