APPENDIX A.

Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (G.A.I.T.)

Name____________________________________ Date_______________ Examiner_____________________
Diagnosis___________________ Limb assessed_____ Device/Orthosis/Assist_________________________

Stance and Swing Phases

Score
1. Shoulder position _____
0 = normal.
1 = abnormal position (check all that apply __ depressed, __ elevated, __
retracted, or __ protracted).

2. Elbow flexion _____

0 = < 45 (normal = ~ 10).
1 = 45 – 90 elbow flexion.
2 = > 90 elbow flexion.

3. Arm swing _____

0 = normal.
1 = abnormal – reduced or absent arm swing.

4. Trunk alignment (Static) _____

0 = normal erect posture (absence of flexion, extension or lateral flexion).
1 = trunk statically in __ flexion or __ extension.
2 = trunk statically in lateral flexion to the __ right or __ left.
3 = trunk in both __ flexion or __ extension, & lateral flexion to __ right or __ left.

Stance Phase

5. Trunk posture/movement (Dynamic) (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (static trunk alignment maintained).
1 = trunk __ flexes or __ extends (check one) < 30.
2 = trunk __ flexes or __ extends (check one) 30 or more.

6. Trunk posture/movement (Dynamic) (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (static trunk alignment maintained).
1 = trunk laterally flexes to __ right or to __ left (check one) < 30.
2 = trunk laterally flexes to __ right or to __ left (check one) 30 or more.

7. Weight shift (lateral displacement of head, trunk and pelvis) (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____
0 = normal weight shift (~ 25 mm shift over stance limb).
1 = reduced weight shift.
2 = almost none or no weight shift.
2 = excessive weight shift.

8. Pelvic position (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (no Trendelenberg sign)
1 = mild pelvic drop on contralateral side.
2 = severe or abrupt pelvic drop on contralateral side.

9. Hip extension (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (moves from 30 of hip flexion at initial contact to neutral by
midstance, then to 20 of extension past neutral in terminal stance).
1 = hip extends to neutral by midstance but lacks further hip extension during terminal stance.
2 = abnormal throughout stance (hip remains in flexion or marked extension).

10. Hip rotation (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (remains in neutral)
1 = abnormal, internal rotation
1 = abnormal, external rotation

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 Score

11. Knee – initial contact phase (sagittal plane) (lateral view). Choose __ A or __ B (check selection) _____
A. Knee flexion
0 = normal (knee in neutral/not hyperextended).
1 = 5 – 15 knee flexion.
2 = > 15, but < 30 knee flexion.
3 = > 30 knee flexion.
B. Knee extension
0 = normal (knee in neutral/not in flexion).
1 = 5 – 15 knee hyperextension.
2 = > 15 up to 30 knee hyperextension.
3 = > 30 knee hyperextension.

12. Knee – loading response phase (sagittal plane) (lateral view). Choose __ A or __ B (check selection) _____
A. Knee flexion
0 = normal (up to 15 knee flexion).
1 = > 15, but < 30 knee flexion.
2 = ≥ 30 knee flexion
B. Knee extension
0 = normal (up to 15 knee flexion).
1 = no knee flexion, up to 15 knee hyperextension.
2 = ≥ 15 knee hyperextension.

13. Knee – midstance phase (sagittal plane) (lateral view). Choose __ A, __ B, __ C, or __ D (ck. select) _____
A. Knee flexion
0 = normal (knee in 4° flexion at heel strike, increasing to 15 flexion at 14% of gait cycle).
1 = 5 – 15 flexion throughout midstance; does not achieve neutral at midstance.
2 = > 15, but < 30 knee flexion
3 = ≥ 30 knee flexion.
B. Knee extension
0 = normal (knee in 4° flexion at heel strike, increasing to 15 flexion at 14% of gait cycle).
1 = knee extended through midstance phase; not hyperextended.
2 = up to 15 knee hyperextension during midstance phase.
3 = > 15 knee hyperextension during midstance phase.
C. Knee flexion moving to extension
0 = normal (knee in 4° flexion at heel strike, increasing to 15 flexion at 14% of gait cycle).
1 = normal knee flexion during early midstance phase, then knee extends to neutral.
2 = knee flexion during early midstance phase, then knee extends to full extension
range (neutral or beyond) in uncontrolled manner, but not snapping back.
3 = knee in flexion during early midstance phase, then knee abruptly and forcefully
extends into end range in an uncontrolled manner.
D. Knee extension moving to flexion
0 = normal (knee in 4° flexion at heel strike, increasing to 15 flexion at 14% of gait cycle).
1 = knee remains in extension in early midstance, then knee flexes late, but retains control.
2 = knee remains in extension in early midstance, then knee flexes, losing control and
regaining control.
3 = knee remains in extension in early midstance, then knee buckles with failure to regain control
and requires use of compensatory strategies.

14. Knee – terminal stance phase/pre-swing phase (heel-rise to toe-off) (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____
0 = normal (knee flexion position in sagittal plane 35 – 45).
1 = knee flexes < 35 or > 45.
2 = knee flexes 35 – 45, then extends.
3 = knee remains in full extension throughout.

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 Score
15. Ankle movement (sagittal plane) (lateral view). Choose __ A or __ B. (Check selection). _____
A. Ankle plantar flexion
0 = normal (from ankle neutral position at initial heel contact, moving to 10°
plantarflexion before midstance, then moving to 10° dorsiflexion at heel off).
1 = normal from initial contact (with heel strike) to midstance, but in plantarflexion after
midstance.
1 = foot flat at initial contact, moving to slight plantarflexion before midstance, but in
plantarflexion after midstance.
2 = foot flat at initial contact with plantarflexion to heel off.
3 = no heel contact with excessive plantarflexion to heel off.
3 = either heel contact or no heel contact followed by excessive and/or early (midstance)
plantarflexion (i.e. vaulting).
B. Ankle dorsiflexion
0 = normal (from ankle neutral position at initial heel contact, moving to 10
plantarflexion before midstance, then moving to 10 dorsiflexion at heel off).
1 = normal just prior to midstance, but > 10 dorsiflexion after midstance
2 = 15 – 20 dorsiflexion at midstance and to terminal stance (heel off).
3 = excessive ankle dorsiflexion (> 20) throughout stance.

16. Ankle inversion (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (slight inversion/supination at initial stance; then eversion/pronation until heel-off).
1 = excessive ankle inversion/supination present at initial contact.
2 = excessive ankle inversion/supination present at initial contact and at midstance.
3 = excessive ankle inversion/supination throughout stance.

17. Plantarflexion during terminal stance/pre-swing (heel-rise to toe-off) (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____
0 = normal (adequate push-off at pre-swing for moving from dorsiflexion position to
10 plantarflexion.
1 = partial/weak push-off while moving into plantarflexion at toe-off.
2 = absent/lack of plantarflexion; no push-off.

18. Toe position (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (toes in neutral position)
1 = excessive toe extension.
1 = clawing.
Swing Phase
19. Trunk posture/movement (Dynamic) (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____
0 = normal (static trunk alignment maintained).
1 = trunk __ flexes or __ extends (check one) < 30.
2 = trunk __ flexes or __ extends (check one) 30 or more.

20. Trunk posture/movement (Dynamic) (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (static trunk alignment maintained).
1 = trunk laterally flexes to __ right or to __ left (check one) < 30.
2 = trunk laterally flexes to __ right or to __ left (check one) 30 or more.

21. Pelvic position (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (relatively level pelvis or slightly lower on swing side).
1 = mild hip hiking.
2 = moderate to severe hip hiking.

22. Pelvic position (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (neutral position with respect to anterior or posterior tilt).
1 = anterior pelvic tilt.
1 = posterior pelvic tilt.

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 Score

23. Pelvic rotation as limb swings forward (transverse plane) (top view) _____
0 = normal (from 5 backward rotation at initiation of swing to 5 forward rotation by terminal swing)
1 = reduced pelvic rotation.
1 = excessive pelvic rotation.
2 = absent pelvic rotation.

24. Hip flexion (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (0 hip flexion at initial swing to ~ 35 at peak, then reducing to ~ 25 at terminal swing; hip
neutral with respect to hip abduction/adduction).
1 = hip begins swing in flexion, but reaches normal peak.
1 = > 10, but < 30 hip flexion peak in the sagittal plane.
2 = > 10, but < 30 hip flexion peak, and with hip abduction (e.g. = circumduction).
2 = > 10, but < 30 hip flexion peak, and with hip adduction (e.g. = scissoring).
3 = 0 to 10 hip flexion throughout swing.
3 = > 35 hip flexion (excessive hip flexion).

25. Hip rotation (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (remains in neutral)
1 = abnormal, internal rotation
1 = abnormal, external rotation

26. Knee – initial swing (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (40 – 60 of knee flexion).
1 = at least 15 knee flexion, but < 40 knee flexion.
2 = < 15 knee flexion.
3 = knee never flexes.

27. Knee – midswing (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (60 knee flexion ± 4.
1 = 45 - 55 knee flexion.
2 = 25 - 45 knee flexion.
3 = 0 to 25 knee flexion.

28. Knee – terminal swing (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (from knee flexed position to full knee extension).
1 = from knee flexed position, remaining in knee flexion throughout.
1 = from knee extension position, remaining in knee extension throughout.

29. Ankle movement (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (from initial plantarflexion at terminal stance [toe-off] to neutral by
midswing, then slight dorsiflexion just prior to initial contact in stance).
1 = midswing ankle neutral but no terminal swing dorsiflexion.
2 = no midswing ankle neutral and no terminal swing dorsiflexion; plantarflexion throughout.

30. Ankle inversion (coronal plane) (front/back view) _____

0 = normal (ankle remains in neutral regarding inversion/eversion).
1 = ankle in inverted position during swing.

31. Toe position (sagittal plane) (lateral view) _____

0 = normal (toes in neutral position)
1 = inadequate toe extension.
1 = clawing.
Total Score _______/ 62
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