Electronic Eye Controlled Security System

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

Anshika Singh

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Computer Application

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

MAY2017
 INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Seminar Report of “Seminar
Lab” in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Computer Application and submitted in the Department of Computer Application, Integral
University, Lucknow is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from
January 2017 to May2017, under the guidance of Dr. Tasneem Ahmed, Assistant Professor
and Mrs. NashraJaved, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Application, Integral
University, Lucknow.
The matter presented in the lab report has not been submitted by me for the award of
any other degree of this or any other University.

Anshika Singh

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best
of our knowledge.
Dated:

Dr. Tasneem Ahmed Mrs. NashraJaved

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best
of my knowledge
Head of the Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to present before you Seminar Lab report strictly under the
guidance of Dr. Tasneem Ahmed, Assistant Professor and Mrs. Nashra Javed Assistant
Professor, Department of Computer Application.
They have made sincere efforts to make the report more meaningful complete compact and
comprehensive. It’s a great pleasure to let you know that I have put my feelings into practice.
At last I give my special thanks to our batch mates for all the valuable suggestions without
which this lab report could not be completed.

:-Anshika Singh
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. What is electronic eye 1

1.1 diagram of electronic eye 2

2. Working 3

2.1 photo sensing 4

2 .2 What is lm-393 5

3. Circuit diagram of electronic 6

eye

3.1 LDR 7

3.2 Working of ldr 8

4. Application of electronic eye 9-14

4.1 ldr resistant circuit 15

5. LDR based power saver 16

6. Scope of electronic eye 18

7. Application of Electronic eye 19

1.What is electronic eye
An electric eye is a photodetector used for
detecting obstruction of a light beam. An example
is the door safty system used on garage door
openers that use a light transmitter and receiver at
the bottom of the door to prevent closing if there is
any obstruction in the way that breaks the light
beam. The device does not provide an image; only
presence of light is detectable. Visible light may be
used, but infrared radiation conceals the operation
of the device and typically is used in modern
systems. Originally, systems used lamps powered
by direct current or the power line alternating
current frequency, but modern photodetector
systems use an infrared light emitting diode
modulated at a few kilohertz, which allows the
detector to reject stray light and improves the
range, sensitivity and security of the device.
Electronic Eye
2. Working
In the year 1997, the electronic eye security system was
found and base of processes in New Delhi. There are
different organizations under these systems,such as
electronic eye Pvt.Ltd, IIST (Indian institute of science
and technology), electronic eye systems, and Mahamahi
Exims. The electronic eye security system creates an
entire collection of surveillance products and high-tech
security. These Systems work on the integration of
system and project execution at the customers place for
numerous surveillance products.The electronic eye
security systems which are available in the market are
expensive, and programming is very problematic for a
microcontroller based system. Here is a simple and
inexpensive electronic eye security system that you can
build easily.
Photo-sensing (LM393) based Electronic Eye Security
System
The main goal of this project is to design an electronic
security system based on a photo-sensing arrangement.
It uses a double comparator LM393 that is extensively
used in several profitable applications. Here, it is used to
detect the input signal through a LDR (light-dependent
resistor). The output of the comparator drives a relay
and a buzzer. This concept is very beneficial as a
burglar warning in public places such as banks, hotels
jewelry stores, malls, and homes.
What is LM393?
The LM393 is a dual independent precision voltage
comparator accomplished by single or split supply
process. These devices are intended to let a common
mode range-to-ground level with the only supply
operation. Input offset voltage conditions as low as 2.0
mV make this device a superb collection of several
applications in buyer automotive and industrial
electronics. The features of LM393 include the following.

LM393
 Single supply ranges from 2.0 Vdc to 36 Vdc
 Split Supply Range: +/-1.0 Vdc to +/-18 Vdc
 Low Current Drain Independent of Supply Voltage:
0.4 mA
 Low i/p Bias Current is 25 nA
 Low i/p Offset Current: 5.0 nA
 Power Supply Voltage and differential i/p voltage
range both are equal
 O/p voltage is compatible with ECL, DTL, MOS,
TTL, and CMOS Logic Levels
  ESD locks on the i/ps
 ESD Locks on the i/ps increase the roughness of
the device without disturbing performance
Circuit and Working of the Electronic Eye Security
System
The circuit diagram of an electronic eye security system
using LM393 is shown below. The following circuit is
built with various electrical and electronic components
like around 12V-0-12V, X1-(750mA secondary
transformer), 1N4007 rectifier diodes (D1 through D3),
LDR , C1 and C2 filter capacitors, 5V IC17805 voltage
regulator, IC2 (dual comparator LM393), 12V PZ- (multi-
tone high-gain buzzer), T1 transistor for driving PZ1, T2
transistor BC547 for driving 12V, relay (1C/O) for
controlling a bulb (B1), and 10-kilo-ohm potentiometer
VR1.
Circuit Diagram of the Electronic
Eye Security System
4.LDR
When the light drops on light dependent resistor (LDR1),
its resistance extremely falls, which leads to activating
an alarm to alert the user.The proposed system is
appropriate for locking lockers, cash boxer, etc. This
circuit is located in the locker or cash box in such a way
that, when the robber opens it and uses a torch light to
discover the valuables, light falls on light dependent
resistor (LDR1), which performs as an electronic eye.
The signal o/p from the light dependent resistor (LDR1)
is fed to IC2. The o/p from IC2 triggers the alarm when
light falls on light dependent resistor during a robbery
attempt.Similarly, bulb-B1 glows as a visual aware to
prevent the burglary attempt.
If the reference voltage at pin-3 of IC2 is less than
sensor voltage at pin -2 of IC2, o/p goes low routinely.
This specifies that no light is dipping on the light
dependent resistor. Low o/p of IC2 is fed to T1&T2. As a
result, both are in cutoff state, so no flow of current
through the beeper, keeping it in silent mode. Likewise,
no flow of current in the relay, and so bulb B1 do not
glow.
If the reference voltage at pin-3 of IC2 is superior than
sensor voltage at pin-2 of IC2, o/p goes high
automatically. This indicates that light is falling on LDR1.
High o/p of IC2 is fed to T1 and T2. As a result,
both transistors are in on (active) state. The flow of
current through the buzzer & relay.s The buzzer
generates a loud alarm to alert you or people around
you and, at the same time, bulb B1 glows as the circuit
finishes through relay RL1’s contacts.
Operation of Electronic Eye Security System
 Initially, connect the circuit of the electronic eye
security system as shown in the above circuit
diagram on the bread board.
 Now connect the battery for the supply voltage of
9v.
 Place the LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) in the
light.You can detect no sound is generated from the
buzzer.
 Place the light dependent resistor in the dark, then
the buzzer starts buzzing. Light emitting diode
connected to the buzzer also starts flashing.
 As the light intensity dropping on the LDR growths
sound generated by the buzzer increases.
Applications of Electronic Eye Security System
 This system can be used in door bell circuits.
 This can be used in a garage door opening and
closing circuits.
 This system can be used in security applications.
Thus, this is all about electronic eye security system
using photo-sensing (LM393). We hope that you have
got a better understanding of this concept.Furthermore,
any doubts regarding this concept or to implement any
electrical and electronic projects, please give your
valuable suggestions by commenting in the comment
section below. 
3. Application Of Electroic Eye
The dominant of street lights, outside lights, a number of
indoor home appliances, and so on are typically
operated and maintained manually on many occasions.
This is not only risky, however additionally leads to
wastage of power with the negligence of personnel or
uncommon circumstances in controlling these electrical
appliances ON and OFF. Hence, we can utilize the light
sensor circuit for automatic switch OFF the loads based
on daylight’s intensity by employing a light sensor. This
article discusses in brief about what is a light dependent
resistor, how to make a light dependent resistor circuit
and its applications.
What is a Light Dependent Resistor?
An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as
photo resistor, photocell, photoconductor It is a one type
of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the
amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls
on the resistor, then the resistance changes. These
resistors are often used in many circuits where it is
required to sense the presence of light. These resistors
have a variety of functions and resistance. For instance,
when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn
ON a light or to turn OFF a light when it is in the light. A
typical light dependent resistor has a resistance in the
darkness of 1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance
of a couple of KOhm
Working Principle of  LDR
This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity.
It is nothing but, when the light falls on its surface, then
the material conductivity reduces and also the electrons
in the valence band of the device are excited to the
conduction band. These photons in the incident light
must have energy greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material.This makes the electrons to
jump from the valence band to conduction.

Working Principle of LDR

These devices depend on the light, when light falls on
the LDR then the resistance decreases, and increases
in the dark.When a LDR is kept in the dark place, its
resistance is high and, when the LDR is kept in the light
its resistance will decrease.
 Variation of LDR Resistance with Variation in Light
Intensity
If a constant “V’ is applied to the LDR, the intensity of
the light increased and current increases. The figure
below shows the curve between resistance Vs
illumination curve for a particular light dependent
resistor.

Light Intensity vs LDR Resistance

Types of light Dependent Resistors
Light dependent resistors are classified based on the
materials used.
Intrinsic Photo Resistors
These resistors are pure semiconductor devices like
silicon or germanium. When the light falls on the LDR,
then the electrons get excited from the valence band to
the conduction band and number of charge carriers
increases.
Extrinsic Photo Resistors
These devices are doped with impurities and these
impurities creates a new energy bands above the
valence band. These bands are filled with electrons.
Hence this decrease the band gap and small amount of
energy is required in moving them. These resistors are
mainly used for long wavelengths.
Circuit Diagram of a Light Dependent Resistor
The circuit diagram of a LDR is shown below. When the
light intensity is low, then the resistance of the LDR is
high. This stops the current flow to the base terminal of
the transistor. So, the LED does not light. However,
when the light intensity onto the LDR is high, then the
resistance of the LDR is low.So current flows onto the
base of the first transistor and then the second
transistor.Consequently the LED lights.Here, a preset
resistor is used to turn up or down to increase or
decrease the resistance.
 Light Dependent Resistor Circuit
Light Dependent Resistor Applications
Light dependent resistors have a low cost and simple
structure. These resistors are frequently used as light
sensors. These resistors are mainly used when there is
a need to sense the absence and presence of the light
such as burglar alarm circuits, alarm clock, light intensity
meters, etc. LDR resistors mainly involves in
various electrical and electronic projects. For better
understanding of this concept, here we are
explaining  where the LDR resistors are used.
Security System Controlled by An Electronic Eye
This security system controlled by an electronic eye
project is based on photo sensing arrangement. The
proposed system uses a 14-stage ripple carry binary
counter to sense the intensity of light using LDR. The
o/p makes a relay and buzzer for the required action.
This project is very useful to deter burglars from
shopping malls, banks and jewelry shops, etc.
This project uses a light dependent resistor. When light
falls on the LDR sensor, then the resistance of the
sensor decreases, which lead to activate an alarm to
give an alert to the user. This project is suitable in the
application of providing security system for lockers, cash
boxes which can be found in the banks, shopping malls,
jewel shops.

Security System Controlled by An Electronic Eye

Project Kit
The circuit of this project is placed inside of the cash box
in shopping malls or inside of the lockers in banks in
such a way that, when a burglar opens the cash box or
locker and uses a torch light to search the valuables.
When the light falls on the circuit which includes an
electronic eye and gives a command to the ripple
counter. This triggers the alarm and shows a burglary
attempt. A lamp is also used to indicate the theft when
light falls on the sensor.
In future, this project can be developed by using a GSM
modem and also a microcontroller. This modem can be
interfaced to send an SMS to the user in case of
burglary
LDR Based light Intensity Control for Street Lights
In the proposed system, generally the lighting up of
highways is done through HID lamps. Because, the
energy consumption of these lamps is high. This project
uses an LEDs to overcome the drawbacks of HID lamps.
This project demonstrates the usage of light emitting
diodes as a light source. These lights consumes low
power and its life is more as compared to HID lamps.A
light depending resistor is used to detect the light. The
resistance of the LDR drastically reduces according to
the daylight.

LDR Based Power Saver for Intensity Controlled

Street Light project kit
A bunch of LEDs are used to make a street light.
The microcontroller comprises programmable
instructions that controls the light intensity based on the
Pulse width modulation signals generated.
The light intensity is kept high during the peak hours,
and as the traffic on the highways tend to decrease in
late nights: and the light intensity also decreases till
morning. Finally, the street lights completely shut down
at morning and continues again at evening 6pm
In future, this project can be developed by connecting it
with a solar panel, which converts the intensity of the
solar into corresponding voltage, and this energy is used
to feed the street lights on highways.
Lighting Switch from Sunset to Sunrise
This sunset to sunrise lighting switch is designed to
control the light illuminated on the LDR sensor.
The resistance of the LDR sensor changes with the
change in intensity of light falling on LDR. This sensor
output is given to IC 555 timer connected in bistable
mode. The o/p of the IC 555 timer is used to control the
prompting of load through a TRIAC. Hence, this circuit
switches on the load in the sunset and switches off the
load in the sun rise automatically.